In the face of the severe situation of global climate change, the green transformation of the shipping industry is imminent. As two new types of marine fuels, green methanol and green ammonia play an increasingly important role in the decarbonization process of the shipping industry. This paper analyses the potential of green methanol and green ammonia in promoting the development of green and low-carbon transition in shipping from the dimensions of production capacity, market demand, production technology and industrial layout. Green methanol is more suitable as an alternative fuel for shipping at this stage due to its mature engine technology, while green ammonia's zero-carbon attribute makes it an ideal choice for long-term emission reduction in the shipping industry.

Frequent oil leakage accidents seriously pollute water resources and destroy the ecological environment, and it takes a lot of time, manpower and material resources to treat oily sewage. Thus, it is particularly important to study efficient oil-water separation and adsorption materials. Melamine sponge is an ideal adsorption material because of its high porosity, low density and rich microporous structure, showing excellent adsorption properties and good mechanical and chemical stability. However, due to its amphiphilic properties, which are both hydrophilic and lipophilic, it requires hydrophobic modification to prepare an oleophilic and hydrophobic melamine sponge which can be separated from oil and water. In this paper, the hydrophobic modification methods of melamine sponge were reviewed and the research progress on the oil-water separation performance of modified sponge was summarized. Different modified substances conferred special functions on sponge, such as photothermal conversion performance and flame retardant performance. With the deepening of research, it was imperative to develop green, low-cost and efficient hydrophobic modification methods, and to construct multi-functional modified sponges to adapt to different application scenarios, providing new solutions to address oil pollution problems.

A gradient-absorption-packed solar receiver (GSR) comprising quartz glass balls and silicon nitride balls was proposed to increase the penetration depth of the incident solar radiation and decrease the re-radiation loss. Considering the incident solar radiation, the high-temperature coupled heat transfer model of the GSR was set up using the particle scale method. The high-temperature heat absorption characteristics of the GSR were investigated by employing numerical heat transfer and experimental verification. Results show that for the single-absorption-packed solar receiver (SSR), the thermal efficiency increases with decreasing the diameter of the silicon nitride balls. In contrast, the comprehensive efficiency (Q/ΔP) increases with increasing the diameter of the silicon nitride balls. For the GSR with D/d=5, the GSR filled with two layers of quartz glass balls yields the highest thermal efficiency when the mass flow rate is below 7.5g/s, and when the mass flow rate exceeds 7.5g/s, the GSR filled with one layer of quartz glass balls produces the highest thermal efficiency. Under the same D/d and mass flow rate conditions, the thermal efficiency and comprehensive efficiency of the GSR are higher than that of the SSR. Furthermore, the amplification increases as the working temperature increases, which suggests that the GSR is particularly suitable for high-temperature solar thermal applications.

In the reverse osmosis seawater desalination technology, energy recovery devices are essential equipment. Unfortunately, currently there exists a paucity of research concerning the design, startup, and operational characteristics of the self-driven rotary energy recovery devices. This study initially conducted a theoretical derivation of the rotor speed variation during the startup process and established a relationship between the inlet flow velocity and the rotor speed based on the principle of energy conservation. Three-dimensional numerical simulations for the flow field within the device were conducted, and it was found that the rotor stable speed increased with the increase in inlet flow velocity. When the guide vane angle was in 20°—35°, the rotor speed rose as the angle decreased. However, when the angle was further reduced to 15°—20°, the speed decreased slightly. The variation of rotor torque during rotor startup process was analyzed, revealing that the torque initially reached a maximum value and subsequently diminished to zero thereafter, exhibiting oscillatory characteristics. The rotor speed stabilization time was defined as the rotor startup time. This startup time decreased with increasing inlet flow velocity and exhibited significant variations at smaller guide vane angles. In specific, at a guide vane angle of 20°, the range of startup time was 0.85 seconds, whereas at an angle of 35°, it was 0.41 seconds. Selecting an end cap angle of 17° to 23° allowed the rotor to achieve higher rotational speeds and shorter startup times.

The effects of nano-bubbles on hydrate formation rate and induction period are studied in this paper. In the experiment of the influence of pressure disturbance on the induction period of hydrate formation, it is found that pressure reduction can effectively shorten or even eliminate the induction period of hydrate formation, but instantaneous depressurization does not affect the phase equilibrium characteristics of CO₂ hydrate. Through the NanoSight microscale analysis experiment observation, it is found that high concentration nano-bubbles are formed in the proper phase during the depressurization process. The gas-liquid contact area of nano-bubbles is increased, and the high density of nano-bubbles significantly increases the driving force of hydrate nucleation. The experimental results show that the artificially controlled pressure disturbance may avoid the formation of CO₂ hydrate, which has practical engineering guiding significance in the marine waste mineral carbon sequestration (CCUS) CO₂ project.

This study proposes a multi-flow CO₂ absorption tower integrating atomization, foaming, and packing. By modifying the monoethanolamine（MEA） solution with the surfactant AEO-9, the CO₂ removal efficiency was significantly improved. Experimental results showed that the introduction of AEO-9 reduced the surface tension of MEA by approximately 49.5%, effectively promoting foaming and subsequently increasing CO₂ removal efficiency by 11.3%—31.8%. AEO-9 had minimal impact on solution viscosity; however, the viscosity of the rich solvent increased by about 37.5%, which suppressed foam stability in the later stages of the reaction. Characterization by ¹³C NMR and FTIR confirmed that CO₂ absorption products significantly influenced the physicochemical properties of the solution. Orthogonal experiments and range analysis identified liquid flow rate and MEA concentration as the key factors affecting CO₂ removal efficiency. The optimal operating conditions were determined to be a gas flow rate of 60L/min, liquid flow rate of 500mL/min, CO₂ concentration of 8%, and MEA concentration of 30%. Under these conditions, the CO₂ absorption efficiency increased by more than 48.42%, with a total absorption rate reaching 1.198kmol/(m³·h). This study provides important guidance for the design optimization and industrial application of multi-flow CO₂ absorption towers.

Bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide salts (MFSI) are important fluorine-containing compounds. Lithium-ion batteries and sodium-ion batteries with electrolytes containing MFSI as the main salts have demonstrated excellent overall electrochemical performance. With the rapid development of the new energy industry, the synthesis of MFSI has received widespread attention and research. This paper primarily focused on the application of MFSI in the battery field, thoroughly discussed its synthesis process and purification methods, and then briefly introduced the preparation equipment and large-scale production status of lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide（LiFSI）. Based on the above analysis, the paper further analyzed the existing problems in MFSI synthesis technology, and proposed that the exploration of the mechanism of the fluorination process of MFSI and the development of a safe and efficient catalytic fluorination process were the main directions for the future research. This article aimed to provide reference for the optimization and upgrade of MFSI synthesis technology, and further promoting the industrialization process of high-performance lithium-ion and sodium-ion batteries.

Lithium-ion batteries, with their high energy density, long cycle life and notable environmental friendliness, are extensively applied in various innovative technologies and green energy solutions. Nevertheless, the safety issues arising from the thermal runaway of lithium-ion batteries represent a significant barrier to their widespread application. By exploring and analyzing the gas generation characteristics of battery thermal runaway, it can provide effective guidance for the corresponding risk assessment and early warning. This paper first elucidated the gas generation mechanism and gas detection methods during the thermal runaway process of lithium-ion batteries, followed by a review of the latest research progress of these gas generation characteristics in different abuse conditions (thermal abuse, electrical abuse and mechanical abuse). Specifically, the paper focused on the influence of different electrode materials, state of charge, energy density, battery shape and environmental conditions on key parameters of gas generation including time, total volume, composition, temperature, toxicity and flammability risk in battery thermal runaway. Finally, the future research directions of lithium-ion batteries in terms of gas generation characteristics during the thermal runaway, gas detection methods, battery structure design and safety pre-warning were prospected.

Adding wetting agent to water is an effective method to improve the wetting effect of coal bed water injection. Taking coal samples with different degrees of metamorphism as the research object, a combination of macroscopic experiments, mesoscopic experiments and microscopic molecular dynamics simulations was used to explore the effects of compound surfactants on the wettability of different coal types. Firstly, surface tension and contact angle experiments were used to evaluate the effects of different compounding ratios of surfactants on the wettability of the three coal samples from a macroscopic point of view and to determine the optimal compounding method. The results showed that the best wetting effect was achieved when sodium laureth sulfate (SLES) and aliphatic alcohol ethoxylate (AEO-9) was compounded at a mass ratio of 3∶2. Secondly, mesoscopic experiments such as scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used to further investigate the wettability and adsorption capacity of the composite surfactants on different coal samples. The results indicated that after treatment with the composite solution, agglomerated bulk coal particles would be formed on the coal surface and the cracks between the coal particles were conducive to the penetration of the aqueous solution to wet the coal seam. At the same time, the total content of hydrophobic groups in coal molecules was significantly reduced, the content of hydrophilic functional groups was significantly increased and the aggregation ability between coal particles was enhanced, which was conducive to dust deposition. Finally, the wetting synergistic mechanism of composite surfactants on different systems was analyzed from the perspective of microscopic molecular simulation. The results showed that the composite surfactant molecules can be well adsorbed on the surface of coal molecules, promote the movement of a large number of water molecules to the coal surface, improve the interaction energy at the interface between coal and water, enhance the thickness of the water molecule layer on the coal surface and increase the diffusion coefficient of water molecules. The research results were of great significance to improve the wettability of coal.

To address the issues of limited electrode reaction interfaces and high transport resistance in electrodes for all-aqueous thermally regenerative batteries, chitosan was used to fabricate hierarchical porous electrodes to enhance the battery performance. The effects of ammonia concentration and the ratio of chitosan to potassium hydroxide were investigated. The chitosan-derived carbon electrodes exhibited rich hierarchical pore structure, high specific surface area, and hydrophilicity, leading to a 23% improvement in battery performance compared to conventional carbon felt electrodes. The battery performance was firstly increased with ammonia concentration and the chitosan-to-potassium hydroxide ratio, and then declined. The optimal ammonia concentration (5mol/L) and chitosan-to-potassium hydroxide ratio (5/8) yield a maximum power density of 531W/m².

In order to study the influence of different arrangement forms and well pipe spacing of coaxial casing type deep borehole heat exchangers (DBHEs) on the heat extraction performance, under the condition of equal total buried pipe length, COMSOL Multiphysics 6.2 was used for numerical simulation for equal depth arrangement and unequal depth arrangement. The heat extraction effects of three arrangement modes of well pipe cross-line arrangement, well pipe rectangular arrangement and well pipe circular arrangement after 20 years of operation were compared and analyzed. The results indicated there were some differences in the influence of different well pipe arrangements of DBHEs on the heat extraction performance, whether it was equal depth arrangements or unequal depth layout. The cross-line arrangement showed the least decline in outlet water temperature and heat extraction capacity, followed by the rectangular arrangement, while the circular arrangement exhibited the greatest decline. By strategically removing some boreholes in the "cold accumulation" region, the heat extraction capacity of the DBHEs could be effectively enhanced in both equal depth and unequal depth setups. Compared to the equal depth setup, the unequal depth setup with an improved planar design could increase the heat extraction rate by up to 24.59% for the rectangular arrangement, 24.36% for the cross-line arrangement, and only 13.04% for the circular arrangement. The results of this study have certain theoretical guiding significance for the design of pipe arrays.

Understanding the ice melting process in the porous electrode structure during cold start is helpful to improve the cold start capability of fuel cells. In order to reveal the effect of gas diffusion layer (GDL) pore distribution on ice melting during cold start-up, this paper adopts a numerical random reconstruction method. By adjusting the porosity of each layer, the GDL structure with different porosity distribution along the thickness direction (linear gradient, polyline distribution and different commercial type distribution) is obtained. A 3D pore scale model based on the total enthalpy model is developed to investigate the effect of porosity distributions on the ice melting process. The results show that the pore distribution with increasing porosity along thickness direction helps to accelerate the ice melting and temperature rise during the melting process. For the polygonal distribution, the lower pore fluctuation range (e.g. 0.85—0.65) is more likely to melt ice than the higher pore fluctuation range (0.95—0.55). For commercial GDL, the existence of high porosity stratification at the bottom caused by actual manufacturing is not conducive to ice melting, and the porosity distribution is the most uneven in TGH060 structure, giving the worst cold start performance. This work advances the understanding of the effect of GDL pore distribution on cold start performance and helps to optimize the design of GDL and batteries.

Catalytic ozonation has been widely used in water treatment processes due to its advantages of environmental friendliness and high mineralization efficiency. Catalysts are one of the key factors determining the process stability and efficiency. Among numerous catalysts, heterogeneous iron-based catalysts have attracted widespread attention due to their extensive sources, low cost, excellent catalytic performance, and low toxicity. A comprehensive investigation of their preparation process, types, catalytic effects, and reaction mechanisms will be of great significance for further improving wastewater treatment efficiency and promoting technological development. This article first introduced the commonly used preparation methods of iron-based catalysts, including precipitation method, hydrothermal synthesis method, and impregnation calcination method, and discussed the catalytic effects of different types of iron-based catalysts on organic pollutants. In addition, the influence of main parameters such as active sites, reactant concentration, and mass transfer efficiency on the catalytic ozonation degradation of organic pollutants by iron-based catalysts was elucidated. And the catalytic mechanism of iron-based catalysts was explored from the aspects of ozone oxidation, reactive oxygen species, and catalytic components. Finally, the stability of iron-based catalysts was analyzed from the perspectives of deactivation causes and regeneration methods. Finally, future research directions were proposed, such as the analysis of the intrinsic relationship between water pollutant composition and preparation method of iron-based catalyst, environmental impact analysis, and quantitative analysis of reaction mechanisms.

Egg-shell type catalysts have reduced metal usage, enhanced activity or selectivity for specific reactions such as diffusion limited reactions and irreversible cascade reactions, and are beneficial for removing excess heat during reaction. It is of great significance to summarize previous research progress in order to better study and develop egg-shell catalysts. This review summarizes the preparation methods and influencing factors of egg-shell catalysts, and their catalytic performance in a series of reactions, including Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, hydrogenation (selective hydrogenation, hydrogenation desulfurization), hydrogen production (ammonia decomposition, methane steam reforming, methanol reforming), production of vinyl acetate via ethylene gas-phase reaction, dimethyl oxalate synthesis, methane partial oxidation, and decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. The modeling studies are also analyzed. To meet the needs of various reactions for egg-shell catalysts, it is proposed to start from the design and preparation of practical supports, especially for those of hundreds of micrometers, by establishing adsorption models for metal precursors in various porous supports, developing new metal loading methods, improving the dispersion of metal components, and effectively controlling the shell thickness.

Molybdenum sulfide-based (MoS₂) catalysts play a critical role in hydrodesulfurization (HDS) reactions, particularly as environmental regulations become increasingly stringent. The growing demand for ultra-low sulfur fuels and the tightening of vehicle emission standards have made the development of efficient HDS catalysts a key challenge in the petroleum refining industry. MoS₂ catalysts are particularly notable for their excellent catalytic activity, high resistance to poisoning, and cost-effectiveness. This paper provides an overview of the design principles, reaction mechanisms, and applications of MoS₂ catalysts in HDS, along with the strategies to optimize their performance. First, we analyze the active sites of MoS₂ and explore the reaction mechanisms involved in HDS. We then review the current state of MoS₂ catalysts in HDS and discuss future directions, particularly the development of unsupported catalysts and their applications in HDS. Finally, we address the challenges and opportunities in identifying catalyst active sites, studying reaction mechanisms, and increasing catalyst life and cost efficiency. The paper also emphasizes the importance of in-situ characterization close to industrial reaction conditions.

Ammonia is regarded as one of the best carrier for storing and transporting hydrogen. Currently iron based catalysts are receiving more and more attention due to the wide availability of raw materials, lower cost and better stability. Therefore, it is necessary to develop new materials and new catalyst preparation methods to help iron-based catalysts to achieve efficient ammonia decomposition. In this paper, composite metal oxides with Mg∶Fe=1∶2 were prepared by sol-gel method, and the XRD results showed that the prepared composite metal oxides conformed to the MgFe₂O₄ spinel structure, which avoided the clustering of Fe₂O₃, improved the sintering-resistant potential of Fe, and facilitated the dispersion of the iron active sites. Ammonia decomposition activity testing results demonstrated that the MFO catalyst had excellent high temperature ammonia decomposition activity, with a conversion rate of 85% at 600℃. It also possessed high-temperature stability, with no decrease in activity after 24h. In order to further improve its low-temperature ammonia decomposition activity, a certain proportion of cobalt and nickel were loaded by the impregnation method. The characterization results of XRD, TPR and TPD proved that the improved low-temperature activity of MFO catalyst was due to the synergistic effect of the Co(Ni)-Fe bi-component. Among them, the prepared 10Co-MFO catalyst showed 92% ammonia conversion and a hydrogen production of 545mmol/(g·h) at 600℃ under the condition of 9000mL/(g·h), and the conversion remained stable during 24h of continuous reaction.

Sr- and Na-modified ZnZrO _x metal oxides were prepared by the co-precipitation method. The influence of Sr and Na modification on ZnZrO _x /SAPO-34 bifunctional catalysts for the conversion of syngas to lower olefins was investigated. Characterization techniques such as XRD, BET, SEM, XPS and Py-FTIR were employed to investigate the influence of Sr and Na promoters on ZnZrO _x metal oxides, its surface oxygen vacancies, acidity and reducibility, etc. The results showed that the introduction of Sr and Na led to the increase of the surface oxygen vacancies of the ZnZrO _x oxides. Moreover, the Na-ZrO₂ interface promoted the formation of more oxygen defects on the surface of metal oxides and improved its Lewis acidity. Sr and Na modified ZnZrO _x /SAPO-34 bifunctional catalysts possessed a relatively high CO conversion of 21.4% and lower olefins selectivity of 80.7% in the conversion of syngas to lower olefins. Both the mass ratio and the intimacy between the Sr and Na modified ZnZrO _{xmetal oxide and the molecular sieve SAPO-34 played crucial roles. Specifically, a mass ratio of 1∶1 and a relatively high level of intimacy achieved by grinding and mixing the powders could give the best synergistic effect between the two active sites, thereby endowing the catalyst with good catalytic stability.}

Silver nanoparticles have unique and excellent functional properties, which have important research significance and application value in fields such as food and medicine. Chemical reduction is a commonly used and convenient method for synthesizing silver nanoparticles, but traditional chemical synthesis can cause harm to human health and the environment. Polysaccharides contain rich functional groups and can be used as excellent stabilizers for silver nanoparticles through adsorption, embedding and immobilization. Their reducing functional groups can also be used in the synthesis of silver nanoparticles under alkaline, microwave, light and modification assisted conditions, playing a dual role of reduction and stabilization in the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles. This article reviewed the mechanisms by which polysaccharides exerted reducing and stabilizing effects, as well as the effects of polysaccharide chain conformation, molecular weight and concentration on the properties of silver nanoparticles during synthesis. The application effects and outstanding advantages of polysaccharide-based silver nanoparticles materials were summarized, and the production, preparation, stability and cost-effectiveness of the materials were discussed. The prospects for raw material acquisition, safety and functional enhancement of the materials were also discussed with the aim of providing theoretical references for the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using polysaccharides and regulating their properties to promote the application of silver nanoparticles materials.

Oil based drilling fluids have the advantages of good temperature resistance, excellent inhibition, outstanding lubricity and minimal damage to the reservoir, but they also face issues such as insufficient cutting-carrying capacity and wellbore cleaning ability especially in deep wells and complex well conditions. This paper introduced the types, structures and preparation methods of rheology modifiers for oil based drilling fluids, briefly described the mechanisms of action of organoclay-based, synthetic polymer-based and organic/inorganic composite rheology modifiers, and analyzed the research progress of different types of rheology modifiers in improving the rheological properties of oil based drilling fluids, enhancing high-temperature and high-pressure adaptability, and increasing cuttings-carrying capacity. It was proposed that the future development of rheology modifiers for oil based drilling fluids should focus on enhancing rheological control under high-temperature and high-density conditions, while ensuring that the yield stress was increased without significantly increasing plastic viscosity and paying attention to the environmental performance of the materials. Furthermore, it was suggested to develop environment-responsive rheology modifiers by introducing smart materials to achieve intelligent and precise rheological control.

Solid hydrogen storage technology is a way to store hydrogen by using solid hydrogen storage materials, which has the advantages of high hydrogen storage density, mild hydrogen absorption and desorption pressure and high safety. However, the traditional solid hydrogen storage materials are faced with significant problems such as difficult activation, slow reaction rate of hydrogen absorption and desorption and poor circulation stability, which seriously hinder the large-scale application of hydrogen. In recent years, researchers found that the introduction of various metal oxides as catalysts can significantly improve the activation, hydrogen absorption and desorption, and cycling stability of hydrogen storage materials. Relevant studies showed that by regulating the type, addition amount and distribution of metal oxide catalysts, the surface structure of hydrogen storage materials can be changed, the activation energy of hydrogen storage materials can be effectively reduced and their hydrogen storage properties can be improved. However, there was still a lack of clear theoretical guidance on the catalytic mechanism of metal oxides for solid hydrogen storage materials. Therefore, researchers should constantly design, optimize and regulate metal oxide catalysts to screen out metal oxides with excellent catalytic performance for solid hydrogen storage materials. Finally, the large-scale application of metal oxide catalyst in the field of solid hydrogen storage materials would be realized.

Machine learning, with its high efficiency and accuracy, is revolutionizing the traditional models of material screening and design, greatly promoting the rapid development of materials science. This article reviewed the application of machine learning in material screening and discussed its strategies and methods in different material systems. Firstly, the general workflow of machine learning in materials science was introduced, and then, detailed discussions were given on the application cases of machine learning in battery materials, thermoelectric materials, catalytic materials and alloy materials, showing how machine learning accelerated the discovery and optimization process of materials. Additionally, this article also explored some challenges faced by the current application of machine learning in the field of materials, pointing out that the lack of data in the materials field remained a major obstacle for the application of machine learning in this area, as well as the fact that some new neural network-based models were not suitable for small datasets and lack intuitive interpretation mechanisms. In the future, with the continuous advancement of high-throughput technology, data acquisition would become more efficient, providing richer data support for the application of machine learning in the field of materials. Meanwhile, the ongoing development of technologies such as deep learning and transfer learning would significantly enhance the generalization ability and prediction accuracy of material intelligent models, and promote the research of materials in the direction of intelligence and precision.

Indoor air quality has a crucial impact on human health, with ultrafine particles and formaldehyde being two major indoor air pollutants. The existing multi-step integration technology of indoor air purification system has problems such as high gas resistance, high energy consumption and complex process flow. Multifunctional nanofiber catalytic membranes loaded with catalysts provide the potential for the synergistic removal of indoor particulate matter and formaldehyde pollutants. This paper systematically introduced the research progress of nanofiber catalytic membranes in the synergistic purification of indoor particulate matter and formaldehyde. It discussed the development of indoor air purification technologies and summarized the integration methods of electrospinning nanofiber membranes and catalysts, including surface loading, internal filling and core-shell structure. Furthermore, it highlighted published studies focused on the synergistic purification of indoor particulate matter and formaldehyde using nanofiber catalytic membranes. This paper aimed to provide new insights for the preparation of nanofiber catalytic membranes and their application in the synergistic purification of indoor multiple pollutants.

To address the issue of calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) scaling leading to pipeline blockages, this study proposed the approach of "transforming passive scaling into active localized scaling and descaling". Focusing on the produced water from an oilfield, dynamic shear experiments, along with scanning electron microscopy, contact angle measurements, surface energy, and roughness tests, were conducted to investigate the synergistic effects of magnetic fields and materials on the dynamic growth of calcium carbonate crystals. The results indicated that the material effects on calcium removal rate and calcium carbonate scaling were consistent regardless of the presence of a magnetic field. In the absence of a magnetic field, the order of calcium removal rate and scaling amount was as follows: polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) > fiberglass > galvanized iron > 316 stainless steel > H62 brass > PVC. When a magnetic field was applied, the calcium removal rate followed this order: PTFE > fiberglass > galvanized iron > 316 stainless steel > H62 brass > PVC, while the scaling amount follows: PTFE > galvanized iron > fiberglass > 316 stainless steel > H62 brass > PVC. The coupling effect of the magnetic field and materials resulted in a reduction in scaling amounts, an increase in calcium removal rates, and a decrease in nucleation induction periods for calcium carbonate. This can be attributed to the fact that under the influence of the magnetic field, the contact angle and roughness of the material surface decreased, while surface energy increased, promoting the formation of aragonite-type scale. Among the materials tested, PTFE exhibited the strongest interaction with the magnetic field. When the magnetic field strength reaches 4000Gs and the scaling material was PTFE, the scaling amount and calcium removal rate attained their highest values of 4.84g/m² and 52%, respectively. The induction period was reduced from 8 minutes to 2 minutes, and after 50 minutes, the scaling amount was reduced by 29%, while the calcium removal rate was increased by 12%. Moreover, with prolonged exposure time, the contact angle of the material surface gradually decreased, while surface energy and roughness increased, facilitating further attachment of scale on the material surface.

Incorporation of graphene into sodium acetate trihydrate (SAT) is a common approach to enhance its thermal conductivity, but significant interfacial thermal resistance (ITR) is usually generated at the interface of composite phase change materials. Exploring the mechanism of interfacial thermal resistance formation and reduction methods were currently research hotspots. This study proposed a method to reduce the interface thermal resistance between SAT and graphene by introducing a copper layer. A molecular dynamics model of composite material was established and the properties of the composite material were analyzed in terms of thermal conductivity, thermal resistance, radial distribution function (RDF), mean square displacement (MSD), diffusion coefficient and phonon density of states (PDOS). The results demonstrated that the ITR in the composite materials was mainly caused by the reduction in low-frequency phonons and the increase of phonon scattering caused by a more disordered phonon distribution. The copper layer mitigated phonon disorder in the graphene/SAT composite, thereby reducing ITR and enhancing thermal conductivity. The present study can provide theoretical support for experimental analysis and guidance for decreasing the interfacial thermal resistance of composite materials and preparing high thermal conductivity composite materials.

To address the drawbacks of the alkaline solution treatment method in separating naphthalene pitch from chloroaluminate ionic liquids catalyst, such as the destruction of the ionic liquid structure and the generation of a large amount of waste alkaline solution, liquid-liquid extraction with xylene was adopted to separate the naphthalene pitch in the naphthalene polymerization reaction mixture, and the extraction and separation performance were studied. The results show that the naphthalene pitch components with small molecular weights and high aromaticity are preferentially extracted. After five consecutive extractions, 70% of the naphthalene pitch in the naphthalene polymerization reaction mixture is extracted. Only a small amount of entrapped chloroaluminate ionic liquids need to be treated with alkaline washing and water washing, and the ash value of the naphthalene pitch can be reduced to 0.0016%. Moreover, the chloroaluminate ionic liquids in the raffinate phase can be reused. Compared with the traditional alkaline solution treatment method, this method could give naphthalene pitch with the characteristics of smaller molecular weight, more concentrated distribution, and lower softening point. By using it as a precursor, high-quality mesophase pitch with an anisotropic component content as high as 99% can be prepared.

To improve the peel strength of emulsion-type polyacrylate pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSA), from the perspective of natural adhesion systems, polyacrylate emulsion PSA were prepared by semi-continuous emulsion polymerization using butyl acrylate (BA), 2-ethylhexyl acrylate (EHA), methyl methacrylate (MMA), acrylic acid (AA) and hydroxyethyl acrylate (HEA) as raw materials. Then, 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde (DHBA), which had a structure similar to that of biological polyphenols, was used as a modified functional monomer for grafting and cross-linking modification to synthesize polyacrylate emulsion pressure-sensitive adhesives with high peel strength and no residual adhesive (HPSA). The effects of the amounts of DHBA, emulsifier, initiator and HEA on the bonding properties, viscosity and residual adhesive after peeling of HPSA were discussed in detail. The results showed that when the amount of DHBA was 4.0% (based on the total mass of soft and hard monomers, the same below), the amount of emulsifier was 1.4%, the amount of initiator was 0.5% and the amount of HEA was 3.0%, HPSA exhibited the best comprehensive performance. The 180° peel strength was 8.27N/25mm, the initial circular tack was 5.75N, the holding power was greater than 72h, and there was no residual adhesive on the mirror panel. Therefore, it had a good application prospect.

Grease is commonly used to safeguard the operation of bearings and its lubrication is affected by the temperature rise effect. This paper investigated the influence of temperature on the lubricating performance of grease. The influence of the high-temperature thermal action on the grease performance was investigated from the perspective of film formation, and the mechanism was revealed in conjunction with the rheological behavior. Firstly, the thermal degradation experiments were carried out to simulate the bearing operation process, and the grease was subjected to static heat treatment for 4h, 8h and 24h at 80℃, 120℃ and 150℃, respectively. Secondly, the film thickness of different experimental conditions was measured using an optical EHL film test rig, and the minimum oil film thickness was used to evaluate the film-forming performance. Finally, the mechanism was explored in relation to the rheological behavior of the samples. The results indicated that the high-temperature thermal effect changed the film-forming performance. When the working temperature was lower than the limit temperature, it was favourable to the film-forming process. The film-forming performance of grease became weaker as the temperature increased because the high-temperature thermal effect changed the structural system of grease, which in turn influenced its film-forming performance. Moreover, the synergistic between soap fibers and base oils was the most beneficial for film formation. The results of this work can provide reference and data support for the evaluation of service reliability and failure analysis of greases.

By the means of density functional theory calculation (DFT) and ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulation, the capacities of hydrogen activation and hydrogen spillover over Co₉S₈ surface were examined. The optimized structure, reaction and activation energy of hydrogen dissociative adsorption and the spillover network, and stability of S—H or Co—H bond were all calculated. The results showed that certain S-top site, Co-top site, S-Co-bridge site and S-Co-multi-membered-ring site were available for dissociation, and the molecular hydrogen could be effectively activated by two adjacent S-top sites of (111) surface. The AIMD simulation for S—H bonds of S-top site testified the current towards breaking, and then the spillover network calculation further proved the hydrogen migration was kinetically unlimited over (001) and (111) surfaces. In short, the Co₉S₈ surface indicated excellent performance in the area of hydrogen dissociation and hydrogen spillover, which represented enormous potential for hydrogen spillover in CoMoS catalytic system.

Radioactive iodine adsorption is a link that cannot be ignored in the post-operation treatment of nuclear power plants. At present, solid adsorbents are usually applied to the adsorption of organic iodine vapor. Among them, organic porous polymers have drawn wide attention due to their regular pore channels, high specific surface areas and other characteristics. In this study, several porous organic polymers (POPs) with micro-mesoporous structures were synthesized using 1-vinylimidazole and divinylbenzene (DVB) as monomers by adjusting the porogen/monomer ratio. The structural composition and pore properties of the POPs were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms. The adsorption performance of the POPs for iodine (I₂) and methyl iodide (CH₃I) was evaluated through static adsorption, dynamic adsorption and dynamic column breakthrough experiments. The results indicated that the sample prepared with a porogen-to-monomer molar ratio of 2 (referred to as POP-VD2) exhibited the highest specific surface area and a significant proportion of micropores, achieving optimal adsorption capacities for iodine and methyl iodide of 3.10g/g and 1.47g/g, respectively. The outstanding adsorption performance of POP-VD2 for methyl iodide was attributed to the imidazole groups in its framework, which can undergo spontaneous methylation reactions with CH₃I to form stable imidazolium cations. Additionally, molecular adsorption energy simulations and reaction Gibbs free energy calculations provided insights into the adsorption mechanisms of iodine and methyl iodide on POP-VD2. This study offered a promising solution for the development of high-performance adsorbent materials for iodine and methyl iodide capture.

The comprehensive utilization of copper slag is crucial for environmental management and economic development. Geopolymer materials based on slag and copper slag (GMSCS) was prepared using Na₂SiO₃, NaOH, Na₂CO₃ and Na₂SO₄ as activators. The effects of different activators on the setting time, flowability and mechanical properties of GMSCS were measured, and the microstructure of the GMSCS samples after 28 days was analyzed using XRD, SEM, FTIR and TG-DTG techniques. The results showed that the initial solidification time, final solidification time and fluidity of the samples excited with Na₂SiO₃ were 47min, 107min and 145.65mm, respectively. The compressive and flexural strengths of the samples at 28 days were, in descending order, Na₂SiO₃, NaOH, Na₂SO₄ and Na₂CO₃. Compared to 3 days, the 28 days compressive strength of the samples activated by Na₂SiO₃ increased by 60%. The results of microanalysis showed that the microstructure of Na₂SiO₃-activated samples was compact and had more gelatinous hydration products. The samples activated by NaOH contained a significant amount of calcium hydroxide. Ettringite existed in Na₂SO₄-activated samples and the microstructure of Na₂CO₃-activated samples was loose and had a large number of cracks.

Fatty amine, as an organic phase change material, has the characteristics of high enthalpy of phase change, non-toxic and low corrosion and stable chemical properties. It is a good phase change material for the medium and low temperature phase change energy storage. The phase change microcapsules were prepared with the tetradecylamine-hexadecylamine phase change material as the core material and silica as the wall material using the sol-gel method. The thermal conductivity of the microcapsules was improved by adding inorganic material graphene nanoparticles to the phase change material. The morphology and thermal properties of the microcapsules were analyzed by FTIR, SEM, DSC and TG. The effects of deionized water amount, the content of graphene nanoparticles and the amount of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) on the preparation of microcapsules were analyzed. The experimental results showed that the microcapsules with good morphology and thermal properties could be prepared when the deionized water was 10mL, the core material was added with 0.05% graphene nanoparticles and the mass ratio of TEOS to core material was 10∶3. The addition of graphene nanoparticles could increase the thermal conductivity of microcapsules to 0.28W/(m·K) increased by 87% compared to the phase change microcapsules without graphene. The particle size of microcapsule was about 2μm. The microcapsules had spherical morphology. The melting temperature and solidification temperature were 26.31℃ and 23.46℃, respectively. The phase transformation enthalpy of microcapsules was 147.7J/g. The encapsulation rate was about 59.3%. No chemical reaction occurred in the process of microcapsules preparation. TG test showed that microcapsules could exist stably at room temperature.

The development of single-cell protein (SCP) technology is a crucial approach to addressing food security and supply issues. However, the traditional method of producing SCP using hydrogen to reduce carbon dioxide under aerobic conditions suffers from the critical problems of low mass transfer efficiency and explosive safety hazards. This study utilizes waste acetic acid generated from chemical plants as a carbon source to feed Alcaligenes and produce SCP under aerobic conditions. By reasonably controlling the feedstock and growth environment in the reactor, a maximum cell dry weight (CDW) of 15.2g/L is achieved, with an average CDW production rate of 3.7g/(L·d), and the protein content in the CDW reaches approximately 80%. The test of bacteria community compositions in the reactor shows that the Alcaligenes could be enriched during growth, reaching a proportion of up to 95%. Furtherly, the amino acid profile test reveals that the produced SCP is rich in various essential amino acids, which is comparable in value to high-quality fish meal protein. These study findings provide a new process for the high-value utilization of waste acetic acid in industrial production and the safe and efficient production of SCP technology.

Ion exchange chromatography is one of the common methods for large-scale purification of proteins. In this study, a large-sized agarose gel bead (BB) (100—300μm) was used as the matrix to prepare cation exchange chromatography media by chemical cross-linking and ligand coupling. The separation and purification effect of lactoferrin (LF) in bovine colostrum was investigated. By optimizing the type and amount of emulsifier, transparent and spherical agarose microbeads were obtained. Subsequently, the matrix microbeads were chemically cross-linked and sulfonic acid-based ligand-coupled to prepare a high-rigidity cation exchange chromatography medium (SP-BB) with a pressure resistance of up to 0.45MPa. The results of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and nitrogen adsorption-desorption tests showed that SP-BB microbeads contained rich pore structures, which were beneficial to the adsorption of protein molecules. Meanwhile, the adsorption kinetics, dynamics, and dynamic loading capacity (DBC) of SP-BB were tested using lysozyme (LYS) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) as model proteins, and the results showed that the performance of the self-prepared medium was better than that of domestic products and comparable to that of imported products. Finally, the exploration of the separation and purification of lactoferrin (LF) in bovine colostrum using SP-BB was conducted, and the results showed that SP-BB successfully captured LF from the mixture, and the purity of the LF in the first purification eluate was 88.8%, with a recovery rate of 71.2%. This work provides a new idea for the preparation of large-sized cation exchange media and the separation and purification of lactoferrin in bovine colostrum.

This study utilized cassava starch as the raw material and employed an ultrasound-microwave-assisted alcohol precipitation method to prepare epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) nanostarch particles (EGCG-SNPs). The method for the simultaneous nanofication and encapsulation of EGCG was introduced, and the physicochemical properties of EGCG-SNPs were thoroughly characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and laser particle size analysis. The results showed that the EGCG-SNPs exhibited a uniform particle size [(139.10±18.53)nm] and spherical morphology with a wrinkled surface. XRD analysis revealed that the crystalline structure of EGCG-SNPs shifted from the typical A-shape crystalline structure of native cassava starch to a weaker V-shape crystalline structure with a significant reduction in crystallinity and improved thermal stability. FTIR analysis further indicated that the hydrogen bonding interaction between EGCG and starch was enhanced, thereby improving the structural stability of the nanoparticles. The EGCG-SNPs demonstrated a high drug loading capacity [(378.05±3.04)mg/g] and encapsulation efficiency (50.02%±2.22%) and exhibited significant antioxidant activity in DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging assays. Drug release experiments found that EGCG-SNPs exhibited sustained release behavior in simulated digestive environments. In conclusion, EGCG-SNPs not only exhibited excellent encapsulation efficiency and sustained release properties but also demonstrated stable antioxidant activity, significantly enhancing the therapeutic effect compared to free EGCG. This study provided new insights into the application of EGCG in drug delivery, cancer therapy and the prevention of related diseases.

Perfluoromethyl vinyl ether (PMVE) is a critical fluorinated monomer that holds significant standing in high-tech fields due to its superior physicochemical properties, demonstrating extensive potential applications. This article provided a comprehensive review of the latest theoretical research and industrial advancements in the synthesis methods and application fields of PMVE (presumably perfluoromethyl vinyl ether). In terms of synthesis methods, it thoroughly examined the current research status and challenges faced by traditional reduction and cracking methods. It also compared the cost-effectiveness of these two approaches and presents case studies of their practical applications in various enterprises. Furthermore, the paper briefly outlined theoretical explorations into four emerging synthesis technologies including derivatives of tetrafluoroethylene. Regarding application areas, this work delved into research outcomes of PMVE in the synthesis of fluorinated ether rubbers, modification of polytetrafluoroethylene and synthesis of pharmaceutical intermediates. Specifically, it underscored the significant role of PMVE as an organofunctional monomer and novel insulating gas material. The article also summarized its industrial application examples in products such as fluorinated ether rubbers, PFA and fluoroacetylurea. Finally, it pointed out that to meet the market's growing demand for high-performance fluorinated materials, the production of PMVE must transition towards higher purity, superior performance and environmentally friendly practices.

Remediation of Cd-contaminated soil has become a critical issue in the world today. Phytoremediation, a sustainable and low-cost remediation technology, plays a significant role in reducing or eliminating the toxicity of heavy metals. In recent years, research on chelating agent-assisted phytoremediation of Cd-contaminated soils has garnered widespread attention. This paper reviews the effects and mechanisms of single chelating agents, combinations of multiple chelating agents, and chelating agents synergized with other substances (such as plant growth regulators, nutrients, surfactants, and microorganisms) to enhance the phytoremediation of Cd-contaminated soil. The findings indicate that a single chelating agent can activate insoluble heavy metals by lowering soil pH and disrupting the balance between metal ions and soil colloids. It can also promote the production of glutathione in plant cells, limiting the transfer of heavy metal ions in the cytoplasm, thereby reducing Cd toxicity. Additionally, it can form stable and easily absorbable metal chelates with Cd ions, enhancing heavy metal uptake by plants. Combining chelating agents with other substances improves the bioavailability of Cd, enhances soil biological activity and microbial community composition, and significantly mitigates the inhibitory effects of single chelating agents on plant growth, which further strengthens the effectiveness of phytoremediation. When selecting chelating agents, it is essential to consider not only their ability to activate Cd but also their degradability, economic feasibility, and the type of contaminated soil. This ensures the selection of the most suitable chelating agent or combination of agents, thereby improving phytoremediation efficiency. Finally, future research directions for chelator-enhanced phytoremediation are proposed.

The application of vehicle carbon capture and on-board retention (VCCOR) systems represents a new strategy to achieve net-zero emissions in the road transportation sector, which predominantly relies on internal combustion engines. The objective of this paper was to reduce carbon emissions from vehicle exhaust through the review of VCCOR systems. Firstly, the principles and characteristics of classical carbon capture technology were discussed, focusing on its applicability and development in vehicular applications. Furthermore, the overall configuration characteristics of VCCOR systems were explored, highlighting the key technical challenges that may arise in their large-scale deployment. The research results indicated that efficient and low-energy consumption separation and storage of CO₂ from vehicle exhaust through VCCOR systems was a feasible carbon reduction technology pathway. However, this technology was still in its early stages and required further investigation in various aspects such as technology, cost, safety and policy.

The rapid development of plastic products has brought a lot of convenience to human life, however, plastic waste, if not properly handled, will not only cause serious environmental pollution problems, but also lead to a great waste of valuable resources. In view of this, this paper elaborated on the various methods of recycling waste plastics covering both physical and chemical recycling. In the context of the global commitment to carbon reduction and the promotion of green energy development, chemical upgrading of plastics recycling not only helped to achieve the dual-carbon goal, but also was an effective way to cope with the energy crisis. The article systematically introduced the diverse methods of chemical upgrading of plastics, such as thermal cracking, catalytic hydrogenation, chemical depolymerization, etc., explored the cutting-edge technologies, such as co-transformation with CO₂, etc., and deeply analyzed the advantages and limitations of each method. In particular, in the treatment of catalytic hydro-degradation of plastics, the article focused on the advances in catalyst research, an area that was crucial for enhancing the performance of hydrocracking of waste plastics. Through a comprehensive analysis of existing technologies, it was that the corrosion resistance and optimal design of the reaction device, the performance enhancement of catalysts and the breakthrough of plastic dechlorination technology were the key bottlenecks restricting the development of chemical recycling means in the process of waste plastic recycling technology development.

With the rapid development of animal husbandry, the environmental pressure generated by organic waste is increasing day by day. Therefore, developing efficient organic waste treatment technologies is particularly crucial. Among them, the use of microbial carbon chain extension technology to convert organic waste into medium chain carboxylic acids has received attention due to its high energy density and diverse application prospects, which can be used in fields such as biofuels, feed additives, pharmaceuticals, food, and cosmetics. The review first outlines the current development status of animal husbandry, and then delves into the application of anaerobic digestion technology in waste treatment, with a particular focus on the process of producing medium chain carboxylic acids through anaerobic technology. It analyzes the factors that affect anaerobic digestion efficiency and medium chain carboxylic acid production, such as pH, temperature, hydraulic retention time, hydrogen partial pressure, and carbon-to-nitrogen ratio. In addition, the purification methods of caproic acid and its various uses in agriculture, such as antibacterial agents, plant growth promoters, and organic fertilizers, are discussed in detail, emphasizing their potential benefits in improving crop yield and quality, and reducing diseases. Finally, the agricultural applications of biogas slurry and sludge generated during anaerobic digestion, such as organic fertilizers and soil amendments, are also mentioned, and future research directions are proposed to optimize anaerobic digestion technology, improve the production efficiency of medium chain carboxylic acids, and reduce costs, further exploring their potential applications in agriculture and resource utilization.

The biological denitrification method for nitrate removal has gained widespread application due to its low energy consumption and absence of secondary pollution. Electron donors play a crucial role in influencing the efficiency of nitrate treatment during the biological denitrification process. Currently, external electron donors primarily consist of carbon sources, thiosulfate, and their combinations. To investigate the effects of various electron donors on the biological treatment efficiency of nitrate in groundwater and the synergistic interactions among microorganisms, three systems were established: glucose, sodium thiosulfate, and a composite electron donor (glucose-sodium thiosulfate). Each system was operated independently. When the hydraulic retention time (HRT) was reduced to 1.1 hours, only the composite electron donor system maintained a NO _x^－-N removal rate exceeding 90% without significant nitrite nitrogen accumulation. Under identical S/N conditions, the composite electron donor system produced less SO₄^2- compared to the sodium thiosulfate donor system, and exhibited lower sludge concentrations than those observed with glucose. Analysis of microbial community structure revealed that within the composite electron donor system, key functional bacteria included Sulfurimonas and Saccharimonadales, which accounted for 41.0% and 20.6%, respectively, significantly higher proportions than those found in single-electron-donor systems. These findings suggest that utilizing a composite electron donor can enhance both functional bacterial abundance and nitrate removal efficacy. Furthermore, within this composite system, there was an increased abundance of functional metabolism associated with interbacterial synergism compared to single-electron-donor systems; additionally, there were elevated levels of functional genes related to interbacterial energy transfer and metabolic coupling-factors contributing positively to nitrogen removal performance and stability.

To investigate the efficacy of the micro-electrolysis process in treating fracturing flowback fluid, and to clarify the influence of key parameters on contaminant removal and to optimize the pretreatment technology path, in this study, the effects of reaction time, initial pH, aeration and micro-electrolytic material addition on wastewater viscosity and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal were firstly investigated by a one-way experiment. Following this, the response surface design was used to optimize the process parameters and fit a second-order response model for COD removal and viscosity reduction. Finally, the improved multi-objective locust optimization algorithm (MOGOA) was used to optimize the parameters and verify the effect. The results showed that the improved algorithm obtained a better Pareto optimal solution, the optimized parameters were: initial pH=2.3, aeration volume 2.3L/min, material dosage 76g/L, and reaction time 73min. Under these conditions, the COD removal rate was 65.92% and the viscosity reduction rate was 56.42%, and the error with the predicted value was less than 2%, which verified the feasibility of the model. The removal efficiencies of chloride ion and bromide ion under this condition were 31.60% and 26.53%, respectively. The "response surface model-algorithm optimization" system constructed in this study improves the accuracy and efficiency of parameter optimization, and provides a quantifiable solution for the pretreatment of fracturing drainback fluid, and the related method is valuable for the optimization of similar processes.

In view of the problem of difficulty in floc structure destruction and cell lysis of waste activated sludge (WAS), the impact and mechanism of cation exchange resin (CER) treatment on carbon source release in waste activated sludge was investigated. The results showed that the addition of CER had the greatest impact on the cracking of WAS, and the interaction between CER dosage, treatment time, and stirring speed was significant. At the optimal dosage of 2.8g CER/g TS, the ratio of TB-EPS to S-EPS decreased from the value of 9.61 to 0.95, and the maximum release of intracellular DNA and LDH was 3.04 times and 13.53 times that of the original sludge, respectively. At the dosage of 3.4g CER/g TS, Ca, Mg, and K elements in the sludge were removed by 58.39%, 52.00%, and 63.75%, respectively, while Na content in the sludge was 30.30 times that of the original sludge. Mechanism analysis showed that, CER induced the extensive removal of metallic elements such as Ca and Mg in the sludge system, and the formation of high osmotic pressure environment, which caused EPS structure cracking and cell lysis in sludge. The particle size of sludge flocs was reduced, and the apparent morphology of sludge became looser, which was beneficial for the effective dissolution of internal and external carbon sources in sludge flocs. When the exchange capacity of CER in the sludge system reached saturation, metal ions in the sludge liquid phase are re-adsorbed by the sludge flocs, resulting in a decrease in the release efficiency of SCOD in WAS.

Road icing is a threat to the national traffic safety and economic development. Microwave heating is a promising deicing technology, which has advantages of environmental protection and high efficiency. However, it is still limited by the performance of absorbing agents. Nowadays carbon-based materials have attracted more attention to act as absorbers with good performance, but there are problems to limit their wide utilization, such as high cost and long preparation time. The article takes peanut straw particles to prepare biochar as an absorbent in laboratory environment, which is based on our microwave-induced synergistic pyrolysis process and the orthogonal experiment with three factors-four levels. The effects of important preparation parameters, such as conventional pre-pyrolysis temperature, pre-pyrolysis time and retention time of microwave intensive pyrolysis, on the deicing performance of biochar are analyzed. The results show that the conventional pre-pyrolysis temperature is a vital factor to affect the deicing performance of biochar. When synergistic pyrolysis conditions is optimum (i.e. the conventional pre-pyrolysis temperature reach up to about 700℃, the pre-pyrolysis retention time is 6min and microwave pyrolysis with 800W and 2min), the obtained biochar has the best deicing performance due to its temperature rising ability under microwave irradiation. And the optimum biochar is irradiated with microwave power of 800W for about 20s, the deicing time is about 30s and the de icing efficiency can be improved up to 97% compared with that without biochar. The above conclusions have significance for guiding the development of new road materials or additives.

A series of Fe/C catalysts were synthesized from cold-rolled sludge using an ammonia pretreatment-pyrolysis method. The physicochemical properties of these catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction, porosity measurement, Fourier transfrom infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscope to evaluate their performance in degrading phenol via activated peroxodisulfate at different pyrolysis temperatures. The Fe/C catalyst prepared at 600℃ (NFC-600) demonstrated superior catalytic performance, achieving complete phenol removal within 30 minutes. The degradation kinetics of phenol followed a quasi-first-order model. The phenol degradation efficiencies ranged from 81.4%—100% after 30 minutes of reaction at pH between 3—10, with all samples reaching 100% degradation after 60 minutes. The primary active sites in NFC-600 were identified as C\stackrel{}{̿}O groups, defects, and Fe₃O₄. The degradation pathway involved initial oxidation of phenol to quinone via free radical reactions or electron transfer, followed by ring-opening reactions and C\stackrel{}{̿}C bond breaking to form small-molecule acids, which were ultimately mineralized to H₂O and CO₂. The results indicated that NFC-600 exhibited excellent catalytic performance and pH adaptability, providing an effective pathway for the resource utilization of cold-rolling sludge and the degradation of phenolic wastewater.

The optimization experiment of raw material ratio and sintering parameters was carried out for the preparation of ceramsite by coupling construction waste micro-powder and municipal sludge with municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration fly ash. The properties of sintered ceramsite, mineral phase changes and migration characteristics of chlorine and heavy metals during sintering process were evaluated. The results indicated that with the incorporation of fly ash, micro-powder, and sludge at 30%, 65% and 10% respectively, under the conditions of preheating temperature at 500℃, preheating time of 20min, sintering temperature at 1150℃ and sintering time of 25min, it was possible to produce high-strength lightweight ceramic pellets with a mineral framework of diopside [Ca(Mg,Al)(Si,Al)₂O₆] and quartz (SiO₂), which complied with the GB/T 17431.1—2010 standard. Their bucket compression strength, bulk density and 1h water absorption rate were 13.01MPa, 1087kg/m³ and 0.43%, respectively. The sludge dosage, sintering temperature and preheating temperature had a significant impact on the key properties such as the cylinder compression strength, apparent density and 1h water absorption rate of ceramsite. The direct addition of raw fly ash into sintering can lead to high burn loss rates of Cl and Cd, Cu, Zn and Pb, which was not conducive to stable control of flue gas during sintering. It was recommended to perform necessary dechlorination pretreatment. The research results can provide scientific basis and theoretical reference for the resource utilization of high-strength and lightweight ceramsite prepared by coupling dechlorination and upgrading fly ash with multi-source solid waste sintering, as well as the optimization of sintering parameters and the control of heavy metal pollution during sintering process.

Silica scale pollution is a common type of contamination and becomes a bottleneck issue of the stable and efficient operation in reverse osmosis (RO) systems for coal chemical wastewater treatment. But most research on silica scale pollution stays at the stage of formation mechanism and influencing factors at present, and there is a lack of case study research on the profiling and contaminant types characterization of RO membrane elements in actual coal chemical projects. This paper profiled the RO membrane elements from three typical coal chemical companies and analyzed the silica scale pollution by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). As shown in the results, there were a large number of silica scale foulants in three kinds of RO membrane elements, but the morphology and composition of silica scale were obviously different. The silica scale foulants in A membrane element were mainly silicate, while those in C membrane element were mainly colloidal silicon, and both forms existed in B membrane element silica scale foulants. Combined with conventional chemical cleaning to analyze the separation performance, appearance and elemental distribution before and after cleaning, it was further confirmed the differences in the morphological characteristics of silica scale. This study can provide a reference for the operation and cleaning of RO system for coal chemical industry.

To promote the resource utilization of coal gasification slag and reduce the environmental pollution caused by heavy metals, this study took the gasification coarse slag from a coal chemical enterprise in Inner Mongolia as the research object. The microstructural characteristics, chemical element composition, heavy metal speciation, and risk assessment code (RAC) before and after washing were analyzed in detail. Under simulated acid rain (pH=4.5) and groundwater (pH=7.0) conditions, the leaching behavior of heavy metals in static and dynamic leaching processes was investigated to evaluate the potential environmental impact of using coarse slag as a filling material. The results showed that coal gasification coarse slag mainly consisted of amorphous aluminosilicates, with small amounts of quartz and calcite. After washing, the slag structure became loose, flocculent residual carbon was removed, and the adhesiveness and cohesion of the slag improved. The chemical composition of the washed slag remained dominated by SiO₂ and Al₂O₃, while the contents of CaO, K₂O, TiO₂ decreased, indicating that the washing process was effective in removing heavy metals. Heavy metals such as Cu, Pb, and Cr in the washed slag mainly existed in stable residual forms, with low proportions of exchangeable and carbonate-bound forms, suggesting low risks of desorption and release under acidic conditions. RAC analysis showed that the RAC values of Cu and Cr in the washed slag ranged from 1 to 10, indicating low risk, while the RAC value of Pb decreased to 30—50, indicating high risk. Static leaching experiments showed that under simulated acid rain conditions, the leaching concentrations of Cu, Pb, and Cr from the washed slag reached 590.4μg/L, 67μg/L, and 76.24μg/L, respectively. Dynamic leaching experiments under the same conditions showed that the leaching concentrations of heavy metals reached 298.6μg/L, 74.7μg/L, and 48.96μg/L, respectively. The leaching concentrations of heavy metals in both experiments were lower than the Class Ⅳ groundwater standards, indicating low environmental risks. It is suggested that the washed slag is suitable for use as a filling material in goaf grouting applications.

In recent years, sewage sludge and high-calorific-value industrial organic solid wastes have been widely utilized as recovered fuels for co-incineration in power generation, enhancing the synergistic benefits of energy recovery and solid waste disposal. This study conducted an in-depth analysis of the slagging characteristics associated with the co-combustion of these two major types of solid waste. Four representative types of industrial solid waste and municipal sludge were selected as research subjects, with coal used as an auxiliary fuel. The investigation primarily focused on the microstructural features of the resulting ash, mineral phase formations, slagging characteristic indices, and the slagging behavior observed in ash samples from large-scale incineration plants co-firing sludge and industrial waste as substitutes for coal. The results indicated that the addition of different solid wastes and coal significantly influenced the slagging behavior of sludge. Compared to the combustion of sludge alone, co-firing with coal reduced ash adhesion and weakened particle agglomeration. In contrast, the addition of straw, plastics, and rubber intensified ash agglomeration. High-melting-point crystals of (Ca,Mg)₃(PO₄)₄ (calcium magnesium phosphate) were identified in the ash residues from co-incineration with rubber, plastic, and textiles. Furthermore, analysis of slagging characteristic indices revealed that the addition of coal increased the proportion of acidic oxides in the ash. Calcium in coal promoted the formation of high-melting-point calcium sulfate. The inclusion of wood chips and nitrile rubber alleviated slagging, with a notable reduction in both the base-to-acid ratio and sulfur slagging index. Slagging analysis of ash samples collected from large-scale sludge incineration tests showed that increasing the proportion of solid recovered fuel and extending stable combustion duration helped to reduce slagging risks. These findings provide a scientific basis for further optimization of sludge incineration processes and enhancement of resource utilization efficiency, offering significant practical value.

Flotation gold tailings contain a certain amount of gold and other valuable elements, thus having recycling value. However, problems such as low leaching efficiency and difficulties in extracting gold from low concentration leaching solutions exist. Therefore, a new process of electro-chlorination leaching combined with electrocoagulation extraction of gold was proposed. The use of electro-generated chlorine to assist hydrochloric acid leaching could significantly improve the gold leaching rate of flotation gold tailings, and the positively charged colloids generated by electrocoagulation could efficiently capture trace aquo-gold ions in the solution. The experimental results showed that the electro-chlorination leaching of flotation gold tailings with a particle size range of 50—75μm could achieve ideal leaching results. The influence of the stirring speed on the electro-chlorination leaching rate was not significant, while the hydrochloric acid concentration, liquid-solid ratio and temperature were the key factors dominating the electro-chlorination leaching effect. Electrocoagulation exhibited significant adsorption selectivity for gold ions in the leachate. At a pH of 6, a plate voltage of 2V and a plate spacing of 2cm, the electrocoagulation gold extraction efficiency was approximately 100%. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS) were used to characterize the microscopic morphology and material composition of flotation gold tailings, tailings leaching residues and gold-containing flocs. Theoretical studies showed that the oxidizing chlorine generated by electro-chlorination and the polarization effect of the anode enhanced the dissolution of gold and improved the leaching rate. The iron ions generated by the anode electrolysis of electrocoagulation hydrolyzed to form positively charged iron hydroxide colloids, which underwent electrostatic adsorption and redox reactions with negatively charged AuCl₄^- ions in the solution, thus realizing the efficient extraction of gold. The research results can provide theoretical and technical bases for the efficient and low-cost extraction and recovery of low-grade flotation gold tailings, and provide methodological references for the development of electrochemical leaching and rare and precious metal extraction technologies.

To achieve higher microalgae carbon fixation efficiency without increasing energy consumption, multistage bubble cutting units were designed at different heights above the aeration device in microalgae photobioreactor in this study, and bubbles were precisely cut multiple times after departure from the orifice. The effects of multistage bubble cutting on bubble dynamics were visually studied and its effects on microalgae growth were also analyzed. The experimental results indicate that the bubbles are easier to be cut successfully, when the adjacent cutting units are cross-arranged and the spacing between the cutting units S is 100mm. As the cutting units region height H increases, the average diameter of the bubbles in the reactor decreases, and the bubble residence time increases, which is conducive to CO₂ dissolution and microalgae carbon fixation. However, the enhancement effect weakens, when H>65%. When H=65%, the maximum microalgae dry weight and productivity are 1.58g/L and 0.169g/(L·d), which increase by 68.1% and 44.4% compared with single-stage cutting, respectively.

Tank farm Domino accidents pose significant hazards, with fire-induced thermal radiation being one of the primary triggers. The failure phenomenon of storage tanks after fire is a highly time-dependent process, so accurately predicting the failure time of storage tanks is of great significance for the quantitative analysis of fire Domino effects. Given the current limitations in research on spherical storage tanks, this study employed Ansys Workbench to establish a thermal-fluid-solid coupling model for simulating the thermal response behavior of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) spherical tanks under fire conditions. A failure time prediction model was developed, considering the effects of heat flux and filling degree. The results indicated that the failure behavior of spherical tanks under fire was the result of the combined effects of a rapid increase in internal pressure and the degradation of material strength under high temperatures. In Domino accident scenarios involving fire, the pillars failed first, followed by the tank shell, with the maximum stress point located at the connection between the shell and the pillars. At a constant filling degree, higher heat flux led to shorter failure times, while at a constant heat flux, higher filling degree also resulted in shorter failure times.

This study investigated the flame morphology of dike-divided pool fires under varying wind speeds and systematically analyzed the thermal radiation intensity distribution and failure time of adjacent tanks through Pyrosim-based fire modeling and Abaqus thermal-stress coupling analyses, while validating the high accuracy and feasibility of the coordinate mapping method in thermo-mechanical coupling simulations. Numerical simulations revealed that the flame behavior transitioned from vertical ascent to lateral inclination toward adjacent tanks with increasing wind speed. Under wind speeds of 0 and 3m/s, the flame maintained slight overall tilt, and the thermal radiation intensity distribution focused predominantly on the middle-lower sections of storage tanks. At wind speed of 6m/s, the upper flame portion became stretched and tilted, resulting in gradually intensified thermal radiation exposure on the middle-upper tank regions. When wind speed reached 9m/s, significant flame inclination and wall proximity occurred, concentrating thermal radiation intensity in the middle-upper tank sections, where maximum radiation intensity reached 3.5 times that observed under 6m/s conditions. Thermo-mechanical coupling analysis demonstrated that the high-temperature zone shifted from middle-lower to middle-upper tank regions with increasing wind speed, establishing the middle-upper sections as the primary risk area for tank failure.

Under the backdrop of deep integration between global energy landscape restructuring and the technological revolution, oil and gas engineering construction faces multiple challenges in efficiency, quality, cost, safety and environmental protection. Artificial intelligence (AI) with its powerful capabilities in data analysis, intelligent decision-making and autonomous execution offers a new technological pathway to address these challenges. This paper summarized and analyzed exploratory practices of AI in the field of oil and gas engineering construction. It proposed specific approaches for evaluating AI application scenarios and established an assessment methodology centered on six dimensions: "Value, Cost, Risk, Data, Technology and Support." Furthermore, it formulated a high-level design and implementation pathway for "AI+Engineering Construction" application scenarios, identified key focal directions for "AI+Engineering Construction" and aimed to promote AI-driven high-quality development of enterprises.

Against the backdrop of the global energy transition, China's abundant biomass resources present a strategic opportunity for the development of clean energy. Building on biogas, the extension of bio-methane and green methanol not only offers economic and carbon reduction advantages but also aligns with the green transition needs of global industries such as shipping. Currently, the biogas industry still faces development bottlenecks such as scattered raw materials and small scale, but by establishing a full industrial chain model of "raw material collection-on-site conversion-diversified utilization" tailored to local conditions, these challenges can be overcome. Such explorations may transform China's resource potential into high-value green fuels with global competitiveness, thereby contributing to the achievement of the "dual carbon" goals.