In order to meet the challenges of market demand and its changes in fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) technology, based on the understanding of the key steps of complex catalytic reaction and its regulation theory, a FCC process with directional regulation of bimolecular reaction depth and type and monomolecular reaction depth was developed by means of diameter-transformed fluidized bed catalytic reaction engineering, and the flexible switching between monomolecular and bimolecular reactions was realized, so that FCC technology had sufficient flexibility in production schemes. This paper introduces the key steps and regulation theory of complex catalytic reaction of petroleum hydrocarbons on catalysts. Based on the change of market demand for products, the reaction depth and direction of intermediate transition state are flexibly regulated, and efficient and flexible FCC technology is developed, and the connotation of catalytic reaction engineering technology of diameter-transformed fluidized bed is continuously enriched. Efficient and flexible FCC technology can switch gasoline production scheme to light olefins production scheme in a short time, and vice versa, providing technical support and coping strategies for the transformation and development of low-cost progressive refining.

Intensive carbon emissions and energy consumptions are the technical bottleneck for sustainable developments of traditional industries, such as the cement, steel and metallurgy, which are mainly caused by the thermal decomposition of various carbonate minerals. The technology of hydrogen-driven carbonate catalytic reduction integrates metal oxide production and high-value-added conversion of carbon resources processes to overturn the inevitable CO₂ emission in conventional thermal decomposition pathway. In this process, the resource of hydrogen can be widely referred to various hydrogen donors (e.g., H₂, alkane or other substances containing hydrogen), and the high-value-added products can be C₁-products or C₂₊ hydrocarbon, thus significantly reducing the overall costs of the reduction of carbon emissions. Furthermore, the novel technology was expected to provide technical supports for the goal of carbon neutrality in intensive-carbon-emission industrial sectors using carbonate minerals as raw materials. This review presented the developments and progresses of the carbonate hydrogenation technology. Along with the clue of various value-added products, the characteristics of processes, reaction mechanisms, catalysts design and the key bottlenecks of the technologies were introduced, respectively. Based on the analysis of state-of-the-art works of catalytic carbonate hydrogenation, the challenges as well as the potential applications of the technologies in these energy-intensive industries with carbonate minerals as raw materials were proposed, which provided promising new pathways for carbon neutrality.

In order to meet the operational requirements of high-heat-flux data centers, liquid cooling technology has gotten more and more attention and research efforts from scholars worldwide. Indirect liquid cooling is regarded as more efficient and energy-saving compared to traditional air cooling methods. However, its heat exchange capabilities are somewhat diminished in comparison to direct liquid contact methods, making the heat transfer enhancement a focal point of research in the realm of indirect liquid cooling. Additionally, indirect liquid cooling presents safety and cost-related challenges, such as liquid leakage and system complexity. Therefore, the integration of different technologies based on their respective strengths and weaknesses has become a meaningful research direction for current data center cooling systems. In this article, a comprehensive review of these key aspects is conducted. The current status and research advancements in the application of single-phase, two-phase, and heat pipe cooling in chip-level data center cooling are thoroughly analyzed. The pathways for enhancing heat transfer in chip-level indirect liquid cooling are outlined from three aspects: fluid dynamics, medium materials, and channel design optimization. Furthermore, the coupling of different technologies for chip-level data center cooling methods has also been organized, primarily including single-phase cooling and heat pipe cooling, along with the use of phase-change materials in conjunction with these methods to enhance energy efficiency and effectiveness. In the future, indirect liquid cooling in data centers still needs to be expanded in the direction of heat dissipation efficiency improvement and technology composite. This study provides a valuable reference for improving the cooling efficiency of high-temperature data centers and expanding the application of indirect liquid cooling technology.

Due to the limited manufacture precision of the current 3D printer, the aperture diameter of the wick is about 300µm. Consequently, steam will penetrate into the compensation chamber through the wick during the initial stage of the loop heat pipe (LHP) start-up process, resulting in severe heat leakage which contributes to a prolonged start-up. To prevent steam penetration through the wick, a newly-developed Tesla-valve-structure with unidirectional flow characteristics was introduced into the design of a 3D-printed wick. In this paper, a Tesla valve channel capillary with a diameter of 300μm were fabricated, and the permeability and start-up performance were compared with that of a cylindrical through hole capillary with the same diameter at different low heat loads. The result showed that the permeabilities of the Tesla-valve-structure wick with two placement directions were of obvious difference, exhibiting an obvious unidirectional flow characteristic, which indicated that the permeability of forward flow was greater than reverse flow under the condition of varies heating power, and the Tesla-valve-structure wick could effectively inhibit steam penetration and achieve a faster start-up. While the heat load increased, the LHP had a faster start-up process, the steam penetration was obviously suppressed by the Tesla-valve-structure wick, which could lead to a better starting performance.

Chemical absorption methods, especially the amine method, are currently the most promising for industrialization of CO₂ capture in post-combustion exhaust gases. However, traditional amine solutions [based on 30% monoethanolamine (MEA)] have high energy consumption for regeneration, and CO₂ absorption in packed towers may have operational problems such as liquid flooding, foaming, and entrainment. The amine-based phase separation CO₂ absorbent is expected to significantly reduce CO₂ desorption energy consumption, because only the CO₂-rich phase solution needs to be sent for desorption. In this paper, the CO₂ absorption mass transfer was enhanced by a highly efficient amine-based phase separation absorbent coupled with a hollow fiber membrane contactor. Firstly, the comprehensive CO₂ absorption-desorption performance and phase-separation characteristics of several absorbents were investigated by using CO₂ absorption-desorption device. The experimental results showed that triethylenetetramine (TETA)-diethylaminoethanol (DEEA)-cyclobutanesulfone (TMS)-water had better phase-separation and CO₂ capture performance. Then, the effects of CO₂ loading, TETA concentration, liquid phase temperature, liquid flow rate, inlet gas velocity, and CO₂ partial pressure on the CO₂ absorption flux of TETA-DEEA-TMS-H₂O phase separation absorbent were investigated in a hollow fiber membrane contactor. The results showed that the CO₂ absorption flux decreased with the increase of the CO₂ loading and increases with the increase of the liquid phase temperature, liquid flow rate, inlet gas velocity, and CO₂ partial pressure. At the same time, the CO₂ absorption flux tended to increase and then decrease with increase of the TETA concentration due to phase separation. The CO₂ removal rate had a negative correlation with the inlet gas velocity and CO₂ partial pressure. Finally, a more accurate prediction model of the gas-phase total mass transfer coefficient K_G was established with an absolute average deviation of 11.94%.

Utilizing wavelet neural network and simulated annealing-particle swarm optimization algorithm to optimize the parameters of electrodialysis desalination process. Firstly, a single factor experiment was conducted to preliminarily explore the influence of electrodialysis operation voltage, operation time, electrode plate spacing, and electrode liquid concentration on desalination efficiency. Then, a wavelet neural network model was used to train and predict the data samples, and Sobol sensitivity analysis was conducted on the experimental influencing factors. Finally, the wavelet neural network model was coupled with the simulated annealing-particle swarm optimization algorithm. The optimized electrodialysis conditions and corresponding desalination rates in this system were obtained. The trial-and-error method results indicated that the 4-10-8-1 wavelet double hidden layer neural network model was a suitable prediction model. The degree of influence of various factors on the desalination effect was in descending order: operating voltage, operating time, electrode liquid concentration, and electrode plate spacing. When the unit membrane voltage was 0.42V/cm², the operating time was 13.85 hours, the electrode spacing was 12.11cm, and the electrode liquid concentration was 0.21mol/L, the predicted optimized desalination rate reached 97.13%. After t-test, this value was highly consistent with the validation experimental results. This study can provide accurate and reliable theoretical support and data sources for the comprehensive promotion and deep application of ethylene glycol electrodialysis desalination process.

Post-combustion carbon capture technology is widely regarded as a highly effective approach to mitigating carbon emissions from coal-fired power plants. Nevertheless, the associated chemical carbon capture devices exhibit considerable energy consumption and impose a substantial load on power generation. It is essential to couple these devices with the power generation process for peak shifting to reduce operational costs. This study presented an integrated model of the carbon capture process and power generation, featuring the addition of two auxiliary devices: a flue gas bypass and solvent storage tanks. Due to the complexity of the carbon capture process mechanism model, this paper built a surrogate model through process simulation and neural network training. Considering the revenues from both the electricity and carbon markets, the optimization goal was to maximize the daily income of the power plant. A 600MW power plant was studied to achieve its optimal scheduling scheme and operational parameters. The results had shown the regularity and characteristics of the cooperative scheduling between power plants and carbon capture devices, and the effectiveness of the integration method was verified.

The composition and distribution of polymer chains are of paramount importance for the performance of polymers. To address this, this paper, based on a monomer formulation from a certain company, firstly established a binary copolymer chain growth model. Employing the Monte Carlo method, we simulated the chain growth process of styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer single chains and analyzed how the monomer ratio affected the conversion rate and acrylonitrile binding ratio. Additionally, we investigated the impact of staged feedstock addition on product structure uniformity. The results reveal that, when the conversion rate exceeded 91%, the variation in acrylonitrile binding rate exceeded 0.5%, leading to an uneven distribution of the copolymer. Within the simulately studied range, a lower acrylonitrile content in the feedstock (greater than 25%) results in a more uniform copolymer product, widening the adjustable conversion rate range. When the acrylonitrile content in the feedstock ranged from 27%—35% and the conversion rate exceeded 85.0%, the instantaneous binding rate of acrylonitrile fluctuated within a range of only ±0.5%, and the average binding rate of acrylonitrile exhibited variations of less than 1%. Furthermore, a staged feedstock approach proved effective in enhancing the sequence uniformity of the copolymer. When the monomer ratio shifted from 67/33 with a conversion rate of 91% to 98%, the instantaneous acrylonitrile binding rate fluctuated by less than ±0.5%, and the average binding rate of acrylonitrile exhibited variations of less than 1%. These findings provided a foundational dataset and theoretical guidance for similar system studies and the stable production of industrial products.

In order to reduce energy consumption and equipment investment in the separation process of cyclohexanone and cyclohexanol, a new process coupling the ketone column and alcohol tower into a dividing wall column (DWC) was proposed. The mixture from a certain factory was used as the feedstock. The integration of NSGA-Ⅱ with Aspen Plus via MATLAB was employed to reduce the total annual cost (TAC) and CO₂ emission and optimize the operating parameters. The desired mass fraction were set at 99.5% for cyclohexanone and 99.0% for cyclohexanol, to maintain a 95.0% global recovery rate for the products. Optimization of the DWC parameters was conducted with a population size of 400 and a maximum genetic generation of 500, including a crossover rate of 0.85 and a mutation rate of 0.1. The TAC and CO₂ emission kept decreasing during parameter optimization. When the population size evolved to around 400 generations, the objective function no longer changed significantly. The Pareto optimal frontier solution of the minimum TAC was selected as the optimal solution. Compared with the traditional two-tower process, this strategy resulted in a 31.49% reduction in CO₂ emission and a 28.98% decrease in TAC in the separation process.

When the vertical vibration is applied to a U-tube filled with granular materials, the particles exhibit instability of directional migration of particles from one branch to another, which has an important influence on the transportation of granular materials. In order to investigate the dynamical behaviors and mechanisms of granular instability in the U-tube, the visualized simulation of dynamical process was carried out based on discrete element simulation. The effect of initial particle filling condition on the granular instability was analyzed, the evolution of velocity field during the development and saturation phases of granular instability was revealed, and the influence of wall friction on the granular instability was examined. The results showed that the granular instability was associated with the self-amplifying effect and the development phase of granular instability was affected by the initial filling conditions of particles. The surface level difference in the two branches of the U-tube in the final saturation phase was independent of the initial filling conditions of particles, which was in accordance with the experimental reports. In the development phase of granular instability, during the downward motion of the U-tube, the particles in the horizontal section expand towards the two vertical branches, transferring the particles to the branch with more particles but lower velocity of particles in the bottom. In the saturation phase, however, when the U-tube moved downward, the inertial effect in the branch with more particles resulted in higher particle velocities in the bottom, which inhibited the migration of the particles from the horizontal section into this vertical branch, causing the growth of granular surface level difference to cease. The granular instability did not occur when the sliding friction coefficient of the tube wall was too small or too large.

Given the current energy crisis and concerns regarding environmental pollution, biomass is considered as a sustainable energy source that can potentially replace fossil fuels, and extensive research of biomass conversion has been directed towards the catalytic transformation of biomass into valuable hexanol and hexanediol. Hexanol and hexanediol are regarded as highly industrially valuable C₆ alcohols, with hexanediol playing a crucial role in polyester industry, and hexanol being considered as a suitable alternative fuel. This review provided a comprehensive overview of biomass-derived production of hexanol and hexanediol, considering various feedstocks and catalytic approaches. It systematically outlined recent advancements in the catalytic conversion of biomass-derived compounds, such as cellulose-based substrates, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and its derivatives, as well as hexanedioic acid and its esters, into hexanol and hexanediol. The review also summarized the applications of 1,6-hexanediol in the catalytic synthesis of C₆ compounds (ε-caprolactone, adipic acid, 6-hydroxycaproic acid, and hexanediamine). Furthermore, it provided an outlook on the future trends in catalytic hydrogenation for producing hexanol and hexanediol, aiming to offer theoretical guidance and valuable insights for the eco-friendly and sustainable production of C₆ compounds.

As an effort to achieve carbon neutrality, utilization of biomass gasification-based syngas (mainly consisting of CO, CO₂, and H₂) has been extensively studied. Conversion of syngas to fuel ethanol has the dual effects of carbon emission reduction and energy production. Since syngas can not be completely converted in chemical catalytic process, the tail gas produced, known as low-carbon syngas, is considered to be further utilized by biological process. In this study, fermentation of Clostridium autoethanogenum for ethanol production was investigated from the aspects of gaseous substrate and fermentation technology. Results showed that Clostridium autoethanogenum preferentially consumed CO other than CO₂ and H₂ in syngas fermentation, the ratio of CO consumption to H₂ consumption was 0.99±0.12, and the molar ratio of ethanol and acetic acid achieved was 0.78±0.10; when 100% CO was used as substrate, the ratio of CO consumption to CO₂ production was 1.72±0.21, and the molar ratio of ethanol and acetic acid was 1.00±0.11. During the process of xylose-syngas co-fermentation, xylose was consumed slowly, and compared to syngas fermentation, the cell density increased, but ethanol concentration was lower. Cell activities were not affected when 4g/L of sodium acetate was added in the medium, while significant inhibition on cell growth was observed under higher concentrations (≥12g/L). Fermentation results in the 3L stirred-tank reactor showed that the ethanol yield was low once "acid crash" happened, while lowering temperature at the late logarithmic phase of cell growth could prevent "acid crash". Consequently, the maximum ethanol concentration obtained was 3.46g/L, maximum ethanol and acetic acid molar ratio was 2.01, and the highest ethanol yield was 0.35g/(L∙d). This study provided references for the process optimization of ethanol production from low-carbon syngas via Clostridium autoethanogenum fermentation.

The purpose of this study is to achieve carbon peak and carbon neutrality, as well as low-carbon and clean transition of energy. Specifically, an optimized strategy was proposed for the alkaline electrolyzer cluster in power-to-hydrogen (P2H) systems considering energy consumption characteristics. This system operated in an off-grid mode, where wind and solar power were utilized to supply electricity. Battery storage was employed for peak shaving and valley filling to ensure stable and continuous hydrogen production in alkaline electrolyzers. Based on the models of wind and solar power generation, the dynamic hydrogen production efficiency and the start-stop of electrolyzers were optimized for multi-train operation. Moreover, the objective function was established to maximize the overall net profit of the system. The results showed that the alkaline electrolyzer cluster optimization strategy improved the annual system revenue by nearly 5% without changing the capacity of the system equipment. Meanwhile, the strategy reduced the curtailment rate and the number of start-stops of electrolyzers. The new cluster optimization strategy could consume new energy power more fully and help gain higher revenue. The results of this study were expected to provide guidance for the efficient production and operation scheduling strategies of the alkaline electrolyzer cluster.

Toluene is an aromatic pollutant coming from a wide range of sources, which causes strong harm to human health and environment. Manganese oxide is considered as the most potential catalyst for oxidation of toluene due to its controllable morphology, diverse crystal structure and variable valence state. In this paper, the research progress of catalytic oxidation of toluene by manganese-based catalysts in recent years was reviewed, including single manganese oxide and composite manganese oxide. The effects of morphology, crystal structure, oxygen vacancy, metal-carrier interaction and other factors on the catalytic oxidation performance of toluene were discussed. The catalytic reaction mechanisms of toluene oxidation were also summarized. Finally, it is suggested that developing a simple synthesis process to construct MnO _x or Mn-based composite nano-catalyst, and studying the actual factors affecting the catalyst behavior for industrial exhaust are the future research directions in this field.

Diesel engine exhaust is one of the sources of nitrogen oxides (NO _x ). Hydrocarbon (HC) selective catalytic reduction (HC-SCR) of nitrogen oxides is a common technique for NO _x reduction. However, the NO _x reduction activity of Ag-based oxide catalysts is not sufficiently high in low temperature region and the active temperature window is narrow. The addition of small amounts of hydrogen (H₂) in HC-SCR reaction atmosphere can significantly increase the low-temperature denitrification activity and broaden the active temperature window of catalysts such as Ag/γ-Al₂O₃. Based on the background of lean-burn diesel engine exhaust denitration, the aim of this review is to summarize the effects of H₂ on the types of active Ag species, the activation of hydrocarbons and oxygen, and the conversion of active nitrogen-containing intermediates. The role of H₂ in improving the sulfur and water resistance of HC-SCR catalysts is summarized, and the application of new catalysts in H₂-assisted HC-SCR (H₂-HC-SCR) reaction in recent years is introduced as well. Relevant studies have shown that H₂ promotes the formation of the active Ag species in HC-SCR and the activation of O₂ into reactive oxygen species. H₂ also accelerates the conversion of hydrocarbons into key intermediates such as isocyanate and enolic surface species and reduces the content of nitrate species which would poison the catalytic active sites. Blending H₂ into the feed of the HC-SCR eventually improves the denitrification activity of HC-SCR. H₂-assisted HC-SCR denitration technology is expected to play an important role in the denitration of motor vehicle exhaust, and to promote the development of HC-SCR of nitrogen oxides technology.

The production of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) via electrochemical two-electron (2e^-) oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is a green, safe and efficient technical route, showing broad development prospects as an alternative to the industrial anthraquinone process. However, this route at present is limited by the sluggish ORR kinetics and the competitive four-electron (4e^-) reaction, and thus it is critically desired to develop efficient catalysts with high ORR activity and selectivity. Currently, carbon-based materials are the most widely studied catalysts for electrosynthesis of H₂O₂via 2e^- ORR and great progress has been made due to their abundance in earth, low cost and tunable catalytic properties. This review summarizes the recent advances in carbon-based electrocatalysts for 2e^- ORR to H₂O₂. Fundamental principles of the ORR and general methods of electrocatalyst evaluation are first introduced and the basic design guidelines for constructing highly-efficient electrocatalyst is also pointed out. Next, with a focus on the non-metal carbon-based materials and transition-metal carbon-based materials, the active site optimization strategies of catalysts including heteroatom doping, defect engineering, pore engineering and single-atom site local environment regulation are in depth discussed. Finally, the challenges and future development trend in the field of H₂O₂^{electrosynthesis by 2e- ORR are proposed in terms of H₂O₂ production medium, catalyst structure-performance relationship and steady production under industrial current densities.}

High temperature desulfurization of coal gas is one of the key steps for clean and efficient utilization of coal resources. Previous studies had found that MCM-41 supported ZnO sorbents (ZnO/MCM-41) exhibit outstanding hot-coal-gas desulfurization performance. However, there was COS formation (sulfur-release) during desulfurization process. Although the strategy of introducing additives into ZnO/MCM-41 for modifying sulfur-release behavior had been proposed, there was still a lack of research on the matching characteristics between additives and sorbents and the regeneration behavior of modified sorbents. The work showed that the doping of 1%—5% Ni/Fe/Co into ZnO/MCM-41 could effectively inhibit the release of COS by decreasing the corresponding COS-release amount of 99.4%—99.9%, 73.1%—93.4%, and 69.0%—98.4%, respectively. The decrease is mainly attributed to the catalytic effect of additives on the hydrogenolysis of COS. Ni and Fe in modified sorbents exist in the form of Ni²⁺ and Fe³⁺, respectively, while Co coexists in the form of Co²⁺ and Co³⁺. For the optimized Ni-doping sorbent (3%), the regeneration temperature should not be lower than 600℃ because low-temperature regeneration leads to the presence of ZnS in regenerated sorbents. The optimized sorbent could maintain high sulfur capacity (91.5% of that for fresh sorbents) and low COS-release amount (4.8×10^-2g COS/100g sorbents) after four desulfurization-regeneration cycles. The slight decrease in the ability of desulfurization and inhibiting sulfur-release is ascribed to the loss of a small fraction of active components and additives. The research could provide theoretical guidance for the preparation of high-performance sorbents.

NiZr/Ti₃C₂ (Ni mass fraction 10%) catalysts with a Zr supporting amount of 5%—15% were prepared by a KBH₄ reduction method, and the effect of the Zr addition on the structure of the Ni/Ti₃C₂ catalyst and its catalytic activities for cinnamaldehyde selective hydrogenation were investigated by characterization combined with cinnamaldehyde selective hydrogenation on the catalysts. The results showed that with the increase in the Zr supporting amount, the agglomeration of Ni metal particles decreased, and the Ti₃C₂ support of the catalysts exhibited a well-defined layer structure. The specific surface area of the catalysts increased first and then decreased, while the types of surface acid sites changed little. Among them, the 10Ni10Zr/Ti₃C₂ catalyst exhibited a smallest average Ni active metal particle size and a maximum specific surface area of 132.8m²/g, as well as the Brønsted acid strength and stability was slightly enhanced, and the Lewis acid strength and stability was decreased, showing the optimal catalytic activity. Under the same reaction conditions, on the 10Ni10Zr/Ti₃C₂ catalysts, the cinnamaldehyde conversion was increased from 92.57% to 98.34%, the hydrocinnamaldehyde selectivity was increased from 91.15% to 94.81%, the hydrocinnamaldehyde yield was increased by 8.86% compared with the 10Ni/Ti₃C₂ catalyst. Furthermore, the 10Ni10Zr/Ti₃C₂ exhibited a high stability in cycling experiments.

A series of molybdovanadophosphoric heteropoly acid catalysts were prepared by precipitation method. With oxygen as the oxidant, the catalyst was used for one-step oxidation of isooctanol to isooctanoic acid under atmospheric pressure. The effects of vanadium and cesium addition, as well as process conditions, on the catalyst performance and the reaction were investigated, and possible reaction mechanisms were deduced. The results showed that vanadium could accelerate the redox cycle of catalysts and improve their redox performance and catalytic efficiency, while cesium could affect the acidity and specific surface area of the catalyst by replacing protons in heteropolyacids. Appropriate acidity, high specific surface area, and rapid redox cycle processes were key factors for catalysts to have high activity and selectivity. Among all the prepared catalysts, Cs₃H₂PMo₁₀V₂O₄₀ showed the best catalytic activity under the optimal reaction conditions (solvent is benzene, reaction temperature was 120℃, catalyst dosage was isooctanol mass 11% of, oxygen flow rate was 20mL/min, reaction time is 10h), and the conversion of isooctanol could reach 60.7%, and the selectivity of isooctanoic acid was 81.5%. The catalyst could be reused for 5 times with good stability.

A hydrothermal method was employed to synthesize cerium-zirconium (Ce _n Zr_1-n ) supports with different ratios, and a series of composite catalysts were then prepared by impregnating MnO _x as the active component. The catalytic performance of these catalysts in the selective catalytic reduction of NO _x with ammonia (NH₃-SCR) was investigated. The catalysts were characterized by various techniques such as XRD, Raman, SEM, N₂ adsorption-desorption, H₂-TPR, NH₃-TPD, and XPS, to examine their structure, morphology, surface acidity, and surface oxidation state. The results indicated that Ce _n Zr_1-n prepared by the hydrothermal method exhibited better NH₃-SCR catalytic activity than CeO₂ supports. Similarly, 8Mn/Ce _n Zr_1-n catalysts show improved performance. Among them, the 8Mn/Ce_0.8Zr_0.2 catalyst exhibited the best catalytic activity, with T₅₀ and T₉₀ of 100.2℃ and 130.2℃, respectively. The working temperature window was 245.5℃ (130.2—377.2℃), and 100% NO conversion rate was maintained between 159.6℃ and 349.0℃. The catalyst demonstrated better low-temperature reduction performance and more acidic sites, which facilitated the adsorption and reduction of reactants at low temperatures. Furthermore, it had a relative high content of high-valence Mn⁴⁺ species on the surface, which contributed to enhancing NH₃-SCR catalytic activity.

Methane in coal mine methane (CMM) serves not merely as a pivotal and sustainable low-carbon energy source, but equally as a disconcerting explosive and greenhouse gas pollutant. Finding a consistent, efficient technique for methane enrichment is of paramount importance in enhancing safety measures within the current coal mining industry and addressing natural gas shortages. Industrial scale application has, however, been impeded by significant impurities present in coal-bed methane, specifically the efficient separation of carbon dioxide and nitrogen contaminants. This paper aimed to encapsulate two major focus areas in the process of coal-bed methane enrichment via vacuum pressure swing adsorption (VPSA): carbon dioxide capture (CO₂/CH₄ separation) and purification of natural gas (CH₄/N₂ separation). Here, effective adsorbents for segregating methane gas mixtures denoted the crux of VPSA technology advancements. Furthermore, it was further focused on analyzing and comparing the differences and similarities of three typical solid adsorbents, namely carbon-based adsorbents, zeolite molecular sieves and metal-organic frameworks, in separating or adsorbing methane in the above two directions. Among them, coupling different functional groups on the adsorbent surface or fine-tuning their pore structure at the nanoscale would be an effective way to continuously improve the adsorption separation efficiency of coalbed methane enrichment. In addition, the challenges and development directions faced by solid porous materials in the future were also discussed, hoping to help researchers understand the technical premise of CMM methane enrichment adsorbents and design novel adsorbents to meet the multiple stringent industrial requirements for methane separation.

Oxide nanoparticles are widely used due to their small particle size and large specific surface area. Since the particle surface has abundant hydroxyl groups, the nanoparticles are easy to agglomerate and the unmodified particles are difficult to meet application demands. In order to obtain the desired performance of the adsorption, wettability, dispersion and functionality of the particles, it is necessary to graft specific organic groups on the particle surface. This article focused on the reaction characteristics between modifiers and the surface of oxide nanoparticles, summarized research progress about the surface organic modification of oxide nanoparticles with commonly used modifiers, including silane coupling agents, alcohols and phenols, carboxylic acids and phosphonic acids, and silicone oils and isocyanates. The surface hydroxyl characteristics of oxide nanoparticles were illustrated. The reaction mechanism between modifiers and the surface of oxide nanoparticles as well as the modification stability were analyzed. The modification processes for different modifiers and nanoparticles were summarized. Although a lot of researches about the organic modification of particle surfaces in organic solvents had been reported, it was not effective for the guidance on the scale production and improving the product quality. Moreover, the evaluations were varied and had low comparability. To achieve a controllable, efficient and green organic modification on the nanoparticle surface, a reasonable use of modifiers and modification process design for different kinds of oxide particles were demanded.

In the background of Health China strategy, household products with healthy benefits, such as antibacterial fibers and antibacterial plastics, have attracted extensive attention because of their excellent antibacterial properties and applicability. Based on physiochemical properties of antibacterial materials, academic researchers and engineers from industries have developed a variety of products. This review summarized the antibacterial mechanisms of inorganic nano-antimicrobials including contact reaction mechanism and photocatalytic antibacterial mechanism, recent advances in nano-metallic species, nano-oxides and other nano-antibacterial materials and composite materials and related applications of inorganic antimicrobial agents, and antimicrobial household products such as antimicrobial textiles, antimicrobial plastics, antimicrobial coatings, antimicrobial ceramics, water and gas filtration and purification. The analysis indicated that inorganic antibacterial materials should be paid great attention to in terms of structure optimization, antibacterial waste recycling and toxicity research, as well as green and sustainable development. In the future development, this review also pointed out potential trends (e.g. development of antibacterial materials with porous structures and multi-points for synergistic function, green synthetic technology in the background of Dual Carbon Policy and easy examination methods for household antibacterial products), some problems for nowadays applications of inorganic nanomaterials (e.g. difficulty in dispersion, compatibility and stability with polymer matrix), and forecastd future market prospects for household antibacterial products.

Wind power has become a cornerstone of modern energy systems. Upon retirement of wind turbine generator, the recycling of discarded wind turbine blades (WTBs) presents a challenge due to their difficulties in crushing and decomposing. It is necessary to explore a sustainable pathway to recycling waste WTBs within the realm of green economy. For the dominated materials of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) in wind turbine blades, this review summarized the strategies and primary methods for the utilization of waste WTBs, and introduced briefly the advantages and disadvantages on mechanical, thermal and chemical methods. Due to the low values of the components in the waste WTBs, the existing recycling methods were lack of a substantial economic benefits without government subsidies or disposal costs from the waste-producing firms. Therefore, the mechanical methods with a simple process recycling the waste WTBs for construction materials reinforcement should have a promising economic benefit and application prospect. This review summarized the research progress of FRP materials from waste WTBs being used as the reinforcing agent in concrete, cement mortar and geopolymer. The FRP materials from waste WTBs can provide construction materials excellent tensile and flexural stress even after fracture. However, there were issues with the inadequate bonding strength between the FRP material and cement, and the FRP material reduced the density of construction materials, potentially leading to a decrease in compressive strength. Further research should focus on improving the bonding strength between FRP materials and cement, and optimizing size of FRP materials and its blending ratio to enhance the overall performance of construction materials. In general, the blending ratio of FRP materials should be kept in a suitable and low level to ensure the strength of construction materials. The huge amount of construction materials, such as concrete and cement mortar, can consume the waste WTBs even with a very low blending ratio.

Photocatalysis technology can continuously use clean solar energy to achieve effective degradation of the endocrine disruptor, bisphenol A (BPA), which stands out among many degradation methods. Graphite-like carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄), as a classic semiconductor material, has the advantages of simple synthesis, good thermal and chemical stability, economic and pollution-free, and is widely used in the field of photocatalytic degradation. However, due to the high recombination rate of photogenerated electron hole pairs, weak visible light absorption range and low oxidation potential of bulk g-C₃N₄, the performance of BPA degradation by bulk g-C₃N₄ is not high. In order to improve the degradation ability of g-C₃N₄ to BPA, a variety of modification methods are used to modify g-C₃N₄. This paper mainly reviewed the modification of g-C₃N₄ by means of element doping, morphology control, heterojunction construction and copolymerization. From the perspective of electronic structure, band structure and optical properties, the degradation performance and mechanism of modified g-C₃N₄ for BPA were summarized in detail. Secondly, the common degradation pathways and safety analysis of BPA were also summarized. Finally, effective selectivity for the degradation of BPA by modified g-C₃N₄ was prospected.

In the field of oilfield chemistry, the application of hydrophobic materials has achieved remarkable results. The wettability modification of the wellbore wall or reservoir rock surface by suitable hydrophobic materials can weaken the affinity of the surface for the aqueous phase. This method can effectively inhibit the hydration of rocks, reduce the aqueous phase trapping of reservoirs and improve the seepage capacity of oil and gas in the reservoirs, which greatly improves the development benefits of oil and gas fields. In this paper, the types of hydrophobic materials were briefly introduced and the mechanism of hydrophobic materials to form hydrophobic surfaces was analyzed. The research progress of hydrophobic materials in the field of oilfield chemistry was described from four essential aspects: stabilizing the wellbore, protecting the reservoir, enhancing oil and gas recovery, and improving the stability of emulsions and foams. Given the current deficiencies of hydrophobic materials as a kind of oilfield chemical additives, the future development of hydrophobic materials should be toward the direction of low cost, strong compatibility, multi-functionality and environment-friendly to achieve the increasing demand in the field of oilfield chemistry.

Nano-CaCO₃/PES composite membrane was prepared by non-solvent induced phase separation (NIPS) technology to understand the morphology, mechanical properties, hydrophilicity, separation properties and anti-fouling properties of nano-CaCO₃/PES composite membrane. The morphology, physical chemistry properties and separation properties of the composite membranes were characterized. The effects of nano-CaCO₃ weight fraction on the structure and properties of the membranes were investigated. The results showed that nano-CaCo₃ could effectively optimize the structure of the membrane, and simultaneously improve the physical chemistry performance and separation efficiency. When nano-CaCO₃ weight fraction was 0.3%, the mechanical strength of the composite membrane was 3.8MPa. Compared to pure PES materials, the mechanical strength was increased by 65%. The hydrophilicity was also improved. The permeability of pure water was 450L/(m²·h·bar) (1bar=10⁵Pa), which was increased by 1.7 times. At the same time, the retention rate of BSA was over 99% and the anti-pollution property of BSA was improved from 48.8% to 77.1% , which had good anti-pollution effect. The present study offered a highly effective and straightforward approach to optimize membrane structure and enhance membrane performance, thereby holding significant practical application value.

Graphene oxide (GO) and carboxylated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs/COOH) were used as raw materials for the preparation of Pickering emulsion, which was used as a soft template for the synthesis of carbon nanotubes/graphene composite aerogel (CNTs/STRGA) with "droplet-like" pore structure and large pore volume. The photothermal conversion performance of the materials was improved by introducing MWCNTs/COOH. By adjusting the mass ratio between GO and MWCNTs/COOH, oil/water ratio and hydrothermal reduction time, a series of CNTs/STRGAs with different properties were obtained. The prepared materials were characterized using scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman spectrometer and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR) to analyze their internal structure and chemical properties. A UV visible near-infrared spectrophotometer and a microcomputer controlled electronic universal testing machine were used to evaluate the light absorbance and mechanical properties of materials. The results showed that MWCNTs/COOH could significantly improve the light absorbance (95.2%) and photo-thermal conversion performance of the material, and the surface of the material could be heated to 130℃ under 1 sun illumination. The photothermal oil adsorption rate of the material was significantly enhanced, 6.88g/(g·min), and its adsorption capacity reached 130.66g/g.

The influences of asymmetric degree of miscibility gap on the microstructure evolution and kinetics in binary polymer blends were investigated by the phase-field method. By using the semi-implicit Fourier spectral scheme, the nonlinear Cahn-Hilliard-Cook diffusion equation was numerically solved, and then the effects of asymmetric degree of miscibility gap on the thermodynamics and kinetics of binary polymer blends were explored. The results showed that the asymmetric degree of miscibility gap significantly affected microstructure evolution and kinetic process of the system. At the same time, the initial composition played a key role in determining the evolution path of system. For the asymmetric polymer system, the novel structure transition mechanisms were found, which was attributed to asymmetric kinetics of two phases. In addition, it was found that other kinetic characters were affected by the asymmetric degree of the system, i.e., the structure factor and characteristic size. The results could reveal the phase separation process of asymmetric polymer system, and would provide a theoretical basis for synthesizing polymer composites with controllable microstructure and physical properties.

Nano black phosphorus/graphene composites have a good application prospect in the field of lithium-ion batteries, but the process of preparing nano black phosphorus/graphene composites is often accompanied by the oxidation of nano black phosphorus, which affects the performance of the prepared nano black phosphorus/graphene composites to a certain extent. In this study, nitrogen-doped graphene/black phosphorus quantum dots (N-rGO/BPQDs) composites were prepared by low temperature photocatalysis under ammonia atmosphere using nano black phosphorus as phosphorus source, and cheap and readily available graphene oxide as carbon source. FTIR, Raman, XPS and SEM characterization results showed that the oxidation degree of nano-black phosphorus based materials prepared by the above method was low. The results of constant current charge-discharge test indicated that the initial reversible specific capacity of N-rGO/BPQDs composites at 0.1A/g current density was 620mA·h/g. After 100 cycles, the reversible specific capacity of 450mA·h/g was still maintained, which was higher than the theoretical specific capacity of graphite anode materials (372mA·h/g).

Nowadays, membrane bioreactors (MBR) are the common method used to treat wastewater. In this study, a high-flux, high-strength graphene oxide (GO)-doped braided tube reinforced polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) hollow fiber membrane was prepared by green diluent thermal induced phase separation (TIPS) method and fiber reinforcement technology. The surface of GO had the function of abundant oxygen, which can significantly improve the permeability flux and hydrophilicity (anti-fouling) of PVDF hollow fiber membranes. The results showed that the tensile strength of the hollow fiber membrane can reach 223.75MPa, and the water contact angle of the reinforced PVDF hollow fiber membrane decreased from 102.04° to 89.71°, and the pure water flux increased from 920.74L/(m²·h) to 1417.45L/(m²·h) with the increase content of GO. Finally, the experimental test of membrane activated sludge filtration with MBR test equipment indicated that the rejection was greater than 99.50% and the stable rejection was greater than 98%. Consequently, the prepared PVDF hollow fiber membrane by the whole process of green preparation exhibited a good guiding role in replacing the secondary polluted hollow fiber membrane in the current market.

As an important technique in biotechnology and bioengineering, animal cell culture often requires frequent analysis and monitoring of some key biomass and biochemical properties. Current practice relying on sampling and off-line analysis inevitably has time delays and potential risk of bacterial contamination. Monitoring the culture process of animal cells on-line in real-time using process analytical technology (PAT), and subsequently achieving process optimization and automatic control, is of vital academic and industrial significance. This review focuses on two most promising PAT techniques for animal cell culture monitoring, i.e., in situ microscopic imaging and Raman spectroscopy. The former characterizes such important properties of biomass as cell number, dimensions, and morphologies, while the latter measures the biochemical indices of concentrations of nutrients, metabolites, and protein products. Emphasis of the review is on methods for image analysis and model building using Raman spectral data, as they hold the key to the successful deployment of the PAT tools. Brief introduction of some other emerging PAT techniques is also given to near infrared spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, and so forth. Furthermore, built on the advancement of PAT, future perspectives for automatic control and intelligent manufacturing for animal cell culture are explored.

A novel dual-function coumarin based fluorescent probe was prepared from 4-(diethylamino)salicylaldehyde with methyl hydrazinecarboxylate, and its structure was characterized by NMR, FTIR, and HRMS. Fluorescence emission spectra showed that in methanol solution, within 30 seconds, probe L formed a 1∶1 complex L-Cu²⁺ with Cu²⁺ which caused a fluorescence quenching effect with a quenching rate of 100%. It had good specificity for Cu²⁺ and could resist the interference of metal ions such as Ba²⁺, Li⁺, Cu⁺, Al³⁺, Zn²⁺, Cs²⁺, Mn²⁺, Ca²⁺, Hg²⁺, Cd²⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺, Co²⁺, Ag⁺, Fe³⁺ and Cr²⁺. And the detection limit was as low as 1.70×10^-8mol/L with high sensitivity. Meanwhile, based on the ligand substitution principle, complex L-Cu²⁺ could be used as a fluorescence sensor to achieve fluorescence-enhanced response recognition of PO{}_{\mathrm{4}}^{\mathrm{3}-}. The process with good selectivity, could resist the interference of common anions (NO{}_{\mathrm{2}}^{-}, CO{}_{\mathrm{3}}^{\mathrm{2}-}, SO{}_{\mathrm{3}}^{\mathrm{2}-}, HPO{}_{\mathrm{4}}^{\mathrm{2}-}, P₂O{}_{\mathrm{7}}^{\mathrm{4}-},Br^-, F^-, HCO{}_{\mathrm{3}}^{-}, SO{}_{\mathrm{4}}^{\mathrm{2}-}, C₂O{}_{\mathrm{4}}^{\mathrm{2}-}, Cl^- and CH₃COO^-), and the detection limit was as low as 6.00×10^-8mol/L. In addition, probe L was successfully applied in the fields of pharmaceutical chemistry and chemical environmental protection with excellent experimental results.

At present, the reaction safety risk assessment technology in China's fine chemical industry mainly uses the Stoessel criticality classification method and ranks the reaction process hazard levels from 1 — 5 class. This method is based on the Gygax cooling failure model, which evaluates the reactivity hazard level of reaction systems under the assumption of a cooling failure condition. However, statistics on chemical reactivity safety incidents, both domestically and internationally, indicate that the cooling failure condition only accounts for a very small portion of the causes of such incidents (about 3%). Taking nitration processes as an example, the literature reports using the Stoessel criticality classification method indicate that most nitration reaction processes are classified as low risk levels. This contradicts with the fact that based on actual production incidents, nitration process is the dangerous process with the highest fatalities in China. The primary reason for this is that the Stoessel method only assesses the cooling failure scenarios in batch reaction vessels while it overlooks many other complex incident causes. This indicates that this classification method cannot accurately assess the reactivity hazards in actual chemical production, because it fails to cover most of the causes of chemical reactivity safety incidents and to propose effective accident control measures. On the other hand, the full-process reactivity hazard analysis (RHA) is based on assessing the accident chain of a chemical process from identifying the root causes of abnormal conditions to simulating the occurrence of reaction runaways, proposing corresponding protective layers, and thereby determining specific accident prevention measures. This approach is more suitable for enhancing actual process safety compared to the Stoessel criticality classification method. Therefore, it is recommended to conduct a comprehensive RHA analysis for the reactivity risk assessment of actual chemical plants, especially for hazardous processes rated at levels 4 and 5 high risk.

In this paper, polyether-modified trisiloxane and CTAB as surfactants, and nano-magnesium hydroxide and xanthan gum as stabilizing agent were prepared for preparation of fluorine-free foam fire extinguishing agent. L₉(3⁴) orthogonal table was used to analyze surface tension, foaming performance and foam stability of foam solution, and orthogonally optimized foam formula was selected for fire fighting and anti-burning experimental research. The results showed that the viscosity of the compound system was low between 1.00—1.21mPa·s. The foam solution composed of CTAB with mass fraction of 0.8% and 12% polyether-modified trisiloxane had the lowest surface tension of 19.73mN/m. Polyether-modified trisiloxane cooperated with CTAB to enhance the solution foaming performance and foam stability. When the mass fraction of nanometer magnesium hydroxide was 0.5%, the solution foaming was highly optimal, reaching 207mm, and the 25% solution time increased from 205s to 216s. The foam fire extinguishing agent prepared with the mass fraction of 1.2% CTAB, 12% polyether-modified trisiloxane, 0.5% nano-magnesium hydroxide and 0.05% xanthan gum was used to extinguish the n-heptane fire with the oil pan area of 0.25m², and the fire extinguishing time was 107s with the anti-burning time of 372s.

Carbon capture chemical absorption (CCA) is currently the most promising technology for reducing CO₂ emissions from power plants and other fossil fuel-using industries, but fugitive emissions of amine absorbents from CCA systems can trigger a range of atmospheric chemical reactions. During the operation of CCS, the amine absorbent is emitted into the atmosphere in the form of liquid droplets, gaseous and aerosol particles, and thus triggering atmospheric gas-phase reactions. The reaction between amine absorbent and OH radical mainly involves —CH₂ group and H-extraction reaction between C—H bonds. A small amount occurs between N—H bonds, and a very small portion occurs between —OH groups, generating imines, aldehydes, etc. The reaction with Cl radical involves —CH₂ group, —NH₂ group and —OH group, generating nitrogen oxides, HCl, etc. The reaction with NO _x includes the extraction of amino or alkyl groups. Hydrogen reaction, and the addition reaction with unsaturated compounds to generate nitric acid, nitramine, nitrosamines, etc. The reaction between amines and ozone mainly produces amides, isocyanates, nitroso compounds and so on. These compounds are potentially harmful to both the atmospheric environment and human health, and may cause serious impacts on air quality and ecosystems, and even health problems such as cancer. There are domestic and international regulations on carbon capture emission limits and few total amine emission limits. Although some progress has been made in the control of amine emissions, the problems of low removal efficiency, limited applicability, process complexity and high energy consumption of small particle aerosols need to be solved.

Advanced oxidation technologies (AOPs), which based on free radical reactions, have been widely investigated as a simple, efficient and clean technology for the removal of organic pollutants. Spinel-type cobalt ferrite (CoFe₂O₄) is widely used as a catalyst for driving radical generation in advanced oxidation processes due to its good catalytic performance, low metal leaching rate and high recycling rate. This review takes spinel-type CoFe₂O₄ as the research object. Herein, the structure and properties of CoFe₂O₄ are outlined. The modification methods of CoFe₂O₄, including morphology modification, elemental doping and coupling composite materials, are summarized. The basic principles and research progress of photocatalytic oxidation of CoFe₂O₄ and its composites, non-homogeneous Fenton-like oxidation, peroxydisulfate oxidation and ozone-catalyzed oxidation for the degradation of organic pollutants in water are highlighted. Finally, the problems of the current study are pointed out and the direction of its subsequent research is envisioned.

Electrocatalytic hydrodechlorination (EHDC) technology is a new type of efficient, safe and environmentally friendly water treatment technology. Palladium (Pd) catalyst is the more effective EHDC catalyst, but is limited in industrial application due to its easy deactivation and high price. In this paper, the research progress on the regulations of morphological structure (dispersion, particle size, crystal plane), scale effect (single atom catalyst, double atom catalyst) and electronic structure of Pd to improve the EHDC performance is analyzed. It is proposed that the effective adsorption of pollutants over Pd can improve the EHDC performance. The effects of other factors (working potential, coexisting ions, pH, etc.) on its activity were discussed. The future application prospect of EHDC technology is outlooked, including the preparation of Pd single atom catalyst in a simple way to achieve 100% atom utilization rate and significantly reduce the cost of Pd. Meanwhile, the coupling of renewable energy technology to reduce energy cost and promote industrial application is a future research direction.

Forward osmosis (FO) is a "resurgent" separation technology. For FO process, the spontaneous transport of water across the membrane and the low hydraulic pressure together renders its unique advantages in terms of low energy consumption and low fouling. This review first summarized the fundamentals of FO separation, the research frontiers of FO membrane materials and draw solutions, and industry development status. Thereafter, we introduced global R&D progress for landfill leachate treatment by FO, covering development of combined processes, fouling control, selection/recovery of draw solutions, recycle of valuables, techno-economic analysis, and engineering practice. The review indicated that FO+Bio-electrochemical system (BES) has great prospects due to the low energy and mass consumption in water recycling. Intermittent osmotic relaxation (IOR) backwash can efficiently remove foulant, consumes no energy and chemicals, and is easy to operate, hence deserving further investigation. Techno-economic characteristics of FO is critical for its application in treating landfill leachate and needs more detailed understanding. Additionally, a problem with currently commercialized FO membranes is the low selectivity, which led to contamination of draw solution and deterioration of landfill leachate treatment process efficiency, and therefore sound control of membrane selectivity cannot be neglected. It is expected that with the deepening of research, the advantages of FO will be exerted to the greatest extent, providing effective solutions for the sustainable development of landfill leachate treatment industry.

The uranium tailings pond has a large volume and loose uranium tailing slags, which pose the risk of dam failure and diffusion of radioactive contamination. To address these issues, Ca(OH)₂ grouting combined with sodium hydroxide and metacolinite-water glass was utilized to solidify granite-type uranium tailing slags. The impact of injected Ca(OH)₂ mass fraction on the compressive strength, uranium leaching and radon exhalation of alkali-activated granite-type uranium tailings was investigated through microscopic morphology and physical and chemical analysis. Additionally, the solidification mechanism was elucidated. The experimental results showed that when the uranium slag was injected with 15.0% Ca(OH)₂, the standard triaxial compressive strength reached 6.8MPa after curing for 28d, which was a significant improvement of 4.4 times compared to the sample without Ca(OH)₂ injection. Additionally, adding Ca(OH)₂ reduced uranium leaching rate by 89% and radon exfiltration rate by 52%. SEM and XRD analysis indicated that compared with the control group, more gels of C-S-H and C-A-H and polymers of C-A-S-H were formed in the sample with Ca(OH)₂ mass fraction of 15.0%, which was the dominent reason for the improvement of compressive strength of solidified uranium tailing slags and the decrease of uranium leaching and radon exhalation. The research results laid a theoretical foundation for the application of alkali excitation in the reinforcement of granite-type uranium tailing slags.

In order to improve the effectiveness of microbial treatment of oily sludge, this study screened 4 efficient petroleum hydrocarbon degrading bacteria R, J, C and K from oilfield oily sludge, and identified them as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida tropicalis, Rhodococcus erythropolis, and Bacillus subtilis through 16S rDNA. These strains of bacteria could metabolize biosurfactants and had good degradation performance on crude oil. Through antagonistic experiments, surface tension measurements, and analysis of the degradation performance of different components of petroleum hydrocarbons, combined with the principle of complementary advantages, it was ultimately determined to combine strains R, K, J, and C in a ratio of 1∶1∶1∶1 to construct an efficient composite degradation microbial community. The composite microbial community could exert synergistic effects among different strains, further improving the degradation performance of petroleum hydrocarbons. Under the same conditions, the degradation rate of petroleum hydrocarbons reached 91.2%, which was significantly better than that of a single strain. Through field application, it was found that after 60 days of composite microbial community bioaugmentation treatment, the oil content in the soil decreased from the initial 4.97% to 0.34%, meeting the national second class standard for arable land. This indicated that the microbial community had broad application prospects in the remediation of oily soil.

Coal gasification fine slag (CGFS) is a solid waste produced in the process of coal gasification, and its resource utilization problems restrict the green and low-carbon development of coal chemical industry. The characteristics of CGFS, such as fine particle size, small mass and low momentum, cause serious entrainment of high ash content fine particles in foam products during flotation, which affects the quality of flotation concentrate. In this paper, the graded flotation process was used to optimize the flotation conditions of CGFS. The carrier flotation process was used to study the effect of carrier ratio on the flotation efficiency of CGFS with a particle size of +0.045mm. The research results indicated that increasing the carrier ratio could significantly enhance the flotation effect. Under the designed experimental conditions, the flotation perfection index reached to 71.53%, and the combustible recovery was 87.57%, which was 20.57% higher than the conventional flotation without carrier. The interaction force between carrier and CGFS was calculated using EDLVO theory. During the carrier flotation process, the electrostatic force between carrier and CGFS showed attraction, which was prone to adhesion behavior, promoting the aggregation of fine particles and improving the flotation effect. The flocculation flotation method was adopt for -0.045mm particle size. With the increasing of flocculant dosage, the flotation perfection index of -0.045mm size CGFS showed a trend of increasing first and then decreasing, the highest flotation perfection was 39.61%, and the ash content of flotation concentrate was not significantly reduced. The flocculation analysis showed that the addition of flocculant promoted the non-selective agglomeration between particles, which led to the high ash content of the flotation concentrate, and the selective flocculation effect should be further improved subsequently. The CGFS classification flotation process proposed in this study has certain theoretical guidance for reducing the entrainment of fine and high ash content particles on flotation, and further improving the quality of refined carbon products.

The oil absorption material for esterified corn straw (ECS) was prepared by esterification modification under microwave assistance with raw corn straw (RCS), alkaline hydrogen, formic acid and acetic acid. The optimal preparation conditions were determined by response surface design with the Box-Behnken method, that was, the mass fraction of formic acid was 7%, the solid-liquid ratio was of 1∶40, the microwave power was of 400W, the reaction temperature was of 100℃ and the reaction time was 20min. The oil absorption ratio of ECS for engine oil attained 25.47g/g, which was 1.27% lower than the predicted value of 25.80g/g by regression model and indicated that the model was well simulated. The structures and properties were characterized and tested via infrared spectroscopy, elemental analyzer, the scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analyzer and contact angle measurement instrument. The analysis results showed that there were new peaks in the infrared spectrum of ECS, and the content of O and H elements was reduced, indicating that the esterification reaction had successfully occurred, the surface was rough, its crystallinity was of 42.54%, the temperature of the maximum weight loss rate was increased from 310.1℃ before modification to 352.1℃ after modification, and the hydrophobic angle was increased from 0° before modification to 97.2° after modification. Compared with RCS, the oil absorption rate of ECS was significantly improved. After reuse 9 times, the oil absorption rate of ECS for different oil products could remain more than 70%. This paper can provide a method for the resource utilization of waste corn straw and the treatment of oily wastewater.

Sunflower straw-based carbon material (BC) was prepared from agricultural waste sunflower straw by slow pyrolysis. BC was characterized by specific surface area analyzer (BET), scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and its performance in activating persulfate (PMS) to degrade aniline (AN) in soil was investigated. The effects of pH, BC dosage, PMS concentration, organic matter and co-existing anions on AN degradation were investigated, and the reuse performance of BC was examined. The results showed that BC could efficiently activate PMS to degrade AN in soil, and the degradation rate of AN by BC/PMS system reached 100% in 30 min under the conditions of BC=0.1g/L, PMS=0.5mmol/L, AN=10mg/kg and pH=7. The results of free radical quenching experiments and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) tests indicated that the BC/PMS system was a non-radical reaction and ¹O₂ is the active species of the system. Mechanistic analysis elucidates that C\stackrel{}{̿}O was the active site on BC, which interacted with PMS to produce the active species ¹O₂. Cyclic stability experiments demonstrated the reusability of BC.

Employing efficient recycling techniques to recover the important components from used LiFePO₄/C powder is crucial for resource conservation and environmental preservation. Now, for a large number of retired lithium iron phosphate batteries, the majority of studies were concentrated on the selective leaching of lithium without taking into account the leaching behavior of other priceless components like iron, phosphorus, aluminum and copper. This work studied the spent LiFePO₄/C powder leaching process condition optimization and macroscopic kinetic studies. Systematically examined were the effects of temperature, acid concentration and duration on the leaching process of iron, phosphorus, lithium, aluminum and copper. The macroscopic kinetics of lithium, iron, phosphorus, aluminum and copper leaching from the powder were thoroughly investigated. The results of the experiments under optimized conditions indicated that the leaching rates of iron, phosphorus, lithium, aluminum and copper were 97.2%, 96.9%, 89.7%, 76.1% and 43.4%, respectively. The internal diffusion model predicted that iron, phosphorus, lithium and copper leached over time, and the diffusion reaction governed this process. The diffusion reaction and chemical reaction-controlled mixed control model, which governed aluminum leaching, was accurate. According to the kinetic model, the apparent activating energies of Fe, Al and Cu leaching were 8.20kJ/mol, 34.11kJ/mol and 11.49kJ/mol, respectively. This article elucidated the leaching kinetics of diverse elements in spent lithium iron phosphate offered theoretical guidance for the selective leaching of these elements.

Following the research idea of "waste treatment with waste",to investigate the effects of leaching temperature (50—90℃) and leaching time (5—15min) on the migration characteristics of heavy metals (Zn, Ni, Cu, Pb, Ba and Cr), the test of leaching municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash(MSWI-BA) by leachate was conducted, and leaching toxicity of the bottom slag formed after leaching was analyzed to determine the best condition. It was found that MSWI-BA captured Ni, Zn, Pb, Cr and Ba within the leachate, while Cu was released from the MSWI-BA into the leachate. With the increase of leaching temperature, except Pb and Cr, the content of heavy metals in MSWI-BA tended to increase first and then decrease. With the increase of leaching time, each heavy metal showed different changing trends due to the changes of precipitation, adsorption, complexation, precipitation dissolution and other factors. Meanwhile, based on the results of leaching concentration and leaching rate of heavy metals, the toxicity of the bottom slag formed under different treatment conditions was relatively low, with leaching temperature of 70℃ and leaching time of 10min being the optimal operating condition. This paper provided a valuable reference on heavy metal migration control during the contact of MSWI-BA and leachate in real industrial processes.

To solve the problem of organic wastewater discharge in the spinning process of membrane preparation, PVDF/GE hollow fiber membranes were prepared by the solvent-free method. The nascent hollow fiber membranes were prepared by melt spinning PVDF, GE and functional particles. The PVDF crystal structure was redesigned by post-stretching and GE synergistic effect. The effects of different stretching ratios on the crystalline transition, mechanical properties and permeation performance of the hollow fiber membranes were investigated. The surface morphology of the hollow fiber membranes with different stretching ratios was observed, and the pore size distribution, mechanical properties and permeation performance of the membranes were tested by a series of instruments. It was found that the transition from α-crystalline to β-crystalline occurred inside the PVDF/GE hollow fiber membranes. The higher the stretching ratio, the more crystalline transformation was observed inside the membranes. Graphene channels were formed by GE inside the hollow fiber membranes, which improved the mechanical properties and permeation performance of the membranes. When the stretching ratio reached 100%, the tensile strength of the hollow fiber membrane was 37.8MPa, the β-crystalline content inside was 68.64% and the oil flux was 965.64L/ (m²·h).

The good biodegradability of potato starch wastewater makes it very suitable for methane production through anaerobic digestion (AD). However, its high chemical oxygen demand (COD) can easily cause "acid shock" to traditional AD, thereby inhibiting methane production and reducing the stability of the system. The electro-fermentation (EF) system can effectively alleviate the "acid shock" of traditional AD, but it has not been reported for the treatment of high-concentration potato starch wastewater, and the impact of the cathode potential on the system's performance still needs to be investigated. Herein, we used a dual-chamber tubular electrochemical cell as the EF system to study the impact of the cathodic potentials (-1.0V, -1.2V, -1.4V vs. Ag/AgCl) on methane production from high-concentration potato starch wastewater (SCOD, 6400mg/L). The mechanisms of how the EF system alleviates the "acid shock" and enhances methane production were also elucidated. The results demonstrated that the cathode enhanced the methane production by in situ supplying of hydrogen to upgrade the CO₂ in the biogas into methane. Decreasing the cathode potential from -1.0V to -1.2V, the applied current (i.e. hydrogen) increased from -0.05mA to -0.15mA. Consequently, the methane production increased from 1.03mL/mg SCOD to 1.31mL/mg SCOD, and the methane purity increased from 88% to 95%. Further decreasing the cathode potential to -1.4V, the hydrogen produced was higher than the hydrogen needed for the CO₂ methanogenesis, and the high hydrogen pressure inhibited the conversion of propionate and butyrate to acetate. Hence, methane production at -1.4V was not improved but inhibited. Therefore, -1.2V was the optimized potential for the EF system. These results demonstrated that the EF system could be used for methane production from high-concentration potato starch wastewater. The EF enhanced the methane production by in situ hydrogen supply and biogas upgrading. The amount of hydrogen supplied was the key to the success of the EF system.

Monoethanolamine (MEA) has been widely used as a CO₂ absorbent in flue gas CO₂ capture, but the high energy consumption of CO₂ regeneration has brought huge economic challenges to the large-scale development of this technology. Adding a solid catalyst to the absorbent can reduce the energy barrier of the regeneration reaction and increase the CO₂ desorption rate, ultimately achieving rapid desorption at lower temperatures. This paper used natural mineral nano basalt as a catalyst to enhance the CO₂ capture performance of MEA solution. Firstly, the differences of CO₂ absorption and desorption performances between the addition of basalt and the blank experiment were compared. Then the physical and chemical properties of the basalt catalytic reaction process were explored using characterization techniques such as X-ray Diffraction (XRD), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier Transform-Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), N₂ Temperature-Programmed Desorption (N₂-TPD), Pyridine Adsorption-Infrared Spectrometry (Py-IR), and NH₃ Temperature-Programmed Desorption (NH₃-TPD). Finally, the catalytic mechanism of basalt in the MEA solution was proposed. The experimental results showed that basalt rock powder had the ability to provide protons and accept electrons with the presence of Brønsted acid sites, Lewis acid sites and Lewis base sites on its surface. Under 100℃ conditions, compared with the blank experiment, its CO₂ cyclic absorption capacity increased by 5.0%, CO₂ desorption rate increased by 76.5%, and sensible heat decreased by 11.9%. Therefore, basalt rock powder can be used as a composite catalyst for CO₂ capture improvement in MEA solution.

A membrane contact ozone (O₃) bubble-free mass transfer technology was developed by assembling hydrophobic polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) hollow fiber membrane into membrane contactor. When the stirring speed reached 1000r/min, the mass transfer of membrane mass transfer (apparent mass transfer coefficient K_La=0.0807min^-1) was equivalent to that of bubble mass transfer (K_La=0.0791min^-1). The single factor experiment and L₁₆(4⁴) orthogonal experiment were carried out to study the effects of inlet flow rate, inlet O₃ concentration, pH and phenol concentration on O₃ mass transfer in hollow fiber membrane contact reactor. Range analysis, variance analysis, comprehensive balance analysis and weight matrix analysis were used for data processing, and the optimal mass transfer conditions of membrane contact O₃ bubble-free mass transfer technology were determined. The results showed that the four experimental factors had a significant effect on the mass transfer effect of O₃ without bubbles. The optimized mass transfer conditions were as follows: inlet flow rate 100mL/min, inlet O₃ concentration 100mg/L, initial pH was 10 and pollutant concentration 30mg/L. Under the optimized conditions, the O₃ mass transfer flux was maintained above 170mg/(m²∙min), and the O₃ absorption rate reached more than 80%.

Nickel is a crucial resource in the development of new energy vehicles, wind turbines, solar photovoltaic power generation and other renewable energy technologies. It plays a significant role in economic and social development. China is the world's largest consumer of nickel, but there is a lack of detailed and in-depth research on the trade flow and carbon emission distribution of nickel resources among provinces in China. This paper combined the material flow analysis (MFA) and the emission factor method (IPCC) based on the life cycle assessment concept to analyze the nickel material flow and carbon emissions of typical nickel products in different provinces in China from 2010—2020. The results showed that from 2010 to 2020, the nickel material flowed in China increased from 0.6 million tons to 1.24 million tons, among which the mining stage mainly came from imports, the smelting stage changed from import-oriented to domestic supply-oriented, the product manufacturing stage had the largest share of stainless steel and some nickel products were recycled after recovery in the end-use stage. The carbon emissions from the production of 1 tonne of refined nickel, ferronickel and nickel sulphate were 10.19t CO₂, 14.01t CO₂ and 28.76t CO₂, respectively. Domestic refined nickel, ferronickel and nickel sulphate were primarily concentrated in Gansu, Shandong and Guangdong. In terms of spatial distribution, their carbon emissions showed a trend of progressive increase, fluctuation and significant growth. In the context of low-carbon energy transition, clarifying the material flow of nickel resources and carbon emission distribution relationship of related products in China can help to improve the mechanism of nickel resource management, and provided basic data and methodology support for achieving clean production and sustainable development of Chinese nickel industry.

Three-dimensional electrocatalysis is an efficient technology for treating organic wastewater containing metal complexes, but the decomplexation mechanism is still unclear. This study constructed a three-dimensional electrocatalytic system to decomplex simulated wastewater containing Ni-EDTA complex, with ruthenium and iridium coated titanium plate as the anode, and stainless steel plate as the cathode. The results indicated that the removal rate of Ni-EDTA is related to the type of electrolyte, electrolyte concentration, current density, and initial pH, and all complied with the second-order reaction kinetics. The highest removal rates of Ni-EDTA and COD were 85.05% and 80.48%, respectively with NaCl solution as the electrolyte and concentration of 0.25g/L, under 1.0mA/cm² current density, and an initial pH of 3.0. The rate constants were 0.0053min^-1 and R² was 0.9893. Electrochemical testing showed that the addition of particle electrodes increased the catalytic active sites, catalytic reaction mass transfer area, and charge storage sites, enhanced electron transfer, and improved the electrocatalytic performance. By using three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy, ultraviolet spectroscopy, and active component identification, the degradation process of EDTA was analyzed to reveal the efficient mechanism of three-dimensional electrocatalysis for Ni-EDTA decomplexing. This work provides a theoretical basis and technical support for the treatment of metal-complexed organic wastewater.