This paper conducts a comparative analysis of the current status and developmental trends in bio-based material technologies and industrial ecosystems between domestic and international contexts. It summarizes the enlightenment derived from the advancement of global bio-based material industries, while systematically analyzing existing challenges within China's bio-based material from both policy frameworks and industrial development perspectives. Taking the advancement of carbon peak and carbon neutrality as the fundamental objectives for developing bio-based materials, and considering the diversity in raw material sources, product portfolios, and technological pathways for bio-based materials, six guiding principles for prioritizing bio-based material products development and selecting technological routes in China are established. The study specifically proposes bio-based polyethylene as a strategic focal point for China's bio-based material industry advancement, accompanied by three key recommendations: ①Expedite breakthroughs in core technologies to establish a mature and advanced technological chain; ②Cultivate a stable and reliable raw material supply chain; ③Implement concrete and well-defined policy measures with urgency.

Bio-based materials are recognized as a critical enabler for advancing chemical engineering advanced materials toward industrial upgrading and transformation. This article focused on the fermentation methodologies employed in the production of bio-based materials and systematically summarized their progress across raw material, process, and product domains. The study also examined the technological barriers and challenges associated with the iterative updates of second-generation and third-generation carbon sources within the biomanufacturing industry. It proposed the construction of a multidimensional biomass carbon source supply system and guarantee mechanism. The article delved into the fermentation process technology for key polymer monomers such as ethylene glycol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,4-butanediol, succinic acid, adipic acid, and terephthalic acid, as well as polymer materials including polylactic acid, polyhydroxyalkanoates, hyaluronic acid, and bacterial cellulose. The study outlined four critical modules: bio-based plastics, bio-based rubbers, bio-based nylon, and bio-based polysaccharide materials. It advocated for enhancing the product system of bio-based materials through fermentation methods to gradually replace petrochemical-based materials, paving the way for future advancements in the field.

Targeted therapeutic proteins and peptides are playing an increasingly important role in precision medicine, especially in the treatment of cancer and immune diseases, showing significant potential. Compared with traditional small molecule drugs, targeted proteins and peptides have higher specificity and lower side effects, and can accurately target disease-related molecules. However, their clinical application still faces a series of challenges, such as poor stability, high immunogenicity, and poor pharmacokinetics. In order to overcome these challenges, engineering design optimization has become the key to improving their efficacy, safety and clinical application prospects. This article firstly introduces the steps of engineering design of targeted therapeutic proteins and peptides, briefly describes the optimization design methods of peptide drugs and protein drugs, explores related drug delivery strategies and lists some drug examples, and analyzes the current clinical application status, challenges and development prospects of targeted therapy proteins and peptides. Finally, it is pointed out that with the continuous development of technology, targeted therapeutic proteins and peptides will play a more important role in precision medicine and provide more efficient treatments for a variety of complex diseases.

Enhancing the sustainability of production processes under the leadership of the “carbon neutrality” initiative, there is a growing shift from fossil fuel-dependent methods to biomanufacturing practices that are both sustainable and environmentally friendly. Halophilic microorganisms, which flourish in high-salt environments, are emerging as key chassis in biomanufacturing due to their distinctive benefits. Notably, Halomonas bluephagenesis (H. bluephagenesis) stands out for its ability to synthesize a range of biodegradable bioplastics, specifically polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), through open and continuous fermentation processes. This microorganism’s capacity to convert low-cost substrates or waste materials into high-value products significantly bolsters the viability of sustainable biomanufacturing. Advancements in genetic engineering and metabolic pathway optimization, along with morphological engineering tailored for H. bluephagenesis, have led to substantial reductions in the production costs of a diverse array of polymers, small molecules, amino acids, and proteins. This paper further discusses the strategic utilization of cost-effective carbon sources, such as starch, cellulose, acetic acid, and food waste, as substrates for halophilic microorganisms to produce valuable compounds. Finally, it also examines the potential and prospective applications of H. bluephagenesis in harnessing one-carbon compounds for biomanufacturing, which is crucial for the development of next-generation industrial biotechnology and the realization of carbon neutrality goals.

As the development of industry, a large amount of CO₂ emissions has aggravated greenhouse effect of the world and environmental pollution. In addition, the growing global population will face the problem of insufficient supply of protein resources. A more efficient route for CO₂ fixation and conversion involves chemical reduction of CO₂ to synthesize methanol, followed by microbial conversion of methanol into multi-carbon products. Therefore, from both a feedstock and product perspective, this review suggests the use of a chemical-biological cascade process for CO₂ conversion to produce single-cell protein (SCP), which involves the chemical reduction of CO₂ to methanol, followed by the microbial production of SCP from methanol and ammonium using microbial cell factories. The SCP from CO₂ can be used in the feed and food industries. Firstly, the reaction processes, mechanisms, and catalyst design for the sustainable hydrogenation of CO₂ to methanol are introduced. Secondly, methanol-utilizing microorganisms found in the nature, their methanol metabolic pathways, and their application in converting methanol into SCP are summarized. Finally, the bottlenecks and potential solutions for the industrial-scale production of SCP via chemical-biological cascade conversion of CO₂ are prospected.

As green and sustainable low-carbon feedstocks without competition with people for food, methanol and other C₁ compounds have great potential for advancement of biomanufacturing. Pichia pastoris (P. pastoris),as an industrial strain capable of naturally utilizing methanol, has a long history of research and has been widely employed in the biomanufacturing of various recombinant proteins. It has become an excellent chassis cell factory for methanol utilization. In recent years, there has been progress in understanding the microbial physiology, methanol metabolism networks, protein secretion expression pathways, and the identification of key components in P. pastoris. However, several critical challenges remain that limit its efficient application, such as limited understanding of the complex mechanisms of cell toxicity caused by methanol and its metabolites, insufficient capacity to explore “biological dark matters” related to cell robustness and methanol utilization, and restricted engineering approaches for efficiently converting methanol into target proteins. This review summarizes the research progress on the bioconversion of methanol into recombinant proteins by P. pastoris, with the emphasis on discussing how to optimize the methanol conversion and protein expression in P. pastoris cell factory. Finally, we address the challenges encountered in the recombinant protein production from methanol in P. pastoris and provide an outlook on its future biotechnology innovation and potential application.

Methanol is a significant raw material for third-generation industrial biomanufacturing and is also released into the atmosphere during plant growth, contributing to the greenhouse effect. Methylobacterium is a type of strain with broad application prospects and can use methanol as a carbon source and energy for growth. However, the catalytic conversion process of high-concentration industrial methanol and low-concentration plant methanol by Methylobacterium exhibits low efficiency, which results in the unnecessary dissipation of methanol's carbon and electrons, thereby limiting the high-value utilization of methanol. This article presents a systematic review of the latest strategies for enhancing the effective metabolism of industrial methanol through chassis remodeling of Methylobacterium. It subsequently discusses current insights into Methylobacterium's effective oxidation, assimilation, and conversion of low-concentration methanol derived from plant sources. Finally, this review explores potential research directions and strategies for further enhancing methanol utilization by Methylobacterium. Its objectives include promoting scientific research and technology innovation on Methylobacterium as a methanol-based cellular factory and a novel plant probiotic agent. This supports the high-value utilization of methanol in industrial biotechnology, enhances the fixation and sequestration of plant-derived methanol, and aims to achieve a win-win solution strategy for both economic and eco environmental benefits.

Resveratrol exhibits a range of biological activities, including anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-aging, anti-cancer properties, and the prevention of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Structural modifications of resveratrol, such as hydroxylation, glycosylation, and methylation, have led to derivatives with improved solubility, stability, biocompatibility, and bioactivities. At present, resveratrol and its derivatives are widely applied in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and food industries. Traditionally, resveratrol and its derivatives have been produced by plant extraction. However, this approach is constrained by challenges such as low yield, longer cultivation periods, and susceptibility to climatic variations. In recent years, with the rapid development of synthetic biology, production of resveratrol and its derivatives by microbial cell factories using simple carbon sources has garnered significant attention and made great progress. This review summarizes the recent advances in microbial synthesis of resveratrol and its derivatives, putting emphasis on the application of advanced metabolic engineering strategies for constructing microbial cell factories, including enhancement of precursor supply, and mining, screening and optimization of enzymes for heterologous synthetic pathways. These efforts aim to provide valuable insights for large-scale bioproduction of resveratrol and its derivatives and demonstrate the potential of metabolic engineering in enabling efficient microbial production.

Lignocellulose has been recognized as a renewable feedstock with environmental benefits, and its utilization can minimize the competition between food and energy supply. However, the complex composition and structure of lignocellulose make the efficient conversion and low-cost production challenging. Developing powerful microbial systems that can convert multiple carbon sources from lignocellulose into various biofuels and chemicals, is crucial for lignocellulosic biorefinery. Among various microorganisms, yeasts have become excellent cell factories due to their high robustness and high-density fermentation, which promotes lignocellulose biotransformation via metabolic engineering and synthetic biology. This review summarized and discussed the advanced progresses on constructing yeast platforms for lignocellulosic biorefinery, providing new insights and directions for promoting economically viable lignocellulose as an alternative feedstock.

With the development of metabolic engineering technologies, microbial fermentation for the production of succinic acid has received widespread attention. Currently, various engineered strains for high succinic acid production have been developed, including Escherichia coli, Mannheimia succiniciproducens, Actinobacillus succinogenes, Corynebacterium glutamicum, and Yarrowia lipolytica. However, due to the lack of microbial cell viability in the later stages of succinic acid fermentation, production efficiency significantly decreases, thus limiting the efficient production and industrial application of succinic acid. This article discusses strategies and methods for enhancing microbial cell viability in succinic acid microbial fermentation, focusing on chemical engineering methods based on the supply of specific internal and external compounds, metabolic engineering strategies to improve cell growth performance and environmental adaptability, and fermentation process optimization. Finally, the article provides an outlook on the industrial application of microbial fermentation for succinic acid production.

Ice accretion on the surface of outdoor facilities significantly affect their normal operation. Traditional deicing methods, such as heating, using chemical reagents and mechanical removal, are associated with problems of high energy consumption, environmental concerns and potential damage to equipment. Therefore, it is urgently to develop the green, economical and durable anti-icing strategies. Recently, building anti-icing coatings have become an important requirement for mitigating icing problems and a research hotpot in the anti-icing fields. Herein, this review provided a comprehensive overview of the cutting-edge research progress of anti-icing coatings and the possibility of bio-based material substitution for anti-icing coatings. First, the main types of anti-icing coatings (including superhydrophobic, lubricating, photothermal, electrothermal and active anti-icing coatings) and their development progress were reviewed. Second, the research progress of self-healing anti-icing coatings was highlighted, and the significance of self-healing property for anti-icing coatings was discussed. Third, the anti-icing mechanism of antifreeze protein.

(S)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)ethanol is an important chiral drug intermediate, which is widely used in the synthesis of various drugs such as Alzheimer’s disease therapeutics. Currently, preparation inefficiencies are prevalent in the synthesis of this chiral alcohol using bioasymmetric reduction. In order to establish an enzymatic and efficient synthesis process of (S)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)ethanol, this study screened a laboratory enzyme library containing 323 alcohol dehydrogenases, obtained DpADH, a short-chain alcohol dehydrogenase possessing high stereoselectivity (e.e. value of 99.9%) and relative activity, and further improved the catalytic performance of the enzyme by semi-rational design. The excellent variant M₃ (N164C/S195W/F157A) with a 30.8-fold increase in catalytic efficiency was successfully obtained using multiple rounds of iterative mutagenesis. To improve the efficiency of coenzyme delivery, a co-expression strain of alcohol dehydrogenase variant M₃ with glucose dehydrogenase BsGDH was constructed, which showed 98.5% conversion of 4-fluoroacetophenone (100g/L) within 7h of reaction. Molecular dynamics simulations showed that the variant M₃ increased the favourable π-π interactions with the substrate and stabilised the substrate-bound conformation. This study provides an economical and efficient synthetic route for (S)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)ethanol, and provides guidance for the molecular modification and mechanistic elucidation of DpADH, which enhances the potential of the enzyme for industrial applications.

Biomass energy, the fourth largest energy source in the world, has the advantages of zero-carbon emissions and renewability. The upgrading of biomass energy involves converting biomass into high-value-added gas, liquid, and solid fuels (bio-natural gas, bio-methanol, bio-ethanol, etc.) through chemical, biological, or physical processes, which is of great significance in advancing China's national strategies including the dual carbon goals, energy revolution, rural revitalization, and ecological civilization construction. This perspective systematically summarizes the research progress in the key technologies for the utilization of biomass energy including the production of bio-syngas, bio-natural gas, green hydrogen, green methanol, and green ethanol from biomass. The research focus and associated challenges in corresponding key technology are analyzed, and the advantages and applications of the core catalytic reactions such as the chemical looping gasification of biomass and the catalytic reforming of biogas are addressed. Moreover, this perspective provides insights into future research directions for the utilization of biomass energy.

Sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) is one of the important solutions for reducing emissions and addressing climate change in the current aviation industry. This article provides a detailed overview of Sinopec’s technology for producing SAF through grease hydrogenation. It also systematically reviews the new developments in other related technologies in the field of SAF, and provides prospects for the future development of SAF technology in China. The grease hydrogenation production of SAF (SRJET) technology developed by Sinopec has laid the foundation for the development of SAF in China. The technology of producing SAF through grease hydrogenation can be considered as a recent development direction in China; biomass gasification Fischer Tropsch technology, alcohol to aviation kerosene, sugar platform technology, and waste plastic oil technology can be considered as the development directions for China’s m id-term; carbon dioxide hydrogenation technology can serve as a long-term development direction for China.

Lignin is the most abundant renewable aromatic resource in nature. Catalytic depolymerization of lignin into monophenols suitable for downstream processing has been regarded as a key point for its high-value utilization, playing a significant role in advancing the "dual carbon" target. However, due to the structural complexity, heterogeneity, and diversity of lignin, achieving efficient and highly selective production of separable aromatic monomers for the preparation of valuable products remains a significant challenge. This paper introduces the structural characteristics and differences of lignin from various plant sources, while also presenting the latest findings from our group on lignin reductive catalytic depolymerization and the high-value utilization of monophenols. The authors propose that lignin-derived monophenols hold promise for the preparation of bioactive molecules, functional materials, and high-energy fuels. This work provides a solid foundation and reference for the development of high-value lignin-based products.

As petroleum resources gradually deplete and the ecological environment deteriorates, the use of renewable energy technologies to convert widely available lignocellulosic biomass resources on earth, as alternatives to food crops, into usable cellulosic ethanol fuel has become an important part of many countries’ energy development strategies and a focal point of scientific research. However, as a green renewable energy source, while cellulosic ethanol is demonstrated significant potential in addressing existing issues, its biorefining process also faces numerous difficulties and challenges. Starting with an introduction to the development of fuel ethanol in China, this paper focuses on the current research status of cellulosic ethanol. It introduces the process flow and characteristics of cellulosic ethanol biorefining from five aspects: raw material pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass, enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose, fermentation of cellulosic ethanol, ethanol separation and purification, and utilization of lignin as a by-product. The paper also analyzes the main technical bottlenecks in cellulosic ethanol production and provides an outlook on future research priorities and development prospects.

In the context of global fossil energy crisis and “Carbon Peaking and Carbon Neutrality Goals”, industrial carbon-rich gas fermentation for ethanol synthesis has received widespread attention. This technology utilizes industrial one-carbon gases such as CO and CO₂ as raw materials, converting them into fuel ethanol through the carbon fixation and metabolic processes of gas-utilizing microorganisms. This process not only reduces the dependence on traditional fossil resources but also reduces greenhouse gas emissions, providing a new solution for the green and low-carbon transformation of industries. This paper introduces the research progress in metabolic conversion mechanisms of gas-utilizing microorganisms, techniques for strain modification, optimization of process flows, reactor designs, and control techniques within the carbon-rich gas fermentation technology. It summarizes the recent industrial applications of this fermentation process, highlighting the major challenges faced in large-scale commercialization, as well as potential solutions. Furthermore, it analyzes the economic and sustainable aspects of industrial carbon-rich gas fermentation for fuel ethanol production and discusses the market prospects of this technology considering the current regulations and policies.

Driven by global carbon neutrality initiatives and the development of circular economy, bio-based materials are gradually emerging as significant alternatives to petroleum-based counterparts. Among these, 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA), with its rigid aromatic ring structure and exceptional physicochemical properties, is recognized as the most promising bio-based substitute for terephthalic acid, demonstrating broad application prospects in sustainable polymer materials. This review systematically analyzes mainstream FDCA production processes (including HMF, MMF/RMF, glucaric acid, and furfural/furoic acid routes), compares their economic viability and environmental benefits, and identifies the HMF pathway as the most industrially feasible approach currently available. However, key challenges persist, including poor stability of intermediate HMF, high energy consumption in separation processes, and limitations in catalytic system selectivity. By systematically organizing the technological routes, key steps, and industrialization processes of FDCA production through chemical methods, this study aims to provide theoretical references and technical support for promoting the efficient development and industrial upgrading of the FDCA sector. In the future, by focusing on high-value-added markets, developing novel HMF derivatization processes, advancing integrated chain production, and coordinating policies with industrial chain synergies, there is potential to overcome cost constraints and accelerate the industrialization process of FDCA.

Biomass ethanol is the building block for producing a variety of high value-added chemicals (e.g. acetaldehyde, olefins, butanol and high carbon alcohols, aromatic alcohols/aldehydes, etc.) through catalytic dehydrogenation, dehydration, aldol condensation, cyclization, etc. The catalytic conversion of biomass ethanol to high value-added chemicals is a green route with low carbon emission and high atomic economy. Due to the complexity of the ethanol reaction network, the main concern for this pathway is the synergy of different catalytic active sites with matched elemental reaction rates. This article reviews the research progress of heterogeneous catalytic ethanol conversion to high value-added chemicals according to the types of products based on the understanding of the active center, reaction pathway and reaction mechanism. For the catalyst system and reaction mechanism, the synergetic modulation of multi-active center and the structure-performance relationship are summarized. The regulation mechanism of the product distribution is clarified. It is also pointed out that the preparation of higher value-added C₆₊ alcohols and aromatic oxygenate from ethanol is the most promising research in the future. From the industrial application viewpoint, there is an urgent need to develop integrated reaction-separation technology for ethanol conversion and utilization.

As a representative of third-generation emerging solar cells, perovskite solar cells have rapidly developed since their inception, with small-area device efficiencies reaching a high level of 26.7%. This review systematically examines the latest research progress of perovskite solar cells, covering the latest developments in both single-junction and tandem structures, as well as their potential for commercialization and space applications. Firstly, the review introduces the different bandgap characteristics of single-junction perovskite solar cells, including conventional, wide, and narrow bandgap perovskite materials, analyzing their advantages and challenges in light absorption and energy conversion efficiency. Secondly, it explores various designs of perovskite-based tandem solar cells, including perovskite-silicon tandem cells and all-perovskite tandem cells, emphasizing the potential of tandem structures to enhance photovoltaic conversion efficiency and broaden application ranges. In terms of commercialization, the article analyzes the developments in photovoltaic performance and fabrication technologies of large-area perovskite solar modules, showcasing the commercialization progress in this field and the technological and market challenges it faces. Additionally, the review addresses the prospects of perovskite solar cells in space applications, highlighting their reliability and efficiency under extreme environmental conditions. Finally, the article summarizes the current achievements and future outlook of perovskite solar cells, emphasizing the importance of ongoing research and technological breakthroughs to advance this field. With continuous technological progress, perovskite solar cells are expected to play a larger role in the renewable energy sector, contributing to the global energy transition.

Green Hydrogen-Ammonia cycle refers to a promising chain for energy storage and transportation through the mutual conversion of hydrogen-ammonia. This cycle primarily includes Green Hydrogen to Ammonia (H2A) and Green Ammonia to Hydrogen (A2H). It aims to address the high energy consumption and excessive carbon dioxide emissions associated with the Haber-Bosch process for ammonia synthesis, while also tackling the challenges of hydrogen storage and transportation at high pressure within the hydrogen supply chain. Moreover, this cycle plays a vital role in connecting renewables, hydrogen, ammonia, and traditional industries such as iron and steel industry, promoting the efficient use of renewable resources. In the H2A phase, current research focuses on exploring new technologies, including catalysts, to synthesize ammonia under ambient conditions towards achieving industrial-scale production as an alternative to the Haber-Bosch method. However, challenges such as long-term stability still need to be addressed. To ensure the effective operation of the green cycle, the A2H must be efficient to split ammonia back into hydrogen for both direct and indirect uses, such as generating renewable electricity. A comprehensive understanding of ammonia synthesis and decomposition reactions is essential for a deeper insight into the Hydrogen-Ammonia cycle, as the H2A and A2H processes are reversible. In this review, we first explain the Hydrogen-Ammonia green cycle and then highlight the latest advancements in research on H2A and A2H driven by renewable energy under ambient conditions. Additionally, we endeavor to provide forward-looking insights into the future of the green Hydrogen-Ammonia cycle.

The conversion and upgrading of biomass-derived platform molecules are essential for achieving high-value utilization of biomass. This review firstly introduces the constituents of biomass and various pretreatment technologies, and further elaborates on the research progress of biomass catalytic conversion, especially the applications and advantages of homogeneous catalytic and heterogeneous catalytic conversion systems as well as different solvent catalytic conversion systems, covering their contributions to the improvement of conversion and selectivity of the target products. Secondly, the properties, generation pathways, and current research progress of several typical biomass-derived platform molecules are summarized, and their potential applications in high-value-added products such as fuels and chemicals are briefly assessed. Finally, by summarizing the current research status, it points out several challenges in the conversion of biomass-derived platform molecules, such as the unclear catalytic reaction mechanism, the need to improve the selectivity and stability of the catalysts, as well as the high cost of the catalysts. And a brief look at its future direction is given.

Green bio-manufacturing is the process of producing bio-based products, such as chemicals, energy, food, and medicine from renewable feedstocks through biological processes and biological systems. Its green and clean production process is conducive to overcoming the traditional chemical industry's "high dependence" on fossil resources and the problems of "high energy consumption" and "high emissions". Aliphatic short-chain diamines and diols are significant bulk chemicals with a wide range of applications in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and other industrial fields. They can be utilized as polymeric monomers in the manufacture of polyester, polyurethane, polyamide, and other polymer materials. In this review, the biosynthesis of aliphatic short-chain diamines, including 1,3-propanediamine, 1,4-butanediamine, 1,5-pentanediamine, aliphatic short-chain diols, including 1,3-propanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,5-pentanediol from renewable raw materials is reviewed. The carbon cycle and metabolic pathways of bio-manufacturing from renewable feedstocks are compiled. The de novo biosynthesis routes of aliphatic short-chain diamines and diols are summarized. The current state of research on the biosynthesis of short-chain diamines and diols using lignocellulose hydrolyzed sugars, glycerol and one-carbon compounds as feedstocks is described. The primary challenges in the bio-manufacturing of aliphatic short-chain diamines and diols are discussed and prospected.

Green hydrogen is considered one of the most promising energy sources, playing a significant role in promoting energy transition, reducing carbon emissions, and advancing sustainable development. Clean and renewable biomass resources (approximately 3.5×10⁸t/a) provide a sustainable feedstock option for green hydrogen production. This paper first gives the definition of green hydrogen from the hydrogen production technology/ carbon emissions and summarizes the pathways for green hydrogen production. It then reviews the progress of research in the thermochemical conversion of biomass for green hydrogen production, focusing on reaction mechanisms, influencing factors, and process intensification strategies for pyrolysis, gasification, and chemical looping technologies. The performance of different green hydrogen production processes is compared in terms of efficiency, cost, etc. The analysis shows that the cost of producing green hydrogen via biomass thermochemical conversion ranges from 1.25—2.20USD/kg, with a hydrogen production efficiency of 35%—65%, and a hydrogen yield of around 190g/kg. Compared with several hydrogen production technologies, pyrolysis reforming technology exhibits the advantages of simplicity and fast hydrogen production rates, while steam gasification is superior in increasing hydrogen yield and purity. Chemical looping conversion demonstrates significant potential for producing high-purity carbon-negative hydrogen. The separation and purification of green hydrogen are crucial steps in obtaining high-purity hydrogen, achieved through water-gas shift, acid gas removal, and hydrogen purification processes. Finally, the paper discusses the challenges in biomass thermochemical conversion for hydrogen production. It proposes future development suggestions for reducing feedstock costs, improving hydrogen production efficiency, and achieving CO₂ enrichment and utilization.

The "lignin-first" strategy, which prioritizes the extraction of lignin and its in-situ conversion into high-value-added chemicals, paves a new pathway for the advancement of biorefinery technologies. This paper focuses on the research progress and industrialization challenges of the reductive catalytic fractionation (RCF) process, with a key analysis of the influence mechanisms of feedstock structure, catalytic systems, and solvent properties on lignin depolymerization efficiency and product selectivity. Combining process simulation, techno-economic analysis (TEA), and life cycle assessment (LCA), this study quantifies the impacts of solvent recycling optimization and multi-factor synergetic regulation strategies on process economics and environmental benefits. Future research needs to overcome limitations such as insufficient downstream conversion simulation and single-dimensional evaluation systems. It should develop intelligent process models adaptable to multiple feedstocks, construct machine learning and multi-objective optimization tools, deepen systematic comparisons and collaborative designs among different "lignin-first" processes, and promote the conversion of lignin oil into high-value products such as sustainable aviation fuels and bio-based materials to achieve the valorization of biomass.

Lignin, a renewable abundant natural aromatic compound, is recognized as the most prevalent aromatic polymer found in nature and serves as a promising sustainable feedstock for the production of high-value aromatic chemicals. Nevertheless, the inherent heterogeneity and intricate structure of lignin present considerable obstacles to its degradation and effective utilization. The presence of a diverse array of lignin-degrading enzymes in nature, each exhibiting a wide range of specificities, allows for enzyme-mediated biodegradation to overcome the limitations imposed by the recalcitrant structure of lignin, thereby enabling its degradation under mild conditions. Nonetheless, the expression, catalytic activity, and stability of natural lignin-degrading enzymes often fall short of expectations. Recent years have witnessed considerable progress in artificially regulating the synthesis and catalytic properties of lignin-degrading enzymes through heterologous expression and molecular modification. This paper begins with a succinct overview of the principal lignin-degrading enzymes and their catalytic characteristics. It subsequently emphasizes the advancements achieved in the heterologous overexpression of these enzymes and the enhancement of their catalytic efficiency, while thoroughly examining the existing theoretical and technological challenges and proposing targeted strategies to address these issues. Our aim is to provide a valuable reference for the development of more efficient lignin biodegradation systems and to contribute to the achievement of the "double carbon" objective.

Spirulina, a kind of photosynthetic microalgae, is characterized by fast growth, high CO₂ consumption, and high content of protein, which can be used as feedstock for feedstuff. It offers great promise to remove CO₂ and provide feed protein simultaneously, which is hampered by the high price of Spirulina. The price of Spirulina is about twice that of the imported fish meal. In order to lower the high price of Spirulina to improve its economic competitiveness, the recent advances in the composition of direct production cost and the influencing factors are discussed. The feasibility of microalgae carbon sequestration and production of bulk feed protein is also analysed, based on the practical operation of the industrial demonstration of microalgae carbon sequestration while producing bulk feed protein carried out by Sinopec. In the future, through the various measures such as increasing the growth rate of Spirulina, reducing raw material cost, controlling the technical process and comprehensive utilization of biomass, the price of Spirulina can be reduced to the level equivalent to the imported fish meal, replacing imported fish meal first and then imported soybeans to ensure the safety of feed protein. It has the potential to overcome the technical-economic barriers for future removing CO₂ and producing bulk feed protein by microalgae, and to form a new industry.

Under the "Dual Carbon" initiative, biomass stands out as a zero-carbon or even negative carbon resource with significant development potential. Through pyrolysis and gasification technologies, biomass can be transformed into syngas, which serves as a feedstock for fuel cells or can be further converted into high-value products such as methanol, dimethyl ether, and aviation fuel. However, the presence of tar and particulate matter (PM) in syngas represents a major challenge in its downstream processing. In traditional biomass gasification systems, the gasification, tar cracking/reforming, and gas-solid separation units operate independently. As a consequence, the raw syngas has to be cooled down to a temperature below 300℃ to match the operating temperature conditions of the dust removal equipment. This cooling process gives rise to issues including tar condensation and blockage, equipment corrosion, and heat loss. To tackle these challenges, this study introduces a novel approach that employs a membrane reactor integrated with a catalyst for the in-situ purification of syngas during poplar wood gasification. Silicon carbide (SiC) membranes were employed to capture PM, and Fe/Ni-loaded carbon-based catalysts were used to catalyze the cracking/reforming of the tar volatiles. The research revealed that at an optimal temperature of 800℃ and a steam-to-biomass mass ratio (S/B) of 1.5, employing a SiC membrane reactor in conjunction with activated carbon-based catalysts loaded with Fe-Ni, the yield of syngas was 56mmol/g, and the molar ratio of hydrogen to carbon monoxide in the syngas was approximately 1.9; the tar yield from the gasification of poplar wood was reduced to 8.4g/m³ of syngas, with a tar conversion of 91.6%; the production of PM was minimized to 0.08g/m³ of syngas, and the PM removal efficiency was 89.0%, aligning with the technical specifications for syngas used in solid oxide fuel cells.

Methanol is a crucial hydrogen energy transporter, and producing hydrogen through methanol decomposition provides a practical solution to the challenges associated with transporting and storing hydrogen. Industrial methanol decomposition typically employs copper-based catalysts, which are usually synthesized through neutralization precipitation and calcination to yield the desired metal oxides. However, traditional single-step calcination often leads to the aggregation of copper species and an increase in crystallite size, which limits catalytic activity and reduces the accessibility of active sites. This study investigated the phase composition of the zincian malachite precursor for copper-based catalysts. By separating the precursor calcination into dehydroxylation and decarbonation phases, a novel stepwise calcination technique was developed that effectively prevents excessive thermal degradation, which can result in the sintering of active particles. The catalyst derived from stepwise calcination exhibits enhanced structural properties compared to conventional single-step calcined catalysts: the size of the CuO crystallites decreases from 9.0nm to 6.3nm, and the most probable pore diameter decreases from 36.5nm to 8.1nm, along with more ordered pore channel structures. Consequently, the stepwise calcination catalyst has a lower initiation temperature for methanol decomposition than conventional catalysts, leading to significantly improved methanol conversion efficiency and hydrogen selectivity.

Lignin is the most abundant aromatic polymer in nature. The pulping industry produces millions of industrial lignin annually but high valorization is insufficient. Polymer materials are large in quantity and wide in range but usually come from non-renewable fossil resources which are difficult to degrade. Developing high-performance lignin/polymer composites is of practical significance in realizing the high-volume and high-value utilization of industrial lignin, reducing dependence on fossil resources and decreasing environmental pollution. However, the excessively strong intermolecular forces and easy-to-aggregate characteristics of industrial lignin lead to poor dispersion in polymer materials and result in low material properties. The review summarized recent strategies for improving the interfacial compatibility between lignin and polymers and divided the strategy into high-stress pulverization, compatible addition, chemical modification, aggregation adjustment and interface dynamic bond construction based on the micro-interface interactions. The review detailly evaluated the effects of lignin micro-interface structure and the connecting species with polymers on the strength and toughness of composite materials. It was pointed out that the interface compatibility strengthening was a critical issue for constructing advanced lignin/polymer composites. The economy together with greenness were the key factors affecting the development of advanced composites. Future studies needed to focus on a further fundamental study towards the mechanism of the interfacial interactions between lignin and polymer, develop advanced composites via adjusting the microstructure and aggregation performance of lignin, as well as broaden the valorization of industrial lignin in smart materials, medical materials and others. This review proposed a systematic summary and induction of the design and construction of lignin/polymer composite, which proposed the theoretical basis and research ideas towards the advanced materials development and application in this field.

Plastic waste poses a serious threat to the natural environment due to its wide distribution and the complexity of recycling. Traditional landfill and incineration methods have not been effective in reducing the environmental impact of plastic waste. As an alternative, chemical recycling treatment shows its potential environmental friendliness and economic benefits by degrading plastic wastes into oligomers or converting them into other products. This review provided a comprehensive overview of the reaction mechanisms and product conversion applications of catalytic solvolysis for the main polymers in plastic waste (polyester-based plastics, polyolefin plastics). It was focused on hydrolysis, alcoholysis and aminolysis for the recycling and conversion of polyester-based plastics, and alkane metathesis for the recycling and conversion of polyolefin plastics, which could achieve efficient degradation and recycling of plastic waste under mild conditions. Finally, the opportunities for the development of catalytic solvolysis for the conversion of plastic waste and the key scientific and technological issues for future research at the levels of catalyst design and high-value product conversion were discussed.

The catalytic valorization of plastics is crucial for addressing the global plastic pollution crisis, yet large-scale commercial applications face several challenges. This paper focused on recent advancements in overcoming the challenges of plastic catalytic valorization, specifically addressing the two most significant issues in the chemical upgrading of plastic recycling, i.e., low conversion efficiency and high energy consumption. Furthermore, we explored methods for enhancing the efficient utilization of plastic waste by improving the carbon utilization efficiency in traditional catalytic systems. The paper also reviewed the progress of novel reaction systems for plastic valorization under mild experimental conditions. Through a systematic discussion of catalysts, reaction processes and other aspects in both traditional and emerging plastic catalytic conversion methods, this review proposed the use of external field intensification techniques such as microwaves and plasma or other renewable energy sources to overcome the limitations of conventional heat transfer methods based on convection and thermal radiation. By leveraging the synergistic effects of different energy forms, this approach provided new perspectives for future research aimed at promoting the sustainable recycling and valorization of plastic waste.

The substitution and transition of energy materials are important ways to achieve carbon peaking and carbon neutrality. The traditional, experiment-based energy materials development process has the advantages of high reliability and intuitive evaluation. However, there exist problems such as high time and resource costs, limited exploration scope, and dependence on knowledge and experience. This paper introduced machine learning methods in energy materials substitution and transition, reviewed the existing applications of machine learning technology in energy materials development and machine learning algorithms available in energy materials development, and analyzed the principles, applications, advantages and challenges of machine learning methods in low-carbon energy materials development and substitution. Based on the systematic review and analysis of the advantages and limitations of machine learning methods in the application of energy materials substitution and transition, this paper put forward the thoughts and prospects on the construction of high-quality datasets, the development of highly adaptive machine learning algorithms and the expansion of efficient energy technologies and systems from the aspects of data, models and applications. The analysis showed that the machine learning method had a very broad room for improvement in the degree of model adaptation and wide application, and the application of machine learning method in the field of energy material substitution and transition had obvious value and bright prospects.

Typical monomer terephthalic acid generated from the depolymerization of waste fiber suffers from several key challenges including high difficulty in high-value utilization, few varieties of downstream products and limited use. Terephthalate-based metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) were proposed as synergistic flame retardants for plastic modification. Using room temperature and hydrothermal methods, two terephthalate-based MOFs, Li-MOF and Al-MOF, were prepared by the reactions of lithium hydroxide and aluminum nitrate with terephthalic acid that was recycled from the alkali-decrement wastewater, respectively. Then, poly lactic acid (PLA) and soft polyvinyl chloride (PVC) were chosen as substrates, and the combinations of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and Li-MOF as well as the combinations of antimony trioxide (Sb₂O₃) and Al-MOF were incorporated into PLA and PVC to afford PLA/APP/Li-MOF and PVC/Sb₂O₃/Al-MOF composites with different plasticizer contents through the melt blending extrusion method, respectively. The composites were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, IR spectra, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), and thermogravimetric (TG) analyses, and their flame retardant performance and mechanical properties were examined by means of limiting oxygen index (LOI), the vertical burning (UL-94), cone calorimeter test (CCT) and tensile machine. The result showed that the addition of a small amount of Li-MOF could significantly improve the flame retardant performance. When Li-MOF composites was 1.5% (mass fraction), PLA/APP/Li-MOF exhibited the best flame-retardant performance. Compared with sample with only PLA, the LOI value increased from 20.3% to 34.2% and the UL-94 grade reached from V-2 to V-0 level, while the peak value of heat release rate and total heat release of burning decreased obviously and the degree of the residual carbon was also higher. Besides, the flame retardant performance was improved upon the introduction of Al-MOF into the PVC/Sb₂O₃ system. When Al-MOF composites with 5% (mass fraction) PLA/APP/Al-MOF was used, the LOI value increased from 28.5% to 32.5% compared with sample with PVC/Sb₂O₃. Meanwhile, the tensile strength and elastic modulus increased by 20.1% and 166.5%, respectively.

The massive production and improper disposal of waste plastics caused severe environmental pollution issues. The recycling and utilization of waste polyethylene terephthalate (PET) have received broad attention. In recent years, significant progress has been made in enzymatic depolymerization technology for waste PET, which shows potential for scaled industrial application. However, the environmental friendliness of enzymatic depolymerization compared with other recycling methods is still unclear. In this study, the environmental impact and process contribution of PET enzymatic depolymerization and alkaline hydrolysis were quantified through LCA, and the sensitivity analysis of the PET enzymatic depolymerization was constructed. The results show that the various environmental impacts of PET enzymatic depolymerization are higher than those of alkaline hydrolysis, and eight of the ten environmental indicators are more than 30% higher. Raw material pretreatment, enzyme production, and the NaOH usage in the depolymerization process are the main contributors to the environmental impact of the PET enzymatic depolymerization process. The high impact factors of alkaline hydrolysis are mainly the use of electricity and NaOH during the depolymerization process. The sensitivity analysis shows that enzyme loading rate, enzyme production, and electricity structure significantly affect the environmental benefits of enzymatic depolymerization, while the impact of solid loading rate is relatively small. Under the scenario where enzyme loading rate, enzyme production, and electricity structure are simultaneously improved, the various environmental impact indicators of PET enzymatic depolymerization are lower than or close to alkaline hydrolysis, indicating that the PET enzymatic depolymerization technology has great development potential.

Polyolefins constitute over half of global plastic production, and their disposal has led to severe "white pollution" and microplastic issues. Researching the chemical recycling of polyolefin wastes to achieve resource recovery and upcycling is of significant importance. However, as typical carbon-chain polymers, the cracking of polyolefins involves high temperatures, substantial energy consumption, uncontrollable chain scission, product separation challenges, high decontamination costs and low value, making large-scale engineering difficult. It reviewed the innovative advancements in the field of polyolefin oxidative cracking recycling and circular utilization. The outlook included new upcycling processes, specifically the preparation of functionalized oligomers through low-temperature controlled cracking of polyolefin wastes. By employing dynamic chemistry to extend chain lengths of multi-phase and multi-component macromolecular monomers, the aim was to customize polyolefin-like materials. This approach aimed to transform waste polymers into high-value polymers. Furthermore, it emphasized the importance of developing new and sustainable technologies to address plastic pollution and to advance the polyolefin industry. The proposed strategies for the upcycling and recycling of polyolefins held significant scientific and practical value in promoting a sustainable plastics economy.

The combination of global "overcapacity" and high feedstock costs is the major challenge facing petrochemical industry in China. Reasonable feedstock substitution is an important way to assist petrochemical industry turn losses into profits in China. Herein, three suggestions on feedstock substitution were proposed. Firstly, olefin and alkane mixtures were used as ethylene feedstock by adopting polymerization- separation technologies, which can significantly reduce the feedstock cost of ethylene industry, solve the problem of insufficient ethylene feedstock and create a new polymer industry since there were enough low-cost mixtures of olefin and alkane in China. Secondly, carbon dioxide, waste polymers and non-food biomass such as straw and branches were used as feedstock to produce existing petrochemical products, which was possible to help petrochemical industry of China to achieve low-cost green development. The third was to learn from petrobras, coupling biochemical industry with petrochemical industry. In this way, petrochemical plants can produce both petroleum-based products and high-value-added bio-based products.

Electrochemical reduction of CO₂ to value-added fuels by renewable clean energy is an effective way to achieve energy storage, carbon emission reduction and carbon neutrality. However, due to the low solubility of reactant CO₂ in aqueous electrolytes, limitations in mass transfer processes seriously hinder the electrocatalytic reaction to meet the requirements for achieving industrial operation. To resolve this problem, the self-supported porous electrodes attract much attention. This paper first introduced the research progress of self-supported porous electrodes and illustrated the latest results of CO₂ electroreduction from new self-supported porous hollow fiber gas penetrating electrodes in our research group. Considering the continuous and ample CO₂ feeding realized nearby active sites on this electrode structure, a new technology model perspective of enhanced interface reaction and oriented mass transfer by gas penetration electrodes was put forward, which can become a new technology route to prepare self-supported porous electrodes and would exert significant implications for the industrialization of electrocatalytic CO₂ reduction.

The microbial fermentation of one-carbon (C₁) gases to produce biofuels and chemicals represents a key pathway for carbon resource capture, utilization, and green biomanufacturing. One-carbon feedstocks, such as CO, CO₂, methane, methanol, and formic acid, are characterized by their single-carbon atom composition. These resources are abundant, low-cost, and hold potential as alternative feedstocks for biomanufacturing. Additionally, their bioconversion contributes to mitigating the greenhouse effect and supports the achievement of carbon neutrality goals. This article reviews recent progress in microbial refining of CO₂ to produce essential organic acids and alcohols, elaborates on the biological metabolic pathways of CO₂ and product synthesis, discusses the genetic engineering of microorganisms in C₁ biorefining, and envisions future pathways for green biomanufacturing.

Industrial application of enzymatic conversion of CO₂ into chemicals, which is, by nature, advantageous in terms of mildness and high activity and selectivity, represents a carbon-neutral route for chemical industry but is hindered by the unsatisfactory stability and activity of enzyme in non-natural environment, low intensity of energy inputs as well as manipulating CO₂ hydration reaction. Enzyme immobilization provides an effective way to improve the stability of enzyme in industrial environments. Electro-enzymatic catalysis combines the advantages of energy supply, CO₂ activation and reaction selectivity and thus holds promise to overcome above-mentioned problems. This review starts with an overview of CO₂ reducing enzymes and their catalytic properties in substrate binding, CO₂ activation and electron transfer, which is classified into two categories in terms of surface reaction and active site reaction. Recent advancements in enzymatic and electro-enzymatic catalysis are detailed, highlighting those novel reductive mechanisms for CO₂, as well as novel process intensification methods. The research demands and opportunities in molecular and process engineering of enzymatic conversion of CO₂ are discussed.

With the continuous exploitation and utilization of fossil resources, the climate change resulting from the high emissions of CO₂ has garnered significant attention, necessitating the urgent search for viable solutions. Utilizing the metabolic capabilities of microorganisms and optimizing them through synthetic biology approaches offers an exceptional solution for the biomanufacturing of chemicals. Yeasts, as major chassis microorganisms used for synthetic biology, have been successfully applied in the biomanufacturing of various products. Modifying the natural carbon metabolic pathways in yeasts to achieve greater carbon conservation and constructing artificial pathways to convert inorganic carbon into organic carbon for carbon fixation represent effective strategies to further reduce the carbon emissions. This review summarizes the recent research progress in constructing carbon conservation and carbon fixation systems in yeasts using synthetic biology approaches, with a particular emphasis on the advancements achieved in yeasts such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Yarrowia lipolytica, and Pichia pastoris. It encompasses strategies to minimize carbon loss by eliminating unnecessary decarboxylation reactions and to augment carbon conservation via the enhancement of natural carboxylation reactions, as well as the establishment of carbon fixation systems that recycle carbon dioxide and harness its metabolic utilization. Building on these achievements, the future prospects for biomanufacturing through the development of low-carbon yeast cell factories are outlined.

Organosilica membranes exhibit controllable microporous structures, excellent stabilities and abundant organic functional groups, which endow them with great potential in the field of efficient CO₂ separation. This article reviewed the precursor types, preparation methods and pore size control mechanisms of organosilica membranes, summarized the preparation optimization strategies of organosilica membranes and discussed the applications of organosilica membranes in the fields of CO₂/N₂, CO₂/CH₄ and H₂/CO₂ separations. The separation performances of different organosilica membranes in the above fields were compared. The optimization strategies for enhancing the performances of organosilica membranes were summarized. The future development of organosilica membranes was also proposed.

Urea is a critical agricultural nitrogen fertilizer and an essential component for crop growth. Electrocatalytic co-reduction of CO₂ and NO₃^-via C-N coupling to synthesize urea has emerged as a promising strategy for achieving clean and sustainable urea production, and has attracted considerable attentions. Compared to the traditional Bosch-Meiser process, the C-N coupling reaction offers potential for reduced energy consumption and lower carbon emissions. This review summarizes recent research progress in electrocatalytic co-reduction of CO₂ and NO₃^- for urea synthesis, providing an in-depth discussion of the reaction mechanisms. By integrating in-situ characterization techniques and density functional theory calculations, this paper reveals the micro-level mechanisms that promote C-N coupling and enhance urea synthesis efficiency. Key catalyst design strategies to improve urea yields are also outlined, including heteroatom doping, defect engineering, heterostructure construction, alloying, and atomic-scale modulation. Finally, the challenges and prospects for future research and industrial applications are addressed, with a focus on achieving efficient, low energy consumption urea synthesis at large scale. It also analyzes the structural design and precise regulation of catalysts, providing theoretical and practical support for sustainable urea production.

Synthesis of light olefins directly from carbon dioxide is one of the most efficient approaches for utilizing CO₂ resources and mitigating carbon emissions. InZr oxide is an excellent choice for CO₂ activation component of bifunctional catalyst. A series of In-based oxides with different In/Zr were synthesized by co-precipitation method. The CO₂ hydrogenation performance over the bifunctional catalysts composed of InZr binary oxides and SAPO-34 zeolites was investigated. A CO₂ conversion of 34.9% with a C₂—C₄ olefins selectivity of 70.9% (CO free) was achieved as the In/Zr was 2. The structure and reduction properties of the binary oxides were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and temperature-programmed reduction (H₂-TPR). The results indicate that the bcc-In₂O₃ phase is the main active oxide component for CO₂ hydrogenation, and the introduction of Zr enhances the structural stability of the oxides. In addition, the influence of mixing manner on the performance of the bifunctional catalyst was also investigated. The bifunctional catalyst prepared by mixing in powder state shows a state of oxide adhering to the surface of zeolite particles, which would hinder the diffusion of methanol. However, excess reactants will inhibit the formation of carbon deposits in zeolites. Finally, the effects of reaction temperature, pressure, space velocity and H₂ or CO₂ in reactant on the reaction performance and the stability of the bifunctional catalysts were investigated.

Carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) technology stands as a pivotal approach to mitigating carbon emissions stemming from fossil energy utilization. However, conventional CCUS technologies grapple with the drawbacks of high energy consumption and costs. The integrated CO₂ capture and conversion technology addresses these challenges by seamlessly integrating CO₂ adsorption with catalytic conversion processes. In recent years, researchers have explored the feasibility of integrating carbon capture with diverse CO₂ conversion pathways, with methanation garnering substantial attention. As an emerging technology for emission reduction, assessing its low-carbon attributes is vital for enhancing its technical competitiveness. Based on previous experimental work conducted by our research group, this study employs Aspen Plus to simulate the integrated CO₂ capture and methanation technology (ICCC-CH₄). Furthermore, leveraging the life cycle assessment framework, we establish a methodological model for carbon footprint accounting of this process, enabling the calculation and analysis of the technology’s carbon emissions. The study finds that under current grid conditions, the ICCC-CH₄ technology emits 0.22kg CO₂/MJ. However, when powered by wind, hydro, and nuclear energy, the technology can even achieve negative carbon emissions. With future improvements in alkaline water electrolysis efficiency, under photovoltaic power generation, the technology is expected to achieve near-zero carbon emissions by 2030. By enhancing hydrogen utilization efficiency, the carbon emissions of the technology can be reduced to 0.207kg CO₂/MJ, marking a 6% decrease compared to current levels. Conversely, enhancements in dual-functional material performance exert a negligible impact on carbon emissions.

The massive emission of CO₂ is one of the primary reasons behind global warming. CO₂ capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) technology stands as a pivotal means to reduce CO₂ emissions. However, the high capture costs in CCUS technology limit its widespread application. This study employed an Integrated Carbon Capture and Conversion (ICCC) technology, which coupled the capture process with the conversion process, thereby avoiding the substantial energy consumption required for the regeneration of CO₂ capture materials and reducing the cost of the CCUS capture process. The experiment utilized non-precious metals based on Fe and Co as catalytic components and Ca as the adsorption component. A series of Fe _x Co _y Ca₃Al dual-functional materials were prepared using a co-current co-precipitation method for application in the ICCC process for syngas production. The influence of the Fe/Co ratio on the performance of the dual-functional materials was investigated. The dual-functional materials were characterized using techniques such as TEM, XPS, H₂-TPR and CO₂-TPD. The relevant results indicated that the elements Fe, Co, Ca and Al in the dual-functional materials were uniformly distributed without aggregation. There was an interaction between Fe and Co elements, enhancing the integrated performance of the dual-functional materials. Under optimized conditions, the Fe_0.5Co_0.5Ca₃Al material exhibited a CO₂ capture capacity of 11.05mmol/g and a CO yield of 11.94mmol/(g∙h).

Hydrogen-induced damage or hydrogen embrittlement is one of the major challenges faced by structural materials used in hydrogen energy applications. This paper reviews the latest research progress and challenges on the behavior and underlying mechanisms of hydrogen-induced damage, testing and characterization techniques, as well as the hydrogen-tolerant materials design approaches. Although significant progress has been made in recent years in understanding hydrogen-induced damage mechanisms using developed characterization techniques, the inherent complexity of this phenomenon continues to pose numerous challenges for reliability assessment of structural components and the associated engineering applications. In the future, it is still necessary to unravel the nature of hydrogen-induced damage with different boundary conditions, in order to scientifically assess the hydrogen embrittlement sensitivity of components throughout their entire lifecycle as well as to push engineering applications for hydrogen-tolerant design. These efforts will provide technical support for the safe development of the hydrogen energy industry.

Due to environmental friendliness and high atomic economy, titanosilicate zeolite catalyzed selective oxidation have raised greenization revolution in the field of oxidation, which has attracted much attention in recent years. This article firstly reviewed the recent progress of titanosilicate zeolite, mainly focusing on the structure, preparation method and catalytic oxidation applications of TS-1, Ti MWW, Ti MOR and Ti/HMS zeolites that have been widely used in industry. Subsequently, the developed green oxidation technologies including propylene epoxidation to propylene oxide, ketone ammoximation to ketoxime and phenol hydroxylation to dihydroxybenzene, and their industrial applications and recent research progresses, were well summarized. Finally, based on the current status of green catalytic oxidation technologies with titanosilicate zeolite, it’s pointed out that reducing the production cost of titanosilicate zeolite, accelerating the development of new catalytic green oxidation technologies and developing catalytic oxidation technologies using in-situ generated hydrogen peroxide were of great significance and should be the key directions for future research and development.

Against the backdrop of global energy transition and sustainable development, the technology of liquid organic hydrogen carriers (LOHCs) is emerging as a pivotal solution for the safe and efficient storage and transportation of hydrogen, gradually capturing the attention of the hydrogen energy sector. Cycloalkanes, such as methylcyclohexane and cyclohexane, have become significant choices for LOHCs due to their high hydrogen storage density and excellent chemical stability. However, the efficiency and selectivity of the dehydrogenation reactions of cycloalkanes are constrained by various factors, necessitating an in-depth exploration of reactor design strategies to ensure a profound synergy between the catalyst and the reactor. This paper systematically discusses the design strategies for enhancing the mass and heat transfer characteristics across various reactor types, and elucidates their critical impact on optimizing the catalytic performance for the efficient release of hydrogen from cycloalkanes. Through a comprehensive analysis of the synergistic interactions among mass transfer, heat transfer, momentum transfer, and reaction processes within cycloalkane dehydrogenation reactors, this study demonstrates that optimized reactor designs could not only significantly enhance dehydrogenation efficiency but also markedly improve the utilization of energy and resources. By integrating advanced reactor design concepts, multiscale modeling, and experimental validation, this research provides a vital theoretical foundation and technical pathway for the development and optimization of high-performance dehydrogenation reactors and their industrial applications, thus offering new directions for enhancing the efficiency of chemical processes and promoting sustainable development.

With the development of new energy in China and the approaching peak of oil demand, the oil industry is facing the problem of excess refining capacity. It is an effective way to reduce the excess capacity of oil refining, make up for the shortage of chemical raw materials and realize the high-value utilization of oil by separating oil from light hydrocarbons. This paper firstly introduced the importance of light hydrocarbons in chemical industry and the significance of light hydrocarbons separation, discussed the separation mechanism of light hydrocarbons, and specifically introduced the separation principle, including molecular sieve effect, kinetic effect, thermodynamic equilibrium effect and synergistic effect, and applicable materials. Then, according to the separation of different hydrocarbons, the research status of separation of various light hydrocarbons was discussed in detail, the separation effect of different materials was compared and the application range of different separation materials was summarized. Finally, the future research direction of light hydrocarbon separation was forecasted, which provided reference for the future development of light hydrocarbon separation technology and separation materials with better separation effect and lower cost.

The chemical industry is the pillar industry of China's national economy, and plays a key role in realizing the process of "carbon peak and carbon neutrality". As the demand for resources and the level of application of new materials improve, raw material substitution in the chemical industry has become an important driving force to promote green transformation and industrial upgrading. In response to safety hazards arising from the chemical raw materials substitution, the potential impact of raw materials reactivity differences of, health and environmental risks, equipment compatibility, and changes in processes on the safety of chemical processes was investigated in depth. The results showed that differences in chemical and heat transfer characteristics of different feedstocks may led to variations in reaction rates, temperatures, pressures, and types of by-products, which in turn increased the instability of the process. Changes in the toxicity and emission characteristics of alternative feedstocks may trigger new health and environmental risks with negative impacts on ecosystems and human safety. Corrosion and compatibility issues with new feedstocks could lead to an increased probability of equipment failure, or even failure to keep the new process running properly. Lack of adequate consideration of new risks arising from changes in processes could lead to safety incidents. This study provided theoretical support and technical guidance for the safety management of chemical raw material substitution processes, and laid the foundation for process optimization and risk control of future chemical raw material substitution processes.

The acceleration of energy transition and carbon peak and carbon neutrality process has gradually become a global consensus, and the hydrogen industry has entered a rapid development stage. Green hydrogen has become the focus of development. At present, China's green hydrogen industry is still in the stage of demonstration application and business model exploration. A series of issues such as green hydrogen storage and transportation, infrastructure, key equipment, and safety remain to be solved. A safe, efficient, and low-cost hydrogen energy storage and transportation system is the key to promoting the development of the green hydrogen industry. This article analyzes the safety risks of green hydrogen storage and transportation, focusing on the material failure problems of key hydrogen-exposed facilities, systematically elaborates on typical hydrogen embrittlement mechanisms, and summarizes the research progress on hydrogen embrittlement failure of key hydrogen-exposed facilities such as hydrogen compressor diaphragms, hydrogen storage containers, hydrogen pipelines, and hydrogen dispenser hoses. It also proposes corresponding risk control measures to provide support for building a solid foundation for large-scale green hydrogen utilization and ensuring the safe and high-quality development of the green hydrogen industry.

The knowledge on the sedimentation of double particles is important in particulate two-phase flows research. In this work, the sedimentation process of dual catalyst particles coupled with chemical reactions was numerically investigated by a particle-resolved immersed boundary-lattice Boltzmann method (IB-LBM) with multiple-relaxation-time scheme. The effects of endothermic reactions on particle hydrodynamic behavior and particle-fluid interaction under medium and low Grashof numbers (Gr) were studied. The results showed that the hydrodynamic behavior of settling reactive particles was influenced by the synergistic effects of particle Gr, Reynolds number (Re), and Damköhler number (Da). For the catalyst particles with surface endothermic reaction, the thermal buoyancy was in the same direction as gravity. With the increase of Gr, the vertical velocity increased, and then the two separated and settled into a more or less fixed longitudinal separation under the effect of thermal convection. In the meantime, both the two particles oscillated laterally with the same frequency. Depending on the magnitude of particle Re, the particle motion mode can be divided into three regimes. With the increase in Re, the effect of thermal convection decreased gradually with the increase of the particle inertia. Da impacted the thermal convection around the particles, leading to an increase in temperature gradient of the fluid surrounding the particles and an enhancement in particle-particle interaction.

High-carbon alcohols are important chemical raw materials and have extensive applications in the fields of chemistry, chemical engineering, and pharmaceuticals. Converting fatty acids or fatty acid methyl esters from waste oil into high-carbon alcohols through hydrogenation has attracted increasing attention. In this study, a series of Cu-ZrO₂ catalysts were prepared by a citric acid-assisted sol-gel method. Results reveal that Cu-ZrO₂ catalysts prepared by the sol-gel method mainly exist in the form of tetragonal ZrO₂with loaded copper species. There is a certain metal-support interaction between metallic Cu and the ZrO₂ support, and ZrO₂ crystal phase can be retained during the harsh catalytic reaction conditions. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results show that Cu⁰ species are the key active centers. When the Cu⁰ content is insufficient, the conversion rate of methyl palmitate increases with the increase of Cu⁰ content. When the Cu⁰ content is sufficient, Cu⁺ and Cu⁰ have a synergistic effect on the hydrogenation reaction. Catalyst dosage, reaction time, reaction temperature and hydrogen pressure were found to have significant effects on the catalytic transformation of methyl palmitate. Increase of reaction temperature can significantly improve the conversion of methyl palmitate. However, excessive temperature can easily induce the dehydration of the generated hexadecanol into by-products such as hexadecane. The conversion of methyl palmitate can be up to 95.1%, and the yield of hexadecanol can reach 91.1% under the conditions of 10% copper loading, 300℃, 6MPa H₂ pressure and 2h reaction.

As the demand for crude oil continues growing, the efficient utilization of inferior residue has become an important issue to be addressed. In the present study, two NiMo/Al₂O₃ catalysts (CAT-1 and CAT-2) are prepared using different methods, and their performance in hydrotreating reaction of inferior residue is systematically investigated. CAT-1 exhibits better catalytic performance than CAT-2 in hydrodesulfurization, conradson carbon residue reduction and hydrodemetalization reactions, with improvements of 10.33%, 8.94% and 1.05% respectively. In addition, CAT-1 also has a residue conversion rate 3.46% higher than CAT-2. The superior catalytic performance of CAT-1 is closely related to its high hydroxyl content. More hydroxyl groups weaken the interaction between support and metal species, which makes it easier to reduce Mo⁶⁺ to Mo⁴⁺, resulting in the formation of Type Ⅱ active phases with a higher degree of sulfurization and higher hydrogenation activity. The increase in hydroxyl content also provides more active sites for hydrogenation reaction and effectively improves dispersion of metal species, the acidity of catalyst and the redox properties of metal species. The present study provides theoretical basis and technical support for the efficient conversion of residue.