This paper advances a system framework for coupling electricity and hydrogen and delineates an industrial transition pathway for China in pursuit of carbon neutrality. Anchored in the principle of "electricity for energy and hydrogen for materials", electricity is prioritized for high-temperature, strongly endothermic, and performance-critical operations (e.g., steam cracking, dehydrogenation, reforming). Electrified hydrocarbon cracking establishes an "e-olefin-H₂" pathway that co-produces olefins and low-carbon hydrogen, serving as a key enabler of emissions abatement in refining, steel, and ammonia while accelerating iteration and scale-up across the hydrogen value chain. Leveraging the Xinjiang-Inner Mongolia-Bohai Bay green-industrial corridor and associated long-distance power-export patterns, the pathway begins with direct connection to green power coupled with by-product hydrogen and then expands to cross-sector mitigation supported by a dedicated hydrogen pipeline network. Coordinated operation of the power, hydrogen, and natural-gas systems enables low-carbon peak-shaving and facilitates coal-power decarbonization. The study further assesses liquid-hydrogen-enabled superconducting co-transport and an integrated "power-hydrogen-cold" paradigm, whereby cryogenic exergy recovery can reconfigure cryogenic separations in ethylene and ammonia. On the policy side, a coherent constraint-incentive package is proposed-comprising green-power access and certificates, hydrogen taxonomy and pricing, carbon markets, and carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS)-together with a sequenced sectoral transition (refining-ammonia-steel-cement-coal power) and the requisite infrastructure portfolio. The proposed pathway enhances system resilience and cost discipline, strengthens the low-carbon competitiveness of China's legacy industrial base, and yields spillover benefits for the East Asian refining landscape, providing an actionable, integrated technology-policy framework for deep industrial decarbonization.

High purity lithium carbonate is used as essential raw material in the fields of magnetic materials, atomic energy and optoelectronics. Considering the increasing demand of high purity lithium carbonate, the purification technologies of crude lithium carbonate have been given widespread concern. Hydrogenation-decomposition have recently emerged with good potential application in Li₂CO₃ purification. Herein, recent developments in the field of hydrogenation-decomposition covering optimization of process parameters and macroscopic kinetics of hydrogenation process, crystal growth and agglomeration control during pyrolysis were summarized. Meanwhile, the application studies of process strengthening technology as well as the deep removal technology of trace impurities in hydrogenation pyrolysis were highlighted. The future development direction was further prospected. Overall, this review intended to provide a theoretical support and further guide the industrial application of high purity Li₂CO₃ generated by hydrogenation-decomposition method.

This article, based on the DQMOM method within the Euler-Euler two-fluid framework, coupled a population balance model that considered the characteristics of nanoparticle agglomeration and breakage. It derived formulas for the aggregation nuclei and breakage nuclei suitable for nanoparticle agglomeration and proposed a modified population balance model. The study tracked and described the breakage and agglomeration processes of nanoparticles, conducting a simulation study on the flow characteristics of SiO₂ nanoparticles in a pulsating fluidized bed. By investigating the effects of different pulsation frequencies and air distribution ratios on nanoparticle flow, it was found that as the pulsation frequency increased, the axial velocity and volumetric distribution of agglomerates in the fluidized bed became more uniform, and the wall effects were weakened. Although the overall trend showed a decrease in agglomerate diameter, strong packing led to an increase in diameter at low frequencies, and with the increase of the air distribution ratio, the centroid of the agglomerates in the bed rose.

The combustion process within the vertical fire passage of a coke oven encompasses flow, heat and mass transfer, as well as chemical reactions. However, existing research predominantly emphasizes combustion characteristics while neglecting the influence of flow and transfer on reaction dynamics. This study employs computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to investigate the effects of blast furnace gas and second-stage air inlet velocity on the flow, transfer, and combustion processes in a large coke oven’s vertical fire passage. The findings indicate that increasing gas inlet velocity enhances mass transfer, facilitates better mixing of air and gas, lowers local maximum temperatures, reduces NO _x emissions, and improves temperature uniformity across high-temperature regions. The optimal gas inlet speed is approximately 4.22m/s; under these conditions, the average temperature at each section in the upward direction peaks when the second-stage air inlet speed is around 1.25m/s. Furthermore, a judicious increase in second-stage air inlet speed can diminish NO _x emissions without significantly deteriorating combustion performance or adversely affecting temperature distribution uniformity. The primary mechanism for optimizing combustion through adjustments in inlet speed lies in its ability to alter turbulent states, effectively controll velocities and refine turbulent structures, which ultimately enhances mixing between gas and air thereby improving overall combustion efficiency.

The single-well injection-production technology is an important initiative to realize the economic exploitation in the middle and late period of oil field. Gas-containing in the produced fluid is one of the key problems restricting the large-scale application of the single-well injection-production. In order to realize the efficient separation of gas and liquid in the narrow casing space and broaden the application scope of the single-well injection-production technology under gas-containing conditions. An axial-inlet downhole gas-liquid hydrocyclone (AIDGLC) was designed based on the principles of cyclone separation. The optimization research of AIDGLC structural parameters were carried out by using optimization methods combined with PB design, steepest climb design and response surface method, and the applicability analysis for the optimized structure under different operating parameters was carried out. The results showed that the significant structural parameters of AIDGLC were ranked as the length of cyclone cavity L₂, the depth length of overflow pipe L₆, the length of underflow pipe L₅, the inner diameter of overflow pipe D₁, and the matching scheme of significant structural parameters that could maximize the separation efficiency was L₂=284.92mm, L₅=100mm, L₆=3.80mm, and D₁=42.88mm. The gas separation efficiency of the optimized structure reached the maximum value of 99.86% when the gas content was 5%, the flow rate was 5m³/h, and the split ratio was 40%. The research results provide some reference for the development and application of downhole gas-liquid separators under gas-containing working conditions.

Biomass gasification, as a clean energy technology, has garnered significant attention for its efficient conversion of biomass into high-calorific-value syngas. However, the generation of tar severely affects the gasification efficiency and syngas quality. This paper introduces the definition, classification, and formation mechanism of biomass tar and reviews current research progress on tar reduction strategies through modifications in biomass properties, operational conditions, and the addition of catalysts. Literature review indicates that biomass characteristics, including lignin content, particle size, and moisture content, influence tar production. Optimization of gasifier types, increasing gasification temperature, and the use of gasifying agents such as steam and oxygen contribute to tar reduction and improved syngas quality. Pressurized operation has shown potential in large-scale gasification but may increase tar production in small-scale systems. Catalysts, such as dolomite, olivine, and nickel-based catalysts, have demonstrated remarkable efficiency in tar cracking, yet face challenges of deactivation and high cost. Additionally, this paper discusses innovative methods, such as microwave-assisted gasification combined with chemical looping and the integration of silicon carbide membranes with catalysts, which exhibit significant tar reduction advantages and promising application prospects. Future research should focus on the durability and cost-effective preparation of catalysts, as well as the development of novel technologies, to efficiently reduce tar and promote the sustainable development of biomass gasification.

Aromatic hydrocarbons are important chemical raw materials, especially monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (MAHs), which have high utilization value. At present, the production of MAHs mainly relies on the catalytic conversion of fossil fuels. With the depletion of fossil energy, developing a pyrolytic method using biomass as raw materials to produce aromatic hydrocarbons has the advantages of environmental protection and low cost, and is of great significance for the efficient utilization of biomass in China and the realization of the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals. Hence, the research progress of biomass pyrolysis to produce MAHs, including co-pyrolysis feedstocks, biomass pretreatment methods, catalyst selection and modification, and reaction mechanism were summarized, and the influence of ZSM-5 zeolite molecular sieve on the generation of aromatic hydrocarbons were analyzed. Multistage porous ZSM-5, metal-modified ZSM-5, co-pyrolysis of ZSM-5 with metal oxides, and nano-ZSM-5 were reviewed. The effects and mechanisms of pore structure, acid site distribution, micro-morphology and co-pyrolysis metal oxide types of ZSM-5 on the generation of aromatic hydrocarbons were evaluated. Finally, the future research directions of catalytic pyrolysis of biomass to produce aromatic hydrocarbons were proposed.

The massive consumption of fossil fuels has not only triggered the energy shortage crisis but also caused environmental problems such as global warming. As a third-generation biofuel, microalgae has the natural advantages of wide distribution area, high biomass yield, and strong carbon sequestration capacity, which is considered as one of the renewable resources with the most potential to replace fossil fuels. However, the production of traditional microalgae biofuel has bottlenecks such as low yield, poor heat utilization efficiency and high cost. Microwave pyrolysis is a kind of advanced pyrolysis technology, which has the advantages of high heat transfer efficiency, fast heating rate, and high adaptability of raw materials, providing new ideas for the production of microalgal biomass fuels. The current research status of microwave pyrolysis of microalgae is statistically reviewed by bibliometric methods. A comprehensive summary is made around the products, applications and process parameters of microwave pyrolysis. Finally, the future challenges and development prospects of this technology are proposed. This review aims to provide scientific basis for the innovation and application of microwave pyrolysis of microalgae and promote its further development in the field of renewable energy.

The heat dissipation of high heat flux equipment has become a key engineering problem to be solved urgently. As a novelty heat dissipation technology, endothermic chemical reaction has thus received wide attention due to its advantages of high storage density, long-term storage, and heat storage under environmental conditions. Therefore, we first introduced the characteristics of scenes with high heat flux under various working temperatures and their unique requirement for heat dissipation. After discussion on the principle of endothermic chemical reactions, various reactions categorized by their product, including hydrogen generation-based system, ammonia generation-based system, water generation-based system, and carbonate system, were emphatically summarized from the perspective of their features. Meanwhile, the application scenarios corresponding to the above reactions and the potential difficulties confronted in their application were also introduced. In combination of reviewing the progress made in heat dissipation of scenarios under ultra-high temperature or high temperature via the endothermic chemical reactions, we further discussed the requirement from scenarios under middle or low temperature, which was relatively less studied currently. Finally, we proposed the prospects of this technology by listing some difficulties faced during the application, such as the reaction control and the tail gas treatment, with the attempts to provide references to the studies on the heat dissipation of high heat flux equipment.

As offshore oil and gas resources continue to move into the deep sea, the risk of blockage caused by hydrate formation in deep-water multiphase pipeline systems is significantly increased. Studying the change rules of hydrate formation and deposition/blockage processes in multiphase pipeline in different oil and gas resource endowment systems is the key to transforming from qualitative analysis to quantitative calculation of hydrate blockage risk in multiphase pipeline and proposing economical and efficient solutions. Based on the research results of hydrate deposition/blockage in multiphase pipeline systems in recent years, this paper expounds the influence of internal factors such as heat and mass transfer on the formation stage of hydrate particles, analyzes the key influencing factors of hydrate particle aggregation and its adhesion and deposition with the pipe wall interface to form hydrate layer, and sorts out the mechanism of hydrate formation and deposition in complex solid-carrying multiphase flow systems such as wax and silt. Finally, a quantitative calculation model of hydrate deposition is designed and constructed. Based on this, the research idea of introducing the mechanism-data coupling method into the hydrate blockage probability prediction model is proposed, and the advantages of formulating the quantitative evaluation index of blockage are analyzed. It provides important technical support for the future application of data technology to effectively solve the hydrate deposition/blockage problems in deep-water multiphase pipeline.

Catalyst layers (CLs) are one of the core components of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFC), and their performance, lifetime, and cost are closely linked with PEMFC commercialization. However, traditional catalyst layers composed of Pt/C electrocatalysts and ionomer materials face main issues such as high mass transfer resistance and low catalyst utilization, thereby affecting PEMFC performance. This paper reviews recent achievements in reducing mass transfer resistance and improving electrocatalyst utilization, elaborates on the latest progress regarding ordered mass transfer “channels” or efficient triple-phase boundary regions from three perspectives: CLs with ordered electron-conducting “channels,” proton-transport “channels,” and reactant-transport “channels.” Furthermore, the advantages and challenges of CLs fabricated via various optimization strategies are explored, and insights into the development of CLs for PEMFC are provided, highlighting that CLs with efficient triple-phase boundary regions are expected to be a major research focus or hotspot in this field.

Biomass-based carbon materials have received widespread attention in the field of energy storage. Nevertheless, the drawbacks of pure carbon materials such as poor hydrophilicity, low pseudocapacitance, and the need to use binders when assembling them into electrodes restrict their application in high-energy-density supercapacitors. Based on this, in this study, self-supported phosphorus-doped thick carbon electrodes (P-WC) are prepared using phytic acid as a pore-making agent and phosphorus source, and applied to supercapacitors. The pore-making and doping effects of phytic acid endow the P-WC with a three-dimensional porous structure and superhydrophilicity, which facilitate the rapid penetration and exchange of the electrolyte, thus significantly enhancing its electrochemical performance. When assembled as a symmetric supercapacitor (SSC), the area and mass specific capacitance of P-WC are as high as 6520mF/cm² and 198F/g at 1mA/cm²; the power density reaches 21.82W/kg (0.7mW/cm²) at an energy density of 39.54W·h/kg (1.31mW·h/cm²); even under a high current density of 20mA/cm², with an energy density of 24.12W·h/kg (0.80mW·h/cm²), the SSC maintains a power density of 436.36W/kg (14400mW/cm²). Hence, this work can offer theoretical support towards the construction and application of high-performance self-supported supercapacitors.

In the context of a carbon neutrality energy strategy, the application of carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS)-enhanced oil recovery (EOR) technology is a significant measure for synergistically advancing carbon reduction and improving oilfield production. To address the slow development of the domestic CCUS-EOR industry and the insufficient consideration of the techno-economic aspects of carbon source/carbon sink matching, this study proposed an optimization and design method for the carbon source/carbon sink supply chain planning based on a mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) model. The modeling strategies included spatial grid partitioning, geographic coordinate quantification, path planning, transportation mode identification, and economic analysis of CO₂ capture processes. The goal function for maximizing the economic benefits of CCUS-EOR projects was derived, with the application of CCUS-EOR technology in the Dongying area serving as a case study. The planning and design results indicated that within a five-year planning period, the CCUS-EOR layout in the Dongying area could achieve an environmental benefit of 6×10⁶t/a of CO₂ reduction and an economic benefit of 95.38×10⁸CNY/a. The analysis of environmental and economic benefits under different boundary factors and parameters revealed the impact patterns of CO₂ transportation modes, planning period time effects, and the depth of carbon reduction on the planning and design of the carbon source/carbon sink supply chain. The research findings could provide valuable decision-making references for planning and deploying the CCUS-EOR technology industry in the Dongying area.

In order to apply the loop heat pipe (LHP) in the fields of thermal management of the devices in motion, a capillary wick with 0.3mm aperture was manufactured by 3D-printed technology, and a controllable periodic horizontal swing platform was established to investigate the effect of varying horizontal swing speeds [0, 5(°)/s, 10(°)/s, 15(°)/s, 20(°)/s, 25(°)/s] on the heat transfer performance of the LHP through the comparative experiments. It was indicated that the start-up time was prolonged in motion, and the start-up time increased with the increase of swing speed. Additionally, it was more likely to induce steam to penetrate the capillary wick under low heat load, which adversely affected the stable operation of the LHP. However, relatively low swing speeds contributed positively to improving LHP's stable operation performance. For the first time, it was found that at a swing speed of 10(°)/s, the maximum heat load achievable by the LHP was 160W, an increase of 20W compared to the LHP in still. The evaporator thermal resistance of the LHP with a swing speed of 10(°)/s was reduced by 1.7% at a heat load of 140W.

Hydrates can effectively store cooling energy and gases, showing great potential for applications in the field of gas storage and transportation. This paper investigated the formation of methane hydrate in micro-powder silica gel below the freezing point, with pressure ranging from 4.0— 6.0MPa and temperature ranging from 253.1—268.1K. The study found that after the silica gel pores were saturated with water, the volume occupied by the interstitial spaces between particles constituted 45% of the total volume. It served as a pathway for gas diffusion. At a constant pressure ranging from 5.0—6.0MPa, in the first 280—300min before methane hydrate formation, the higher the temperature, the easier methane diffused into the ice, leading to a higher formation rate of methane hydrate. In comparison, the driving force for hydrate formation had a smaller impact on the gas consumption rate. However, during the formation of hydrates, the rate of gas consumption for hydrate formation was alternately controlled by the methane diffusion rate and the hydrate nucleation rate. NR₁₂₀ represented the relative gas consumption rate during the first 120min. At lower pressures, the overall NR₁₂₀ was higher, the time to consume 90% of the gas (T₉₀) was shorter, and the final reaction pressure was lower, indicating a lower energy requirement for hydrate formation. Under the conditions of 268.1K and 4MPa, the water conversion rate reached 77.93%. NR₁₂₀ was 44.40mol/(min·m³), T₉₀ was 198min, and the gas storage capacity relative to water at standard conditions reached 150.78m³/m³, which represented the optimal conditions for methane hydrate formation.

The electrocatalytic ammonia oxidation reaction (eAOR) has important applications in the fields of clean energy conversion and wastewater denitrification. Nevertheless, challenges such as high overpotential, sluggish kinetics, and catalyst poisoning have impeded the advancement of this technology. This paper provides a systematic review of the research progress of the mechanism of eAOR, with a particular emphasis on the modification strategies and performance optimization mechanisms of platinum-based and nickel-based catalysts. Platinum-based catalysts can optimize intermediate adsorption energy, reduce reaction energy barriers, and mitigate surface toxicity through crystal surface engineering, multi-alloying, and nanostructure modulation. In contrast, nickel-based catalysts offer the advantages of low cost and high stability, with their activity arising from the in situ reconfiguration of the surface oxidation state and the synergistic effects of bimetallics. Despite advancements in activity and selectivity, challenges of reliance on precious metals, inadequate N₂ selectivity, and contentious reaction pathways continue to be significant. Future research should prioritize the development of catalytic systems with non-precious metals. This can be achieved by integrating in situ spectroscopy with theoretical calculations to elucidate the dynamic reaction pathways, thereby facilitating the large-scale application of eAOR in hydrogen production, fuel cells, and wastewater treatment.

Theoretical calculation is one of the important means to study the mechanism of catalytic reactions and design high-performance catalysts, which can not only visualize the electronic structure of the active sites and the adsorption configurations of reactants at atomic level, but also can quickly assess catalytic performance by simulating reaction paths, and significantly reduce development cycles and costs. In this paper, we systematically introduced the application of theoretical calculations in the research and development of electrochemical nitrogen reduction of ammonia synthesis (eNRR) with single-atom catalysts (SACs), including the study of the catalytic mechanisms, high-throughput screening of catalysts, and theoretical design of catalysts. The theoretical activities of eNRR single-atom catalysts on different supports were summarized, and the existing problems and development prospects in current research were discussed. Meanwhile multiple strategic approaches, such as optimizing high-throughput calculations, introducing multiscale simulations and advanced quantification methods, and integrating machine learning techniques, were proposed to improve the screening efficiency and performance prediction of electrochemical catalysts, accelerate the precise construction and development of catalysts, and promote the industrialization process of eNRR.

Hydrogen energy is an ideal energy carrier to promote the transformation of energy structure, and water electrolysis is an important means to achieve large scale hydrogen production. Alkaline water electrolysis has commercial feasibility because of its mature technology, low cost and small pollution. The catalytic activity, stability and cost of catalysts are the key factors in the development of alkaline water electrolysis technology. Herein, the research progress of catalysts for alkaline hydrogen evolution, including noble metals, transition metals, and carbon-based materials, is summarized. This paper analyzes the influence of the currently applied major optimization strategies on catalyst intrinsic activity, and the results show that the improvement of catalyst performance benefits from the comprehensive regulation and control of various factors, such as morphology, electronic orbit, lattice structure and support. According to the existing issues, the future research direction and development prospect of hydrogen evolution catalyst are proposed from the aspects of preparation technology, catalyst morphology and structure, and optimization of intrinsic properties.

Catalytic dehydrogenation is an effective pathway to convert low-carbon hydrocarbons into mono-olefins with the same carbon numbers and hydrogen. Due to their low cost and environmental friendliness, Co-based catalysts hold great potential for application in propane catalytic dehydrogenation. In this study, SBA-15 molecular sieves were synthesized via a hydrothermal method, and the carrier surface was loaded with 2.0% Co and different amounts of Mg were added to prepare Co-xMg/SBA-15 catalysts using the incipient wetness impregnation technique for the direct dehydrogenation of propane to propylene. Magnesium, serving as a promoter, formed a stable Co-O-Mg structure with Co, making it difficult to reduce the primary active site Co²⁺. Simultaneously, the addition of Mg increased the total basicity of the catalyst, which favored the adsorption of propane and the desorption of propylene, thereby enhancing the conversion rate, reducing coke deposition, and maintaining good activity and stability of the catalyst. The optimal Mg doping amount was 2%, yielding an initial propane conversion rate of 40.78% and 32.86% after 10h, and the highest propylene selectivity, with an initial one of 93.94% and 91.85% after 10h.

NiS _x /γ-Al₂O₃-TiO₂ catalysts were modified with different contents of Mo by equal volume impregnation method, and their desulfurization performance was investigated on a fixed bed hydrogenation unit with dibenzothiophene (DBT) as the model compound. The catalysts were characterized by specific surface and porosity analyzer, X-ray diffraction (XRD), temperature programmed H₂ reduction (H₂-TPR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The results showed that the introduction of Mo did not change the crystal structure, but increased the specific surface area and pore size of the catalyst, which was conducive to the adsorption of sulfur-containing compounds on the catalyst surface. With the increase of Mo content, the catalyst showed better desulfurization activity and stability, and improved hydrogen hydrolysis performance. The hydrogenation selectivity showed a trend of decreasing first and then increasing, and the removal rate of DBT was higher than 99%. The catalyst was evaluated for low sulfur diesel oil, and the sulfur and nitrogen contents of diesel oil after reaction were less than 1μg/g, yielding nearly sulfur free diesel oil. It demonstrates promising industrial prospects.

The hydropyrolysis catalyst of waste plastics mostly uses precious metals such as Pt and Ru as catalytic sites, which is costly and difficult to be applied on a large scale, so it is urgent to develop a low-cost and efficient hydropyrolysis catalyst. In this study, FCC catalyst waste slag was modified by hydrogen ion exchange and used as catalyst for hydropyrolysis of low density polyethylene (LDPE). The FCC catalyst waste slag was characterized by XRF, XRD, N₂ adsorption-desorption, NH₃-TPD, and SEM. The effects of temperature, initial hydrogen pressure, time and catalyst dosage on the reaction performance were investigated. The results showed that after hydrogen ion exchange, the acidity of FCC catalyst waste slag was enhanced, and the acid content of weak acid was significantly increased, which was the key to improve the catalytic activity of FCC catalyst waste slag. At 330℃, 3MPa H₂ and 16h reaction time, FCC waste slag catalyst showed superior catalytic activity in converting LDPE into gas fuel with a yield of 89.4%, and the gas fuel was mainly composed of propane (volume selectivity of 53.6%) and butane (29.2%), which was similar to liquefied petroleum gas and could be used as gas fuel and chemical raw materials. Five recycle experiments under the optimal conditions showed that the catalytic activity was stable.

Impurities such as SO₂ and H₂O in industrial waste gas often lead to the performance decline of CO catalyst. Although traditional doping techniques improve the sulfur resistance, they tend to reduce the catalytic oxidation activity. In this study, the TiO₂ support was modified by phosphotungstic acid (PWA), and Pt-WO₃ was formed by the high-temperature decomposition of PWA and anchored to TiO₂ to prepare the Pt-P&W/TiO₂ series of catalysts. Performance tests showed that Pt-0.125P&W/TiO₂ exhibited the best CO catalytic oxidation activity and good sulfur resistance stability. However, Pt-0.5P&W/TiO₂ with a higher PWA content has the best sulfur resistance but decreased catalytic oxidation activity. Transmission electron microscopy showed that in Pt-0.125P&W/TiO₂, Pt and TiO₂/WO₃ formed a double-interface interaction, while excessive WO₃ in Pt-0.5P&W/TiO₂ hindered the interaction between Pt and TiO₂. This led to the content of reactive oxygen species (23.8%) significantly lower than that of Pt-0.5P&W/TiO₂ (28.35%), which was the main reason for the decline in the catalytic CO oxidation activity. The NH₃-TPD test revealed that the enhancement of catalyst acidity due to dopants as the key to the improvement of sulfur resistance. Theoretical calculations further verified that the dual interface sites reduced the adsorption energy of CO and SO₂ (from -2.56eV and -1.31eV to -1.96eV and -1.01eV, respectively), promoting the catalytic CO oxidation activity and sulfur resistance.

Catalytic hydrodeoxygenation of amides to amines is one of the most important approaches among all amine synthetic methods, and it is crucial to develop highly efficient hydrodeoxygenation catalysts. A series of Ru-VO _x /SiO₂ catalysts were prepared by the impregnation method. The physicochemical properties of the catalysts were characterized by using X-ray diffraction, Raman spectrum and so on. The hydrogenation of butyramide was used as a model reaction to evaluate the catalytic performance. The butyramide conversion and butylamine selectivity both varied with V and Ru atomic ratio in a curvilinear relationship characterized by an initial increase followed by a subsequent decrease, and the 0.5V-4Ru/SiO₂ catalyst (V and Ru atomic ratio=0.25) presented excellent catalytic performance at 150℃ under 5MPa H₂, giving a 90% conversion and 77% butylamine selectivity. The results suggested that the VO _x species, as the anchor, facilitated the dispersion of Ru nanoparticles and decorated on the Ru nanoparticle surface. Moreover, the electron interaction between Ru and V species promoted the reduction of V⁵⁺ species. The generated V⁴⁺ species, as the adsorption sites of amides, was benefit to the selective adsorption and activation of the carbonyl group of amides, thereby improving the activity and selectivity to amines in amide hydrodeoxygenation.

The effects of amino acid-citric acid modification on Y zeolite crystal form, pore structure, acidity and microstructure were investigated. Unsupported hydrocracking catalyst was prepared by pretreatment of Ni-W unsupported active phase with the modified Y molecular sieve. The reaction performance of the catalyst was investigated in a fixed bed hydrogenation unit using straight-run diesel as raw material. The results showed that the modified molecular sieves with better crystal retention, lower total acid content, slightly increased the B acid and L acid ratio and abundant pit structure on the surface could be obtained by the combined modification of amino acid and citric acid. The modified molecular sieves could be applied to the preparation of unsupported hydrocracking catalyst, which was beneficial to the interactions of unsupported active phase particles and the acid center on the surface of molecular sieves. In the process of converting straight-run diesel oil in a refinery, the prepared catalyst showed better hydrogenation saturation and ring-opening performance, and was more beneficial to obtaining diesel fractions with low BMCI value, providing high-quality raw materials for steam cracking units.

For supported platinum-carbon (Pt/C) electrocatalysts, achieving high activity while minimizing the platinum (Pt) loading is crucial for reducing the cost of hydrogen production via water electrolysis. Incorporating Pt into a nitrogen-doped carbon (NC) support offers a viable strategy to decrease Pt loading, however, it remains a challenge to effectively reduce Pt metal ions to Pt nanoparticles and successfully deposite them onto NC supports. Herein, a series of Pt/NC-x (where x represents different reducing agents) electrocatalysts were synthesized through immersion method utilizing ascorbic acid, sodium borohydride, ethylene glycol and hydrogen as reducing agents, respectively. The morphology, phase structure and elemental distribution of synthesized Pt/NC-x electrocatalysts were systematically characterized through advanced analytical techniques. The results demonstrated that Pt metal ions were successfully reduced to nanoparticles with an average size of 2.19nm using ascorbic acid as a reducing agent and distributed uniformly on the surface of the NC support, which significantly enhanced the active sites and improved the electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution (HER) activity of Pt/NC. Under alkaline conditions, the order of HER performance was Pt/NC-ascorbic acid>Pt/NC-sodium borohydride>Pt/NC-ethylene glycol>Pt/NC-hydrogen. Pt/NC-ascorbic acid exhibited exceptional HER performance, achieving a current density of 10mA/cm² at an overpotential of merely 75mV and keeping at least 35h. This research provided new insights into developing highly active yet cost-effective for hydrogen production via water electrolysis.

As a biomass material with high carbon content, excellent thermal stability, strong carbonization ability and easy modification, lignin is often used as a biomass flame retardant to apply in the plastics, to improve their flammability, reduce the generation of molten droplets and smoke emissions after heat absorption. However, there are many problems such as low flame retardant efficiency, large addition and smoke production, and poor durability. In order to better understand the application of lignin in the flame retardancy of plastics, its structure was firstly briefly described, and the mechanism of lignin improving the flame retardant performance of plastics was analyzed in detail. Then, the research status of unmodified and modified lignin based flame retardants in the application of plastic flame retardancy was systematically reviewed, and the advantages and disadvantages of different flame retardant applications were analyzed. Moreover, it was proposed that the future development focus of lignin in plastic flame retardant application was to construct multi-level nano microphase separation structure in plastic matrix, and to construct dynamic energy sacrificial bonds between lignin nanoparticles and the plastic phase interface to improve interfacial forces and solve the problems of poor compatibility and difficult dispersion between lignin and plastic. In addition, to ensure the original physical and mechanical properties of the plastic, reducing the amount of lignin and ensuring flame retardant effect were also one of the development directions of this type of flame retardants.

The adsorption of microorganisms on material surfaces is a main reason of material contamination and degradation. Utilizing antifouling coatings is an effective approach to prevent microbial adhesion and biofilm formation. Due to their unique functionalities and the ease modification on surfaces, functional polymeric coatings with both antifouling and antimicrobial properties can effectively reduce the generation of biofilms on material surfaces and facilitate their removal. In this paper, the current promising coatings that combine antifouling and antimicrobial materials, as well as biomimetic structured surface coatings were summarized, and the advantages and disadvantages of different antifouling and antimicrobial coatings were reviewed. The research progress of antifouling and antimicrobial polymer coatings in applications such as biomedical devices, ship fouling prevention, cultural heritage conservation and filtration membrane technology was introduced. Finally, It was pointed out that achieving a universal and durable solution for antifouling and antibacterial polymers and coatings remained challenging. There was a need to develop novel polymers and surface modification techniques to enhance long-term durability and facilitate industrial applications. By exploring innovative preparation strategies and in-depth study of their unique properties, important theoretical and technical references for researchers in this field were provided, thereby the widespread application of these coatings across multiple domains would be promoted.

In recent years, the increasing energy consumption associated with thermal management has brought visible light transparent radiative cooling materials into focus due to their passive thermal regulation characteristics. Furthermore, their transparent appearance in the visible spectrum meets the demand for visible light in various production and daily life scenarios. Visible light transparent radiative cooling materials have developed into a diverse array of systems, and with dynamically tunable spectral properties significantly enhanced their adaptability to a wide range of application scenarios. This paper firstly introduced the principles of radiative cooling, illustrating the main differences between transparent light radiative cooling materials and traditional ones. It systematically categorized the material systems and regulation methods of transparent radiative cooling materials and further explored their applications in energy-efficient windows, photovoltaic power generation and greenhouse films. Finally, it summarized the challenges currently faced by the study in transparent radiative cooling materials, emphasizing the need to address issues such as multi-band compatible dynamic regulation, multifunctional integration and durability enhancement in future applications. This work provided guidance for the development of novel visible light transparent radiative cooling materials and the expansion of their application scenarios.

The advancement of solid-state hydrogen storage technology is essential for facilitating efficient and safe hydrogen storage, transportation and large-scale hydrogen energy applications. Consequently, the research of high-performance solid-state hydrogen storage materials have obtained significant attention in recent years. Doped carbon nanotubes, owing to their low density, high specific surface area, stable structures and tunable physicochemical properties, have emerged as a focal point in the field of solid-state hydrogen storage materials. This paper introduced the hydrogen storage mechanisms of doped carbon nanotubes, encompassing two primary adsorption types: physical adsorption and chemical adsorption supplementing by two auxiliary mechanisms: the spillover mechanism and Kubas interaction. Furthermore, it elaborated on five prevalent synthesis methodologies for doped carbon nanotubes, including the arc discharge method, laser ablation method, chemical vapor deposition, catalytic pyrolysis method and high-energy ball milling method. The study systematically summaried the current evaluation framework for assessing the hydrogen storage performance of doped carbon nanotubes, incorporating core evaluation metrics, pivotal assessment technologies and cutting-edge technological advancements. Additionally, it comprehensively analyzed the critical factors influencing the hydrogen storage performance of doped carbon nanotubes, including doping methodologies, dopant classifications, doping concentrations, pressure, temperature, dimensional parameters, active sites and other pertinent factors. Finally, this paper systematically investigated the future research directions of doped carbon nanotubes in the field of solid-state hydrogen storage from five critical perspectives: auxiliary mechanisms, preparation procedures, engineering applications, influencing factors and emerging applications.

To solve the engineering problems of basalt fiber (BF) with smooth surface, low surface energy and weak bonding with asphalt, nano-SiO₂ grafted BF (SiO₂-BF) were prepared using chemical grafting method with nano-SiO₂ as grafting material and silane coupling agent (KH550) as linker. The changes in the surface micromorphology and functional groups of SiO₂-BF were analyzed by SEM and FT-IR tests. Using molecular dynamics simulation software Materials Studio, the interface model of SiO₂-BF with asphalt and the interface model of SiO₂-BF pullout were established to study the interfacial cohesive performance of SiO₂-BF with asphalt and its bond failure behavior, respectively. The results showed that the nano-SiO₂ was uniformly coated on the surface of BF and the Si－O－Si antisymmetric telescoping vibration peak of SiO₂-BF at 1082cm^-1 increased significantly, indicating that the nano-SiO₂ was stably grafted on the surface of BF. Compared with the original BF, the interfacial energy between SiO₂-BF and asphalt increased by 32.10%, 33.99%, 27.73% and 6.85% at 298K, 323K, 353K and 438K, respectively. It showed that the cohesive performance between SiO₂-BF and asphalt was significantly higher than the original BF. When the tensile speed was 0.001nm²/ps, the original BF and SiO₂-BF indicated cohesive failure with the asphalt. When the tensile speed was 0.003nm²/ps, the original BF and asphalt was adhesive failure, while SiO₂-BF and asphalt was cohesive failure, and the peak stress of SiO₂-BF was 96.19% higher than that of the original BF. It showed that nano-SiO₂ grafted BF significantly enhanced its bonding strength with asphalt.

To investigate the impact of nano kaolin content on the thermal and mechanical properties of epoxy resin, a composite epoxy resin system was developed using epoxy resin as the matrix and curing agent, and the composite epoxy resin system was constructed with nano kaolin as filler in different dosage. The glass transition temperature, elastic modulus, shear modulus, Poisson's ratio and hardness of the composites were examined, and the free volume fraction and interaction energy were quantified. Additionally, the free volume fraction and interaction energy were computed. The findings revealed that under experimental conditions, a nano kaolin mass fraction of 10% resulted in the nano kaolin/epoxy resin composite exhibited optimal properties: a glass transition temperature of 120.06℃, a hardness rating of 6H, a Young's modulus of 6.655GPa, a shear modulus of 2.594GPa and a Poisson's ratio of 0.283. This content led to the best thermal stability and mechanical properties. Molecular dynamics simulations further indicated that when the composite's crosslinking degree reached 90%, the model displayed minimal energy fluctuations in equilibrium. The glass transition temperature and mechanical properties calculated under these conditions were the best at a nano kaolin mass fraction of 10%, aligning well with the experimental results. Nano kaolin, known for its exceptional thermodynamic properties, could effectively reduce the free volume fraction when incorporated appropriately. The favorable interfacial energy interaction between nano kaolin and epoxy resin was pivotal in enhancing the thermal and mechanical characteristics of kaolin/epoxy resin nanocomposites. This research offered a foundational theory for the microscopic investigation of epoxy nanocomposites.

RGTR/SMR/BR tire core composites with low heat generation and high tear resistance was prepared by adding RGTR into SMR/BR. They were systematically investigated that the micro-morphology and green environmental performance of RGTR and the effects of RGTR dosages on the rheological properties, vulcanization properties, mechanical properties, aging properties, tear resistance and performance of heat generation by compression of SMR/BR tire core composites. The results revealed that the particle size of RGTR was about 239nm and it fully met the requirements of green environmental protection indicators. The Mooney viscosity of RGTR composites was lower than that of TRR composites, which could improve its fluidity. The addition of RGTR could shorten the curing time and improve the curing efficiency of tire core composites. The mechanical properties of RGTR composites decreased, but the tensile strength was more than 16MPa, the elongation at break was more than 400%, the tensile stress at 300% was more than 10MPa and the permanent deformation at break was less than 25% when the dosages was less than 40Phr., All the indexes could meet the requirements of tire core composites. The addition of RGTR could improve the aging resistance of the composites and greatly improve the tear resistance of the composites. When the filling fraction of RGTR was less than 50Phr., the tear strength was significantly higher than that of the composites with TRR up to 99N/mm. The addition of RGTR could greatly reduce the heat generation properties by compression of the composites. When the dosages was less than 60Phr., the heat generation temperature of compression was less than 30℃.

Antimicrobial gels based on biomass represent a significant category of polymeric materials with a diverse range of applications such as tissue engineering, drug delivery and wound dressings. In this paper, graphene/gelatin/carboxymethyl chitosan gels (GR/GEL/CMCS) were prepared by in-situ polymerization using gelatin and carboxymethyl chitosan as the raw materials and a highly stabilized graphene-PVP dispersion as the filler with the objective of achieving an excellent comprehensive performance. The structure and morphology of the gels were characterized with SEM, FT-IR, XRD and Raman spectroscopy. The influence of graphene on thermal as well as electrical conductivity of the gels were investigated using a thermal constant analyzer and electrochemical workstation. The mechanical and antimicrobial properties of the gels were also tested. The results showed that with the addition of grapheme, the thermal conductivity of the gels increased by 875.72%, reaching 1.05W/(m·K), and the electrical conductivity increased by 213.82%, reaching 0.03S/cm. Additionally, the gels indicated noteworthy antibacterial properties and improved tensile strength. The in-situ polymerization process facilitated the wrapping of graphene by PVP, thereby enhancing the wettability of graphene in water. Furthermore, the formation of covalent bonding interactions between the PVP molecules and the gel matrix enabled the orderly arrangement of graphene within the gel system, which in turn led to a notable improvement in the performance of the bio-based gels.

The large-scale discharge of oily waste water poses a great threat to freshwater resources and human health. In this paper, superhydrophilic/underwater superoleophobic chitosan and nano-attapulgite (CS-APT) modified NF materials (CS-APT/NF) were prepared by depositing chitosan (CS) and nano-attapulgite (APT) hybrid films onto nylon fabric (NF) by a simple and green aqueous phase self-assembly method. The wettability, structure and composition were characterized by contact angle measurement, FTIR, SEM, EDS and XPS. The underwater oil wettability was optimized by adjusting the alternating dipping times in CS and APT solutions. The results showed that the underwater superoleophobicity of the materials was the best after 3 cycles of dipping and the contact angle of carbon tetrachloride reached 152°. After harsh scraping andsoaking in different solvents and corrosive (acid, alkali) solutions, the underwater superoleophobicity of the prepared NF did not change significantly. The oil-water separation experiments results indicated that the modified NF had good separation performance for different oils in water, and the separation efficiencies and the water fluxes were higher than 98% and 32852.2L/(m²·h), respectively. This study was expected to provide reference for the green preparation of polymer-based separation materials for the treatment of oily waste water.

As a renewable, abundant, and cost-effective natural polymer, cellulose can be developed into a high-performance membrane separation material, which is of great significance for sustainable chemical processes and effective utilization of biomass resources. In this work, using the ionic liquid 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (AMIMCl) as solvent and water as a non-solvent, the cellulose based composite membranes for pervaporation were prepared via non-solvent induced phase separation (NIPS) method on polyacrylonitrile (PAN) support layer. The physicochemical properties of the membrane materials were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), contact angle measurements, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and swelling tests, etc. The separation performance of the composite membranes in ethyl acetate/water system was evaluated through steady-state pervaporation experiments. The effects of composition of the casting solution, water content in the feed liquid, and temperature on permeation flux and separation factor were investigated. The results showed that the crystalline structure of cellulose transformed from typeⅠto typeⅡafter dissolution and film formation, significantly improving its thermal stability. When the cellulose concentration in the casting solution ranged from 2% to 8%, the dense and defect-free membranes could be formed. The prepared cellulose membrane had good stable cycling performance. The maximum pervaporation separation index (PSI) was obtained at cellulose content of 6%, with the permeation flux of 378g/(m²·h), and separation factor of 10218.

The gel-based wireless strain sensor can transmit the human joint activity and language to mobile devices through wireless signal technology. It can real-time monitor the human movement or body rehabilitation, expanding the applications of gel sensors. Thus, the smart gel sensors have attracted increasing attention in recent years. However, the water molecules in the gels tend to crystallize at low temperatures, decreasing the flexibility and conductivity of the gels, which significantly restricts the use in cold environment. In addition, most gels are easily damaged due to the soft matrix and low strength, which will shorten its service life. Therefore, it is significant to develop the multifunctional gels with self-healing and low temperature resistance for prolonging the life and broadening applications of gel sensors. In this work, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), butyl acrylate (BA), and phytic acid (PA) were used as raw materials, BA was polymerized by heat induced free radical polymerization in the mixture of PVA and PA using dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)/water (H₂O) as binary solvent. The wireless strain sensor based on poly(butyl acrylate) gels having low-temperature resistance, high stretching, and self-healing multi-functions were fabricated through the self-assembly of the multiple hydrogen bonds. The gel sensors could convert the mechanical movements (such as human joints) into the electrical signals after being connected into the wireless signal transmission modules, realizing the strain sensing. The performance of the gels was optimized by adjusting the BA content. When the BA content was 35%, the tensile strength and elongation at break of the wireless strain sensor reached 461kPa and 886%, respectively. The self-healing efficiency was 80% and the strain sensitivity was high (GF=0.77) at -25℃.

Directly in-situ growing an ordered array of nanostructures on a conductive support electrode could improve Faradaic reactions for charge storage in supercapacitor electrode materials and solve the “dead volume”limitation for high-performance pseudocapacitor electrodes. This article reported the in-situ electrochemical preparation of ordered polypyrrole (PPy) nanoarrays on the surface of untreated fluorine doped tin dioxide (FTO) conductive glass (PPy/FTO) to construct a hierarchical structure composed of ordered electroactive polymer nanoarrays on a simple electrode. The morphology and charge storage properties of the PPy/FTO electrode were studied by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge/discharge and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The ordered PPy/FTO nanoarrays electrode exhibited an intrinsic specific capacitance of 120F/g at a current density of 1A/g. At a current density of 5A/g, it could maintain a specific capacitance of 52%. After 1000 cycles of charge and discharge in neutral LiCl aqueous electrolyte, the capacitance retention rate of the ordered PPy/FTO nanoarray electrode was 41.1%. It was attributed to that the intrinsic PPy nanoarrays were more prone to mechanical fracture due to the expansion and contraction of molecular chains during repeated charge and discharge cycles, which reduced the cycling stability of the electrode material. This study provided an idea for the preparation of conductive polymer nanoarrays structure and also elucidated the drawbacks of intrinsic conductive polymer nanostructures as electrode materials, providing data support for the preparation of conductive polymer composite electrode materials.

Currently, polyacrylamide, used as a relative permeability modifier (RPM), exhibits limited effectiveness in water control and enhancing production in high water cut reservoirs. To improve the performance of polymers in controlling both water and oil, this study selected three polymers with distinct molecular structures as RPMs. Under specific conditions, the water cut control, oil stabilization and injection performance of these RPMs were compared and analyzed. Among them, RPMs-Ⅰ (polyacrylamide modified with a cationic adsorption group), adsorbed onto the pore surface via electrostatic interactions, significantly reducing the pore channel radius. This resulted in a high water shutoff rate (83.86%—96.66%) and a substantial oil shutoff rate (37.14%—53.52%) although it demonstrated poor injection performance. RPMs-Ⅱ (polyacrylamide modified with a hydrophobic association group) formed a reversible supramolecular network within the pore channels through intermolecular associations, which effectively hindered water while allowing for oil dissociation release the flow channel. This RPM achieved a moderate water shutoff rate (37.78%—43.30%) and oil shutoff rate (20.45%—30.00%) while maintaining excellent injection performance. RPMs-Ⅲ combined both cationic adsorption and hydrophobic association mechanisms. By optimizing the functional group content, an adsorption associate RPM with a high water shutoff rate (64.58%) and a low oil shutoff rate (19.05%) was identified, showcasing excellent injection performance. The optimized adsorption associate RPMs exhibited water shutoff rates of 64.58%—71.15% at molecular weights of 5 million and 7 million, corresponding to permeabilities of approximately 200mD and 500mD. Conversely, "oil penetration" occurred at a molecular weight of 3 million. Specifically, polymers with molecular weights of 5—7 million were more suitable for reservoirs with permeabilities of 200—500mD, while those with a molecular weight of 3 million were appropriate for reservoirs below 200mD. Reservoirs exceeding 500mD may necessitate higher molecular weight polymers for effective adaptation. This research provided valuable guidance for optimizing RPMs tailored to various high water cut reservoirs.

To achieve the high-value utilization of biomass materials in road engineering and the sustainable development of pavement materials, a rubber-toughened bio-resin was synthesized, and the effects of rubber toughening and resin preparation processes on the rheological properties of asphalt were analyzed. Firstly, the optimal preparation process for the bio-resin (LPF) was determined using orthogonal experimental design and response surface methodology. Secondly, nitrile rubber-bio-resin (NBR-LPF) was synthesized through rubber toughening, and its mechanical properties and micro-morphology were analyzed using a universal testing machine and scanning electron microscopy. Subsequently, the influence of the bio-resin on asphalt properties was evaluated through tests of the basic physical properties and rheological performance of asphalt. Finally, the action mechanism of the bio-resin on asphalt performance was investigated using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results indicated that when the phenolic-to-formaldehyde ratio was 1∶1.7, the lignin substitution rate was 50% and the NaOH mass fraction was 25%, the bio-resin achieved optimal enhancement of asphalt properties. Compared to the un-toughened LPF resin, the elongation at break of NBR-LPF increased by 60%. When the NBR-LPF content was between 8% and 11%, there was good compatibility between NBR-LPF and asphalt, resulting in a more stable network structure. The modification of asphalt by NBR-LPF primarily involved physical modification, with the "island" structure formed during curing enhancing the toughness of the bio-resin. Compared to bio-resin modified asphalt, NBR-LPF modified asphalt exhibited significantly improved high and low-temperature performance.

Water-based lubricants play an important role in the molding process of metal workpieces due to their non-toxicity, good cooling properties, easy cleaning and high chemical stability, while additives as the essence of the lubricant are the key to improve its tribological properties. In this paper, functionalized coal tar pitch-based carbon dots (AEO9@CDs) were synthesized by a simple hydrothermal method using coal tar pitch as raw material and aliphatic alcohol polyoxyethylene ether as surface modifier. The results showed that AEO9@CDs had a spherical-like structure with a carbonaceous core supplemented by abundant oxygen/nitrogen-containing functional groups modified on the surface, and it had the average particle size of about 2.60nm and excellent water solubility and dispersion stability. The AEO9@CDs as a water-based lubricant additive indicated excellent tribological performance in four-ball friction experiments. The concentration of additives and the load strength were important factors affecting the lubrication performance of AEO9@CDs. At a mass fraction of 1.00% and a load of 50N, the average friction coefficient and wear diameter after adding AEO9@CDs lubricant were reduced by 48.4% and 25.8% compared with the water-based liquid, showing good friction reduction and anti-wear properties. The efficient lubrication performance of AEO9@CDs as lubricant additives was closely related to its nano-sized spherical-like structure and the rich oxygen/nitrogen-containing functional groups on the surface, which could promote the synergistic effect of multiple lubrication mechanisms such as rolling bearing, polishing, filling and repairing, as well as interfacial protective film on friction surfaces.

Two-step methods were used to prepare Cu-H₂O and Al₂O₃-H₂O nanofluids with a mass fraction of 0.5%. The influence of various factors on the stability of nanofluids, including ultrasonic treatment time, dispersant type, dispersant addition concentration and pH value, was analyzed sequentially. The results indicated that for different types of nanofluids, there were their optimal ultrasonic treatment time, pH value and suitable dispersant. The optimal dispersants for Cu-H₂O and Al₂O₃-H₂O nanofluids were sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (SDBS) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), respectively, and the optimal ultrasonic treatment times were about 60min for both. The optimal pH for Cu-H₂O and Al₂O₃-H₂O nanofluids were 8 and 4, respectively. When the dispersant addition concentration was 0.5%, the dispersed stability of nanofluids was the best. In addition, a quantitative expression for characterizing the stability of nanofluids based on precipitation observation method was proposed in this paper. Through this method, the optimal preparation scheme and proportion of nanofluids could be determined more accurately, thus providing important reference for future related research and applications.

From the aspects of physical properties such as solubility, boiling point, density, and viscosity, the characteristics of the commonly-used working solution components in hydrogen peroxide production devices through the anthraquinone process were summarized and compared. The disparities in application properties, including gas-liquid mass transfer, water miscibility, liquid-liquid separation, and degradation characteristics between different working solution components, as well as the variations in isomers and impurity contents of the same working solution component, all had an impact on the properties of the working solution, thereby influencing the operational status of hydrogenation process, oxidation process, extraction process, and post-treatment process in hydrogen peroxide production devices. The working solution circulated in the hydrogen peroxide production device, undergoing hydrogenation and oxidation reactions constantly, and it was exposed to acidic and alkaline environments. Working solution components with insufficient chemical stability would undergo excessive degradation, affecting the stable operation of the hydrogen peroxide production device and reducing the quality of the hydrogen peroxide product. The residue of the working solution component or its degradation products in the hydrogen peroxide aqueous solution might also exert an influence on the application effects in downstream fields such as application of high-purity hydrogen peroxide and chemical synthesis.

Formaldehyde has been recognized as one of the most common indoor pollutants today. How to directly avoid the appearance of formaldehyde or reduce the release of formaldehyde at the source, and how to quickly, efficiently and cleanly remove formaldehyde that has been released indoors, has always attracted widespread attention. This article addressed two aspects: the source control of formaldehyde (by controling the adhesive manufacturing process to reduce formaldehyde release, developing biomass adhesives to replace formaldehyde based adhesives and developing adhesive-free artificial panels), and formaldehyde terminal treatment (through physical methods, chemical methods and biological methods to remove indoor formaldehyde). This paper classified and summarized indoor formaldehyde control and treatment measures, introduced the technical principles and research status of indoor formaldehyde control and treatment measures, and discussed the influencing factors and improvement methods of the treatment measures. At the same time, it summarized new ways to treat formaldehyde by combining source control and terminal treatment. It also pointed out the limitations and problems to be solved in existing research in order to provide reference for future indoor formaldehyde control and management.

With the rapid development of science, technology and the economy, more and more particles in the air pose a serious threat to the atmospheric environment as well as human health. Therefore, it is crucial to utilize air filtration systems to purify the air and thus improve air quality. Cellulose is the most abundant, renewable and biodegradable polymer material in the world, and because cellulose also has the characteristics of surface modification, it has a wide range of applications in the field of filtration material preparation. In this paper, the properties and preparation methods of cellulose based air filter paper, such as pure cellulose, surface functionalized cellulose and cellulose composite materials, were briefly described. At the same time, the filtration mechanism of cellulose based air filter paper was summarized, and it was proposed that ionic liquid or metal organic framework was used to modify cellulose based air filter paper, improve the adsorption capacity of specific organic volatiles, and further oxidize and decompose under ultraviolet or visible light irradiation, so as to solve the problem of environmental pollution in a real sense.

Micro/nano-plastic particles can be largely produced due to the widespread use of the plastic products, which would inevitably enter natural water bodies or even drinking water sources. The problems of water pollution and drinking water safety caused by micro/nano-plastics have been increasingly and globally concerned, and water treatment plant has been considered as a crucial intermedia for micro/nano-plastics to enter urban drinking water. In this paper, the fate and behavior of micro/nano-plastics in each unit process (including coagulation-sedimentation, filtration, and disinfection) in water treatment plants were reviewed. The qualitative and quantitative analytical techniques and methods for detecting micro/nano-plastics were also introduced and compared, mainly including infrared/Raman spectroscopy, pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, and thermogravimetric analysis. Furthermore, the occurrence and physicochemical characteristics of micro/nano-plastics influenced by each water treatment unit technology were analyzed and explored, as well as the resulting impacts on the operation and function of each water treatment process. In addition, the research perspectives on micro/nano-plastics in drinking water treatment process were proposed. This review is expected to provide the theoretical and technical supports for effective removal of micro/nano-plastics from drinking water and ensuring the safety of water supply.

Upon the discharge of supercritical CO₂ pipelines, the medium within the conduit is prone to flashing, thereby exhibiting two-phase flow behavior characterized by phase transition. This intricate process is influenced by a multitude of factors, including non-equilibrium phase change, flow boiling heat transfer, and critical flow dynamics. Under the combined effects of the Joule-Thomson phenomenon and latent heat of phase transformation, the internal environment of the pipeline during the discharge of supercritical CO₂ may encounter low-temperature anomalies, which in turn could precipitate pipeline brittle fracture or the formation of ice blockages. This constitutes one of the pivotal issues constraining the secure discharge of CO₂. This paper provided a comprehensive review of the advancements in understanding the pressure reduction process within pipelines during the discharge of supercritical CO₂, drawing upon experimental research, numerical simulation, and theoretical analysis. It meticulously elucidated the patterns of variation in the phase state, temperature, and pressure of CO₂ within the pipeline throughout this process. The study also critically examined the limitations inherent in current experimental and numerical approaches, identified the salient factors that impacted the formulation of mathematical models for the CO₂ pressure reduction process, and underscored the significant influence of non-equilibrium phase change and flow boiling heat transfer on this process. Furthermore, the study anticipated several critical areas of future research, such as the imperative for high-frequency temperature sensor applications, a comparative analysis of the discharge characteristics of rupture disks versus valves, an investigation into the discharge disparities at various circumferential positions along the pipeline, an in-depth study of the non-homogeneous nucleation and flow boiling heat transfer mechanisms of CO₂, an exploration of the propagation characteristics of pressure reduction waves, the development of two-dimensional flow and heat transfer models for the discharge of supercritical CO₂ pipelines, and the pursuit of relevant engineering application research.

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are characterized by high specific surface area, tunable structure and diverse compositions, and their derivatives are able to inherit the porous skeleton and chemical composition of MOFs and show better stability and tunability. MOFs and their derivatives are promising materials for gas purification, but being in solid powder form limits their application in practical scenarios. MOFs/nanofiber-based composites prepared based on electrospun nanofibers effectively combine the crystal structure and physicochemical properties of MOFs as well as the multistage structure and excellent flexibility of nanofibers, which are expected to solve the problems of difficult recycling and easy agglomeration of MOFs and their derivatives in practical applications. This paper firstly described the classes of MOFs and their derivatives, their synthesis methods and their applications in gas purification, and then focused on the preparation methods of MOFs/nanofiber composites and their common derivatives, and summarized the applications of MOFs/ nanofiber-based composites in the field of gas pollution purification. Although MOFs/nanofiber-based composites had made remarkable progress in the field of gas purification, there were still problems such as complicated process, poor reproducibility, low stability and durability. Finally, based on the above problems, this paper put forward suggestions for the design and preparation, as well as the mechanism of application, of MOFs/nanofiber-based composite materials in the future with the aim of providing reference for the preparation of MOFs/nanofiber-based composite materials with greater application potential.

Capacitive deionization (CDI) is a promising water treatment technology that has garnered widespread attention due to its environmentally friendly, cost-effective, low energy consumption, and renewable advantages. Currently, the research in CDI technology has covered innovations in various electrode materials and device structures, which have provided significant support for the broad application of CDI. In response to the practical needs of water pollution and freshwater scarcity, this paper reviewed the research progress of CDI technology in the water treatment field, and systematically summarized the application results and technological breakthroughs of CDI in desalination, water softening, heavy metal removal, nutrient removal, and lithium extraction from salt lake brines. It particularly analyzed the application of CDI technology in low-cost treatment of brackish water and lithium extraction from high Mg and Li ratio brines, comparing it with reverse osmosis (RO) to highlight the advantages and potential of CDI technology. Additionally, the suitability of CDI technology in different water treatment scenarios was analyzed, noting that despite significant achievements, challenges remained regarding the technology's stability, economic viability, and scalability. Finally, the future development direction of CDI technology was anticipated, emphasizing the need for material innovation, optimization of electrode design, and enhancement of treatment efficiency to achieve broader practical applications.

A fluorescent probe based on aluminum-doped carbon dots (Al-CDs) was developed for the quantitative detection of 1-adamantanecarboxylic acid as a model naphthenic acid. Firstly, the binary deep eutectic solvent (B-DES) was formed by using L-arginine as the carbon source and hydrogen bond acceptor, and ethylene glycol as the hydrogen bond donor. Then, the ternary deep eutectic solvents (T-DES) was synthesized by adding AlCl₃‧6H₂O as the aluminum source, and finally Al-CDs were synthesized from T-DES by hydrothermal method. The results showed that by synthesizing Al-CDs with deep eutectic solvent (DES), on the one hand, the size distribution of the prepared Al-CDs could be uniform and the structure was stable, on the other hand, the target functional groups could be modified on the surface of Al-CDs and the successful doping of aluminum elements could be achieved. The prepared Al-CDs had excellent fluorescence stability and good fluorescence response to the model naphthenic acid, showing a linear relationship within the concentration range of 0.5—20mmol/L of the model naphthenic acid with the detection limit of 0.163mmol/L. The detection was realized by the static quenching mechanism generated by the coordination between Al-CDs and the model naphthenic acid. Al-CDs was applied to the detection of labeled wastewater and the detection results were consistent with results of gas chromatography. The present work provided new insights into the fluorescence detection of carbon dots in the petrochemical industry and broadened the application of carbon dots in the detection of organic pollutants.

An efficient enzymatic hydrolysis method for pretreatment of bagasse with alkali-catalyzed glycerol aqueous solution was established. Single factor and orthogonal experiments determined that the above substrates were enzymolized in batches (50g/L) under the action of surfactants (15mg/g Triton X-100, 25mg/g PEG 6000, 25mg/g AEO-9) and auxiliary enzymes (2.5mg/g xylanase). The enzymatic hydrolysis rate of 6FPU/g dry substrate was 88.6% after 72h. The enzymolysis efficiency of the substrate was the highest, with the yield of glucose and xylose being 78.8% and 76.4% at 72h, respectively, and the concentration of total fermentable sugar was 140g/L. It could be seen that the strategy proposed in this study had obvious industrial application potential in terms of cellulase loading capacity (6FPU/g), enzymatic hydrolysis period (72h), glucose/xylose yield (about 80%) and fermentable sugar concentration.

The potential applications of carbon black nanofluids in the field of photothermal conversion are extensive due to its excellent optical and thermal properties. However, the instability issues associated with carbon black nanoparticles, including agglomeration and sedimentation, have been a significant obstacle to the industrial utilization and promotion of carbon black nanofluids. In this study, carbon black/xanthan gum (XG) water-based nanofluids were prepared using a two-step method, and their stability was characterized through static observation, zeta potential measurements, centrifugal sedimentation and absorbance measurements. Additionally, the stability of carbon black/xanthan gum water-based nanofluids with xanthan gum as the dispersing agent was investigated under different environmental conditions. The findings indicated that the optimal stability of carbon black/xanthan gum water-based nanofluids was attained with the incorporation of xanthan gum at a mass fraction of 0.1%, and the prepared nanofluids exhibited stable compatibility with a broad spectrum of carbon black concentrations. Furthermore, the incorporation of xanthan gum led to a substantial enhancement in the salt and freeze-thaw resistance of the carbon black/xanthan gum water-based nanofluids. The nanofluids exhibited remarkable stability across a broad pH range and in the context of thermal cycling.

To evaluate the effect of the novel carbon source polyglycolic acid (PGA) on the performance of activated sludge in wastewater treatment, a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) process was employed. Three systems were set up: one without a carbon source (A1), one with PGA (A2), and one with a conventional carbon source, methanol (A3). The study investigated the effects of PGA on sludge concentration, settling capacity, and metabolic activity in the activated sludge system, along with its influence on microbial community characteristics. The results demonstrated that system A2, utilizing PGA as the carbon source, exhibited superior sludge growth and settling performance. The maximum denitrification activity in A2 reached 7.20mg NO{}_{\mathrm{3}}^{-}-N/(g VSS·h), a 53.85% increase compared to the control system A1 [4.68mg NO{}_{\mathrm{3}}^{-}-N/(g VSS·h)], without significant inhibition of nitrification activity. Additionally, A2 displayed higher microbial community diversity, with notable increases in the abundance of functional bacterial genera, including Paracoccus (30.09%), Dechloromonas (11.40%), and Bdellovibrio (7.74%), compared to A1 and A3. Furthermore, the PGA carbon source enhanced the relative abundance of KEGG metabolic functional pathways in the microbial community, thereby improving the overall nitrogen removal performance of the system. These findings provided valuable insights for the selection and practical application of external carbon sources in wastewater treatment processes.

The utilization of fly ash is of great significance to the sustainable development of society and environment. NaOH alkali fusion method was adopted to extract SiO₂ from the silicon slag derived from fly ash after extraction of alumina. It was found that the SiO₂ extraction rate reached 72.26% after reaction at 300℃ for 2h with the NaOH and ash mass ratio of 2∶1. Subsequently, MgSiO₃ nanosheets were prepared by hydrothermal reaction using the obtained Na₂SiO₃ solution and MgO as raw materials. The effects of Na₂SiO₃ concentration, Si and Mg molar ratio, reaction temperature and time on the MgSiO₃ product were investigated. XRD, SEM and low temperature N₂ adsorption desorption instrument were used to analyze the composition and structure of the prepared MgSiO₃, and its adsorption performance towards methylene blue (MB) was investigated. MgSiO₃ with high purity, preferable crystallinity and a specific surface area of 240.6m²/g was prepared by reacting at 220℃ for 10h with Na₂SiO₃ concentration of 0.50mol/L and Si and Mg molar ratio of 1.25∶1. The as-prepared MgSiO₃ nanosheets showed fast adsorption rate towards MB with an adsorption capacity of 285.0mg/g. Its adsorption behavior towards MB conformed to the quasi-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir isothermal adsorption model.

Photovoltaic power generation has gradually become one of the core strengths of renewable energy. A large number of crystalline silicon photovoltaic modules are facing retirement in the near future and the recycling of photovoltaic modules holds great significance in terms of resource circulation and environmental protection. In crystalline silicon photovoltaic modules recycling technology, the separation of laminated parts especially stripping of ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) encapsulant films has been a persistent challenge for the industry. Traditional pyrolysis methods for EVA films suffer from high energy consumption, high costs, emissions of toxic gases and substantial carbon emissions. As a novel approach for EVA film separation, the solvothermal method boasts advantages such as environmentally friendly, recyclability of the film, low energy consumption and adjustable solvents. This paper investigated the interaction between EVA films and various solvents under solvothermal reaction conditions using laminates from which the glass and back sheet were removed to reveal the visual changes in the films induced by different solvents. Experimental results indicated that solvents such as anhydrous ethanol and citric acid could achieve the separation of the rear EVA film after treatment at 200℃ for 30min. The mechanism of EVA films separation under solvothermal conditions was initially explored, providing theoretical guidance and methodologies for the sustainable, green and efficient recycling of decommissioned silicon-based photovoltaic modules.

In recent years, ionic covalent organic frameworks (iCOFs) have been used as preferred adsorbents in the field of environmental remediation. Herein, a sheet iCOFs (COF_DHA-TAGH) was prepared by Schiff base condensation of 2,5-dihydroxyp-phenyldiformaldehyde (DHA) and positively charged triaminoguanidine hydrochloride (TAGH) for adsorption of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug indomethacin (IDM). COF_DHA-TAGH's evenly distributed adsorption sites and abundant surface functional groups (guanidine, hydroxyl and aromatic groups) contributed to its efficient removal of IDM by electrostatic, hydrogen bonding and π-π interactions. The effects of pH and adsorption time on the adsorption of IDM by COF_DHA-TAGH were investigated. The results showed that the adsorption of IDM by COF_DHA-TAGH conformed to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir adsorption model, and the maximum adsorption capacity could reach 498mg/g. This work provided a new approach and useful references for removing non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs from pharmaceutical wastewater.