Accelerating the development of China's process manufacturing industrial software through open-source innovation has emerged as a critical national strategic priority. This initiative, however, confronts dual challenges: securing the open-source supply chain against potential risks when leveraging existing resources and cultivating a sustainable open-source ecosystem through global collaboration. This paper systematically examined core concepts of open-source software, open-source ecosystem and licensing, while identifying vulnerabilities inherent in open-source supply chains. Through a case analysis of chemical process simulation software, it evaluated global open-source advancements and governance frameworks across three technical domains: molecular simulation, computational fluid dynamics and industrial-scale process modeling. Comparative insights were drawn from India's national open-source education programs and the collaborative open-source practices of multinational energy/chemical corporations. Building on this analysis, the study proposed a "321" Open-Source Innovation Ecosystem Framework, structured around three pillars: foundational capability enhancement, industry-academia-government collaboration and integrated security protocols. Specific implementation priorities and strategic approaches were delineated across four operational tiers: governmental policymaking, industry alliance coordination, corporate implementation and academic research. This research provided a strategic roadmap for China to transition from technological emulation to co-innovation and eventual global leadership in process manufacturing software, offering evidence-based recommendations for open-source strategy formulation and execution.

Over the past forty years, supercritical fluid (SCF) technology has made significant progress in both fundamental research and engineering applications. In recent years, SCF technology, as a green, clean and efficient technology, has successfully applied in many fields such as extraction, separation, chemical reaction, materials preparation and drying. In addition, it has also showed potential applications in spraying, waterless dyeing, power and extractions of oils and gases. SCF technology is expected to play an important role in realizing the national "dual carbon" strategy. The SCF that most commonly used is carbon dioxide (CO₂), which is also the best use of CO₂. SCF spraying technology can realize low or no emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and reduce or avoid the use of organic solvents; SCF waterless dyeing technology can decrease the discharge of dye-containing waste water and save water resources; The scCO₂ fracturing technology can facilitate CO₂ sequestration and enhance shale gas extraction; SCF foaming technology can produce lightweight functional polyester materials; SCF drying technology can retain the original structure and shape of the material to the maximum extent. Additionally, supercritical CO₂ power generation technology can improve the current state of thermal power generation. Under the background of dual carbon, to promote the enthusiasm of academia and industry in China for SCF technology research and development, this paper summarized the new SCF technologies in various fields, their current application status, and development prospects, and points out the key directions for SCF technology applications in different fields.

Electrodialysis, as a green separation technology, is widely applied in water treatment and strategic element extraction fields. The ion exchange membrane, serving as the core of the electrodialysis apparatus, controls ion transport and selective separation processes. However, membrane fouling limits the ion exchange capacity, selective separation performance, and stability of the ion exchange membranes, leading to a decrease in membrane lifespan, increased operational costs, and other issues. These challenges are critical constraints on the widespread application of electrodialysis. This paper systematically reviews the causes, main types, and mechanisms of ion exchange membrane fouling, as well as cutting-edge research on control strategies. It particularly discusses the pollution mechanisms of inorganic scaling, pollution of organics and colloids, and biofouling. The paper explores optimization of operational parameters, modifications of membrane surface materials, and enhancements in pretreatment as strategies to control membrane fouling. It aimes to provide theoretical guidance for the development of intelligent membrane fouling monitoring and prevention systems.

Ammonia, as a carbon-free, hydrogen-rich energy medium, possesses high energy density, enhanced safety, and favorable transport/storage properties. Driven by the dual-carbon target, the ammonia has broad development prospects and a vast future market. As the core infrastructure of ammonia industry, the stability and reliability of the ammonia equipment hold great importance. However, due to the complex operating environment, the ammonia equipment faces failure issues such as cracking and leakage, which may compromise the safety and efficiency of the entire production process. Based on this background, the failure types and characteristics of the main ammonia equipment are summarized, and the failure mechanisms are analyzed, including stress corrosion, hydrogen embrittlement, high temperature corrosion and creep, and intergranular corrosion. Non-destructive testing, macroscopic observation, microscopic observation and mechanical performance analysis in the failure detection and analysis of ammonia equipment are reviewed. Furthermore, the current methods of risk assessment for ammonia equipment failures are outlined. Lastly, the future research directions for exploring the failure mechanism and safety assessment of ammonia equipment are prospected.

Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) algorithms have recently attracted considerable attentions in the field of industrial process control due to their strong ability to achieve optimal control policies through environment-agent interactions without relying on historical data or prior knowledge. Among a variety of DRL models, the twin delayed deep deterministic policy gradient (TD3) model can effectively address the problem of "Q-values overestimation" endured by the deep deterministic policy gradient (DDPG) model, establishing itself as a leading DRL model for industrial process control. However, the original TD3-based controller shows limitations in the industrial process control with considerable policy fluctuations, especially, the Q-values underestimation may result in suboptimal control policies. Accordingly, this study introduced an enhanced TD3 (ETD3) model to improve the performance of TD3 in practical industrial process control. In the ETD3 model, an evaluation criterion was firstly presented to assess the overestimation or underestimation of actor network parameters, and then the loss function that was input to the critic network was adjusted according to the assessment results. Subsequently, the fixed learning rate in the original TD3 model was replaced by a triangular decay cycle learning rate, which can enhance the model's training convergence and control performance. Finally, the effectiveness of the ETD3 model was verified by the performance of the ETD3 controller in the natural gas dehydration process under different disturbances.

The application of swirl shear constitutes an essential approach for enhancing the bubble formation performance of the conventional Venturi tube microbubble generator. However, the wake effect will intensify the coalescence of bubbles and significantly impact the ultimate bubble formation quality. Installing the rotation-breaking structure at the Venturi tube outlet proves to be an effective solution to the coalescence issue of the microbubble wake. Nevertheless, the majority of the related research remains at the qualitative description level and lacks quantitative characterization and in-depth analysis. In this paper, we proposed two kinds of new rotation-breaking structures, and Sauter mean diameter and dispersion coefficient of bubble formation were utilized as evaluation indicators to compare and analyze the breaking effect and bubble formation characteristics under diverse structural and operating parameters with the assistance of the high-speed camera and wire-mesh sensor. The experimental results demonstrated that the performance of cross-plate rotation-breaking structure was conspicuously superior to that of the center baffle rotation-breaking structure. Sauter mean diameter was reduced by 4.0% compared to that of the center baffle rotation-breaking structure, and the inlet and outlet pressure drop by 33.7% compared to that of the center baffle rotation-breaking structure. In contrast to the non-installation of the rotation-breaking structure, Sauter mean diameter declines by 12.7%, and the inlet and outlet pressure drop increased marginally by 1.18%. When the plate length increased from to 45mm, the average particle size of the foam-forming Sauter mean diameter decreased from 0.43mm to 0.30mm, and the inlet and outlet pressure drop rises from 165.1kPa to 215.2kPa, with the growth rate decelerating significantly when the plate length exceeded 15mm. From the perspective of the influence of working parameters, the apparent liquid velocity and gas velocity exert a substantial influence on the efficiency and foaming performance of cross-plate rotation-breaking structure microbubble generator. When the apparent liquid velocity escalated from 0.56m/s to 1.70m/s, Sauter mean diameter by the cross-plate rotation-breaking structure decreases by 64.7%. The dispersion coefficient dropped by 81.9%, and the gas phase distribution uniformity increased. The apparent gas velocity increased from 1.33m/s to 3.98m/s, and Sauter mean diameter and dispersion coefficient of the bubble increased, attaining the maximum values of 0.51mm and 1.48, respectively, at 3.98m/s.

The venting system is an important component of the supercritical CO₂ long-distance pipeline, but there has been little research on the impact of venting point location on the venting characteristics of CO₂ pipelines. The determination of venting points is very important for the venting system and the design of multi-segment planned venting schemes. Based on the venting calculation model established by the OLGA software, a simulation study was conducted on the multi-segment multi-point venting of a supercritical CO₂ long-distance pipeline planned in Xinjiang. The results showed that the downstream pressure drop rate of the venting far-end point can indirectly reflect the overall venting rate of the pipeline. The venting scheme with intermediate valve chambers for multiple segments, the fluid at the venting point of the intermediate valve chamber came from both upstream and downstream sections of the pipeline, and the pressure and temperature at this point can be supplemented by high-temperature and high-pressure fluid from both directions, so the pressure drop and temperature drop rate at this point was slower than that of the end-point venting point. As the number of venting points increased in the multi-pipe venting, the pressure drop and temperature drop rate at the same venting point gradually increased. The temperature at the lowest point of the pipeline in the dual-pipe single-point venting scheme dropped to -20℃ in 0.51h, the total venting time was 4.29h, and it had the advantages of short venting time and slow temperature and pressure drop at the venting point. Therefore, when implementing multi-pipe venting for supercritical CO₂ long-distance pipelines, it was recommended to prioritize the dual-pipe single-point venting scheme, also known as the intermediate valve chamber venting scheme, to achieve rapid release of CO₂ while ensuring temperature control. The study determined the principles for determining venting points in multi-segment venting operations of supercritical CO₂ long-distance pipelines, which can provide reference for venting system design and planned venting scheme design.

Gas-liquid-solid fluidized beds are widely used in industrial reactors due to their efficient interphase contact, mixing and mass transfer characteristics. Microbubbles have a large specific surface area and long residence time, and the combination of microbubbles and gas-liquid-solid fluidized beds to form a new type of high-efficiency microbubbles gas-liquid-solid fluidized beds has a greater potential for application in the chemical reaction system that needs to improve the gas-liquid mass transfer rate. At present, no report has been seen to carry out the study of microbubble gas-liquid mass trans-fer characteristics of gas-liquid-solid fluidized bed. In this paper, a microbubble gas-liquid-solid fluidized bed experimental device system was constructed, and the dynamic dissolved oxygen method was used to study the effects of operating conditions, particle static bed height and particle size on the microbubble gas-liquid mass transfer performance. The results showed that the volumetric mass transfer coefficient was affected by the gas-liquid phase interfacial area and liquid-side mass transfer coefficient, which increased with the increase of superficial gas velocity and superficial liquid velocity of main flow, and decreased with the increase of particle static bed height and particle size. The gas-liquid phase interfacial area was affected by both gas holdup and bubble size, and was more strongly affected by gas holdup. The gas-liquid phase interfacial area increased with the increase of the superficial gas velocity and the superficial liquid velocity of main flow. In the microbubble gas-liquid-solid fluidized bed using water, air, and glass bead particles as the three-phase medium, the gas-liquid phase interfacial area increased from 77.09m^-1 to 229.43m^-1 when the superficial liquid velocity of main flow was 111.11mm/s and the superficial liquid velocity of auxiliary flow was 55.56mm/s, the temperature was 20℃, and the superficial gas velocity increased from 3.33mm/s to 15.33mm/s. The gas-liquid phase interfacial area decreased with the increase of the particle static bed height and the particle size, and with the increase of the solid holdup. Increasing the superficial fluid velocity and particle static bed height can strengthen the turbulent flow in the microbubble three-phase fluidized bed and increase the liquid-side mass transfer coefficient.

In the separating boron isotopes process by chemical exchange method, due to the problem of strong interaction between variables, which leads to the difficulty in precise optimization, a solution model based on nonlinear programming was proposed, and the parameters of the boron-11 trifluoride separation process were optimized on the basis of the steady-state mathematical model. The effects of three key process parameters on the isotope abundance of boron-11 trifluoride were analyzed, and the results showed that the decrease of the complex tower temperature, the increase of the reflux ratio and the theoretical plates number were conducive to the abundance enrichment. Within the scope of optimization of process parameters determined, the significant influence of each process parameter on the isotope abundance of boron-11 in the two factors was analyzed. The functional relationships between the target value and the complex tower temperature, the reflux ratio and the theoretical plates numbers were constructed with the cost and abundance as the targets, respectively. With the design abundance value as the constraint and the lowest cost as the optimization goal, the nonlinear programming problem was established, and the process parameter values were solved by using the nonlinear programming algorithm, and the obtained process parameter values were experimentally verified by using Aspen Plus software. The results showed that when the complex tower temperature was 10.03℃, the reflux ratio was 94.17, and the theoretical plates numbers was 567, the abundance value of boron-11 trifluoride model was 99.90%, and the abundance value of software was 99.94%. The cost was low under the premise of meeting the design requirements. The nonlinear programming solution proposed in this paper had important scientific significance and practical application value for the separation processes parameters optimization of boron-11 trifluoride and other isotope, and can provide more accurate theoretical support for industrial design.

In order to reduce the potential risks in the recrystallization refining process of energetic materials in actual production, a new technology combining confined crystallization and microencapsulation was proposed. Constructing the confined structure of Pickering emulsion in cyclohexane/acetonitrile anhydrous system with SiO₂ as emulsifier, the optimal emulsion ratio to adjust the particle size of emulsion droplets was obtained. The rotational speed of the centrifugal atomizer was adjusted to maintain the confined structure of the droplets, the drying temperature was determined by the solvent volatilization rate curve, and microcapsules with different polyethylene wax content were prepared. The process mechanism was proposed according to the experimental results of low temperature drying. The best parameters of the emulsion were as follows: the content of SiO₂ was 0.5g/120mL cyclohexane, and the volume ratio of cyclohexane and acetonitrile was 6∶1. The optimum conditions for the formation of microcapsules were as follows: the drying temperature was 135℃, the feed rate was 4mL/min, the centrifugal atomizer speed was 12000r/min, and the polyethylene wax content was 5% (mass fraction). The characterization data of FTIR and ¹H NMR verified the existence of the o-chlorobenzoic acid, which was the substitute materials of energetic materials in the microcapsule, and the amount of encapsuled core material was up to 84% (mass fraction). The results showed that the polyethylene wax/SiO₂ shell was first molded to isolate the recrystallization process from the surrounding environment, reduce the potential risk in this process, and limit the crystal growth with confined space to obtain sub micrometer scale core material, completing the coupling of recrystallization and coating process.

When modeling the oxidation reaction of p-xylene (PX), there are some differences between the reaction conditions of laboratory reaction equipment and industrial production processes. It is difficult to accurately describe the production status of industrial PX oxidation reactors through kinetic reaction models obtained in the laboratory. In the oxidation reaction process, the influence of various reaction operating conditions on the reaction process is mainly described by reaction rate constants. However, the relationship between reaction rate constants and various reaction factors is often uncertain, and even highly nonlinear. Therefore, machine learning methods (e.g. neural networks and support vector machines) are needed to obtain them. Due to the limited sample data provided by the laboratory, this paper proposed a weighted least squares support vector machine algorithm (BWO-WLS-SVM) based on beluga optimization for machine learning methods in small sample situations. Then intelligent optimization and correction were carried out on the parameters of the laboratory dynamics model, and an intelligent hybrid model that can accurately describe the PX oxidation reaction of industrial reactors was established, providing support for the optimization and control of the process.

A multi-objective optimization based on the combination of neural network and non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-Ⅱ) was carried out for a battery thermal management system with phase change material-coupled liquid-cooling heat dissipation. Firstly, the effects of design variables such as different cell spacing, coolant flow rate and coolant channel aspect ratio on the thermal dissipation effect of the battery were investigated using numerical simulation. The neural network was trained by simulating the target values obtained from the design variables using Latin Hypercubic Sampling (LHS) to obtain the mapping relationship between the design variables and the maximum battery temperature, T_max, and the maximum temperature difference, ∆T_max. Subsequently, the NSGA-Ⅱ algorithm with an elite retention strategy was adopted to seek the Pareto front for the three-objective optimization of minimizing the volume (V_b), the maximum temperature (T_max), and the maximum temperature difference (∆T_max) of the battery pack, and to determine the optimal design. The ultimate optimization results indicate that the multi-objective optimization approach combining the neural network with the NSGA-Ⅱ algorithm is highly effective. In comparison with the initial design, the V_b is decreased by 7.6%, while the energy density is enhanced by 8.22%. The T_max and ∆T_max of the battery group are 34.89℃ and 4.02℃ respectively. Additionally, the utilization rate of the phase change material (PCM) is increased by 7%. The power consumption of the coolant pump has decreased from 8.79×10^-4W to 4.065×10^-4W, with a reduction of up to 53.75%.

The plate fin heat exchanger coupled with hydrogen ortho-para catalytic conversion (PFHE-OP) is a key equipment for the integration of flow heat transfer and catalytic conversion in hydrogen liquefaction systems, and inlet flow maldistribution is one of the key factors affecting its performance. A distributed parameter model of multi-stream PFHE-OP was constructed in this research, and the effects of inlet flow maldistribution parameter ϕ of fluids A, B, and C on the flow and heat transfer characteristics, as well as the efficiency of o-p in PFHE-OP, were investigated; where A was the hot fluid hydrogen involving in o-p, and B was the hot fluid helium, and C was the cold fluid helium. The results indicated that when ϕ_A, ϕ_B and ϕ_C increased from 0 to 1.5, the heat exchange amount decreased by 3.3%, 8.8%, and 10.0%, respectively; ϕ_C had the most significant effect on the heat transfer amount, because fluid C, being hot fluid, had a larger mass flowrate than the sum of the mass flowrate of cold fluid A and B. The pump power increased with the increase of ϕ_A, decreased with the increase of ϕ_B, and first decreased and then increased with the increase of ϕ_C, and the heat exchange amount per unit pump power (HEPUP) gradually decreased with the increase of ϕ_A, ϕ_B and ϕ_C; the pump power and HEPUP were most sensitive to ϕ_A, which was due to that fluid A channel was filled with catalyst. Although no o-p was involved in fluid C, the influence of ϕ_C on the distribution of the para-hydrogen mass fraction at the outlet of fluid A was the most significant; with ϕ_C increasing from 0 to 1.5, the outlet para-hydrogen mass fraction in fluid channels near the top and the bottom decreased up to 11.9%; the increase in ϕ_C limits the o-p rate in the channels of fluid A near the top and bottom. The results can provide theoretical guidance for the optimization design of multi-stream PFHE-OP and promote the efficient utilization of hydrogen energy.

With the rapid advancement of cryogenic technologies, such as high-temperature superconductivity, pulsating heat pipes (PHPs) have attracted significant attentions as highly efficient heat transfer components at liquid nitrogen temperature. For the application scenarios involving longer distances and non-coplanar hot and cold ends, this paper used computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to establish a three dimensional numerical model of the PHP, and the volume of fluid (VOF) method was employed to simulate gas-liquid two-phase flow. A comparative study was first conducted on the thermal performance of PHPs with adiabatic sections lengths of 22mm, 50mm, and 100mm at liquid nitrogen temperature. The results showed that when evaporator and condenser sections remained unchanged, increasing the length of the adiabatic section led to higher thermal conductivity and larger latent heat transfer capacity. Moreover, for the PHP with a 50mm adiabatic section, the operational characteristics of three L-shaped configurations were analyzed. It can be found that the successful startup occurred when the evaporator section was placed horizontally, as well as when the evaporator section and half of the adiabatic section were placed horizontally together. However, when the whole adiabatic section was placed horizontally alongside the evaporator section, the system remained the distribution of gas at bottom and liquid at top, resulting in startup failure. The study provides valuable insights for complex practical environments.

With the large-scale exploration and development of deep-water condensate gas fields, the problem of coupling deposition of hydrate and wax in deep-water condensate gas transmission pipelines has attracted increasing attention. Verifying the mechanism of influence of wax on the blockage and unplugging of hydrate deposition, effectively controlling the coupling deposition and plugging process, and forming efficient plugging removal technology can effectively promote the transition of hydrate flow assurance strategy from complete inhibition to risk management. Based on the research results of hydrate and wax deposition and blockage removal in the oil-gas mixed pipeline flow system in recent years, the effects of wax on hydrate nucleation, growth, accumulation, deposition blockage and fluid rheology were described. The effects of hydrate and wax coupling prevention and control and blockage removal under the conditions of injection thermodynamic inhibitor and pressure reduction were analyzed, and the current research status of hydrate decomposition kinetic model was reviewed. The characterization of mass and heat transfer of wax by the model was analyzed. Based on this overview, the next step is to fully consider the distribution form of water phase and wax, couple the influence of flow parameters, characterize the shear strength of the sedimentary layer, and further analyze the mechanism of hydrate and wax deposition clogging in the condensate gas pipeline. The mechanism of mass and heat transfer in the process of hydrate and wax coupling deposition should be revealed, and the prediction model of hydrate and wax coupling blockage for deep water condensate gas transportation pipeline need to be established and perfected, which can provide a theoretical basis for improving the hydrate flow support technology system of deep water oil and gas mixed transportation pipeline and supporting making decisions in production field.

As a multi-purpose chemical product and low-carbon clean fuel, the price fluctuations of methanol impact the global chemical industry chain and energy market. However, existing time series forecasting methods fail to capture the non-stationary and high volatility characteristics of methanol prices. In order to accurately predict methanol price in China, this article originally proposes the CEGPT-Price Forecaster for Methanol (CEGPT-PF-M) model based on the first intelligent chemical engineering large language model in China. It first comprehensively integrates more than 2.9 million time series data in the public database from 27 fields related to the methanol market and transfer-trains the baseline CEGPT-PF-M; secondly, this paper applies the maximum mutual information coefficient algorithm to extract data from non-public commercial databases, 10900 index data that are highly related to Chinese methanol price are screened out, a private database is constructed, and the parameters of the CEGPT-PF-M model are fine-tuned based on this database to achieve the best prediction effect on Chinese methanol price; finally, in terms of factor analysis, this article builds an influencing factor index system based on a private database to analyze the impact of exogenous variables on Chinese methanol price from both macro and micro levels. Empirical results show that the accuracy, interpretability, and scalability of the CEGPT-PF-M model in the Chinese methanol price prediction task are significantly more reasonable than existing models. The research conclusions of this article provide a practical reference for methanol producers, coal suppliers, and policymakers, and also provide new perspectives and methods for chemical product price research.

N-heterocycles are considered to be the most promising liquid organic hydrogen carriers due to the relatively low dehydrogenation reaction enthalpy. In this study, the hydrogen storage and release properties of five common N-heterocyclic hydrogen storage carriers were investigated using commercial catalysts. A commercial Ru/Al₂O₃ catalyst was used to evaluate the hydrogenation performance of poor hydrogen N-heterocycles, while a commercial Pd/Al₂O₃ catalyst was used to assess the dehydrogenation performance of perhydro-N-heterocycles. During the dehydrogenation process at 180℃ for 6h, the conversion rates of 12H-N-ethylcarbazole, 8H-indole, and 8H-N-methylindole were 96.54%, 61.98%, and 75.11%, and dehydrogenation rates of 79.88%, 30.15%, and 54.47%, respectively. After reaction 6h at 200℃, the conversion rates of 10H-quinoline and 10H-2-methylquinoline were 4.92% and 44.42%, with dehydrogenation rates of 3.22% and 35.35%, respectively. The results indicate that the N-ethylcarbazole system exhibits excellent dehydrogenation efficiency, while the N-methylindole system shows good hydrogen storage and release activity, and all materials remain liquid at room temperature, which is favorable for practical applications. The quinoline system has a high hydrogen storage density, but its storage and release conditions are relatively harsh and require further research and optimization. This study provides a reference for the selection of N-heterocyclic hydrogen storage carriers and an evaluation method for hydrogen storage and release performance.

The sugarcane bagasse was pretreated with iron nitrate, ferrocene, and cobalt oxalate to prepare sugarcane bagasse catalyst precursor. Bio-based carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were prepared by pyrolysis of bagasse catalyst precursor in a microwave field at a power of 700W, and the microstructure of the CNTs was analyzed by various characterization methods such as X-ray diffractometer, scanning electron microscope, Raman spectroscopy, etc. The results showed that after pretreatment with metal catalysts, the smooth CNTs could be observed on the tube walls of MCN-2 and MCN-3 products. The ratio value of I_D and I_G in Raman spectroscopy was much lower than 1.0, indicating a high degree of graphitization of the prepared CNTs. Compared with bio-char, CNTs had increased crystallinity, structural order, and thermal stability.

The chemical looping dry reforming (CLDR ) of methane is an emerging technology for the generation of Fischer-Tropsch ready syngas (H₂/CO≈2) and CO₂ utilization via the circulation of oxygen carriers to temporally or spatially decouple the traditional dry reforming. The successful application of CLDR is strongly dependent upon the oxygen carrier (OC) with excellent performance. Iron-based perovskite (ABO₃) has attracted much attention in the chemical looping reforming process due to its good structural stability and syngas selectivity. Unfortunately, it suffers from low CH₄ activity and poor cyclic stability. The surface catalytic activity and lattice oxygen mobility of OC can be adjusted by doping metal ions at A and B sites, thereby improving the syngas yield and cyclic stability. In this work, the effects of metal substitution at A (Y, La, Pr, Sm ) and B ( Mn, Sn, Zr) sites of AFe_1-x B _x O₃ iron-based perovskite OCs on the potential of CLDR for syngas production were firstly studied by thermodynamic software. It was found that the AFe_1-x B _x O₃ OC with A = La and B = Zr had the best performance. Then, LaFe_0.93Zr_0.07O₃ OC was prepared by sol-gel method. Compared to LaFeO₃ (X_{\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{H}}_{\mathrm{4}}}=62.06%, Y_syn=1.38mmol/g), Zr-doped fresh LaFe_0.93Zr_0.07O₃ OC exhibited much higher methane conversion (94.57 %) and syngas yield (1.97mmol/g), and still remained at high level during 30 redox cycles (93.90%—96.29% and 1.96—2.01mmol/g). During the CO₂ oxidation stage, more CO₂ molecules (0.86mmol/g vs. 1.21mmol/g) could also be stably and efficiently converted into CO without deactivation. The excellent performance of Zr-doped perovskite OC was mainly due to the fact that Zr doping reduced the grain size, caused FeO₆ octahedron distortion and more oxygen vacancies, and enhanced lattice oxygen activity and sintering resistance. This work combining theoretical and experimental research could provide theoretical and experimental insight for the optimal design of oxygen carriers.

High-temperature aquifer thermal storage (HT-ATES) can be used to solve the problem of inter-seasonal thermal energy storage in solar heating, but low heat recovery efficiency seriously affects its efficient and sustainable operation. Taking the HT-ATES system as the research object, a flow heat exchange model was constructed, and heat losses evaluation indexes were defined. Based on quantitative analysis of the heat losses in various parts of the formation, the main factors affecting recovery efficiency (R) and formation heat losses (Q_s,m) were revealed. The simulation results indicated that R and Q_s,m were more sensitive to permeability, reservoir thermal conductivity, and flow rate. Reservoir permeability decreased from 4.5D to 0.5D and thermal conductivity decreased from 2.5W/(m·K) to 1.8 W/(m·K), which could reduce Q_s,m by 4.9% and 6.6% respectively, and increase heat extraction by 3% and 2.4%, thereby rising R by 1.8% and 1.7% separately. Magnifying porosity of the reservoir from 0.15 to 0.25 and capacity from 830J/(kg·K) to 1030J/(kg·K) could increase heat storage capacity of reservoir by 2.1% and 3.1% respectively, and decrease thermal effect range by 1.64m and 2.18m separately. The rise of temperature and flow rate of the injection fluid led to a 0.5% decrease and a 5.6% increase in R, respectively, and appropriately growing flow rate and reducing injection temperature could maximize thermal storage capacity and recovery efficiency of the HT-ATES system. Quantitative analysis of heat losses in HT-ATES system provided scientific basis for reservoir selection and optimal development strategy formulation.

As indispensable basic raw materials, low-carbon olefins such as ethylene and propylene keep increasing global demand continuously. The dehydrogenation of light alkanes to olefins has shown broad application prospects due to its abundant raw materials, low cost and high selectivity in comparison with traditional oil-based production routes. Co-based catalysts with merits of low cost, environmentally friendly, and superior dehydrogenation performance, have attracted a wide attention. The review systematically summarizes the research progress of Co-based catalysts in the dehydrogenation of light alkanes to olefins in recent years, mainly focusing on the dehydrogenation mechanism, and regulation of the properties of cobalt species and support structure. The characteristics of cobalt species are affected by various factors such as preparation method, pre-treatment condition, cobalt loading, and promotor modification. While the support regulation mainly concentrates on its morphology, pore structure, and acid-base properties. It is pointed out that increasing the dispersion degree of cobalt species and enhancing the cobalt species-support interaction could efficiently improve the activity and stability of Co-based catalysts in alkane dehydrogenation reaction.

The construction of carbon dots (CDs) and graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) heterojunction can effectively enhance the light absorption range of g-C₃N₄, increase the efficiency of photoelectron-hole separation, and thus improve the photocatalytic performance of g-C₃N₄. This review summarizes the latest research progress of the CDs/g-C₃N₄ heterojunction, including the types of semiconductor heterojunctions, charge transfer mechanisms, and photocatalytic action mechanisms. Secondly, different construction strategies of the CDs/g-C₃N₄ heterojunction were compared, and the influences of photogenerated charge carrier separation efficiency, light capture range, and bandgap on the photocatalytic performance were discussed, and the applications of the CDs/g-C₃N₄ heterojunction in photocatalytic hydrogen production, CO₂ reduction, and pollutant degradation were introduced. Finally, the problems in the structure design and reaction mechanism analysis of CDs/g-C₃N₄ photocatalysts were pointed out, and the broad prospects of CDs/g-C₃N₄ photocatalysts in solar energy conversion, environmental governance, and biomedicine were given.

As an important intermediate, aniline is mainly produced by reduction of nitrobenzene and development of the catalysts with high activity, good selectivity and stability is essential. Nitrogen-doped carbon material MG-800 was prepared by in-situ synthesis, and then loaded with polyoxometallate PCuMo₁₁ to obtain the composite material PCuMo₁₁/MG-800. The composite material was characterized by FTIR, XRD, TEM, N₂ adsorption-desorption, and XPS. The rich nitrogen content and high specific surface area of MG-800 contribute to the homogeneous dispersion of PCuMo₁₁, and the chemical interaction between PCuMo₁₁ and MG-800 promotes the activity and stability of the catalyst. The experimental results showed that the addition of 1.5mmol of hydrazine hydrate reductant and 10mg of PCuMo₁₁/MG-800 catalyst to 0.5mmol of nitrobenzene in ethanol solution for 20min at 80℃ resulted in 100% nitrobenzene conversion, 99.9% aniline selectivity, and the turn over frequency (TOF) of the catalyst was 0.15mol/(g·h). The catalyst maintained good stability after 5 cycles, with the yield of aniline remaining at 99%. It is an efficient, stable and recyclable heterogeneous catalyst for the hydrogenation of nitrobenzene to aniline.

SF₆ has important applications in industrial technology such as ultra-large-scale integrated circuits and ultra-high voltage power equipment. However, SF₆ is also the most potent greenhouse gas with an extremely long atmospheric lifetime and an extremely high global warming potential. Excessive emissions would pose a high threat to global warming and environmental degradation. Therefore, under the national strategic background of "energy conservation and emission reduction" and "dual carbon" policy, achieving high-efficiency and low-energy separation and recovery of SF₆ from low-concentration SF₆/N₂ mixed gas is of great significance to the development of semiconductor manufacturing industry and environmental protection. Among the numerous SF₆/N₂ mixed gas separation technologies, adsorption separation based on porous materials is an energy-saving and environmentally friendly preferred solution. This paper introduced the current separation methods of SF₆/N₂ mixed gas, focusing on the adsorption separation of SF₆ using porous adsorption materials such as zeolites, metal organic frameworks (MOFs), porous organic polymers (POCs) and covalent organic frameworks (COFs). Among these adsorption materials, MOFs had higher SF₆ adsorption capacity, adsorption selectivity and good regeneration performance. However, due to the poor tradeoff between adsorption capacity and selectivity of SF6 by MOFs and the fact that high selectivity and high adsorption capacity cannot exist simultaneously, it was believed that tradeoff was a challenge for the adsorption of SF6 gas by MOFs. Therefore, this paper focused on reviewing the research progress of MOFs materials for SF₆/N₂ separation. Finally, the development problems of SF₆ adsorption separation were summarized, and the future development direction of this field was prospected.

Phase change materials (PCMs) can release and absorb latent energy through the phase change process, which has many applications in the field of temperature control and heat storage such as building energy conservation, solar energy storage, textile and other daily aspects. Most PCMs have problems of low thermal conductivity and leakage, and thus encapsulation is necessary for shape-stable and heat transfer enhancement. At present, microencapsulation and porous encapsulation are commonly used due to microencapsulation can build a relatively isolated system to prevent leakage and has a large specific surface area. And encapsulation by porous support has high energy storage density and utilization efficiency. This paper reviewed the structural characteristics and applicable types of the two methods, introduced the specific preparation methods and research progress of the encapsulation technologies such as spray drying, in-situ polymerization, complex coacervation, sol-gel, direct impregnation, vacuum adsorption and in-situ assembly. Besides, the paper briefly described the characteristics and progress of nanofiber encapsulation and solid-solid PCMs encapsulation. Finally, the evaluation contents and methods of shape stabilized phase change energy storage materials (SSPCMs) were summarized. Different methods had advantages and disadvantages in reducing leakage rate, increasing stability and improving thermal conductivity and storage efficiency. The shape-stable improvement and enhanced heat transfer are still the development focus of future PCMs encapsulation. The cost economy, simple process, high energy storage density, suitable phase change temperature and environmentally friendly PCMs would have greater application prospects.

Amorphous materials have become a frontier in the research of functional materials and have demonstrated their potentials for application owing to their unique short-range ordered and long-range disordered structure. The microstructure, electron distribution, band gap, and conductivity of traditional crystalline nanomaterials can be multi-dimensionally optimized through amorphization strategies, thereby enhancing their catalytic activity, stability, and anti-deformation ability. This article systematically reviews the processes of preparing amorphous nano-catalytic materials through several wet chemical strategies such as hydrothermal synthesis, electrochemical deposition, and sol-gel, and the multiscale characterization techniques for analyzing the special structural properties of amorphous materials. We introduce some latest research progresses of amorphous materials in the field of energy and catalysis. It also lists some representative research works to illustrate the metastable structure and the enhanced catalytic activity mechanism as well as the dynamic correlation between structure and selectivity. We also summarize the relationship between the structure and performance, and finally summarize the research status and outlines the prospects of amorphous materials.

C/UV curable resin electromagnetic metamaterials were prepared by 3D printing, and the effects of heat treatment temperatures (700℃, 800℃ and 900℃) of C-balls on the microwave absorption properties of the prepared C/UV curable resin samples were investigated. The results showed that the microwave absorption properties of C/UV curable resin electromagnetic metamaterials indicated a trend of first enhancement and then decrease with increasing heat treatment temperature. The best performance of C/UV curable resin samples was obtained when the heat treatment temperature was 800℃. Its minimum reflection loss of -42.9dB was obtained at 8.6mm matched thickness, and the effective absorption bandwidth at 9.4mm matched thickness was up to 6.0GHz. The performance differences of different samples were related to their impedance matching and attenuation coefficients, and the graphitization degree of the C-balls was lower at 700℃ heat treatment temperature, and the reflection of electromagnetic waves was lower at 9.4mm matched thickness. At 700℃, the graphitization degree of C-balls was low, which resulted in a weak reflection of electromagnetic waves, while the low graphitization also led to a small attenuation coefficient and poor microwave absorption performance of this sample. When the heat treatment temperature rose to 800℃, the enhanced graphitization of the C-balls improved the high-frequency polarization relaxation and attenuation coefficients so that the sample exhibited excellent microwave absorption properties. With the increase of heat treatment temperature to 900℃, the graphitization degree of C-balls was further increased, leading to the high-frequency polarization of the sample. As the heat treatment temperature increases to 900℃, the graphitization degree of the C-balls was further enhanced, resulting in the suppression of the high-frequency polarization relaxation of the sample and the weakening of the impedance matching, and thus the microwave absorption intensity and effective absorption bandwidth of the sample began to weaken. The above study clarified the influence of heat treatment temperature on the microwave absorption performance of carbon materials, which provided an effective reference for the study of this type of materials, and the preparation method of 3D printing adopted in the study also provided a new idea for the exploration of the preparation process of new microwave absorption materials.

Air pollution has adverse effects on human health and the ecological environment. At present, air filtration materials are widely used to mitigate air pollution problems. However, conventional air filtration materials struggle to balance the competitive relationship between high filtration efficiency and low filtration resistance. This study addressed this challenge by using poly(m-phenyleneisophthalamide) (PMIA) and poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP) as raw materials to fabricate PMIA/PVDF-HFP composite nanofiber air filtration materials through electrospinning technology. By varying PMIA and PVDF-HFP ratios in the spinning solution, the influence on nanofiber membrane morphology, pore structure and filtration performance was investigated. High-temperature heat treatment was employed to modulate the membrane pore structure and enhance the composite nanofiber membrane's ability to intercept airborne particulate matter. Results indicated that composite nanofiber air filtration materials prepared with a PMIA to PVDF-HFP mass ratio of 8∶1 exhibited superior performance across different fiber diameters with an average pore size of 1.51μm, air permeability of 148.96mm/s, tensile strength of 13.57MPa and filtration efficiencies of 99.51% for PM1.0 particles with a pressure drop of 45.3Pa. In addition, the air filtration performance of the PMIA/PVDF-HFP composite nanofiber material remained stable after prolonged high temperature treatment. Thus, the developed PMIA/PVDF-HFP nanofiber air filtration material held promising potential for applications in air filtration, particularly in high-temperature environments

Under the background of "carbon peaking and carbon neutralization", hydrogen energy is recognized as an important guarantee to achieve the goal of "double carbon" because of its green, low carbon and high energy density per unit mass. However, the large-scale application of hydrogen production from fossil energy and electrolytic water is limited by high carbon emissions or high costs. Therefore, it is imperative to develop low-carbon and low-cost hydrogen production technology. Molten metal methane pyrolysis technology achieves co-production of hydrogen gas and carbon materials without CO₂ emissions, demonstrating significant economic and environmental benefits. In this paper, a binary molten salt catalytic medium was synthesized to realize the co-production of carbon nanotubes and hydrogen. The single-pass conversion rate of methane could reach 30% and the hydrogen concentration in the output gas exceed 40%. The study found that high temperatures, low flow rates and the low concentration of raw gases all contributed to improving the conversion rate of the raw gases and the quality of the carbon materials. For instance, reducing the feed gas concentration from 100% to 25% can increase the conversion rate to 48%, resulting in the carbon nanotubes with more uniform and slender quality. However, the low concentration of feed gas (regulated by nitrogen) would dilute the hydrogen concentration in the product gas, which can be improved by adjusting the feed gas concentration with hydrogen in the future. Furthermore, uniform bubble dispersion can be relied on to increase the gas-liquid contact area, extend bubble residence time and reduce the formation of impurity carbon not involved in catalytic reactions. Additionally, the relevant cracking reaction mechanism was also involved in this paper.

Hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) was used as an intermediate medium to graft the carbon fiber (CF) oxidized by acid potassium permanganate solution, the polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) hydrolyzed in hydrochloric acid solution and the carboxylated hydrogenated nitrile rubber (HXNBR) to form three-phase grafting interface. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to microscopicly characterize the three-phase composite interfaces before and after the modification and the co-grafting. The result of FTIR showed that HDI reacted with resins, damping materials and fibers to form new chemical bonds-amide bonds. The result of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicated that the interface of CF and PMMA after the modification and the HDI grafting became rough, and there were more binding sites between them. The thermoplastic damping composite laminates were fabricated by co-grafting process and characterized by macroscopic characterization, and the extraction force of the fiber from the damping material was increased by 90.7% by the H extraction test. The interlaminar shear stress of thermoplastic damping composites increased by 63.6% by interlaminar shear test. The loss factor of the specimen embedded with a thinner damping layer (0.1mm) was about 2.9 times that of the specimen embedded without the damping layer by the free vibration attenuation test. The effectiveness of modification and co-grafting was verified.

Drug molecules such as TC and NOR in sewage have great harm to organisms. The photocatalytic process for treating organic pollutants has potential advantages such as energy saving and environmental protection. Two layered Bi₂WO₆ photocatalysts were prepared by hydrothermal method. The composition, structure and morphology of the photocatalysts were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The results showed that Bi₂WO₆-1 was composed of multi-layer nanosheets, while Bi₂WO₆-2 had a frame-like structure formed by a single square sheet. Compared with Bi₂WO₆-1, the single-layer nanosheet structure of Bi₂WO₆-2 gave it a larger specific surface area, a smaller band gap width and a higher oxygen vacancy content. In the photocatalytic degradation experiment, Bi₂WO₆-2 catalyst had good adsorption and photocatalytic degradation activity for TC and NOR. Under the optimal reaction conditions, the degradation rate of tetracycline by Bi₂WO₆-2 catalyst can reach 85.5% and the reaction rate constant was 0.0156 min^-1. Combined with the calculation of effective carrier mass, it was found that the existence of oxygen vacancy in Bi₂WO₆ structure changed its electronic structure properties, making it have smaller m_e* and m_h* values and larger m_h*/m_e* ratio (1.81), which was conducive to increasing the photogenerated carrier separation efficiency. Therefore, the high photocatalytic activity of Bi₂WO₆-2 catalyst could be attributed to the synergistic effect of single-layer Bi₂WO₆ nanosheet structure and oxygen vacancy, which not only increased the visible light absorption intensity, reduced the band gap width and increased the active site, but also significantly improved the photogenerated carrier separation efficiency.

To improve the daptomycin yield from Streptomyces roseosporus, the original strain G904 was subjected to ethyl methanesulfonate-lithium chloride (EMS-LiCl) combination mutagenesis. High-yielding strain G12 with a 152.47mg/L±0.49mg/L of shake flask fermentation yield was successfully obtained, which was 1.53 times higher than that of the starting strain. Plate passaging, colony morphology, and BOX-PCR analyses showed that the high-yielding performance of G12 was stably inherited, and compared with G904, the mycelial morphology, and genomic DNA were significantly different at 0.1kb, suggesting mutations in the genes. Whole genome sequencing and comparative genomics analyses revealed that G12 contained many proteins related to gene expression and more transport protein genes, and possessed enhanced antibiotic production and secretion. In addition, four single-base mutations (SNPs), one multi-base mutation (MNP), and one exclusive gene family were detected in the G12 gene that may be associated with high daptomycin production. The study demonstrated that EMS-LiCl combination mutagenesis was an effective method for breeding daptomycin high-yielding strains, which provided a technical reference for microbial breeding and strain improvement, and revealed the relationship between gene mutations and high daptomycin yield, which laid a theoretical foundation for further improving daptomycin yield by genetic modification.

Epoxy resin coatings have excellent adhesion and anti-corrosion properties, but they are prone to voids and cracks during the curing process, which directly affect the anti-corrosion performance and service life of the coating. Self-healing epoxy anti-corrosion coatings can actively repair surface damage and improve corrosion protection. Two types of self-healing epoxy anticorrosive coatings were introduced: "external aid" and "internal trigger". "External" healing was based on additives such as microcapsules, nanofibers and nanocontainers containing healing agents to complete the repair process. "Intrinsically triggered" healing was based on reversible covalent or non-covalent bonds between polymer chains, which actively healed the damaged area through physical or chemical reactions. By analyzing the research progress of two kinds of self-healing epoxy anticorrosive coatings, the advantages and disadvantages of each were obtained, which provided a useful reference for the development of new self-healing epoxy anticorrosive coatings in the future.

To reduce the carbon capture cost, a novel phase change absorbent composed of N-methyldiethanolamine (MDEA), diethylenetriamine (DETA), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ionic liquids ([Bmim][BF₄]) and water was proposed for CO₂ capture. Among them, MDEA was used as the main absorbent, a small amount of DETA was added as the activator, and [Bmim][BF₄] was introduced as the phase splitter. The phase separation properties, phase separation mechanism, CO₂ absorption and regeneration performance of MDEA-based phase change absorbent were investigated. The results showed that the modulation of the fractional volume ratio, phase separation time and CO₂ loading of the two phases of phase change absorbents could be effectively achieved by changing the concentration of [Bmim][BF₄]. Based on the phase separation results and ¹³C NMR analysis, the absorption and phase separation mechanisms were elucidated and the key for the phase separation of the rich and poor phases was the effect of carbamate concentration. The absorption and regeneration performance experiments indicated that the presence of ionic liquid significantly increased the initial absorption rate and the absorbent could adapt to the effects of temperature changes in a certain range. The new absorbent had a low regeneration energy consumption, which was mainly due to the reduction of reaction heat and latent heat. Its regeneration energy consumption can be reduced to 1.99GJ/t CO₂, which was 48.8% lower than that of 30% MEA.

Waterborne dye pollution represents a critical threat to human health and environmental safety at present. To surmount the limitations of traditional water treatment technologies concerning degradation efficiency and sustainability, the graphite phase nitrogen carbide(g-C₃N₄) photocatalytic membranes, which integrate membrane and photocatalytic technologies, have emerged as a focal point of recent research. In this review, the merits and demerits of various g-C₃N₄ synthesis methods were summarized, noting the dense structure of products resulting from conventional thermal polymerization and exploring diverse strategies to augment photocatalytic performance via structural optimization and synergistic effects. Subsequently, the manuscript systematically delineated the fabrication techniques of g-C₃N₄ photocatalytic membranes and their applications in dye degradation, covering the evolutionary trends from self-supporting and loaded membranes to hybrid membranes and comparing their respective strengths and weaknesses, thereby demonstrating their significant potential for advancement in water treatment fields. Finally, the paper acknowledged ongoing challenges in the scalable application, establishment of evaluation standards and selection of composite materials for g-C₃N₄ photocatalytic membranes.

Microwave heating demonstrates notable benefits compared to conventional heating methods in aspect of heating modes, activation processes, and energy usage expenses. The research of microwave combined advanced oxidation processes (MCAOPs) in organic-contaminated soil remediation is on the rise, attributed to their gentle condition, controllable reaction, superior efficiency, and broad usability. This review examined MCAOPs' advancements in organic contaminated soil remediation, delved into microwave heating technology's evolution and features, outlined prevalent microwave-based advanced oxidation remediation technologies, investigated how factors like microwave power, temperature, and the water-to-soil ratio affected organic contaminants breakdown, elucidated the effects of soil organic matter, minerals, and moisture on these systems, outlined the reaction mechanism, microwave action mechanism and environmental effects of MCAOPs in soil, and summarized current lab- and pilot-scale microwave reactors and optimization issues, as well as proposing a viable conceptual model for amplifying MCAOPs in organic contaminant soil remediation. Ultimately, the review outlined the domains requiring additional exploration in MCAOPs for treating polluted soil, with the aim of enhancing the theoretical basis of MCAOPs and promoting their widespread use.

Due to the challenges of climate change and the urgent need for "dual carbon" strategy,hydrate-based CO₂ sequestration (HCS) has received increasing attention from more and more researchers. This method aims to inject CO₂ into geological environments with low temperatures and high pressures (such as the deep ocean) to form solid hydrates, achieving the carbon sequestration. To realize the large-scale application of HCS technology, it is essential to conduct profound studies on the formation mechanisms and behavior of CO₂ hydrates in saline systems. From the perspective of reaction mechanisms, this work reviews and summarizes the influence of NaCl on the formation of CO₂ hydrates and the practical application of HCS technology. It also introduces existing marine hydrate sequestration projects and provides an overview of the commonly used microscopic analysis techniques and molecular dynamics in research. It is found that the current research on the formation mechanisms of CO₂ hydrate in saline systems is not comprehensive enough, and existing analytical techniques unable to reach the required microscopic scales. It is crucial to comprehensively and accurately study the mechanisms of various influencing factors in order to significantly and effectively promote and large-scalely use the HCS technology in future, and improve CO₂ sequestration efficiency and stability. Additionally, it is also necessary to integrate more analytical methods into the study of reaction mechanisms. Based on these considerations, the paper proposes potential research directions and innovative ideas.

With the acceleration of industrialization, the extraction and enrichment of bromine and iodine ions from seawater brines, as well as the removal of halide ions from domestic water bodies, have become increasingly critical issues of concern. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), characterized by their exceptional high surface area, tunable porosity, and customizable functional sites, have shown significant promise in the adsorptive sequestration of halide ions. This review endeavored to delineate the application potential and research advancements of MOFs in the adsorptive separation of inorganic halide ions, including fluoride, chloride, bromide and iodide. The manuscript commences with an overview of the classifications, physicochemical attributes, and synthetic strategies of MOFs, such as solvothermal synthesis, microwave/ultrasound-assisted synthesis and room-temperature mixing methods. It proceeded with a systematic retrospective on the adsorptive capacities of MOFs for various halide ions, an analysis of the determinants affecting their adsorptive performance, and an elucidation of the intrinsic mechanisms underpinning the adsorption processes. Despite the substantial progress achieved in the adsorption of halide ions using MOFs, challenges persisted in terms of stability, reusability, and scalability for industrial applications. Ultimately, this review offered prescriptive recommendations for future research directions in MOF material design, stability enhancement and the technological development for industrial applications with the aspiration to contribute novel solutions to the realms of environmental conservation and resource recycling.

Among the diverse technologies for treating heavy metal ions in wastewater, adsorption has emerged as one of the most effective and promising methods. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs), an emerging class of organic porous polymers, are characterized by their high crystallinity, large specific surface area and high adsorption capacity. These properties give COFs a distinct advantage over traditional adsorbents and highlight their enormous potential for heavy metal ions removal from wastewater. This paper firstly reviewed the design of COFs structure and the main synthesis strategies, and then introduced the research progress regarding heavy metal ions removal from water by pristine COFs, functionalized COFs and COFs composites. The adsorption performance of COFs with functional groups containing N, O and S activities was emphasized, and the influence mechanisms of COFs were elaborated in conjunction with their spatial structure properties. In addition, various interaction mechanisms between COFs and heavy metal ions were analyzed. Finally, the current problems of COFs in removing heavy metal ions were analyzed, and functionalization and composite materials were proposed as future development directions of COFs adsorbents, aiming to offer references for the design and adsorption applications of COFs.

In recent years, peroxydisulfate-based advanced oxidation processes (PS-AOPs) have been widely used for the removal of organic pollutants from wastewater, and their water purification effects are closely related to the type of active oxygen species induced by catalysts. The PS-AOPs system can degrade pollutants through radical (·OH and ·SO₄^-) or non-radical (¹O₂, electron transfer, and high-valent metal species) pathways. However, there are problems with the non-selective existence of radicals in heterogeneous systems, short action time, easy reaction with halogen ions to generate toxic by-products, and the consumption of radicals by various interfering ions (such as OH^-, Cl^-, CO₃^2-) in wastewater, which reduces the amount of radicals acting on organic pollutants and affects the treatment effect. The high selectivity of non-radicals for electron-rich pollutants and insensitivity to halogen ions make them the focus of current research. However, there is no systematic review on the catalyst structure/property and non-radical pathway regulation in PS-AOPs systems at home and abroad. Based on this, this paper introduced the characteristics, generation mechanisms, and identification methods of the ¹O₂, electron transfer, and high-valent metal species three typical non-radical pathways, summarized the three methods and mechanisms of reducing the size of the catalyst active site, introducing heteroatoms into the catalyst, and changing the physical and chemical properties of the catalyst to achieve non-radical directed regulation, and finally outlined the directions of non-radical regulation to enhance catalyst stability, improve the method of distinguishing between radical/non-radical contributions, clarify the mechanism of non-radical species oxidizing organic pollutants, and deeply study the generation pathway or pollutant degradation pathway, in order to provide theoretical support for the efficient activation of non-radical pathways for PS to degrade organic pollutants.

Zirconium(Zr) and hafnium(Hf) are indispensable materials in the nuclear industry and their separation technology is crucial to the development of advanced technological fields. The extraction chromatography method, which combines the advantages of ion exchange and solvent extraction, offers high production capacity, high separation efficiency and excellent selectivity, demonstrating great potential in Zr/Hf separation with the extractant-loaded resin playing a key role. This paper categorized the reported Zr/Hf separation extractant-loaded resins based on the acidity/basicity of the extraction functional groups into neutral (ketones, neutral phosphorus, crown ethers, amides), acidic (organic phosphates, sulfonic acids) and basic (N-containing basic groups, quaternary ammonium salts) groups. Their preparation, structures and properties were discussed and summarized. Ketone group-modified extraction resins had a weak adsorption capacity for Zr/Hf and low separation efficiency for Zr/Hf. Neutral phosphorus-based groups, nitrogen-containing basic groups and quaternary ammonium salt group-modified extraction resins required high acidity for the separation of Zr/Hf, requiring high quality of the equipment on corrosion resistance. Crown ether groups can recognize and match Zr/Hf metal ions, but their high cost restricted their application. Amide group-modified extraction resins had a significant saturation adsorption capacity for Zr/Hf, but research in this area was limited. Acidic group-modified extraction resins exhibited strong adsorption capacity and high saturation adsorption capacity for Zr/Hf, but the separation factor between these elements was low and the stripping was difficult. In view of this, the development of branched dialkyl phosphinic acid group-modified extraction resins could facilitate the efficient adsorption separation of Zr/Hf.

This study described the formation of amorphous MoS _x with a three-dimensional layer-by-layer structure by Mo₃S₁₃ clusters connected by disulfide bonds, and anchor Co in to the lamellar structure and highly dispersed using deposition method. The results indicated that the highly disordered structure in amorphous Co-MoS _x facilitated the exposure of more unsaturated active sites. Under the conditions of 0.5mL Co (NO₃)₂·6H₂O doping, 2mmol/L PMS concentration and pH=5, the 0.5MoS _x /PMS system degrade 95.96% of norfloxacin (NOR) within 40min. DFT calculations revealed that compared to MoS _x (-0.74eV), Co-MoS _x (-2.96eV)and PMS exhibited lower adsorption energy barriers. Hirshfeld charges revealed that the electron transfer number of Co-MoS _x (0.65e^-) with PMS was much higher than that of MoS _x (0.41e^-), leading to more significant electron rearrangement between Co-MoS _x and PMS and more complete activation of PMS. The valence cycle between Co²⁺/Co³⁺ and Mo⁴⁺/Mo⁵⁺/Mo⁶⁺ was the key to PMS activation. The analysis of active species indicated that the main source of ¹O₂ was the recombination of ·OH and the conversion of ·O{}_{\mathrm{2}}^{-}, and a reasonable NOR degradation pathway and corresponding mechanism analysis were proposed. The experiments with inorganic anions, ion leaching and different contaminants demonstrated the reusability, stability and non-selectivity of the 0.5 Co-MoS _x /PMS system for environmental applications.

With the rapid development of the new energy industry, the recycling and treatment of spent ternary lithium-ion batteries have become increasingly urgent. The acid leachate from spent ternary powders typically contains impurity ions such as Al, Fe and Cu. Efficient removal of these impurities is critical for enhancing the quality of the recycling process. This work investigated a stepwise impurity removal process using phosphates to eliminate Al and Fe from the acid leachate based on thermodynamic analysis. Systematic investigations assessed the effects of reaction temperature, reaction time, initial solution pH and NaH₂PO₄ dosage on the removal efficiencies of Al and Fe. The feasibility of scaling up this process was evaluated using pilot production data from the treatment of 40m³ of acid leachate. The results indicated that over 99% of the copper was recovered as a mixture of Cu and Cu₂O. The removal efficiencies of Al and Fe were 98.88% and 99.81%, respectively, with minimal loss of Ni, Co and Li, demonstrating excellent impurity removal performance. This work provided an effective solution for Al/Fe removal from the acid leachate of spent ternary powders, offering significant potential for improving recycling efficiency.

The contradiction between membrane fouling propensity and Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) theory by various emulsifiers were systematically investigated at the molecular level. It was indicated the electrical property and potential of emulsifiers had a significant impact on the stability of oil droplets. Under the same filtration time, the flux of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB)-stabilized emulsion was higher than that of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), showing the less membrane fouling by CTAB. Besides, DLVO theory illustrated the opposite phenomenon that CTAB stabilized emulsion was easier to adsorb to membrane surface and caused fouling while SDS-emulsion needed to overcome a large energy barrier to cause fouling. Additionally, molecular simulation expounded the fouling mechanism resulted from the different adsorption energy between oil/emulsifier molecules and membrane. The larger interaction between polyether sulfone (PES) and CTAB contributed to the rapid adsorption, followed by that with Tween 80 and then SDS. It was also found that electrostatic energy of CTAB and SDS played an important role in total interaction effect while Van Der Waals force dominated the adsorption of PES-Tween. Therefore, emulsifiers especially for CTAB preferentially adsorbed on membrane surface and inner channels to cause demulsification and steric hindrance, which formed an isolation layer to resist oil and alleviate membrane fouling.

The effective recovery of valuable metals from waste lithium-ion batteries is beneficial to the rational utilization of resources and environmental protection. In order to shorten the recovery process and directly obtain high purity recycled products, a new process of transition metal extraction, lithium recovery and cathode material regeneration based on co-extraction and coprecipitation was proposed. In this paper, the transition metal was co-extracted from the leaching solution and separated from lithium by using hydrochloric acid as leaching agent and neo-decanoic acid (Versatic 10). The effects of hydrochloric acid concentration, solid-liquid ratio, leaching temperature and leaching time on the extraction rate of each metal were investigated, and the effects of extractant Versatic 10 concentration, pH, extraction ratio and extraction time on the extraction rate of each metal were investigated. The results showed that the leaching rates of Li, Ni, Co and Mn were 100%, 99.7%, 99.3% and 99.7%, respectively, under the conditions of hydrochloric acid concentration 3mol/L, solid-liquid ratio 0.02g/mL, acid leaching temperature 80℃ and acid leaching 60 minutes. The total extraction efficiency of cobalt, nickel and manganese after two-stage extraction was 97.47%, 96.18% and 98.05%, respectively, under the extraction conditions of 40% Versatic 10, pH=7, extraction ratio was 1∶1, temperature was 25℃ and time was 6 minutes. Then, the Li was recovered from the raffinate by precipitation method and the Li₂CO₃ with a purity of 99.2% was obtained. Finally, the organic supported phase was stripped with 0.4mol/L HCl and the cathode material LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂ was regenerated directly from the stripping solution by coprecipitation without separate metal separation. The prepared renewable cathode material LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂ was micro-spherical and did not contain any impurities, which met the national LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂ production standard.

The release of heavy metals in the process of storage and utilization of red mud may cause environmental pollution. In order to further explore the release characteristics of heavy metals in red mud in different environments, the contents and occurrence forms of different heavy metals in red mud were first determined, and the effects of leaching agent pH, leaching time, solid-liquid ratio, raw material particle size and leaching temperature on the leaching characteristics of red mud heavy metals were investigated. Combined with risk assessment coding method (RAC) and secondary and primary comparison value method (RSP), the environmental pollution characteristics of different occurrence of heavy metals in red mud were evaluated. The results showed that the content of As, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni and Pb in red mud was high, and the occurrence form of heavy metal elements was mainly residue state. The pH of the extraction agent had great influence on the leaching of Pb, Cr, Ni, Cu and Mn. With the increase of solid-liquid ratio and the extension of reaction time, the leaching amount of heavy metals in red mud increased. Reducing the size of red mud was beneficial to the leaching of heavy metals such as Cr. To a certain extent, the high reaction temperature will promote the leaching of heavy metals in the red mud, but when the reaction temperature exceeded 50℃, the leaching amount of heavy metals will decrease. Environmental pollution evaluation analysis showed that the biological availability of heavy metals in red mud was small, and it was not easy to be absorbed by organisms, but the heavy metals Cr and Cu in red mud had a greater risk of migration and transformation in the environment, and attention should be paid to strengthening the solidification of Cr and Cu during the storage and utilization of red mud.

Pore water is the main medium for releasing phosphorus from sediment to overlying water. Separation and removal of pore water rich in phosphorus is an effective means of controlling endogenous phosphorus release. We conducted outdoor pilot tests using a self-developed pore water electric drainage device to analyze the impact of pore water electric drainage on the release and occurrence of phosphorus in sediment, and explore the regulatory mechanism of phosphorus occurrence and transformation during the pore water electric drainage process.The results indicated that electrokinetic drainage promoted the conversion of dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) to soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) within the sediment. As the voltage gradient increased, the proportion of SRP in dissolved total phosphorus (DTP) in the anodically drained pore water rose from 8.14% to 60.61%, while the DOP/DTP ratio decreased from 90.70% to 39.39%. The technique effectively reduced phosphorus release across the sediment-water interface (SWI) by diminishing the phosphorus concentration gradient. Furthermore, it inhibited the upward release of pore water phosphorus to the overlying water. By the experiment's end, the pore water/overlying water SRP ratio increased from 4.35 to 20.00. Finally, electrokinetic drainage enhanced sediment phosphorus removal by altering phosphorus speciation significant dissolution of iron/aluminum-bound phosphorus (Fe/Al)-P occurred in the cathode zone at depths of 15—25cm, and anodic acidification promoted the transformation of inorganic phosphorus (IP) to calcium-bound phosphorus (Ca-P) in the sediment. Overall, electrokinetic pore water drainage facilitates the conversion of organic phosphorus to inorganic forms and promotes the dissolution of (Fe/Al)-P, achieving an integrated reduction of phosphorus content in the pore water, overlying water, and sediment. This consequently lowers the risk of internal phosphorus release from sediments, aiding in water purification and the control of eutrophication.

The carbon emissions from the tire manufacturing process are one of the main sources of carbon emissions in the automotive industry chain, and it is urgent to conduct carbon emission modeling and carbon footprint analysis on it. Based on this, taking 6.50R16LT radial tire as the research object, a life cycle assessment (LCA) based radial tire carbon footprint model was constructed to accurately calculate the carbon emissions during the tire manufacturing process. A sensitivity analysis method for carbon footprint in tire manufacturing process based on the combination of OAT and e-FAST was propose, and the carbon emission patterns of different stages and processes in tire manufacturing process were analyzed. The results indicated that the use stage contributed the most to the carbon footprint during the tire lifecycle, accounting for 78.50%, followed by the raw material stage, which accounted for 11.60%. The compounding process had the highest contribution to the carbon footprint of tires during the manufacturing process accounting for 42.16%, followed by the vulcanization process, which had a higher carbon footprint contribution accounting for 19.02%. In the global sensitivity analysis, the highest sensitivity of electric energy to tire carbon emissions was 0.425, followed by skeleton materials>natural rubber>carbon black. This study would provide decision-making basis for the precise implementation of energy conservation and carbon reduction in the tire industry.

In order to address the problems of high energy consumption and corrosive nature that occur in the absorption and desorption of CO₂ with traditional alcoholamine aqueous solvents, [DETAH][HCOO]-MEA-DMSO (diethylene-triamine formate) was fabricated by using ethanolamine (MEA) as the main adsorbent, [DETAH][HCOO] (diethylenetriamine) as the activator and DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide) as the solvent. Desorption properties, resolving properties and corrosion resistance of the adsorbent were systematically investigated. It was confirmed that at the temperature of 20℃, the ratio of [DETAH][HCOO] and MEA was 1∶1, the total mass fraction of [DETAH][HCOO] and MEA was 20% and the gas-liquid ratio was 2∶1, part of the amino group (—NH₂) in the anhydrous absorbent reacted with CO₂ to form carbamic acid without HCO₃^-/CO₃^2- formation after absorbing CO₂ to produce very low corrosivity. Compared with the mixed absorbent of water system, it was found that the CO₂ absorption capacity of the nonaqueous absorbent was increased by 14.67%, the maximum CO₂ absorption rate was increased by 1.24%, the desorption load was increased by 35.61% and the energy consumption of desorption was reduced by 54.41%. This work provided a novel strategy for the development of CO₂ absorbent, which would strongly promote the steady implementation of the dual carbon strategy in China.

Peracetic acid (PAA) is widely used in water treatment due to the well oxidation property and limited formation of harmful by-products. In this study, PAA was successfully activated by pyrolytic CNT, which could degrade 97% sulfamethoxazole (SMX) in 5min. The degradation efficiency of SMX would be influenced by pH with the optimal efficiency under neutral condition. The effect of pyrolysis temperature on the degradation of SMX was investigated, which was determined in 800℃. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and quenching experiments combined with electrochemical experiments were applied to understand the degradation mechanism. ¹O₂ rather than ·OH played the major role in SMX degradation with organic radicals playing minor roles. The electron transfer process (ETP) was also involved in the degradation process. The satisfactory degradation efficiency of SMX was obtained by pyrolytic CNT/PAA after five cycles reusability, while re-pyrolyzed of used CNT was needed to recover the defects on CNT surface. The occupied reactive sites would be refreshed during re-pyrolysis process and then participate in the reaction. In conclusion, this study focused on the performance and mechanism of SMX degradation by pyrolytic CNT activated PAA, which could provide some theoretic knowledge for pyrolytic CNT/PAA applied in water purification.

Ammonium in a physically adsorbed state, resulting from the ammonium salt leaching of ionic rare earth ores, is the primary source of environmental ammonia-nitrogen pollution. The location of its adsorption on the surfaces of clay minerals influences its desorption behavior. Formulas for calculating the thickness of the shear plane and the ion occupancy between the shear plane and the Gouy plane in a single electrolyte system were derived based on the Gouy-Chapman double-layer theory. Experimental measurements were obtained for the adsorption/desorption of physically adsorbed ammonium by Xinfeng (XF) and Xunwu (XW) ore samples, as well as the changes in zeta potential (ζ-potential) following adsorption/desorption. The findings indicated that ① the thickness of the shear plane and the Gouy plane was influenced by the electrolyte concentration of the system, and as the electrolyte concentration increased, both the shear plane and the Gouy plane moved towards the surface of the clay particles, becoming thinner; ② at saturation adsorption of physical adsorption of ammonium, the experimental adsorption amount of XF tailings accounted for 98% of the theoretical storage between the Gouy plane and the shear plane, while XW tailings accounted for 96%. The first desorption amount of physically adsorbed ammonium in XF tailings reached 75%, and that in XW tailings reached 90%, suggesting that physically adsorbed ammonium was primarily located between the Gouy plane and the shear plane with a significant presence near the Gouy plane; and ③ as the desorption of physically adsorbed ammonium in tailings proceeds, the ζ-potential within the diffusion layer decreased. Intermittent leaching can increased the ζ-potential, promoting the desorption of physically adsorbed ammonium and offering a potential solution for the management of ammonia-nitrogen pollution in ionic rare earth mines.

In this study, a perylene tetracarboxylic dianhydride (PTCDA)-modified graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) composite photocatalyst (PI-g-C₃N₄) was synthesized via thermal polymerization. The photocatalytic degradation efficiency of phenol (Ph) via PI-g-C₃N₄/Vis system and its possible reaction mechanism were systematically investigated. The prepared PI-g-C₃N₄ composite photocatalyst was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-Vis-DRS), transient photocurrent response analysis and Mott-Schottky (M-S) plots. The effects of different catalysts, catalyst dosages, initial solution pH and different actual water backgrounds on the photocatalytic degradation of Ph were evaluated. The results demonstrated that under xenon lamp irradiation (with a filter for λ>400nm) with a PI-g-C₃N₄ dosage of 1.0g/L, an initial Ph concentration of 10mg/L and a reaction time of 120min, the removal efficiency of Ph reached 91% with a degradation rate constant of 0.02min^-1, which was 10 times and 250 times of Ph degradation by g-C₃N₄ or PTCDA alone. The dosage of catalyst and alkaline condition were all favorable for Ph degradation. Radical quenching experiments and electron spin resonance (ESR) analysis revealed that photogenerated holes (h⁺), superoxide radicals (O₂^•-) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) were the primary active species responsible for Ph degradation. PI-g-C₃N₄ was an S-scheme heterostructure, where PTCDA was coupled with g-C₃N₄ through π-π conjugation interactions. This configuration effectively facilitated the separation of photogenerated electron-hole pairs, ultimately leading to significant enhancement in photocatalytic degradation performance for Ph. Furthermore, recycling experiments confirmed the excellent reusability of the PI-g-C₃N₄ composite catalyst. This study provided new insights and methodologies for the application of photocatalytic materials in environmental pollution control.

Safety barriers are the main means for prevention and control of technological accidents in chemical industrial parks. The basic theories of barrier function realization and barrier management have received increased attentions in the research field. However, there are notable differences among studies regarding the concept of safety barrier, barrier performance characteristic parameter, assessment methodology of barrier effect, and principles of barrier management, so that it is hard to further advance the theoretical research and engineering practice. In this paper, the development pattern of safety barrier concept was reviewed, and the categories of safety barriers and related classification rules were clarified. The basic principles of barrier function realization were analyzed in detail in the viewpoints of risk and resilience, general parameters and methods for barrier performance characterization were overviewed and summarized. The quantification of barrier effects was identified as the key point in the research field. The advantages and weaknesses of risk-reduction-based barrier management were compared with those of resilience-strengthen-based strategies. Subsequently, the barrier management framework of chemical industrial park was discussed, focusing on the establishment of barrier system, monitoring and maintenance, emergency response support, and post-hazard improvement of the barrier system. Finally, key directions for future works on safety barriers were highlighted, aiming to design an effective barrier system and guarantee the safe development of chemical industrial park.