CCUS technology is an important way to achieve the carbon peak and the carbon neutrality. However, the technology from CO₂ capture to utilization and storage is still immature in various stages. Factors such as environmental risks, safety risks, production costs and social acceptance hinder the large-scale commercialization of the technology. This article reviewed the domestic and international support policies and measures for CCUS technology, and introduced in detail the policy guidance, investment funding, market mechanisms, tax policies and capacity building that promoted the development of the CCUS industry. These policies aimed to reduce the costs of projects, improve the maturity of the technology and create a more sustainable and feasible market environment for the development of the CCUS industry. The article emphasized that government policy support and financial investment were key factors in promoting the development of CCUS technology and achieving the goal of net-zero emissions. There were still issues with the economic and technical challenges of CCUS technology, and continuous policy support was crucial to overcome these challenges. By reducing technology costs, improving technology maturity and market acceptance, and establishing a sound technical standard and regulatory system, CCUS technology would play an important role in achieving the goal of carbon neutrality.

A numerical model for mass transfer in micropores was established based on the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM). The physical models of the microporous layer (MPL) in the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) were reconstructed using different structural parameters, and the gas transfer property was simulated. The results show that the effective oxygen diffusion coefficient in the MPL decreases as porosity decreases from 80% to 40%, with resistance due to Knudsen diffusion increasing from 51% to 83%. Assuming a constant MPL porosity, the effective diffusion coefficient increases with PTFE mass fraction; however, assuming a constant total number of carbon lattices, the effective diffusion coefficient decreases with increasing PTFE mass fraction due to the reduced porosity. The effective diffusion coefficient of the MPL increases with the radius of the carbon spheres and decreases with an increasing carbon seed fraction. Moreover, a mass transfer and reaction coupling simulation was conducted by combining MPLs of different porosities with the cathode catalyst layer (CL). The results indicate that as MPL porosity decreases, the oxygen concentration in the ionomer of the CL decreases by 1.7%, and the water content increases by 2.7%. Increased gas transfer resistance in the MPL has the effect of hindering reactant gas transfer and increasing relative humidity within the micropores. These findings provide theoretical guidance for the design and utilization of MPLs in PEMFCs.

Microreactors, as key devices for process intensification, have been applied in several fields. However, the lack of a microreactor module in most process simulation software has hindered its application in industry to some extent. In this paper, based on transfer learning, a product yield prediction model for Aspen microreactors applicable to large gas-liquid ratio is proposed, and the accuracy of the model is verified by taking the process of synthesizing dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid by large gas-liquid sulfonation in a microreactor as an example. First, 38 sets of yield data of dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid are collected in a T-type microreactor through sulfonation experiments with gas-liquid ratios ［(2000∶1)—(3000∶1)］, which serve as the target domain for transfer learning. A preliminary product yield prediction model for the process is developed based on the microchannel annular flow characteristics using the flat push-flow reactor (PFR) module of Aspen Plus, and 29700 sets of source domain data are generated. Considering the features such as fluid dynamics and microchannel structure, this study adopts and adapts the conditional adversarial domain adaptation network (CADAN) in transfer learning, including the adoption of a deep ReLU network architecture and optimization of the adversarial loss function. Subsequently, the feature extractor is trained using simulated data and the conditional adversarial domain adaptation is trained using experimental data. The final model fit coefficient (R²) can reach 0.9346, which is improved by 14.6% compared to the artificial neural network and 98.18% compared to the PFR model. Meanwhile, the model maintains an R² greater than 0.78 at 20% noise level, and the root mean square error is as low as 5.07, which is better than that of the artificial neural network under the same conditions, showing high prediction accuracy and strong robustness.

With the increasing global demand for clean energy, the development and application of green ammonia as a carbon free clean fuel have received widespread attention. The research work in this article broke through the limitations of existing studies that mainly focused on short-term modeling and optimization of green ammonia synthesis systems. And focusing on the issue of high production costs of clean fuels, it innovatively proposed a long-term green ammonia synthesis model that considered continuous changes in grid carbon emission factors. This model fully considered the greenness of the product and added economic indicators such as loans, income tax, and internal rate of return to achieve dual optimization of environmental and economic benefits. Through simulation analysis of a green ammonia project under three different scenarios of changes in grid power carbon emission factors, this article revealed the positive impact of reducing grid power carbon emission factors on the system's grid power proportion, stability, product output, and project revenue. The simulation results show that in the fast transition scenario, the project has the best economic benefits, and the optimal scale of the corresponding synthetic ammonia plant is 2.7×10⁵t/a. In this case, the total investment cost is 5.566×10⁹CNY, and the average production cost of green ammonia is 2218.6CNY/t. According to sensitivity analysis, the cost of wind turbines, the price of green ammonia and off grid electricity prices have a significant impact on the average production cost of green ammonia. This study provides a scientific basis for the long-term planning and decision-making of green ammonia synthesis projects, which is of great significance for promoting the sustainable development of the green ammonia industry.

Taking the tail gas incinerator of a refinery plant as the research object, the effects of the distribution ratio of primary and secondary air, the jet velocity of secondary air and the degree of dispersion of secondary air on the formation of MILD combustion, combustion characteristics and NO _x generation in the chamber of the incinerator are investigated by means of numerical simulation. Numerical simulation results show that reducing the proportion of primary air and increasing the jet velocity of secondary air contribute to the formation of MILD combustion under the condition of constant total air flow. When the primary air volume is gradually changed from fuel-poor combustion to fuel-rich combustion, the transition from conventional combustion to MILD combustion can be realized, and the NO _x generated from combustion is significantly reduced in this process. Increasing the jet velocity of the secondary air is conducive to strengthening the entrainment of the flue gas and the uniform distribution of the fuel/air mixture, expanding the range of combustion reaction, making the temperature distribution in the furnace chamber more uniform, and effectively reducing the NO _x emission at the outlet. The formation and stabilization of MILD combustion can be promoted at higher secondary air jet velocities. Appropriately increasing the degree of secondary air dispersion within the simulation range expands the secondary air jet entrainment range, allowing combustion to take place in a larger area, which is conducive to stabilizing combustion and further reducing NO _x emissions.

Entrained flow bed gasification technology has stringent requirements for raw material particle size, as it significantly affects transportation performance, gasification efficiency, and product quality. This paper, setting against the backdrop of biomass entrained flow bed gasification, uses agricultural waste rice husks as the experimental material to explore the impact of particle size on the morphological characteristics, flowability, and reactivity of the powder. The results indicate that reducing particle size can reduce the anisotropy of rice husk powder, enhance the adaptability of the entrained flow bed process to biomass feedstocks, and facilitate the resolution of challenges associated with the diversity, regionality, and seasonality of biomass. The bulk density of rice husk powder shows a trend of increasing and then decreasing with decreasing particle size. The inter-particle interactions at small particle sizes and the needle-like characteristics of particles at large sizes are the main reasons for the loose packing structure and high porosity of the bed layer. The feeding flow rate of rice husk powder first increases and then decreases with particle size. For rice husk powder with large particle sizes, gravity plays a dominant role in the feeding process, and the Beverloo model predicts quite accurately. However, for rice husk powder with particle sizes less than 100μm, the influence of inter-particle forces cannot be ignored, and correcting for this factor makes the model prediction closer to the experimental values. The smaller the particle size, the faster the reaction rate of rice husk powder; however, rice husk powder with large particle sizes still exhibits high reactivity. Therefore, for biomass entrained flow bed gasification, when using feedstocks with good reactivity such as rice husk powder, it is feasible to increase the particle size of the feedstock entering the furnace to reduce the cost of powder production. This study has certain reference significance for the conversion and utilization of agricultural waste such as rice husks.

U-shaped well supercritical cycle power generation technology is considered as an important way to develop dry hot rock, and the circulating working fluid is one of the important factors affecting power generation performance. Regarding this problem, a numerical model of U-shaped well supercritical power generation system with dry hot rock was established. The potential application of seven refrigerants as circulating working fluids in U-shaped well supercritical power generation systems was analyzed, and the influence of fluid flow rate, vertical well depth, horizontal well length, geothermal gradient, and rock thermal conductivity on the power generation capacity and economic performance of the system were studied. The results were compared with those of CO₂, aiming to select the ideal circulating working fluid. In the analysis, average annual power generation and levelized cost of energy are selected as performance indicators. Results indicate that when the operating conditions change, the variation regular of the annual power generation of different working fluids is very similar, and the variation of the levelized cost of energy is different. Of the seven alternative fluids, R152a and R143a performs better than CO₂. R152a, which has a relatively large annual power generation and a small levelized cost of energy, is considered as an ideal circulating working fluid.

Zeolites confined catalysts have become a research hotspot in propane dehydrogenation to propene in recent years due to their high selectivity, high metal dispersion, and high sintering resistance. In this paper, the advances on the synthesis strategies of Pt-M@zeolites catalysts are systematically reviewed from the perspectives of in situ synthesis and post-synthesis. The nano-sized effect of confined metal, additives modulation and the catalytic mechanism between the metal clusters interaction and the zeolite framework in each catalyst are explored in detail. In addition, the problems of this two types of synthesis strategies, such as low encapsulation efficiency, unclear encapsulation mechanism, environmental unfriendly synthesis, agglomeration of active sites and poor stability after regeneration, are analyzed. Finally, the solutions for accurate design and controllable synthesis of high-stable Pt-M@zeolites catalysts are proposed from the aspects of developing advanced in situ characterization techniques to explore the packaging mechanism and determine the fine structure of the active site, developing green and efficient synthesis strategies to enhance the interactions between metals and zeolites, as well as developing mild catalyst regeneration conditions, respectively.

Dry reforming of methane (DRM) is an effective approach to convert two greenhouse gases of CH₄ and CO₂ into syngas. However, catalysts are prone to carbon deposition or sintering deactivation during the reaction process, so design of efficient and stable catalysts is the key to realize the industrial application of DRM. This paper mainly summarized recent progress of anti-carbon deposition Ni-based catalysts for DRM. Firstly, the anti-carbon deposition strategy of Ni-based catalysts was analyzed from the limitations of traditional catalysts. Secondly, the synergistic mechanism of bimetallic catalysts, the design strategies and advantages of catalysts with different structures, as well as the anti-carbon deposition mechanism were discussed in detail. And the causes of carbon deposition in catalyst and the control methods were analyzed. Finally, current research status of DRM was summarized and outlooked, and the possible future directions of DRM research were discussed, such as the development of more diversified alloy catalysts or high entropy alloy catalysts, and the stability testing for longer time. This paper is intended to provide a reference for the design of anti-deactivation catalysts for DRM.

Methane dry reforming (DRM) is a key technology for promoting the global economy towards green and low-carbon transition, as well as for mitigating global warming. The primary challenge lies in the catalysts with high activity, stability, and superior anti-coking ability for industrial application. Currently, Ni/Al₂O₃ is the most widely studied non-precious metal catalyst, however issues such as sintering-induced deactivation and carbon accumulation during high-temperature reactions need to be urgently addressed. This review focuses on the research progresses over the past decade regarding the anti-coking and anti-sintering properties of Ni/Al₂O₃-based catalysts, and emphasis was placed on the discussion of the effects of Ni particle size, promoter modification, Al₂O₃ pore structure, morphology, acid-base properties, and catalyst structure type on the reactivity and stability of Ni/Al₂O₃-based catalysts. It is concluded that increasing the dispersion of metal Ni, the basicity of the support, the concentration of oxygen vacancy, and the porosity of the support are all beneficial to improving the catalytic activity. This article provides valuable theoretical guidance for the industrial applications of Ni/Al₂O₃-based catalysts in DRM reaction.

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) is the third greenhouse gas in amount, after carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄), and has extremely harmful impact on environment. A series of Ag-doped cobalt based transition metal oxide catalysts (3.0F-Ag _x Co, x=0—0.1) were prepared by the sol-gel method using the surfactant F127 as the complexing agent and used for direct catalytic decomposition of N₂O. It was observed that Ag was highly dispersed on the catalyst surface in the form of Ag₂O. In comparison to 3.0F-Co₃O₄, the incorporation of Ag resulted in a reduction of the average grain size of Co₃O₄ and a weakening of the Co—O bond, which significantly enhanced the low-temperature activity of the catalyst. Meanwhile, the weakening of the Co—O bond facilitated the regeneration of oxygen vacancies on the catalyst surface, resulting in a lower reaction activation energy and a higher specific reaction rate. Furthermore, the 3.0F-Ag_0.02Co catalyst displayed high catalytic activity and stability under 5% O₂, 100μL/L NO and 2% H₂O, maintaining a N₂O conversion of 85% for 15h at 400℃.

Industrial separation of aromatic isomers is challenging due to their similar molecular structure and physicochemical properties. Metal-organic framework (MOF) materials, bearing high specific surface area, high adjustability and structural controllability, have shown great application potential in the field of adsorption and separation of aromatic isomers. This review introduced several typical MOF structures that had been extensively studied in the adsorption of aromatic isomers and explored the corresponding separation mechanism. From the viewpoint of C₈ aromatic isomers and other key aromatic isomers, MOF materials which had different series and separation mechanisms were introduced, and the adsorption characteristics, adsorption mechanisms and applications of MOF materials in the separation process were systematically reviewed. To address the application of MOF materials in adsorption and separation of aromatic isomers, the separation efficiency of aromatic isomers by MOF membrane were compared and the case of optimizing the adsorption performance of materials by molecular simulation were analyzed. Finally, the problems existing in the application of MOF materials in adsorption separation of aromatic isomers were summarized, and the challenges faced by MOF materials in innovation and improvement of adsorption performance were prospected.

In response to the global climate crisis, carbon dioxide (CO₂) capture technology has garnered widespread attention. As a promising low-cost CO₂ capture technology, the core of adsorption research lies in the development of adsorbent materials. Carbon aerogel materials possess advantages such as high specific surface area, rich pore structure, adjustable pore size and low regeneration energy consumption along with a large number of surface active sites capable of efficiently adsorbing CO₂. Utilizing renewable biomass resources as raw materials to prepare high-performance carbon aerogel CO₂ adsorbents is a new approach to material development that effectively reduces economic and environmental costs. This review aimed to organize and summarize the recent research progress on biomass carbon aerogel CO₂ adsorbents both domestically and internationally, including the mechanism of CO₂ adsorption by carbon aerogels, preparation methods and performance characterization with a focus on their functionalization methods. Comprehensive analysis results indicated that biomass carbon aerogels with their high specific surface area, good chemical stability and adjustable pore structure showed great potential and broad application prospects in the field of CO₂ adsorption. Future efforts should focus on exploring the large-scale preparation techniques of biomass carbon aerogels and their practical applications in complex industrial environments, promoting their transition from laboratory research to practical applications.

As an environment-friendly chemical material, dimethyl carbonate has a wide range of application prospects. The electrochemical synthesis of dimethyl carbonate, as a green and sustainable preparation technology, has many advantages, such as simple, efficient and easy-to-control, which is the goal pursued by the industrial production in the future. In this review, first of all, the nature of dimethyl carbonate, its application areas, traditional synthesis methods and advantages of electrochemical synthesis were introduced. Secondly, the research progress on the electrosynthesis of dimethyl carbonate at home and abroad was reviewed. Although some remarkable results were achieved in the research on the electrosynthesis of dimethyl carbonate, there were still many challenges, such as the lack of green credentials in the synthesis process, unsatisfactory yields and selectivities and the absence of industrial-scale implementation. Finaly, the possible aspects of improving the electrosynthesis of dimethyl carbonate, including electrode materials, electrolyte, electrolysis equipment, reaction conditions, etc., were proposed for the green development of the electrosynthesis of dimethyl carbonate.

Electrolytic copper foil, as a key component of the anode material in lithium-ion batteries, directly affects the electrochemical characteristics and safety of the batteries. This article systematically explored the impact of electroplating process parameters and additives on the performance of copper foil, focusing on the effects of copper ion concentration, electrolyte temperature, current density and electrolyte circulation on the grain size, surface roughness and electrochemical performance of the copper foil. Research indicated that appropriate copper ion concentration and electrolyte temperature contributed to achieving uniform and fine grains and a smoother surface, while an increase in current density could enhance the deposition rate and current efficiency to a certain extent. The use of additives played a significant role in refining the grains, improving surface quality and distributing internal stress of the copper foil. The synergistic and competitive effects between different additives required precise control to optimize the performance of the copper foil. Despite the significant progress in the application of electrolytic copper foil in lithium-ion batteries, challenges remained in improving product consistency and performance stability. Future research and development efforts needed to focus on enhancing the production efficiency, product quality and environmental sustainability of electrolytic copper foil, while controlling and reducing production costs.

Graphene meterial has been widespread concern by the materials science community since its introduction in 2004. Researchers from various countries have successively developed functionalized graphene materials with excellent properties on the basis of graphene. Graphene and functionalized graphene materials are widely used in the fields of electronic information, new resources of energy, water treatment, coating industry and enlarged health due to their excellent electrical and thermal conductivity as well as mechanical properties. This paper focused on summarizing the research progress and applications of graphene and functionalized graphene materials in the field of energy storage, including the preparation methods of the materials as well as their applications in various energy storage devices, and proposed the future development of graphene applied to energy storage devices. It was believed that in-depth study of the structure, mechanism and properties of graphene and its functionalized graphene should be continued because the difference in the morphology of graphene and its functionalized graphene directly affected the electrochemical properties of energy storage devices. The review aimed to provide certain ideas for the research and development of graphene and functionalized graphene materials as well as their applications in the field of energy storage.

Polyolefin materials, a widely used class of synthetic plastics, are susceptible to thermal-oxidative aging due to their exposure to hot air and oxygen during usage. This aging process can reduce material durability, ultimately affecting their service life. In this paper, the thermal-oxidative aging mechanism of polyolefin materials was introduced with a particular focus on the hydrogen atom transfer reaction, which served as the pivotal process in elucidating the aging mechanism. The protection mechanism, advantages and limitations of various antioxidants were discussed, elucidating their impact on the aging process. Thermal-oxidative aging of polyolefin materials led to alterations in their properties, which can be categorized into three distinct aspects: apparent changes, thermal properties and mechanical behaviors. The analysis encompassed life prediction methodologies for polyolefin materials, categorizing them into those utilizing a single performance metric and those incorporating multiple performance metrics. Finally, for future research on polyolefin thermal-oxidative aging, this work proposed several suggestions aimed at enhancing the theoretical foundation for lifespan regulation of these materials, including developing a comprehensive aging theory from the atomic level, quantifying the correlation between microstructures and macroscopic properties, and integrating multiple performance metrics to refine lifetime prediction accuracy.

AMPS-IA, AMPS-IA-MA and AMPS-IA-NNDMA were synthesized from 2-acrylamide-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid (AMPS), itaconic acid (IA), maleic acid (MA) or N,N-dimethylacrylamide (NNDMA) by free radical aqueous copolymerization method. The results showed that the thermal stability of AMPS-IA-MA was significantly higher than that of the other two and the initial decomposition temperature was as high as 343℃. It was found that the cement slurry with retarder had good temperature resistance and retarding effect. When combined with borax (PS), the thickening and rheological properties of cement slurry were further improved and the compressive strength of cement stone was basically unchanged. Under the conditions of 180℃ and 30MPa, the thickening time reaches 260min and the strength of cement stone after curing for 24h and 72h was 23.75MPa and 20.69MPa, respectively.

The variation law of shear stress in magnetorheological fluids under different shear rates and current intensities was systematically analyzed. The magnetorheological fluids with different densities, viscosities and temperatures were fabricated and measured at shear rates ranging from 15s^-1 to 1170s^-1 and currents ranging from 0A to 2A. The results showed that the shear stress increased significantly as the current increased from 0A to 2A, especially at high viscosities (1000mPa·s) and high shear rates. An overall decreasing trend in shear stress was observed when the temperature was increased from 25℃ to 85℃, but this effect was partially counteracted at high viscosity and high current conditions. The shear stress was higher in the density (1.7g/cm³) magnetorheological fluid than in the density (1.3g/cm³) magnetorheological fluid because the higher concentration of magnetic particles in the high-density fluid was more prone to the formation of chain-like structures. The applied current not only increased the shear stress linearly, but also showed an accelerated increase, indicating that the effect of current on shear stress was more significant than temperature. The low-temperature and low-viscosity magnetorheological fluid decreased the shear stress than the high-temperature and high-viscosity magnetorheological fluid. In summary, the viscosity and density of the magnetorheological fluid had a significant effect on the shear stress and the current application significantly enhanced its shear stress.

During the service process of asphalt pavement, the road performance of asphalt shows a decreasing trend due to the asphalt aging. The timely observation of maintenance timing and rejuvenation effect cannot be provided technical reference by the analysis of asphalt aging level with such a few indicators. To this end, virgin asphalt and modified asphalt were aged with different aging levels. Physical performance, rheological performance and chemical composition were tested before and after asphalt aged. Redundant index was removed, and both grey relation analysis (GRA) and factor analysis were used to classify the asphalt aging level. The results showed that based on GRA, the complex shear modulus G*, creep stiffness S, softening point T_R&B, phase angle δ and carbonyl index I_C=O had good correlations. Based on factor analysis, the scores of complex factor, high temperature factor and factor composite all increased with the increase of asphalt aging level. The asphalt aging were classified three levels of deterioration by the factor score of aged asphalt, mild, moderate and severe.

In order to explore the coupling effect of two opposite wettability plate coalescence media, the hydrophilic and hydrophobic polypropylene materials were arranged alternately, the hydrophilic/hydrophobic composite structure coalescence device was constructed and the oil removal performance of coalescence was studied. The results showed that the coupling effect of hydrophilic/hydrophobic interface had coupling enhancement effect on oil removal efficiency. The removal efficiency of hydrophilic/hydrophobic bonding plates in vertical direction was about 4.4% higher than that of single hydrophilic bonding plates. The spatial structure of coalescing plates was an important factor affecting the coalescence efficiency. The stronger the shape of coalescing plates regularized the flow field, the more conducive to the oil-water two-phase separation. The aggregation behaviour of oil droplets on the upper and lower surfaces of oil-philic and oil-phobic plates was different. The process of oil-water agglomeration was mainly affected by the wettability of the lower surface of the coalescing plates. The upper surface of oil-philic and lower surface of oil-phobic plates were not conducive to the aggregation and separation of oil droplets. Hydraulic retention time and wettability of the coalescing material were important factors affecting whether small oil droplets can coalesce in the coalescing area. The above research results provided ideas and references for the treatment of oil-bearing wastewater with hydrophilic/oleophobic composite materials.

Ordinary anti-corrosion coatings are prone to cracks and gaps, and their anti-pollution performance is poor. In this study, α-zirconium phosphate (α-ZrP) hydrophobic particles were synthesized using a hydrothermal method and embedded into polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) to construct a micro nano α-ZrP/PDMS superhydrophobic anti-corrosion coating. The composition, structural characteristics and thermal stability of α-ZrP were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TG), respectively. The hydrophilicity and corrosion resistance of α-ZrP/PDMS coatings were studied using electrochemical workstations, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and contact angle measuring instruments, respectively. The changes in coating hardness and adhesion were investigated. The results showed that amine molecules were successfully introduced into α-ZrP layers and the layers spacing was expanded from 0.759nm to 1.331nm. The α-ZrP particles had good thermal stability and remained intact when the temperature reached 400℃. The α-ZrP nanosheets were stacked in the clusters of the coating, and air traps were formed and surface energy was reduced. The superhydrophobicity was realized and water contact angle reached 160°. The average surface roughness Ra was 180.645nm. Compared with those of bare steel, the corrosion current of steel sheets coated with superhydrophobic coatings decreased from 2.31×10^-3mA/cm² to 1.12×10^-4mA/cm², corrosion potential increased from -474.22mV to -447.26mV, polarization resistance increased from 8.96×10³Ω·cm² to 7.41×10⁴Ω·cm² and anti-corrosion efficiency improved to 98.70% from 36.20%. The pencil hardness of the coating was 3H and the adhesion grade reached grade 1 standard. The prepared super hydrophobic anticorrosive coating could achieve the purpose of anti-corrosion and self-cleaning by forming an air film between corrosive medium and Q235 steel.

Near-surface ozone (O₃) pollution in China is becoming more and more serious, and the "14th Five-Year" ecological and environmental plan has listed O₃ as a priority for control, so the measurement of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which is a precursor of O₃, has become a focus. In order to meet the demand for portable monitoring of VOCs, SnO₂-based gas sensors were prepared and the gas-sensitive properties of SnO₂ were improved by doping with Sb, Co and Zn, respectively. The materials were characterized using SEM and XRD. The pure SnO₂ materials were spherical particles, the Sb-SnO₂ materials were crumbly and aggregated into clusters, the Co-SnO₂ materials appeared to be wheat flakes and the Zn-SnO₂ materials were regular rectangular flakes. The VOCs gas sensitivity test was performed for each sensor, and the results showed that the SnO₂ gas sensor had the highest response value for ethanol while the target gas of the Co-SnO₂ gas sensor was changed to acetone, and both the Sb-SnO₂ and Zn-SnO₂ gas sensors were selective for triethylamine. Among them, the Zn-SnO₂ gas sensor showed fast response (6s), good selectivity, good stability and low detection limit (<1μL/L) for triethylamine. The sensitivity of the Zn-SnO₂ sensor for 50μL/L triethylamine at the optimum operating temperature of 250℃ was 49.6, which was 8.1 times higher than that of the SnO₂ gas sensor. Finally, the sensitivity mechanism of the gas sensors was briefly analyzed in order to provide certain technical support for the environmental detection of trace atmospheric VOCs.

As an electrochemical energy storage technology, the vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) has attracted much attention due to its advantages of autonomous and controllable resources, no cross-pollution and less susceptible to environmental disturbances. Optimization of electrode materials for VRFB can significantly improve their energy efficiency and stability. In this study, nitrogen-doped graphene aerogels (NGA) were prepared using hydrothermal and freeze-drying techniques using aspartic acid, dopamine, 2-aminopyridine and 2-methylimidazole (2-MI) as nitrogen dopants of different structures, and the nitrogen dopants were bonded with oxygen-containing functional groups on the surface of graphene oxide (GO), a derivative of graphene. The effects of different nitrogen dopants on the nitrogen doping amount, layer spacing, defect degree and electrochemical properties of NGA were investigated by analyzing and comparing the microscopic morphology, defect degree, physical phase composition and electrochemical properties of different NGA. The results showed that the nitrogen dopant selected 2-MI with five-membered heterocyclic structure prepared NGA with higher nitrogen doping (5.16%), layer spacing (0.367nm) and I_D/I_G value (1.12), which provided not only a storage site for V³⁺ but also more active sites for the V²⁺/V³⁺ pair to promote the charge transfer and ion transfer. 2-MI-NGA coated on carbon felt (CF) was used as the anode material of VRFB for single-cell charge/discharge tests and the overpotential was only 10% of that of CF at 80mA/cm², which effectively reduced the polarization of the cell, while the discharge capacity of 2-MI-NGA@CF was increased by 241mA·h. At a current density of 200mA/cm², the energy efficiency of 2-MI-NGA@CF was 16.8% higher than that of CF and remained stable at about 63.5%. This study provided new ideas for the modification of electrode materials for high-performance vanadium redox flow batteries.

The wide application of automotive scrap tires in the road industry allows for the recycling of resources and the reduction of black pollution. The purpose of this article was to investigate the long-term water stability and skid resistance of rubber aggregate composite seal, and to verify the feasibility of the 2D gray value method to determine the texture depth of pavement. In this article, the matrix analysis method was used to determine the optimal crumb rubber substitution scheme for the mixture at the micro-surface by taking the crumb rubber treatment method, substitution particle size and substitution proportion as the influencing factors, and the wet track abrasion value and the loaded wheel amount as the evaluation indexes. The micro-surface was compacted with the chip seal to form the rubber aggregate composite seal, and its wear resistant, rutting resistant, long-term water stability and skid resistant performance were analyzed. The results showed that the optimum amount of rubber particles (2—4mm) soaked in NaOH solution to replace crushed stone (2.36—4.75mm) was 30%, and the resulting rubber aggregate composite seal had high wear resistance, rutting resistance, skid resistance and long-term freeze-thaw resistance. The value of the empirical coefficient α determined by the 2D gray value method was 0.92 and the correlation coefficient was 0.989, which verified that it was feasible to determine the texture depth of pavement by the empirical coefficient α. Compared with ordinary composite seal, the cost of rubber aggregate composite seal increased, but the magnitude was small.

To reveal the microscopic adhesion characteristics and diffusion migration behavior of waste rubber powder and asphalt-aggregate interface during the interaction process in the dry process, a blending model of waste rubber powder and asphalt-aggregate system in the dry process was established based on molecular dynamics simulation technology. The mean square displacement (MSD), diffusion coefficient (MDC), relative concentration distribution, and interface energy evolution law of waste rubber powder and asphalt-aggregate system in the dry process were studied at different temperatures and reaction times. The interfacial separation forming between waste rubber powder and asphalt film in the dry process was analyzed by adhesion test. The results showed that the diffusion behavior between waste rubber powder and asphalt in the dry process exhibited a bidirectional migration process, in which the waste rubber powder gradually diffused to the asphalt layer, and the asphalt gradually integrated with the waste rubber powder and diffused to the aggregate surface, thus forming a stable system. The MSD and MDC during diffusion process increased with the increase of temperature. The initial concentration distribution of waste rubber powder on the surface of aggregate in dry process was extremely high and the concentration gradually decreased over time. The introduction of waste rubber powder changed the distribution of asphalt components on the aggregate surface and effectively improved the interface energy between asphalt and aggregate. In addition, the results of laboratory adhesion test were consistent with the molecular simulation results, which further provided a valuable reference for exploring the interaction between the waste rubber powder and asphalt-aggregate interface in the dry process.

Aiming at the problems of poor casting ability, long setting time and low early strength of traditional cement grouting materials, a new PPF reinforced superfine cement-based grouting material (SPGM) was obtained by using superfine Portland cement as cementing material, accelerating agent, expanding agent and water reducing agent as admixtures, and in cooperation with polypropylene fiber (PPF) toughening method. The effects of PPF length on mechanical properties, fluidity, bleeding, setting time and volume shrinkage behavior of SPGM were investigated by various characterization methods, and the enhancement mechanism was revealed. The results showed that the modification of PPF significantly reduced the fluidity and bleeding rate of SPGM, promoted hydration reaction and shortened setting time of the slurry. When the length of PPF was 2—3mm, the PPF reinforced SPGM stone bodies indicated optimal mechanical properties. Its compressive strength and flexural strength at 28 days were 64.20MPa and 12.35MPa, respectively. And it achieved good micro-expansion characteristics. XRD, FTIR and SEM confirmed that the length of PPF affected the specific surface area and distribution state in SPGM. PPF with appropriate length can effectively improve the density of the stone body, playing the role of micro-anchor cable and bridge. The results of this study provided a new approach for the development of high-quality cementitious grouting materials.

Foam metals exhibit excellent mass transport properties and flow distribution capabilities, having significant potential as flow field materials in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). However, they suffer severe corrosion issues in acidic and high-temperature environments. To solve these problems, nickel/graphene composite coatings were prepared on the surface of nickel foam by electrodeposition in this paper. The effect of different deposition methods on the physical properties was investigated and characterized using techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results indicated that higher electrodeposition current density led to lower grain size and Ni(0) content. Compared to uniformly distributed coatings obtained under constant current conditions, gradient coatings prepared sequentially at 5mA/cm² and 10mA/cm² exhibited superior corrosion resistance in Tafel polarization tests, potential-static tests and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. At 150N/cm² pressure, the interfacial contact resistance (ICR) of the gradient coating was only 8.065mΩ/cm², which met the requirements of the 2025 DOE standard.

For investigating the laws of gas permeation in proton exchange membrane fuel cells, the effects of temperature, humidity and membrane thickness on the permeability of H₂, O₂ and N₂ were investigated by a combination of theoretical calculations and experimental verification. The results showed that the gas permeability of different thicknesses of membranes increased with the increase of relative humidity and temperature, and the ratio of the permeability of H₂, O₂ and N₂ gases in the two types of membranes, MX20 and M740, was about 5∶2∶1. In addition, the increase of membrane thickness also significantly reduced the permeability of gases. The permeability of three gases, H₂, O₂ and N₂, decreased by 20.6%, 22.1% and 21.8%, respectively, when the thickness of the membrane was increased from 10μm to 18μm. These studies contributed to a clearer understanding of the mechanism of gas permeation in proton exchange membrane fuel cells and provided a reference basis for optimizing the design of membrane materials.

It is a very effective strategy to prepare mixed matrix membranes (MMM) by incorporating hydrophobic nanoparticle into the polymer matrix to improve the pervaporation separation performance in the process of recovering ethanol from aqueous solution. In this study, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) based MMM filled with ZIF-67 particles was prepared on ceramic tubes, but there were some associated problems such as severe reunion, poor compatibility, etc. In order to improve the diffusion process, ZIF-67-derived nanoporous carbon (C-ZIF-67) was prepared to replace ZIF-67 in conventional MMM.ZIF-67 and carbonized particles were studied by various characterization, and the morphology and properties of MMMs were tested. Compared with ZIF-67/PDMS MMM and pure PDMS membrane, C-ZIF-67/PDMS MMM exhibited better enhanced separation performance: the best performance with a total flux of 1.04kg/(m²·h) and a separation factor of 9.2 at 60℃ for 5% ethanol solution. In summary, the relevant experimental results had preliminarily indicated that C-ZIF-67/PDMS MMM had potential application value in the separation of dilute ethanol aqueous solution.

Relebactam is a new class of β-lactamase inhibitors that can restore or enhance the activity of β-lactam antibiotics, thereby mitigating the threat to public health posed by bacterial resistance globally. In this paper, the seven marketed β-lactamase inhibitors are introduced, and relebactam is analysed by retrosynthetic analysis, taking relebactam as an example to introduce the difficulties in the synthesis of such active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). Depending on the starting materials, there are four process routes to synthesize the key intermediate 11-PG of relebactam, and the advantages and disadvantages of using L-pyroglutamic acid, (2S,5S)-5-hydroxypiperidine-2-carboxylic acid, L-glutamic acid, and 4-hydroxy-2-butanone as the starting materials are illustrated. The process improvement strategies of the original researcher Merck & Co. for the synthesis of relebactam from 11-PG are emphasized to achieve the concept of large-scale preparation of relebactam. Simultaneously, it is pointed out that the construction of the double chirality and urea ring of such compounds is the key. The efficient design and construction of chiral piperidine are the most effective manner for shortening the synthetic route of relebactam. The formation of the urea ring and the deprotection of Boc under mild conditions and in a clean and efficient manner will become the research direction in the future.

Fluorophenol is an important intermediate in organic synthesis widely used in pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and materials science. Current research focus on developing efficient and cost-effective synthesis methods. This article reviewed recent developments in the synthesis of fluorophenol. Initially, the basic properties and applications of fluorophenol were presented. Subsequently, various synthesis methods were analyzed and compared in detail, discussing their advantages and limitations. This analysis provided theoretical support for optimizing processes to enhance yield and purity. Finally, the future directions for research in fluorophenol synthesis were explored, emphasizing green chemistry, environmentally friendly methods, and the development of highly selective and efficient catalysts. This paper provided a comprehensive overview of fluorophenol synthesis research, aiming to advance research and applications in this field.

This paper presents a review of the application and technological progress of silicon-based precursors in advanced integrated circuit manufacturing. With the advancement of integrated circuit fabrication technology, particularly in the development of advanced processes such as 28nm/14nm/7nm, new requirements were being established for transistor devices, processes and materials. Silicon-based precursor materials played a pivotal role in epitaxial processes, lithographic processes, chemical vapour deposition (CVD) and atomic layer deposition (ALD) for wafer fabrication due to their high purity and specific performance parameters. The article analyzed and discussed the current application status, research progress, as well as synthesis and purification process technologies of several major silicon-based precursor materials, including pentachloroethylsilane (PCDS), diethoxymethylsilane (DEMS), diisopropylaminosilane (DIPAS), hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS), ethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), monochlorosilane (MCS), trimethylsilylamine (TSA), bis(tert-butylamino)silane (BTBAS) and others.

In the modern personal care industry, the pursuit of “multiple benefits in one wash” has led to the incorporation of functional solid particles, such as microcapsules, into detergents. However, due to the density difference between the particles and the matrix, maintaining a uniform suspension of these particles poses a challenge, which can diminish their functional efficacy. To address this issue, this study utilized a composite binary rheological modification system comprising hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and TEMPO-oxidized bacterial cellulose microgels (T-BC-microgel) to stabilize the suspension of perfume oil microcapsules. This research systematically investigated the impact of varying concentrations of suspending agents on the stability of perfume oil microcapsules and bubbles in different matrices. The findings demonstrated that the HPMC/T-BC-microgel composite system significantly improved the suspension stability of perfume oil microcapsules and bubbles in both commercial laundry detergents and water. At a concentration of 0.048% suspending agent, the perfume oil microcapsules remained stably suspended for up to 240 days without altering the original rheological properties of the detergent. Additionally, the study uncovered an interaction between the suspending agents and surfactants that further enhanced the suspension effect. Based on these findings, this research offered a new pathway for developing efficient, stable and environmentally friendly suspension systems with potential industrial applications.

Alkyl naphthalene, an important aromatic lubricating base oil, offers excellent oxidation stability and compatibility properties. Traditionally, the alkylation reaction of naphthalene and olefins utilizes inorganic acids and solid acids as catalysts, but these methods are plagued by equipment corrosion and high reaction temperatures. The paper explores the alkylation of naphthalene with tetradecene to synthesize lubricating base oil, with acidic ionic liquids as catalysts. This study investigates the effects of ionic liquid composition, olefin to naphthalene ratio, reaction temperature, olefin droplet rate, and catalyst dosage on the reaction results. The ionic liquid composed of triethylamine hydrochloride and aluminum chloride proves beneficial for generating polyalkylation products. By adjusting the feed ratio of tetradecane and naphthalene, three samples with different side chain alkyl groups were successfully synthesized. Subsequently, the physicochemical and tribological properties of the synthesized base oils were tested and evaluated. According to the experimental results, alkyl naphthalenes with more alkyl groups on the side chain exhibit higher viscosity. Among the synthesized base oils, the sample with the feed ratio of 2 demonstrates superior viscosity index and suitable viscosity, offering advantages in reducing wear and enhancing anti-wear properties as a lubricating base oil.

The key to improve the quality and performance of optical sensors is to prepare luminescent materials with specific frequency and strong luminescence intensity. Two kinds of porous silicon (PSi) samples, namely Distributed Bragg Reflector (DBR) and rugate filter (Rugate), were prepared by electrolysis method by anodic etching of heavily doped N-type monocrystal silicon with square wave current and sinusoidal wave current under illumination. Compared with monolayer porous silicon obtained by constant etching current, DBR PSi and Rugate PSi exhibited double excellent optical properties, namely Bragg reflection and photoluminescence spectra with narrow wavelength distribution. The morphology and structure of DBR PSi, Rugate PSi and single-layer PSi samples were characterized by electron scanning microscope (SEM). The formation mechanism of DBR PSi and Rugate PSi samples with excellent reflection spectra and photoluminescence spectra was discussed based on etching parameters and SEM characterization results. The reflection and photoluminescence spectra of DBR PSi and Rugate PSi overlapped at the same wavelength through the precise adjustment of etching current, etching time and layer number. The two light waves interfered with each other in phase length, which effectively enhanced the photoluminescence intensity.

With the increasing demand for decreasing the size and introducing full-scale 3D integration in the semiconductor wafer manufacturing process, higher requirements are put forward for the residual adhesive and the adhesion-reducing performance of UV adhesion-reducing adhesive. In this paper, an acrylic copolymer (ABP-PSA) bonded with benzophenone (BP) photoinitiator was prepared by copolymerization of 4-acryloyloxy benzophenone (ABP) with conventional acrylate monomers. The results showed that the introduction of ABP increased the molecular weight of acrylate copolymer and reduced its glass transition temperature. Thus, its cohesion strength and peeling force increased firstly and then decreased with the increase of ABP content. When the weight content of ABP was 3%, the normal peel strength of ABP-PSA was the highest (9.9N/25mm), which was significantly higher than that of the ABP-free copolymer (6.2N/25mm). During UV irradiation, the BP group seized the tertiary hydrocarbon atom in the polymer side chain, which made the polymer chain self-crosslinked and the peeling strength was reduced to 3.8N/25mm. The adhesion-reducing rate was over 60%. A new UV adhesion-reducing adhesive was prepared by ABP-PSA and castor oil-based polyurethane acrylate prepolymer (CO-PUB-PETA) with heat/light dual curing functions. With the help of the network structure formed by the thermal curing reaction of the NCO group in CO-PUB-PETA and the hydroxyl group in ABP-PSA, the 180° peel strength of the UV adhesion-reducing adhesive before UV curing exceeded 25N/25mm and the photopolymerization function was endowed to the acrylic copolymer adhesive. After UV irradiation, the BP groups bonded to the copolymer chains initiated the photopolymerization of the acrylic copolymer and the reactive diluent, and self-crosslinking for polymer chains occurred, forming a dense fully cross-linked structured adhesive film. The 180° peel strength was reduced to 0.12N/25mm and the adhesion-reducing rate was over 99.5%. Furthermore, the amounts of residual adhesives were significantly reduced.

In the smelting of non-ferrous metals and the recycling of secondary resources, a significant amount of copper-arsenic polymetallic acidic wastewater is produced. The inefficient separation of valuable metals from arsenic is the key factor restricting its resource utilization. The sulfide precipitation method has been widely studied due to its excellent selectivity. However, the sulfide separation behavior among different metal ions still lacks systematic research. This paper provided a comprehensive review of the selective sulfide precipitation of metal ions, focusing on aspects such as wastewater sources, operational factors, and types of sulfur sources. Firstly, the sources of copper-arsenic polymetallic acidic wastewater were introduced, and the methods of wastewater generation under different processes were elucidated. The current application status of the sulfide precipitation method in the separation of copper-arsenic polymetallic systems was analyzed, with an emphasis on the principles of sulfide precipitation and the main factors affecting sulfide separation efficiency, revealing the intrinsic rules of selective sulfide separation. Finally, the development and application of various sulfide agents were reviewed and discussed, with a particular focus on the application and mechanism research status of inorganic insoluble iron sulfides in the copper-arsenic polymetallic sulfide precipitation process. Additionally, suggestions and prospects for the development of agents and control methods for the sulfide process in different wastewater systems were proposed. This paper preliminarily established the intrinsic relationship between sulfide precipitation and the selective separation of metal ions, providing more precise parameter guidance and strategy optimization for treating copper-arsenic polymetallic acidic wastewater.

Reverse osmosis (RO) technology boasts high separation efficiency, absence of phase change during the process and ease of automation control, making it widely applied in the advanced treatment and recycling of industrial wastewater. Silicon fouling is a major factor leading to the decline in flux and reaching the end-of-life of RO membranes during advanced industrial wastewater treatment. Understanding the mechanism, influencing factors and control strategies of silicon fouling is crucial for the efficient and stable operation of RO membranes. This paper explored the mechanisms of silicon fouling, including individual silicon fouling as well as metal-silicon and organic-silicon composite fouling. It summarized the effects of influent composition, operating conditions and membrane surface properties on silicon fouling of RO membranes. Furthermore, it reviewed silicon fouling control methods, including pretreatment, operation optimization and membrane surface modification. The paper identified unresolved issues in current research on silicon fouling of membranes, such as the unclear mechanisms of silicon composite fouling, the lack of stable and effective membrane modification strategies to resist silicon fouling, and the customization of complex membrane system silicon fouling control strategies. It proposed potential research directions for future membrane silicon fouling control, including real-time monitoring of fouling, molecular dynamics simulations and the development of non-polyamide reverse osmosis membranes, etc.

Cobalt-iron alloy acid leachate, a common industrial waste, contains abundant iron and valuable cobalt. After appropriate purification, separation and refinement processes, iron can serve as a source of iron for battery-grade iron phosphate, offering substantial application potential. This paper systematically introduced the main technical methods for separating cobalt and iron ions from cobalt-iron alloy leachates with a focus on solvent extraction and precipitation separation. Solvent extraction was widely used due to its high selectivity and separation efficiency, while precipitation separation was favored for its simplicity and low economic cost. Additionally, this paper discussed advances in production high-quality battery-grade iron phosphate from iron-containing waste. This article identified current research challenges and discussed the evolving trends in mineral resource recycling, aiming to pioneer new strategies for resource circularity and to advance applications in fields such as lithium-ion batteries. These endeavors were pivotal for promoting a circular economy and fostering sustainable development.

With the rapid development of the global economy, the excessive use of fossil energy has led to a large amount of CO₂ emissions, which has aggravated climate change and global greenhouse effect. Carbon capture has become a key means to alleviate environmental pressure. As a class of unique crystalline porous materials, metal organic framework (MOF) possess adjustable structural variability and micro-nano construction functionality. Additionally, various chemical synthesis strategies can be employed to fabricate derivative materials with specific morphology and porosity. MOF and their derivatives have demonstrated exceptional performance and promising application prospects in gas storage, separation, as well as catalytic conversion. In this review, the application of MOF and their derivatives in the field of carbon capture as solid adsorbents, membrane materials and CO₂ desorption catalysts in chemical absorbent solvents was presented. The detailed discussion of their classification, synthesis methods, modification techniques and reaction mechanisms were summarized. The challenges encountered by MOF and their derivative materials in practical applications such as stability, regeneration and large-scale production were thoroughly discussed. Finally, clear pathway for future research investigations was provided. The application of MOF and their derivatives in carbon capture held great potential for offering innovative ideas and solutions to address global carbon emissions issues and contribute to achieving the goal of carbon neutrality.

Indoor air quality has become an important health issue of public concern, and photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) technology has the characteristics of low energy consumption and high efficiency, which makes it show a greater potential in the treatment of indoor volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Among many PCO materials, titanium dioxide (TiO₂) has become the preferred catalyst for the degradation of indoor VOCs due to its wide source, stable chemical properties, strong oxidation ability, low toxicity, etc. However, its low utilization of visible light limits its application in the field of photocatalysis. This paper reviewed the research progress on the characteristic of TiO₂ materials and their use in indoor VOCs management, detailed the reaction mechanism of TiO₂ visible light photocatalytic degradation of typical indoor VOCs, compiled and summarized the relevant research on the enhancement of adsorption and catalytic oxidation properties of TiO₂ in recent years, introduced the research progress of indoor single/multi-component VOCs degradation in recent years and made an outlook for the future purification of indoor VOCs pollution by TiO₂ materials under visible light in order to provide an opportunity for the future degradation of single/multi-component VOCs. The research progress of indoor single/multi-component VOCs degradation in recent years was analyzed, and the future prospect of TiO₂ materials for visible light purification of indoor VOCs pollution was presented, and the suggestions for the future research on degradation of single/multi-component VOCs and their mixtures were proposed.

Methane (CH₄) is the second largest greenhouse gas in the world, accounting for 19% of the global greenhouse gas(GHG) emissions. Its global warming potential is more than 80 times that of carbon dioxide (CO₂) on a 20-years timescale and has become a key concern for GHG emission reduction. For the ultra-low concentration methane below 6.0%, its emission and utilization still have important environmental significance, although the characteristics of dispersed emission sources and wide range of concentration variations make abatement technology face many challenges. In this paper, the research progress on emission abatement and resource utilization of ultra-low concentration methane was analyzed and summarized. Firstly, the main emission sources of methane in human-being activities were overviewed, specially focusing on the emissions of ultra-low concentrations of methane. Secondly, the policy and market mechanism of ultra-low concentration methane emission reduction were described. Finally, the technologies currently used for resource utilization of ultra-low concentration methane were especially discussed, including the working principles and development progress of separation-purification-concentration, thermal oxidation utilization and biocatalytic utilization. In the future, it is necessary to further strengthen technological innovation and improve policy mechanisms to achieve emission reduction and resource utilization of ultra-low concentration methane and promote the sustainable development of energy in the context of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality.

The development of CO₂ capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) technology represents a critical step toward mitigating the rising global CO₂ concentration. Among various approaches, chemical absorption stands out as a particularly important CO₂ capture technique. However, traditional chemical absorption methods are hindered by limitations such as short operational lifespans, high energy consumption and corrosive effects. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have emerged as a promising class of novel CO₂ chemical absorbents thanks to their exceptional physicochemical properties and environmental friendliness. This paper reviewed the current research progress on DESs in the field of CO₂ capture, exploring their definitions, physicochemical properties and application categories. Furthermore, it examined key parameters influencing the CO₂ capture performance of DESs including the selection of hydrogen bond acceptors (HBAs) and hydrogen bond donors (HBDs), molar ratios, moisture content, temperature and pressure. Finally, this paper synthesized findings on various types and performances of DESs, proposing a molecular design strategy for developing DESs with enhanced CO₂ capture efficiency. The goal was to provide a scientific foundation for advancing the development and optimization of DESs technology, facilitating the application of green solvents in CO₂ capture and contributing to sustainable development.

The development and use of nuclear energy has generated a substantial amount of high-level radioactive nuclear wastes (HLWs), which are characterized by strong radioactivity, high toxicity, high heat generation and long half-life. These characteristics make it difficult to effectively manage HLWs using traditional physical, chemical or biological methods. Deep geological disposal is generally considered to be the most feasible option for disposal of HLWs, with the key scientific challenge being the in-depth study of the radionuclide migration behaviour in groundwater. In recent years, numerical simulation technology has become deeply integrated with disposal efforts. Significant progress has been made in application of computer-driven numerical simulations to study nuclide migration in HLWs disposal. This study reviews the mechanisms and processes of nuclide migration in disposal of HLWs based on an extensive literature review, summarizes the influencing factors and the research experiences in this field, and discusses future research directions. The research results suggest that the scale of the study area and the degree of fracture development should be comprehensively considered when selecting an appropriate model, and that the speciation and properties of nuclides are the key determinants of migration behaviour, while factors such as rock fissure networks, colloidal presence, and groundwater compositions significantly affect the migration paths and rates. Despite notable progress, numerical simulations face significant challenges in practical applications. These challenges include accurately simulating multi-scale and multiphase flows, and addressing complex geological structures and heterogeneous materials. Additionally, model validation and uncertainty analysis remain pressing issues. Future research should focus on optimizing numerical models, improving simulation accuracy, and promoting interdisciplinary studies to better address the complexity and uncertainty inherent in radionuclide migration during HLWs disposal.

Carbon microspheres were synthesized by using a simple hydrothermal method with cheap, non-toxic and sustainably available soluble starch as the carbon source, and then iron-nitrogen doped carbon microspheres (Fe-N@CMSs) were prepared by using a co-pyrolysis method with ferric chloride hexahydrate as the iron source and urea as the nitrogen source. Characterization results showed that Fe-N@CMSs were spheres with a relatively uniform particle size. After Fe/N modification, the pore size of carbon microspheres increased to a mesoporous structure. Fe⁰, Fe₃O₄ and pyridine nitrogen, pyrrole nitrogen and graphite nitrogen structures were present in Fe-N@CMSs. The conditions for the degradation of rhodamine B (RhB) in the Fe-N@CMSs/K₂S₂O₈ (PS) system were optimized, and the degradation rate of RhB could reach 99.7% within 30min at room temperature at Fe-N@CMSs dosage of 0.4g/L, PS concentration of 1 mmol/L, RhB concentration of 50mg/L and pH of 3—7. Fe-N@CMSs had an excellent ability to remove RhB and the degradation rate of RhB was still more than 75% after 3 cycles. The RhB degradation mechanism included both the radical pathway (·SO₄^-) and the non-radical pathway (¹O₂). Fe-N@CMSs was promising for the treatment of dye wastewater due to their degradation, separation and reuse capabilities.

Rare earth upconversion materials NaYF₄:Yb,Tm with UV and blue light emission were synthesized by a one-step hydrothermal method. The composite material NaYF₄:Yb,Tm@TiO₂(P)@Bi₂WO₆ was prepared by sequentially laminating TiO₂ and Bi₂WO₆ onto NaYF₄:Yb,Tm using solvent/hydrothermal method. A series of characterization analyses were carried out on the materials, and the results showed that the composites had a tight cladding structure between them, and the specific surface area of the composite increased, but the pore size became smaller. XRD (X-ray diffraction) and XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) confirmed the existence of oxygen vacancies in the materials. PL (photoluminescence spectroscopy) and UV-Vis DRS (UV-Vis diffuse reflectance) results indicated that TiO₂/Bi₂WO₆ could significantly absorb the emitting bule-ultraviolet light from NaYF₄:Yb,Tm. The effects of different catalyst dosage, 2,4-D concentration and external factors on the degradation reaction were investigated. The results showed that (a) the composite photocatalyst had excellent degradation performance for 2, 4-D, and the optimal degradation rate reached more than 96% within 3h under simulated sunlight irradiation, (b) the optimal catalyst dosage was at 1.0 g/L, and (c) the common anions in water had a large effect on the degradation and the cations had no effect; the strong acid condition promoted the reaction, the alkaline condition inhibited the reaction, and humic acid had a partially promotional effect on the reaction at a low concentration but inhibited the reaction obviously at a high concentration. The EPR (electron paramagnetic resonance) test and free radical trapping experiments found that h⁺ (photogenerated holes) was the active substance that played a major role in the removal of 2,4-D. The degradation intermediates were determined by GC-MS (gas chromatography mass spectrometry) and HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography), and two degradation pathways were hypothesized. In addition, a detailed toxicity evaluation of the degradation intermediates was carried out using T.E.S.T Toxicity Evaluation Software, and the results showed that the combined toxicity of the degradation products was significantly reduced.

Pharmaceutical salt waste liquor contains high concentrations of recalcitrant organic pollutants, posing significant environmental risks if mismanaged. This study employed hydrothermal oxidation combined with a custom-synthesized metal salt carbonization crystallization catalyst to remediate concentrated sodium acetate waste liquor from a pharmaceutical plant in Jiangsu, China. The effects of reaction temperature, time and catalyst dosage on organic matter removal and sodium acetate retention were evaluated. Under optimal conditions (210℃, 6h, 5g/50mL), a remarkable organic matter removal rate of 93.5% with maintaining a high sodium acetate retention rate of 95.8% was achieved. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses confirmed that the treatment effectively removed toxic and refractory organic contaminants. The recovered sodium acetate salt met industrial reuse standards for chromaticity, COD and heavy metal content. This study demonstrated the potential of thermocatalytic treatment as a sustainable solution for mitigating the environmental hazards of pharmaceutical salt waste, enabling resource recovery and promoting sustainable development within the pharmaceutical industry.

The waste clay produced during the lubricating oil refining process has absorbed a large amount of petroleum substances. The thermal desorption method for its harmless disposal is fast and has a high oil recovery rate, but it also has high energy consumption. Furthermore, the hazardous characteristics of its thermal desorption residue are insufficiently understood. This study focused on the waste clay from a petrochemical company in Xinjiang, China, and optimized the operating parameters of the industrial thermal desorption device based on its operating capacity. The response surface methodology was used to optimize the operating process parameters, using the residue oil content and natural gas consumption response factors. In addition, the inorganic elements, semi-volatile and volatile organic compounds, and organic compounds in the residue were analyzed. The hazardous characteristics of thermal desorption residue waste clay were systematically studied. The research indicated that the optimal process for the industrial thermal desorption device to treat waste clay was as follows: residence time was (70±5)min, heating temperature was (595±5)℃, and feed rate was 2.5—3t/h. The thermal desorption residue was corrosive. The corrosivity, flammability, reactivity, and toxic substances did not exceed the limit value of the hazardous waste identification series standards (GB 5085.1~6—2007), which confirmed that the thermal desorption residue did not have hazardous waste attributes. SEM showed that the adsorbed oil phase on the surface of waste clay disappeared after thermal desorption, and the residue particles aggregated. This study can provide a basic reference for the industrial operation of waste clay thermal desorption treatment and the prevention and control of residual pollutants.

Leachate nanofiltration concentrate is still a concerning issue to be addressed in the municipal solid waste field. A close-loop hybrid process based on tight ultrafiltration membrane and gypsum crystallization technologies is promising in the treatment of leachate nanofiltration concentrate, while the derived gypsum sludge requires reasonable disposal or resource utilization. In this study, gypsum whisker was prepared by atmospheric acidification method with derived gypsum sludge as raw material. The effects of HCl concentration, reactant concentration, temperature and reaction time on gypsum whisker products were investigated by means of uniform design experiment and single factor experiment. The results showed that the optimal reaction conditions for preparing gypsum whisker were as follows: HCl concentration of 7mol/L, reactant concentration of 0.09g/mL, temperature of 55℃ and reaction time of 65min. The gypsum whisker product prepared under this condition had uniform appearance and a length-diameter ratio up to 137, which met the requirements of professional standard. The crystallization kinetics of gypsum whisker was further explored and the process accorded with the first-order kinetic equation. It was feasible to recycle the reaction substrate. This study provided technical reference for the resource utilization of derived gypsum sludge from a close-loop treatment of leachate nanofiltration concentrate.

The underlying factors and mechanisms that influence the oxy-fuel combustion characteristics of municipal sludge remain largely elusive. Predictive and quantitative evaluation methods for these characteristics are currently lacking. In view of this, the influence of tube furnace preheating temperature, gas flow rate, and oxygen concentration on the combustion characteristics and temperature distribution within the reaction domain were investigated. A data-driven regression model for predicting the oxy-fuel combustion characteristics of sludge was developed and verified. The findings indicated that preheating temperature exerted the most substantial influence on the characteristics of sludge’s oxy-fuel combustion. As the preheating temperature rose from 873.15K to 1073.15K, the ignition delay time and ignition temperature of sludge decreased by 75% and 49%, respectively. The ignition delay time and ignition temperature exhibited an increase with the increase of gas flow rate, yet the rate of increase attenuated. In a high-temperature and oxygen-enriched atmosphere, an increment in oxygen concentration exerted minimal influence on oxygen-enriched combustion characteristics of sludge. At a preheating temperature of 1073.15K, the change in oxygen mass fraction from 0.3 to 0.8 led to a variation of 1.04s in sludge ignition delay time and 2.93K in ignition temperature. The regression model for sludge oxy-fuel combustion characteristics optimized by the genetic algorithm can accurately predicts sludge ignition delay time and temperature. The model’s predictions exhibited a relative error of less than 10% compared to numerical calculations and less than 15% compared to experimental data.

To solve the problem of low calcium ion leaching rate in indirect mineralization, a systematic study was conducted on the method of extracting calcium ions using steel slag as raw material and CH₃COOH and H₂O₂ as leaching agents. The effects of different concentrations of CH₃COOH, H₂O₂, reaction temperature, and reaction time on leaching efficiency were examined. Using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDS), and zeta potential analyzer, the reaction products were characterized, and with the help of reaction kinetics models, the limiting links of the reaction were identified to reveal the leaching reaction mechanism. The results showed that under the conditions of leaching temperature of 25℃, solid-liquid ratio of 1∶10, CH₃COOH concentration of 0.75mol/L, and leaching time of 40min, the leaching rate of calcium ions was 49.56%. The leaching rate increased by 11.68% under the condition of adding 3mol/L H₂O₂. Adding H₂O₂ can effectively reduce the silica gel attached to the surface of steel slag during the leaching process, thereby improving the leaching efficiency of the reaction. The leaching reaction of calcium ions in steel slag under CH₃COOH/H₂O₂ system was controlled by mixing, and the calculated apparent activation energy was 7.19kJ/mol, which was lower than the activation energy of leaching reaction under CH₃COOH system. This study could provide technical reference and theoretical support for indirectly mineralizing carbon sequestration to enhance Ca²⁺ leaching rate.

To investigate the release characteristics and environmental impacts of pollutants from stockpiled coal fly ash, this study focused on the circulating fluidized bed coal fly ash from a power plant in Yulin, Shaanxi Province. The research explored the release patterns and environmental risks of Cr, Cu, As, Se, Mo, Ba, F^-, COD, and TN under the influence of rainfall. The results indicated that, the leaching rates of pollutants during the leaching process followed the order was Mo > Se > F^- > TN > As > Cu > Ba > COD > Cr. Mo had the highest release rate (77.74%) and Cr the lowest, which was related to its predominant as residual species in the coal fly ash. During the column leaching process, the concentration of F^- initially decreased, then increased, and eventually stabilized, while the concentrations of other pollutants generally decrease over time before stabilizing. Under different pH conditions, the release amounts of Cr, Cu, As, and Ba was highest at pH = 3, Se, COD, and TN at pH = 5, and Mo and F^- at pH = 7. Kinetic analysis showed that the release of Cr, Cu, Se, Mo, and Ba followed a second-order kinetic model, while F^-, COD, and TN fitted the Freundlich model. As followed a parabolic model at pH = 3 and the Freundlich model at pH = 5 and 7. Based on model fits, Se and F^- were predicted to exceed local soil background levels within five years. Risk assessment results indicated that the concentrations of As, Se, Mo, F^-, COD, and TN in the leachate exceeded the Class Ⅲ standard limits for surface water and groundwater. RAC evaluation showed that the risk of trace elements followed the order was Se > As > Mo > Cu > Ba > Cr, with Se posing a medium risk and the others a low risk. Potential ecological risk assessment indicated that As, Cu, and Cr pose minor ecological risks. Both methods showed consistent risk rankings for As, Cu, and Cr, with As > Cu > Cr. These findings provide a reference for understanding pollutants release and managing the environmental risks associated with coal fly ash.

The composition of groundwater pollutants in petroleum-contaminated sites is complex, exhibiting high toxicity and significant fluctuations in water quality and quantity. These sites are characterized by oil and turbidity, as well as high salinity and organic load, making implementing an extraction-treatment model for the ex-situ remediation of contaminated groundwater advisable. This study employed an oil-resistant, pollution-resistant membrane filtration technology in conjunction with catalytic ozonation to remediate contaminated groundwater. When the operating pressures of the UF membrane and NF membrane were 0.2MPa and 0.7MPa, respectively, with ozone dosage and catalyst dosage at 50mg/L and 300g/L, the effluent COD was reduced to below 200mg/L. The COD removal rate reached over 96%, meeting the remediation requirements for contaminated groundwater. The polluted membrane materials were cleaned using a thermal-alkaline washing method, resulting in a membrane flux recovery rate of over 96%. The membrane filtration pretreatment preferentially removed oils and macromolecular organic matter, effectively reducing the pollutant load and ozone consumption during the subsequent ozonation stage. The ozonation process further degraded residual soluble organic compounds remaining from the membrane filtration phase, thereby enhancing the overall pollutant removal efficiency. These two technologies demonstrate excellent synergistic effects, ultimately forming an environmentally friendly short-process ex-situ groundwater remediation system that generates no secondary pollution.