All-solid-state batteries using solid-state electrolytes instead of organic liquid electrolytes have the advantages of high safety and high energy density, providing a promising solution for next-generation energy storage devices. Although there is a general consensus in the industry on the trend of all-solid-state battery development, the industrialization of all-solid-state batteries is still facing many challenges, such as poor water-oxygen stability of the sulfide electrolytes and the interface between the cathode and the solid-state electrolyte, high interfacial impedance and poor processing performance of oxide electrolytes, as well as low ion conductivity at room temperature and narrow electrochemical windows of polymer electrolytes, which have not been solved yet, restricting the large-scale application of all-solid-state lithium batteries. Through investigation and research, this paper summarized the current status of all-solid-state lithium batteries technology development at home and abroad, analysed and proposed technical difficulties and solutions for all-solid-state lithium batteries, and finally looked forward to the future research directions of all-solid-state lithium batteries.

Cyclic olefin copolymers are a class of high-performance thermoplastic engineering plastics. The preparation technology of monomer norbornene is complex and poses engineering safety challenges, leading to a long-term monopoly by a few enterprises and exorbitant prices. Reports on norbornene synthesis are mostly found in patents with spanning various periods and lacking systematic reviews. This review first summarized the cracking process of dicyclopentadiene for the preparation of cyclopentadiene and compared the liquid-phase with gas-phase methods. Their differences in temperature, residence time, equipment, diluents and inhibitors were analyzed, and the advantages and disadvantages of both methods were discussed. Subsequently, the characteristics of norbornene preparation through addition reactions using liquid-phase, gas-phase and supercritical methods were reviewed. The distinctions and pros and cons of different preparation methods in terms of temperature, pressure, equipment, diluents and other aspects were analyzed, providing valuable reference and guidance for the design and optimization of norbornene preparation processes. Finally, the preparation process of polycyclic norbornene derivatives was introduced.

In the present study, the coal gasification module was explored by integrating the models of coal pyrolysis process and gasification process. The composition of coal pyrolysis was calculated according to the pyrolysis model. The equilibrium model was constructed with the principle of Gibbs free energy minimization. The model of coal gasification process was solved by converting the optimization problem with equilibrium constraint into an unconstrained optimization problem with the Rand method. The accuracy of the explored coal gasification model was examined with industrial data. The effects of coal slurry concentration and oxygen-coal ratio on the composition of gasification products were studied with the new coal gasification reactor module. The results indicated that the volume fraction of effective gas increased from 71.6% to 81.2% with the increase of coal slurry concentration from 52.5% to 65.5%, and it increased to 77.75% and then decreased with the oxygen-coal ratio increased from 491 to 560. The effective gas volume fraction increased with the increase of coal slurry concentration, and the fraction increased to the maximum value and then decreased with the increase of oxygen coal ratio concentration. The developed coal gasification module could accurately and reliably simulate the coal gasification process, and it had an important practical value.

In this paper, the mixing process of the catalyst ink for proton exchange membrane fuel cell is investigated. The relationship between the rheological properties and density of the ink and the volume fraction of platinum-carbon particles is experimentally determined. A three-phase multiphase flow model for the mixing process is developed specifically for the preparation of polymer electrolyte fuel cell ink. Numerical simulations are performed to analyze the flow field and dispersion characteristics of platinum-carbon particles considering the influence of both blade stirring and high-speed shear dispersion. The results suggest that the large-scale flow structures generated by the mixing blade are ineffective in preventing the settling of platinum-carbon particles. However, by introducing a high-speed shear dispersion device, the settling of platinum-carbon particles can be alleviated to some extent. Additionally, the dispersion characteristics of platinum-carbon particles in the flow field can be improved due to the mixing effect of this device. The results could provide an important guide for the design and improvement of ink-mixing devices, and offer substantial theoretical support for the efficient preparation of catalyst ink for proton exchange membrane fuel cells.

According to the characteristics of the energy use of the crude oil distillation unit, the heat integration scheme of the crude oil distillation unit was analyzed and evaluated with the help of the pinch analysis method, Using the proposed thermal integration effective value evaluation index, this paper explored the optimization strategy for heat integration of the crude oil distillation unit based on pinch point analysis, and studied the application of this method in different heat integration schemes such as heat integration below the pinch point, across the pinch point and above the pinch point. The proposed method could be used to determine whether the heat integration scheme of crude oil distillation units was effective, and effectively guided the heat integration between crude distillation units in refining enterprises. The cases study showed that the effective value of heat integration was only 7% in the high temperature hot water heat integration scheme cross pinch point. The effective values of heat integration for the catalytic slurry A and B heat integration scheme above the pinch point, where the slurry A and B had same initial and target temperature and different heat, were 100% and 60%, reducing the thermal utility load of the plant by about 25% and 30%, respectively.

Research on solving the forward and reverse problems of chemical reaction kinetics modeling can help to gain a deeper understanding of reaction mechanisms and reduce experimental costs. This study took the one-dimensional packed bed methane dehydro-aromatization (MDA) as an example and used a physics-informed neural network to couple the chemical reaction mechanism equations into the loss function. In this way, a solution framework for reaction kinetics modeling and parameter inversion was constructed. Firstly, the optimal neural network hyperparameters were determined by solving the forward problem. The results showed that the constructed model had good predictive performance in solving the MDA reaction kinetics model, with training error and extrapolation error L₂ of 0.19% and 0.95%, respectively. Based on this, the rate constants of MDA were inverted using labeled data under 0, 0.1%, and 0.3% Gaussian noise, and the predicted values obtained from training had a relative error within 0.5% of the true values, demonstrating the ability of physics-informed learning to perform inversion for unknown kinetic parameters under low-quality data.

Shell and tube heat exchangers are the most widely used heat exchangers, and optimizing their design is a crucial research topic. Most existing design methods are based on heuristic methods or commercial solvers, which are slow in solving and can't guarantee the quality of design solutions. This paper applied set trimming to the automatic design of shell and tube heat exchangers. The outer diameter of tubes, the length of tubes, the diameter of the shell side, the number of tube sides, the pitch of twist-tapes, and the thickness of twist-tapes were defined as discrete variables and input into the program, which automatically output the design results and solutions. The automatic design optimization of shell and tube heat exchangers that intensified with twisted-tape insert was carried out by using single-objective optimization with the minimization heat exchange area, total annualized cost, and net present cost as optimization objectives. By comparison, we find that set trimming could ensure the global optimization of the design solution, and its solving time was very short. It could provide results within 0.5—2s. The results of minimizing the heat transfer area as the objective function showed that set trimming could obtain a smaller heat transfer area, which was reduced by 0.7% compared to the literature value. At the same time, the use of intensification techniques could reduce the heat transfer area. When the heat stream was distributed on the tube side, the technique reduced the heat transfer area by 7.7%, and the tube-side pressure drop increased by 16.9%. When the heat stream was distributed on the shell side, the heat transfer area was reduced by 14.6%, and the tube-side pressure drop increased by 98.7%. The optimization results with the objective of minimizing total annualized cost and net present cost showed that the cost of intensified conditions was lower than that of non-intensified states, and when the heat stream distribution was on the tube side, it was 13.1% lower. When distributed on the shell side, it was 0.57% lower. In addition, the cost of heat exchangers will also be affected by cost parameters.

Data-driven fault diagnosis technologies can help operators find and detect process abnormalities in a timely and effective manner, having emerged as one of the hot topics in the current integration of industry and big data. The deep convolutional neural network (DCNN) approach is the most commonly used data-driven fault diagnosis model, but its activation process suffers from the mismatch of positive and negative values and the problem of parameter redundancy resulted by inefficient information flow. In this study, a novel activation mechanism based on the maximum smoothing unit (MSF) function was proposed to overcome the shortcomings of the previous activation functions, and the attention mechanism combined with the gated recurrent unit (GRU) was introduced to overcome the problem of parameter redundancy by improving the efficiency of information flow in DCNN. The as-established model of enhanced deep convolutional neural networks (EDCNN) exhibited significantly improved performance, which was verified by its applications in two industrial processes, the industrial actuator control system and the industrial acid gas absorption process. The average fault diagnosis rate in both processes exceeded 99.0%.

Ultra-deep oil and gas resources are the key breakthrough field for increasing reserves and production in future oil and gas exploration and development in China. Fracturing is an important way to complete the efficient development of ultra-deep oil and gas. However, ultra-deep fracturing faces harsh conditions, which poses new challenges to the fracturing working fluid. The research progress of ultra-deep high temperature resistant fracturing fluid was reviewed from three aspects: thickening agent, crosslinking agent and delayed crosslinking technology. The development history of thickening agents and cross-linking agents commonly used at home and abroad to improve the temperature resistance of fracturing fluids was summarized, and the temperature resistance limit of existing deep/ultra-deep fracturing fluids was clarified. The delayed crosslinking technology relying on environmental response had the most potential for application. At present, there were still problems with high concentrations of additives, complex molecular structures and high wellbore friction in temperature-resistant fracturing fluids. Developing high temperature-resistant delayed crosslinking fracturing fluids with low damage, high drag reduction and low cost would be the future development direction of ultra-deep fracturing fluids, which can provide a reference for further improving the efficient development of fracturing fluid technology for deep/ultra-deep oil and gas in China.

Vanadium flow batteries (VFB) has received widespread attentions in energy storage applications in recent years due to its characteristics of large power, large capacity, high efficiency and high safety performance. As a key component of VFB, ion conductive membrane has a serious problem of vanadium ion cross contamination, which is easy to cause the loss of battery capacity and reduce the battery service life. Therefore, it is of great significance to deeply understand the selectivity of VFB ion conductive membrane and proton conduction. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the research progress in VFB, encompassing cation-exchange membranes, anion-exchange membranes, zwitterion-exchange membranes, and porous membranes. Analysis of vanadium ion permeation and proton transport across ion-conductive membranes is made, with a primary focus on the impact of membrane modification, ultrathin composite membrane design, optimization of membrane microstructures, and functionalization of ion groups on the selectivity and conductivity. The paper also makes a comprehensive discussion on the current balance between selectivity and conductivity in VFB ion-conductive membranes, offering valuable insights for the development of high-performance, cost-effective, and long-lasting ion-conductive membranes, as well as their commercialization. It also discusses the researches of the hydrogen bond network structure based on the proton conduction mechanism, porous conductive membranes, low-cost ultrathin composite films, and molecular dynamics simulation of ion transmembrane to improve the selectivity of VFB ion-conductive films.

To solve the problems of high pollutant emission and large volume of traditional gas boilers, a fully premixed condensing gas boiler was developed. The boiler adopted side-by-side water-cooling plate fins inserted to form the burner head and the condensing heat exchange section. The furnace was between the burner head and the condensing heat exchange section. The boiler body was produced by extrusion aluminum process, with compact structure, strong heat transfer ability, corrosion resistance, simple process and low cost. Due to the symmetry of the model, the flow field, temperature field, flame length and pollutant emission characteristics of the basic unit were studied by numerical simulation. And the simulation results were verified by the combustion experiment. The results indicate that the boiler has a uniform flow field in the load range of 12—24kW. It is easy to ignite and burn stably. When the distance between the blunt body and the outlet of the fire hole is 4mm, the width of the blunt body is 1.0mm, the excess air coefficient is 1.2 and the combustion chamber length is 120mm, the NO _x emissions are less than 95mg/m³ and the CO emissions are less than 50mg/m³ at the full load of 24kW. The size of the boiler body is only 229mm×251mm×60mm. The boiler achieves ultra-compact and low emissions, which has important practical guiding significance for energy saving, emission reduction and low-carbon design as well as transformation of fully premixed water-cooling gas boiler.

Water and energy shortages are a serious constraint to the development of coastal as well as island economies. Coupling a 100% renewable energy sources generation system with hydropower cogeneration can effectively solve this problem. In this paper, an optimization and scheduling model for an integrated wind-photovoltaic-storage desalination system is developed. Firstly, a mathematical and economic model of the units is established, with the objective of minimizing total annual cost of the system. A genetic algorithm (GA) is used to solve and get the optimal structure and capacity configuration of the system for four typical days: spring, summer, autumn and winter. The satisfaction rate of hydropower in the system is greater than 99%, and the abandonment rate of wind and light in the system is less than 2%. The optimal operating scenarios for each typical day is established, including the production loads of the wind, photovoltaic, and reverse osmosis units, the matching relationship between supply and demand, and the operating status of each unit's equipment. The results show that the power supplied by the wind and solar hybrids is relatively smooth in all typical days. The operating load of the reverse osmosis unit varies greatly, but the duration of rated power operation is around 50%. The pumped storage unit also gives full play to its role in peak shaving and valley filling, accounting for more than 75% of the operating on all typical days. The system designed in this paper provides guidance for the industrial operation of hydropower cogeneration systems.

Electrolytic bicarbonate conversion that can avoid the energy-intensive steps (CO₂ desorption) has attracted particular interest. However, the rapid escape of CO₂ generated in the electrode leads to the insufficient participation of CO₂ in the reaction and the low utilization rate of CO₂. In this study, active carbon (AC) was used as an adsorption layer to modify the electrode. AC was mixed with CO₂ catalytic material Ag to construct an catalytic adsorption integrated electrode (AC+Ag), Which effectively regulated the pore structure of the gas diffusion electrode. And it explored the influence of CO₂ adsorption characteristics of different carbon materials on the performance during the electrolytic bicarbonate conversion. When Ag∶AC was 4∶1, Ag NPs loading was 2mg/cm² and Nafion content was 3.04%, the AC+Ag electrode obtained the highest Faraday efficiency of CO. The FE_CO reached 59.02% and 53.79% at 100mA/cm² and 200mA/cm², respectively. The stability test showed that the electrode can stable convert bicarbonate to CO for 11h. Besides, a high CO₂ utilization rate of 68.61% was obtained. This study proved that the AC-modified catalytic adsorption integrated electrode can effectively adsorb CO₂ in the electrolytic bicarbonate conversion and improve the electrochemical performance.

The moisture content of garbage in different regions of China is very different. This study explored the influence of moisture content on gasification characteristics of municipal solid waste (MSW), aiming to further realize its resource utilization. Based on Aspen Plus, a process model of waste gasification was established, and the effects of temperature on the composition of gasification synthesis gas, carbon conversion (CCE), low calorific value (LHV), and gas yield under different moisture content were analyzed. Results showed that the increase of gasification temperature promoted the first decrease and then increase of both CCE and LHV. Raised temperature and increased moisture content was observed to promote CCE while reducing LHV. Below 650℃, the increase of moisture content would promote the gas yield. However, above 650℃, it showed the opposite effect. A comprehensive analysis of gasification indexes revealed that the optimal condition was obtained with a moisture content of 25% and a gasification temperature of 850℃. On this basis, 40.63% combustion of gas production could provide heat for drying, pyrolysis and gasification stages to achieve heat self-sufficiency of the system. Moreover, when the gasification temperature and combustion ratio of gas production remained unchanged, the heat released by the gasification system increased firstly and then decreased as the waste moisture content rose.

Compared with the two-step process for bio-jet fuel production, the one-step process has the advantages of low cost, simple reaction and low energy consumption. The key to the efficient production of jet fuel by one-step process is the selection of catalysts, which need to have the integrated ability of hydrodeoxygenation, isomerization, and selective cracking. This work reviews the selection and preparation of bifunctional catalysts for the one-step hydrogenation of vegetable oil to jet fuel in recent years, and introduces the contribution of acid center and metal center to the reaction in the bifunctional catalysts. Microporous zeolites with 10-ring pores have unique selectivity for isomeric hydrocarbons. Compared with mesoporous materials, microporous zeolite provides larger diffusion resistance of reactants and products. Therefore, the synthesis of hierarchical porous materials or meso-microporous composites is a preferred choice of catalyst supports for future catalysts. The effect of active metal on the catalytic reactivity is also explored. The bimetallic, transition metals, transition metal sulfides and transition metal phosphides catalysts exhibit superior performance and cost reduction, compared to noble metals catalysts. Finally, the effect of catalyst preparation methods on the dispersion of active species is explored. Catalysts supported by highly dispersed transition metals exhibit excellent reactivity.

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) is an abundant C₁ resource, and the resource utilization of CO₂ is one of the hotspots in current research. Porous ionic polymers (PIPs) combine the advantages of porous polymers and ionic liquids, showing great potential in CO₂ adsorption and conversion. Based on the synthesis methods, structural properties and catalytic activity of PIPs, the recent application of porous ionic polymer catalysts such as polyionic liquids (free radical polymerization), hyper-crosslinked ionic polymers and MOFs-based ionic polymers in CO₂ cycloaddition reaction is systematically reviewed. The advantages and disadvantages of preparation method and structural characteristics of various PIPs catalysts are summarized. And the structure-activity relationship and catalytic mechanism of PIPs in CO₂ cycloaddition reaction are investigated. Finally, the application prospects of CO₂ cycloaddition catalyzed by PIPs are prospected, including improving the catalytic activity, stability and application range of PIPs and reducing the cost.

H₂O₂ low-temperature catalytic oxidative desulfurization and denitrification technology can be applied to low-temperature flue gas in the deep peaking process of coal-fired power stations. In this work, a pilot hot state experimental system was built, industrial honeycomb TiO₂ catalysts were selected with characterizations by XRD, XRF and SEM, and an integrated experimental study of desulfurization and denitrification was carried out to investigate the influence of various factors on the efficiency of low-temperature catalytic oxidative denitrification of H₂O₂. The results showed that the nano-TiO₂ particles were uniformly distributed, well dispersed and highly pure under microscopic conditions. In separate denitrification experiment, temperature had minor effect on the NO oxidation and removal efficiency. When the catalyst was not used, the oxidative removal of NO mainly relied on the oxidizing property of H₂O₂ itself and a small amount of ‧HO₂ generated by the decomposition of H₂O₂, which is less effective. With the increase of H₂O₂/NO molar ratio after the adoption of catalyst, the efficiency of NO oxidation and removal was greatly improved compared with that without catalyst. In the desulfurization and denitrification experiments, the oxidation and removal efficiency of NO was significantly promoted by SO₂ under the uncatalyzed condition. While under the catalyzed condition, there was a competitive effect between NO and SO₂ on the utilization of ‧OH when the molar ratio of H₂O₂/(NO+SO₂) was 0.5, and the oxidation and removal efficiency of NO was gradually enhanced and that of SO₂ was gradually reduced with the increase of SO₂ concentration. With the introduction of honeycomb TiO₂ catalyst, when the H₂O₂/NO molar ratio was 8, the NO oxidation efficiency reached 90.4%, the NO _x removal efficiency reached 63.7%, and the SO₂ removal efficiency could reach 100%.

Selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides by hydrocarbons (SCR-HC) is a promising denitrification method. The efficient redox ability of the catalyst is a key factor to influence its activity. A novel metallic organic framework, MIL-100(Fe), was prepared by hydrothermal method, and mCu-MIL-100(Fe) catalysts with different copper contents were synthesized by ultrasonic impregnation, and the performance of the SCR of NO with C₃H₆ was experimentally investigated in a fixed-bed microreactor. The results showed that the catalytic activity of MIL-100(Fe) was improved by the introduction of Cu. The NO conversion rate of 2.3Cu-MIL-100(Fe) was 100% at 275℃ and maintained above 85% with the N₂ selectivity higher than 90% in the range of 275—400℃. It also has good ability to resist SO₂. The microstructure and physicochemical properties of the catalysts were characterized by various techniques, and the reaction mechanism was further discussed. The N₂ adsorption-desorption results showed that the addition of an appropriate amount of Cu increased the specific surface area of the catalyst and enhanced the adsorption of the reaction gases on the catalyst surface. XPS results proved that the addition of Cu increased the number of oxygen vacancies on the catalyst surface. There was a synergistic effect and electron transfer between Cu and Fe. The H₂-TPR curve indicated that Cu shifted the reduction characteristic peak of the catalyst towards low temperature, enhancing the catalyst's reduction ability.

The increasingly severe issues about energy and the environment demand the development of energy-efficient and environmentally friendly cooling technologies. Radiative cooling materials and technologies with the characteristic of cooling through thermal radiation without the need for energy consumption have become a highly focused research field in recent years. Radiative cooling paints exhibit significant scientific research value and enormous engineering application prospects due to their advantages of simple preparation, low cost and convenient application. This review summarized the cooling principles and current research status of radiative cooling paint, including inorganic paint, organic paint and organic-inorganic hybrid paint. It discussed the applications of radiative cooling paint in building energy efficiency, human thermal management and aerospace. Finally, from the perspective of combining the performance of radiative cooling paint with practical applications, this article proposed that enhancing the weather resistance of radiative cooling paint and developing new applications for paint as well as dynamic cooling paint, were the future development trends. Research on radiation cooling paint was of significant importance for addressing energy issues and establishing an environmentally friendly society.

Laser induced graphene (LIG) is a three-dimensional porous graphene material obtained by direct laser irradiation of carbon precursors. With the advantages of simple preparation process, arbitrary patterning, low cost and high quality, LIG has received great attention in the field of flexible strain sensors, and has been widely used in medical health, motion monitoring, human-computer interaction and other fields. In this paper, the preparation process of LIG, the structure-properties influence factors of laser parameters, carbon precursors and doping modification, and the latest development of LIG application in flexible strain sensors were introduced. The laser parameters included laser power and scanning rate, image density, focal length and atmosphere. Carbon precursors included aromatic polymers and natural materials. Doping modification included in-situ doping and post-treatment doping. It was pointed out that the development of biocompatible and biodegradable carbon precursors was an important requirement for the renewability and sustainability of electronic products. Furthermore, large deformation and fast response were the exploration goals of LIG flexible wearable sensors, and multi-functional sensor integration was the development trend of LIG flexible wearable sensors.

Nano magnesium hydroxide has a wide application prospect in the flame retardant of polymer materials such as plastics and rubber due to its advantages of green and high efficiency. With the deepening of research, preparation methods such as precipitation method, hydrothermal/solvothermal method and microwave-assisted method have dominated the preparation of nano magnesium hydroxide. In this paper, these three mainstream preparation methods were introduced from the aspects of morphology and particle size control of nano magnesium hydroxide. The mechanism of action in some preparation processes was explored. The advantages and disadvantages of each preparation method were described, and then the preparation methods were compared and summarized. Secondly, the problems and solutions of nano magnesium hydroxide in the application field were discussed, and its application in the field of flame retardant of various polymer materials was summarized. The flame retardant mechanism of nano magnesium hydroxide was explored from many angles by combining theory with examples. Finally, the opportunities and challenges encountered in the preparation methods and applications of nano magnesium hydroxide were prospected, hoping to provide useful inspiration and reference for further research on nano magnesium hydroxide.

Membrane technology for carbon dioxide capture and separation with advantages of high efficiency, energy saving and economic becomes the current hot research topic. Polymer membranes have been widely commercialized because of their high processability and low cost, but they have the problem of "trade-off" effect of permeability and selectivity, that is, highly permeable membranes have low selectivity, and vice versa. The mixed matrix membrane prepared by adding porous materials to polymer matrix can improve the gas permeability and selectivity at the same time, which has become a research trend in the field of gas separation membrane. In this paper, the research progress on the stability of mixed matrix membranes prepared by polyether block polyamide (Pebax) as polymer matrix and porous materials as fillers was reviewed. The chemical stability of zeolite, metal-organic frameworks and covalent organic frameworks in the presence of water, acid, alkali and organic solvent was summarized and their mechanisms were explained. This paper focused on the current status of the research on the moisture resistance and long-term stability of Pebax mixed matrix membranes during CO₂ separation. Finally, aiming at the development of membrane stability in the field of gas separation, research focuses were put forward on the porous materials and membrane in basic research, and the research directions for theory of cross experiment and diversified means to evaluate membrane stability were pointed out. In addition, strategies to improve membrane stability were proposed from the design and preparation of fillers and polymers, aiming to further improve the separation stability of Pebax mixed matrix membrane for CO₂ mixed gas.

Traditional storage media presents information in a static form, making it vulnerable to counterfeiting and imitation. To address this issue, researchers have turned to fluorescent hydrogels, a type of "soft material" that exhibits excellent luminescence characteristics and can be easily designed and regulated. These materials are of particular interest in the field of information security and anti-counterfeiting due to their ability to change color or shape in response to specific external stimuli. By incorporating fluorescent hydrogels into products or packaging, it is possible to create dynamic and interactive features that are difficult to replicate or manipulate, offering a more secure solution than traditional static storage media. Based on these, this literature summarized the construction progress of fluorescent hydrogel-based information storage materials, concluded the phased evolution in the patterns of information encryption and protection varying from the single level encryption to the multilevel encryption (3D encryption platform and confusing information encryption), and then to the dynamic encryption patterns with time-varying effects. Last but not least, the challenges, opportunities and future development prospects of fluorescent hydrogels were discussed in terms of the construction methods and information encryption applications. The purpose of this review was to promote the further development of fluorescent hydrogel-based information storage materials and their encryption properties, providing insights for the future development of more intelligent and secure information encryption systems.

Silver has advantages of broad-spectrum antibacterial activity and low toxicity without drug resistance, making it a preferred antimicrobial agent for water treatment systems in long-term manned space missions. This article first introduced the antibacterial mechanism of silver, classified silver-carrying antibacterial materials by antimicrobial agents and carrier materials, focused on the sustained release performance of silver-carrying materials and summarized the current approaches to enhancing the sustained release performance from three perspectives: optimization of silver ion loading, pretreatment of carrier materials and optimization of loading preparation processes. According to the applications of silver-loaded materials in water treatment projects, the sustained release performances of silver-loaded materials were not well with low release concentration of silver ion. For long-term manned space missions, the sterilization and antibacterial activity in water treatment systems were crucial. To meet these requirements, silver-loaded antibacterial materials should achieve long-term stable release of silver ion, and the carrier should remain stable with no secondary pollutants dissolved and also could withstand the mechanical conditions of space launch at the same time. If it achieved, it would serve as backup for electrolytic release of silver using in space station, and also be considered for uses in multi-scenario antibacterial sterilization in China’s long-term manned space missions.

Due to the increasing demand for oil resources and the growing challenges associated with extraction, the field of enhanced recovery technology requires continuous innovation. Nanomaterials represent a promising type of material with unique properties resulting from their nano-scale dimensions and distinct grain boundary structure. These properties afford nanomaterials significant potential for use in enhanced oil recovery applications. This paper provided a systematic review of the mechanisms by which nanomaterials improved chemical recovery, including the reduction of surface/interfacial tension to increase the number of capillaries, contribution to structural separation forces for oil stripping from rock surfaces at a microscopic level and enhancement of wettability to improve water seepage and absorption. Improving the stability of emulsions and foams would in turn enhance the stability of the system. Increasing the ratio of flow rate would improve volumetric wave efficiency. Asphalt deposition could be inhibited with catalytic asphalt decomposition, which prevented pore clogging and reduced formation damage. Particle transportation could also be inhibited, which reduced formation damage. Cases of nanomaterials were cited as means to enhance oil recovery in low permeability reservoirs, thick oil reservoirs and reservoirs with high water content. And challenges in the large-scale use of such materials in oilfields were identified.

Solid electrolyte interface (SEI) is a passivation layer on the surface of the electrode that is formed at the solid/liquid interface between the electrolyte and the electrode after electrochemical reactions. It typically forms during the formation stage of the battery and is characterized by its ability to conduct ions and insulate electrons. High-quality SEI film is crucial for improving the cycling life and safety of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The morphology and structure of the SEI film could be varied in different electrolyte systems, and they have different degrees of impact on the performance of LIBs. Therefore, it is crucial to have a thorough analysis of the structure-property relationship between the morphology and structure of the SEI film and battery performance. This article provides an overview of the factors influencing the structure and properties of SEI film, main in-situ/ex-situ characterization methods, especially a novel electrochemical impedance characterization technique, and the impact of SEI film structure on lithium ion transport, lithium deposition, and interface desolvation. This article summarizes the relationship between SEI film structure and LIBs performance, aiming to provide insights for enhancing the performance of LIBs through the targeted control of SEI film structure.

Silicon-based mesoporous materials are an emerging class of "milestone" materials with unique structure and properties such as tunable pore size, high specific surface area, ordered pore system and stable backbone for functionalization. So far, the application fields of these materials are still expanding, especially they have significant advantages in the adsorption of pollutants in wastewater and metal separation. Firstly, the research work of silicon-based mesoporous materials was briefly introduced, among which M41S and SBA series were the most widely studied. The preparation factors of silicon-based mesoporous materials, including template agent, silicon source, synthesis conditions and the effects of their interactions were reviewed. Material modification was inevitable. This paper summarized the research work of inorganic, organic and other modifications, and explained the function of functional modification on the structure and properties of materials. Finally, the application of these materials in metal adsorption and their adsorption properties and mechanisms were discussed, and the development direction of the synthesis and application of silicon-based mesoporous materials was prospected, which provided a theoretical basis for the reference in practical engineering.

The high nickel cathode materials are considered as key materials for upgrading energy density of current lithium-ion battery due to their high theoretical specific capacity (270mA·h/g). Currently, the ternary hydroxide precursors of high nickel materials are typically prepared using co-precipitation methods, which is significant in determining the performance of the final sintered material. During the co-precipitation process, factors such as ammonia content, pH value, reaction temperature, solid content, stirring rate and impurities jointly affect the physicochemical properties of the product, making it challenging to synthesize cathode materials with targeted performance. This work investigated the preparation process and basic properties of high nickel precursors with different particle size distributions and nickel contents of 88%, 90%, 92%, and 94% (molar ratios of Ni in Ni, Co, Mn). Furthermore, focusing on the precursor material with a nickel content of 94%, the effects of synthesis parameters, ammonia content, pH and stirring rate, on the properties of the precursor product were explored. It was found that under relatively low ammonia content, pH and stirring speed conditions, it was easier to prepare precursors with uniform particle size distribution and intact morphology. Moreover, the resulting high nickel materials exhibited higher discharge capacity and initial coulombic efficiency.

Spinel-type lithium nickel manganese oxide (LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄) cathode material has an operating voltage plateau of 4.7V (vs. Li/Li⁺), which is environmental-friendly cathode material alternatives for lithium-ion batteries with the highest output voltage and lower cost. In this paper, aluminum-doped lithium nickel manganese oxide (LiNi_0.45Al_0.05Mn_1.5O₄, Al@LNMO) samples were prepared by a hydrothermal method, and the effect of aluminum doping on the electrochemical properties of lithium nickel manganese oxide (LNMO) was investigated by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. According to the results of DFT calculations, aluminum doping could reduce the band gap of LNMO and increase its conductivity. Structural characterization by XRD and FTIR showed that the crystal structure of the synthesized Al@LNMO was \mathrm{F}\overline{\mathrm{3}}dm. In addition, electrochemical cycling tests indicated that the initial specific discharge capacities of Al@LNMO were 137.1mAh/g and 138.0mAh/g at 25℃ and 50℃ and a multiplicity of 1C, respectively; and the capacity retention rates were 82.9% and 79.1% after 100 cycles, respectively. Moreover, the capacity retention rate of Al@LNMO at 50℃ was similar to that at 25℃. This indicated that Al@LNMO had good high-temperature stability. The results showed that Al@LNMO was a promising high voltage cathode material for lithium-ion batteries.

Recently, the domestic demand for messmate (Eucalyptus obliqua) woods is rising, and there is no efficient and feasible conventional drying schedule for this particular wood so far. In-depth research on hygroscopicity and thermodynamic properties of messmate woods is highly needed. The water sorption characteristics of messmate woods at different temperature levels (30℃, 45℃, 60℃ and 75℃) were studied using the constant temperature and humidity chamber. The water adsorption and desorption isotherms and associated sorption hysteresis, as well as the thermodynamic properties such as the effective specific surface area S, net isosteric heat of sorption Q_st, total heat of wetting W₀, differential entropy ΔS, Gibbs free energy change ΔG, expansion pressure Φ and enthalpy-entropy compensation, were analyzed. The obtained water sorption isotherms belonged to type Ⅱ isotherms and could be well-fitted by the GAB and H-H models (R²>0.999). At constant temperature levels, the equilibrium moisture content (EMC) increased with water activity. At the constant water activity, the EMC and associated sorption hysteresis reduced with the increased temperature. The effective specific surface area decreased with the temperature. Overall, the isosteric heat of sorption and differential entropy for the water adsorption process were negative but positive for the desorption process. Furthermore, the absolute values of both isosteric heat of sorption and differential entropy increased with EMC first and then decreased gradually approaching zero. The absolute values of total heat of wetting of the desorption process, 83.7kJ/mol, was much higher than that of the adsorption process, 32.2kJ/mol. A good linear fit between the net isosteric heat of sorption and differential entropy and different isokinetic and harmonic mean temperatures indicated the establishment of the enthalpy-entropy compensation theory. Furthermore, both adsorption and desorption processes were enthalpy driven. The adsorption process was spontaneous, but the desorption process was non-spontaneous. The spreading pressure increased with the water activity. It was difficult to assess the influence of temperature on the spreading pressure for the adsorption process, but for the desorption process, the spreading pressure increased with the temperature.

To improve the hydrophobic performance of polypropylene (PP) microporous membranes for gas-liquid separation, the polysiloxane-silica and polypropylene resin were blended and made into hydrophobic polypropylene hollow fiber membranes by the melt-stretching method. DSC, TGA, SEM, AFM, porosity, water contact angle and gas/pure water fluxes were carried out to investigate the effect of polysiloxane-silica contents on the structure and performance of the hollow fiber membrane. The results showed that as the polysiloxane-silica content increased, the water contact angle of the membrane gradually increased, and the average pore size, pure water flux and gas flux indicated a trend of increasing and then decreasing. When the polysiloxane-silica content increased from 0 to 2%, the water contact angle of the membrane increased from 108.6° to 127.6°, indicating that the hydrophobicity of the PP microporous membrane was significantly improved. The membrane porosity was 59.4%, and the gas flux was 61.76L/(m²∙s), which was 2.16 times that of the pure PP membrane. Additionally, the polysiloxane-silica played the role of heterogeneous nucleation, improved the annealing effect, and made the structure of the main lamellae stable. The pore structure still consisted of separated lamellae crystals.

A series of coaxial fiber electrode samples with different sheath and core component were prepared through wet-spinning method combined with subsequent high temperature carbonization. Single-layer MXene sheets, polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and polyacrylonitrile (PAN) were applied in this study for making various spinning solution. The influence of different material constitution of the sheath and core layer on the property of as-prepared fiber electrodes, including microstructure, mechanical strength, electrical conductivity and electrochemical performance, was discussed and analyzed. The results showed that the fiber electrode sample with PAN/MXene sheath layer and PAN/PMMA core layer could achieve balance between the electrochemical performance and mechanical strength. The tensile breaking strength, specific conductance and specific capacitance reached 14.4MPa, 322.7S/m and 113.18F/g, respectively. In addition, the fiber electrode also had good cycle stability with capacitance retention rate at 95.7% after 1000 GCD cycles.

Superhydrophobic materials hold great promise in areas such as daily textiles, biomedicine and architectural coatings due to their excellent anti-corrosion, anti-icing and self-cleaning properties. In order to meet the demands of practical applications, it is particularly important to develop low-cost superhydrophobic surface structures. In this paper, polymerized rosin (PR) was used as an auxiliary material for melt-blown spinning with polypropylene (PP), and then the PR component was removed to obtain porous fibrous membranes, which were modified with octadecyltrichlorosilane to obtain durabe superhydrophobic materials. The results showed that the auxiliary addition of PR could induce fiber thinning and increase the porosity of the fiber membrane, and the contact angle of the prepared 7PP/3PR fiber membrane was increased by about 20° compared with that of the 10PP/0PR fiber membrane. The homogeneous dispersion of the hydrophobic substance solution increased the abrasion resistance and self-cleaning performance of the fiber membrane. The best performance of the superhydrophobic material was obtained for the 7PP/3PR fiber membrane with a contact angle of 159.8°. After 5 friction cycles, the contact angle was still 152.6° with a retention rate of 95.27%, while the superhydrophobic material of 10PP/0PR fiber membrane had a retention rate of only 87.46%.

Inspired by desert beetles, tannic acid metal complex (TA-Fe³⁺) and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) were introduced for wettability modification of non-woven fabrics (NFc). Surface-patterned tannic acid-Fe³⁺/polydimethylsiloxane Janus non-woven fabric (p-TA-Fe³⁺/PDMS Janus NFc) was prepared by dipping and spraying method, and its microstructure and unidirectional water transport properties were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Besides, the water mist collector was constructed to test the mist collection performance to further investigate the surface unidirectional water transport properties and to explore the mechanism of the mist collection behavior. The results showed that p-Janus NFc with a beetle-like patterned surface and asymmetric wettable Janus structure exhibited good unidirectional water transport performance and excellent water mist collection due to the synergistic effects of alternating pro-hydrophobic wetting surfaces and Janus structures. In a 3.0h fog collection experiment, the water collection rate of p-Janus NFc could be as high as 193.31mg/(cm²·h), which was nearly 16 times of the corresponding superhydrophilic materials. This bio-inspired Janus non-woven material provided a powerful way to build an environmentally friendly and efficient fog collection system and alleviate water shortage in arid and semi-arid regions.

In order to achieve high performance of epoxy resin (EP), two-dimensional mica nanosheets (MNs) obtained by intercalation method were combined with toughening flame retardant methyl phosphonate-decanediamine ionic complex (MPA-DAD), and a multifunctional EP modified material MNs@MPA-DAD was prepared. The influence of MNs@MPA-DAD on the properties of EP composites was investigated by mechanical test, UL-94, limiting oxygen index (LOI), thermogravimetric, cone calorimetric and friction and wear test. The results exhibited that the ionic bond in MPA-DAD can act as a sacrificial bond and dissipate energy to improve toughness. Compared with neat EP, the tensile and flexural toughness of EP composites increased by 302% and 268%, respectively, when 8%MNs@MPA-DAD was added. Two-dimensional MNs could be used as a physical barrier to inhibit the transfer of heat and oxygen in the combustion process of materials, and played a synergistic flame retardancy mechanism with MPA-DAD. The limiting oxygen index of EP/8%MNs@MPA-DAD was increased from 20.4% (neat EP) to 28.9%, and the residues at 800℃ was increased from 8.9% to 14.3%. UL-94 test passed the V-0 level, and the peak heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat release (THR) were reduced by 34.0% and 19.7%, respectively. MNs@MPA-DAD could produce a uniform lubricating transfer layer, reduced friction heat generation, avoided melting wear and improved the wear resistance of epoxy resin. The wear area of EP/8%MNs@MPA-DAD was 76.6% lower than that of neat EP.

In order to improve the yield of vitamin U and the purity of the final product and reduce the influence of the thermal decomposition products on the quality of the final product, the production process of vitamin U was optimized, and the thermal decomposition products were analyzed. Firstly, through the optimization of the three processes of vitamin U, including synthesis, decolorization, and concentration, the optimal production conditions of vitamin U were obtained as follows: The synthesis temperature was 54℃, the molar ratio of methionine to chloromethane was 1∶2.6, the amount of activated carbon was 2g/L, the decolorization time was 8min, the concentration temperature was controlled at 55℃, and the concentration time was 8h. Then the thermal decomposition products of vitamin U were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The main thermal decomposition products compositions and the possible degradation pathways of vitamin U in an aqueous solution were determined. Molecular simulation calculations corroborated that methanol could be used as a refining solvent to remove thermal decomposition products generated during vitamin U production. The average yield of the optimized process was increased by 8.5 percentage points, the average purity was increased by 0.8 percentage points, the average error was reduced by 5.1 percentage points and 0.33 percentage points, respectively, the average melting range was reduced by 0.8℃, the stability of the process was significantly improved, and the purity of the vitamin U was further improved on the basis of meeting the national standards. This work has reference significance for further optimization of the vitamin U production process.

Microemulsions are commonly used for the preparation of nanomaterials. The controllable regulation of the size of microdroplets is crucial to the preparation of nanomaterials. When Cu(Ac)₂-Zn(Ac)₂ electrolyte aqueous solution was used as the aqueous phase, the variations of microdroplets sizes of W/O microemulsion system of Triton X-100 were studied systematically. The experimental results showed that the droplet size could be regulated in the range of 4—12nm by changing the water content in the microemulsion and the type of electrolyte solution. And within a certain range, the average size of microdroplets increased with the increase of water content in the system. The different forces between metal ions and water molecules in the electrolyte solution also led to different changes in the particle size distribution of the droplets. The addition of electrolyte did not change the appearance and stability of the microemulsion. In the microemulsion systems with chain alkanes as oil phase, the size distribution of microdroplets with Cu(Ac)₂-Zn(Ac)₂ electrolyte aqueous solution as water phase was more uniform. CuO-ZnO nanoparticles were successfully prepared by the proposed microemulsion method. The results were useful to provide a guide for the controllable regulation of microdroplet size and the preparation of nanomaterials.

In order to solve the problem of poor stability of short fluorocarbon chain foam, G-MNPs with different water contact angles were obtained by hydrophobic modification of magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MNPs) with stearic acid. The effects of hydrophobic modified MNPs on the performance and fire extinguishing performance of short fluorocarbon chain foam were studied. MNPs were modified by stearic acid for 60min, 90min, 120min and 150min, respectively. The surface morphology, particle size distribution, hydrophobicity, thermal stability and solution dispersion of the modified MNPs were tested. The effects of hydrophobic modification on foam stability, foaming ability, foam coarsening, fire extinguishing performance and burning resistance were studied. The results showed that when the hydrophobic modification time of stearic acid was 120min, the water contact angle of modified MNPs was the largest, reaching 138.4°. The surface roughness of the modified MNPs increased, the particle size increased, and the thermal stability was good at high temperature. Hydrophobic modification had little effect on the surface tension and viscosity of the foam solution. When the hydrophobic angle was 90.0°, the foaming performance, stability, fire extinguishing performance and burning resistance of the modified MNPs foam solution were the best.

Three-way rod metal-organic framework—3W-ROD-1 was prepared by solvothermal method using In(NO₃)₃·4H₂O and H₃L, with nitric acid serving as the template. This material possessed a permanent pore structure and exhibited a relatively high specific surface area, reaching up to 2742m²/g,along with a pore volume of 1.11cm³/g. Owing to its unique structural characteristics, the adsorption capacity of 3W-ROD-1 for propane, ethane, and methane were 8.74mmol/g, 3.62mmol/g, and 0.44mmol/g, respectively. Notably, the adsorption capacity of propane ranked at the forefront among similar materials. Through IAST (ideal adsorption solution theory) selective calculation, the adsorption selectivities of C₃H₈/CH₄, C₂H₆/CH₄ at 298K and 1bar were calculated to be 87.0 (C₃H₈∶CH₄=15∶85) and 9.5 (C₂H₆∶CH₄=15∶85), respectively. Dynamic breakthrough separation experiments further verified its excellent separation performance for the propane/methane, ethane/methane, and propane/ethane/methane mixed systems. In the three components separation of propane/ethane/methane (V/V/V=5/10/85), the breakthrough times were 50min, 11.5min and 3min, respectively. These findings convincingly demonstrated the potential application value of this material in the field of natural gas purification.

China's carbon peaking and carbon neutrality strategy has made electric vehicles and energy storage crucial tools for its implementation. Lithium-ion batteries have emerged as a core technology for electric vehicles and energy storage, exhibiting significant progress in recent years. Current lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) predominantly use liquid electrolytes, which encounter safety and energy density bottlenecks, posing challenges to meet the application demand for electric vehicles and energy storage. Sulfide all-solid-state lithium batteries (ASSLBs) incorporate an inorganic sulfide solid-state electrolyte in place of the commonly used liquid electrolyte, presenting a solution to the flammable and explosive safety concerns associated with the latter. Meanwhile, based on the high ionic conductivity of the sulfide electrolyte, the sulfide electrolyte based ASSLB has exhibited excellent rate performance. In this review, the history of their development was introduced before the classification and structure of sulfide electrolytes. Then, it was followed by a discussion of the structural features, ion transport mechanisms and electrochemical properties of both glassy and crystalline sulfide electrolytes. Three different synthesis methods and the corresponding electrochemical properties of the resulting sulfide electrolytes were then presented. Finally, key properties such as air stability and interfacial stability that determined their industrial applications were summarized. It was suggested in conclusion to offer recommendations for the future research path of sulfide electrolyte, which could boost the industrial usage of ASSLBs and contribute to the fulfilment of China's "dual carbon goals".

With the rapid growth of the demand for lithium-ion battery (LIBs), a large number of waste LIBs will be produced. If not disposed of properly, it will bring serious environmental pollution problems. The cathode materials of spent LIBs contain a large number of rare valuable metals, and the recovery of these metals will produce both environmental and economic benefits. Compared with the traditional separation, purification and recovery technologies of metal components from cathode materials, the strategy of direct regeneration of cathode materials has attracted much attention due to its advantages of simple process, low energy consumption, short recycling cycle and high added value of products. Six direct regeneration technologies for cathode materials from spent LIBs such as coprecipitation method, sol-gel method, solid phase sintering method, hydrothermal method, ion thermal/molten salt method and electrochemical repair method were reviewed and their advantages and disadvantages were also summarized. Among them, coprecipitation method and sol-gel method had some limitations in industrial application because of their relatively complex steps, high equipment requirements and reagent cost. Solid phase sintering method, hydrothermal method, ion thermal/molten salt method and electrochemical repair method had great opportunities for development because of their convenience and economy. In addition, the prospect and development trend of direct recycling of cathode materials from spent LIBs were prospected in order to provide reference for the research in the field of spent LIBs recycling.

Quorum sensing is a communication mechanism widely existing in microorganisms. Autoinducer-2 (AI-2), a kind of quorum sensing signaling molecule for interspecies communication, has received increasing attention for its role in regulating bacterial gene expression and aggregation. Granular sludge, as a kind of microbial aggregates, has been widely concerned and studied because of its advantages such as high microbial population, good settleability and high resistance to loads. A large number of studies have shown that AI-2 mediated quorum sensing plays an important role in the process of sludge granulation. This paper reviewed the formation of AI-2 signaling molecules and the mechanism of AI-2 mediated quorum sensing, the detection methods of AI-2, the influencing factors in the production of AI-2 and its distribution in granular sludge, summarized the regulatory role of AI-2 in the process of granulation, and finally provided an outlook of the research of AI-2 mediated quorum sensing in granular sludge. The aim is to provide theoretical references for the in-depth understanding of the regulation effect of quorum sensing on sludge granulation as well as for promoting the engineering application of sludge granulation.

As a by-product of oil sludge pyrolysis, the stock of pyrolysis residue is increasing, which seriously threatens the ecological environment. Given that the composition of the pyrolysis residue of oily sludge was similar to that of clay minerals, in this study, pyrolysis residue was used to prepare water-permeating bricks instead of clay. The effects of pyrolysis residue addition amount, water amount and extrusion stress on the compressive strength and permeability of the prepared water-permeating bricks were investigated, and the concentration of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the leaching solution of permeated brick were also studied. The results show that the addition amount of pyrolysis residue, water amount and extrusion stress have significant impact on the compressive strength and permeability of the permeable brick. When the addition amount of pyrolysis residue is 15%, the amount of water is 13% and the extrusion stress is 30MPa, the physical properties of the permeable brick are the best. At this point, the compressive strength is 32.20MPa, reaching the Cc30 standard, and the permeable coefficient is 1.80×10^-2cm/s, which is higher than 1.00×10^-2cm/s specified in WaterPermeableBrick (JC/T 945—2005). The leaching experiment results of heavy metals and PAHs show that the metals detected in the leaching solution of water permeated brick include Cr, Pb, Cu, Ni and Zn. The concentrations of Cr, Cu and Zn are lower than the Class Ⅱ standard limits stipulated in the EnvironmentalQualityStandardforSurfaceWater (GB 3838—2002) and the class Ⅲ standard limits stipulated in the QualityStandardforGroundwater (GB/T 14848—2017). The amount of residue added, the amount of water added and the extrusion stress have significant impacts on Ni in the leaching solution, but have little influence on Cr. The main PAHs detected in the leachate of permeated brick include naphthalene, acenaphthene, dihydroacenaphthene, fluorene and phenanthrene. The total concentration is in the range of 218.43—408.34μg/L. Acenaphthene is the main component in the leaching solution, and its relative mass distribution ratio is 59.80%—77.55%. This study can provide scientific basis for harmless treatment and resource utilization of oily sludge pyrolysis residue.

In the context of the national "dual carbon" initiative, optimizing process parameters to reduce energy consumption in chemical processes is crucial for energy conservation and emission reduction. The catalytic hydration process for producing ethylene glycol is energy-intensive, requiring operational parameter optimization to minimize energy consumption. However, achieving simultaneous multi-parameter optimization solely based on process simulation is challenging due to process complexity. This paper proposed a solution that integrated process simulation-generated data, surrogate model construction, and synchronized optimization of thermal integration. Process simulation was conducted for the annual production of 300000t of ethylene glycol from ethylene oxide. Surrogate model output variables were determined based on utility engineering locations, while sensitivity analysis was used to determine input variables. Sobol random sequences were used to generate sample points, and simulation provided real data considering the mechanistic model. A data-driven approach using neural networks was utilized to construct the surrogate model. Finally, a synchronous algorithm, combining a genetic algorithm and a D-G model, was utilized to optimize the surrogate model with the goal of minimizing the total public utility project cost. The obtained optimal process parameters led to a 4.89% reduction in cost compared to that before optimization. This demonstrated the effectiveness of the method and highlighted its potential for addressing complex full-process synchronous optimization problems in thermal integration.

Due to the relatively slow growth rate of anammox bacteria, the reactor start-up time is usually shortened in industry by adding carrier fillers. In order to evaluate the effect of carriers on the film attachment of anammox bacteria, three carriers, polyurethane (PU), polyethylene (PE) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), were tested in a real-scale IFAS reactor treating coal chemical wastewater. At 110d, all three carriers formed mature biofilms, with bio-enrichment of (3.84±0.36)mg VSS/(cm³ filler), (2.40±0.41)mg VSS/(cm³ filler) and (1.82±0.17)mg VSS/(cm³ filler) for PU, PE and PVA carriers, and EPS contents of (0.250±0.022)mg/(cm³ filler), (0.018±0.0031)mg/(cm³ filler) and (0.0096±0.0018)mg/(cm³ filler), respectively; moreover, PU carriers showed more excellent stability and shock resistance in the face of water quality fluctuations and system failure. In addition, the microorganisms in PU carriers had a more complex network topology, which could provide more available substrates and nutrients for microbial habitats, and the microbial interactions were also closer. The above results indicated that PU carriers were more suitable as biofilm carriers for the anammox process than PE and PVA carriers.

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) in the anaerobic digestion biogas can decrease the utility value of biogas, and removing CO₂ efficiently is the research hotspot in the biogas utilization area. Calcined Mg/Al hydrotalcites (CLDHs) has desirable CO₂ adsorption property. In this study, Box-Behnken model in the response surface methodology was applied to optimize the condition for CO₂ adsorption by CLDHs, and the effects of adsorbents dosage, calcination temperature and reaction temperature on adsorption performances were investigated. The CO₂ adsorption mechanisms were analyzed by adsorbents characterization and adsorption process test. Experimental results indicated that adsorbents dosage, calcination temperature and reaction temperature all showed significant effects on CO₂ adsorption performance, and the optimal adsorption conditions were: CLDHs dosage of 0.016g/mL, calcination temperature of 400℃ and reaction temperature of 55℃. Under the optimal conditions, CO₂ content decreased from initial 23.51% to 0, and CO₂ adsorption capacity of 0.625mmol/g and CH₄ recovery rate of 94.7% were achieved. Meanwhile, adsorbent had desirable regeneration property after 6 cycles of adsorption-desorption. The adsorption process test and adsorbents characterization results, including X-ray diffractometer (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), specific surface area, point of zero charge and pore structure, revealed that the CO₂ adsorption process was very quick, and the surface basic sites adsorption as well as layer anion intercalation promoted CO₂ adsorption simultaneously.

lithium/aluminum layered double hydroxides (Li/Al-LDHs) is an adsorbent suitable for lithium extraction from high magnesium to lithium ratio brine. However, there are issues such as low adsorption capacity, unclear adsorption mechanism and insufficient understanding of applicable conditions. In this work, Li/Al-LDHs were prepared using aluminum powder and lithium hydroxide as raw materials. The applicable conditions and the influence of anions and cations in the solution on the adsorption process were investigated. The lithium extraction performance under different solution compositions was tested and the lithium desorption mechanism was characterized by FTIR and XPS. The results showed that the maximum adsorption capacity of Li/Al-LDHs in brine was 8.350mg/g, and the cation selectivity order was Li⁺>Na⁺>Mg²⁺>Ca²⁺>K⁺. The adsorption of Li⁺ by Li/Al-LDHs followed the Langmuir isotherm adsorption model and the pseudo-second-order adsorption kinetics model. The adsorption process was mainly based on the sieving effect of size. When Li⁺ entered the interlayer space of the adsorbent, an equal amount of anions (Cl^-, SO₄^2-, etc.) was needed to maintain charge balance. The lithium adsorption capacity increased with the increase of the total ion concentration in the solution, making it more suitable for lithium extraction from high salt content brines. This research findings can serve as valuable technical references for the subsequent utilization of Li/Al-LDHs derived from discarded aluminum metal in lithium extraction from salt lake brines.

To solve the problems of long process and large amount of pollutants in metal extraction of waste zinc-based desulfurizer and copper-zinc-based catalyst, a technical method of efficient and clean synergistic separation and utilization of the copper and zinc in the two materials by vacuum carbothermal reduction method was proposed. On the basis of the characterizations of the chemical composition and main phase of the waste desulfurizer and copper-zinc-based catalyst, the experimental study of vacuum carbothermal synergistic extraction and separation of copper and zinc was carried out. The optimum zinc volatilization process conditions were obtained by adjusting the heating temperature, holding time and batch ratio, and the process mechanism was analyzed in depth. The results showed that the waste desulfurizer with ZnS as the main phase and the scrap copper-zinc-based catalyst with CuO and ZnO as the main phase could effectively reduce and volatilize the zinc in the two materials during vacuum carbothermal reduction. The mixture of copper-zinc-based catalyst, desulfurizer, and carbon with C∶ (ZnO + CuO) as 1∶1 (molar ratio) and CuO∶ZnS as 2∶1 (molar ratio) was heated to 1100℃ for 60min, the reduction and volatilization rate of zinc reached 99.56%, and the copper grade in the reduced slag was 59.46% with the copper existing mainly as Cu_1.96S, which could be used as ice copper blowing raw materials.

Comparative experiments on the simultaneous removal of NO and SO₂ from simulated smelting flue gas were carried out using two hypochlorite salts of NaClO and Ca(ClO)₂, respectively, in a tandem bubbling reactor. The effects of operation parameters such as the oxidizing agent concentration, the number of reactors, the reaction temperature, and the pH of the solution on the removal efficiency were investigated. The results showed that, when the hypochlorite oxidant was used, the removal of SO₂ was always good and the removal efficiency of NO increased with the increase of the oxidant concentration and reactor number. With the increase of reaction temperature and solution pH, the removal of NO by hypochlorite oxidant gradually weakened. Comparison results showed that Ca(ClO)₂ has better desulfurization and denitrification efficiency than NaClO. Under the optimal reaction conditions, the best simultaneous desulfurization and denitrification efficiencies of 95.4% and 88%, respectively, were obtained with a Ca(ClO)₂ concentration of 25mmol/L, three reactors in series, reaction temperature of 25℃, and pH=6. In addition, the reaction mechanism of simultaneous desulfurization and denitrification by hypochlorite absorber was also proposed, in which NO was converted into NO₂^- and NO₃^- by contact reaction with hypochlorite oxidizer, and SO₂ was oxidized into SO₄^2-, and CaSO₄ precipitation would be generated in the case of Ca(ClO)₂, so that NO and SO₂ could be removed in the process.

The traditional Fenton reaction has limited its application due to the generation of large amounts of metal-rich sludge during wastewater treatment. In this study, a low-cost, easy-to-recycle and green porous geopolymer microsphere (GM) was obtained by suspension curing method, and the copper-loaded geopolymer microsphere (Cu-GM) was prepared as a carrier by impregnation method as a catalyst for Fenton-like reaction, which catalyzed the degradation of bisphenol S (BPS) in water with H₂O₂. A series of characterization results, such as SEM, XRD, BET and XPS, showed that that Cu^+/2+ was stably immobilized on the GM surface. The effects of Cu-GM dosage, H₂O₂ dosage, BPS concentration and initial pH of the solution on the catalytic degradation were further investigated. The results indicated that under the optimized conditions, the removal of BPS by Cu-GM could reach 99.3% within 480min, and the catalytic degradation process conformed to the first-order reaction kinetics. The free radical burst experiment revealed that ·OH and ¹O₂ were the main active substances in the catalytic degradation process. The bad-cycle experiments showed that Cu-GM had good reusability and great potential for application in removing organic pollutants in water.

To illustrate the influence of zwitterionic surfactants on the degradation of dye wastewater by thermally activated sodium persulfate (SPS), C.I. Reactive Black 5 (RB5) and dodecyl betaine (BS-12) were identified as research subjects to study the effects of BS-12, SPS and temperature on the degradation of RB5. It revealed the relationship between the degradation effect of RB5 and the type of free radicals, and explained the possible degradation pathways of RB5. The results showed that the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of BS-12 in the dye solution was 0.03mmol/L. The concentration of BS-12 affected the rate of RB5 decolorization in the initial stage, but did not change the degree of final decolorization. Compared with the decolorization of the dye solution without BS-12 for 10min, the addition of 0.5CMC BS-12 increased the decolorization rate by 10.45%, while 5CMC BS-12 decreased the decolorization rate by 14.72%. In the thermally activated SPS-degraded RB5 system, dye degradation was attributed to the synergistic effect of ·SO₄^- and ·OH, but ·SO₄^- dominated. Under the synergistic action of free radicals, the —N\stackrel{}{̿}N— and C—N bonds in RB5 were opened to form intermediates containing benzene and naphthalene rings, and the addition of BS-12 was detrimental to the degradation of RB5 when the concentration of free radicals was low.

The active layer of cellulose triacetate (CTA) forward osmosis membrane was modified by surface coating. Firstly, a metal-polyphenol precursor layer was constructed by self-assembly of tannic acid (TA) and iron ions (Fe³⁺) on the membrane surface, and then the hydrophilic functional layer of tannic acid/diethylenetriamine (TA/DETA) was further coated. Finally, the Ag/polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) antibacterial functional layer was in-situ formed on the membrane surface by the reductive property of TA, and the TA/Fe³⁺-TA/DETA-Ag/PVP modified membrane was prepared. The change of membrane water flux during dynamic fouling experiment was investigated using a cross flow forward osmosis device. The surface morphology and the composition of the original membranes and fouled membranes were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The distribution of bacteria and pollutants on the fouled membrane surface was characterized by confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). And the cleaning efficiency of original CTA membrane and modified membrane was compared. The results showed that the water contact angle of TA/Fe³⁺-TA/DETA-Ag/PVP modified membrane decreased from 78.79° to 33.05°, and the hydrophilicity was significantly improved. After the 15 days dynamic fouling experiment, the flux of original CTA membrane and TA/Fe³⁺-TA/DETA-Ag/PVP modified membrane decreased to 52.14% and 72.81% of their initial flux, respectively. Compared with CTA membrane, the amount of live bacteria and organic contaminants on the surface of TA/Fe³⁺-TA/DETA-Ag/PVP modified membrane was substantially reduced. After hydraulic cleaning and osmotic backwashing, the flux recovery of TA/Fe³⁺-TA/DETA-Ag/PVP modified membrane was up to 80.37%, which was much higher than 49.88% of CTA membrane, and the TA/Fe³⁺-TA/DETA-Ag/PVP modified membrane exhibited a better antifouling performance.

Electrolytic manganese residue (EMR) with high water content has become a bottleneck restricting the development of China's EMR industry. In this study, the physicochemical properties such as mineral composition and microscopic morphology were analyzed before and after the leaching of rhodochrosite, and the hydrophilic coefficient, wetting heat, water content and filtration performance before and after the leaching of rhodochrosite were investigated. The results showed that the hydrophilic clay minerals such as kaolinite and hydrotalcite zeolite appeared in the EMR after leaching. At the same time, the new infrared characteristic peaks of structural and crystal water appeared in the electrolytic manganese residue after leaching. The water content after leaching increased from 17.68% to 32.67%, the wettability heat increased from 0.743J/g to 3.879J/g and the hydrophilic coefficient increased from 1.117 to 2.233. In addition, the filtration performance of the leached EMR was affected by clay minerals and the filtration rate after leaching decreased from 10.318mL/min to 5.296mL/min. This study provided theoretical support for the research and development of water content control technology in the electrolytic manganese residue.

Solar interfacial evaporation is an emerging and sustainable method for seawater desalination and wastewater purification, which has great potential to alleviate freshwater shortages. Attapulgite/agar composite aerogel (AACA) was prepared from attapulgite and agar by physical mixing, freeze-drying and crosslinking. AACA had hierarchical porous structure, excellent thermal insulation and super hydrophilicity. In order to improve the light absorption ability of the material, the photothermal conversion material PPy-AACA was prepared by polypyrrole (PPy) spraying on the surface of AACA and its average light absorption rate could reach 97.7% in the range of 250—2500nm. Using PPy-AACA as a solar interfacial evaporator under the illumination intensity of 1 sun (1kW/m²), the evaporation rate of PPy-AACA was 1.5012kg/(m²·h), the energy conversion efficiency was 88.76%. PPy-AACA showed excellent stability and salt resistance in cyclic evaporation and brine evaporation experiments. In addition, the photothermal conversion material had also demonstrated the ability of seawater desalination and purification of dye wastewater, and the retention rate of salt ions and organic dyes was greater than 99%.