There are many preparation methods for inorganic metal lithium ion sieve materials, and it is also a type of Li-adsorption material with the most potential for industrial production and practical application. Due to the different preparation methods have their own technical characteristics and limitations, the so-prepared ion sieve materials are different in the morphology, selectivity, adsorption capacity and structural stability. It has important significance to sum up the technical advantages and shortcomings of these preparation methods as well as the characteristics of so-prepared materials for the design and preparation of ion sieve materials with excellent comprehensive performance. In this paper, the preparation research progress of inorganic metal lithium ion sieve by solid phase reaction, sol-gel, co-precipitation, hydrothermal and other common methods were reviewed. The microstructure, properties, crystallinity and adsorption capacity of the inorganic metal ion sieve materials prepared by these preparation methods were mainly discussed as well as the technical advantages and disadvantages of the corresponding preparation method. The technical bottleneck of different preparation methods to prepare inorganic metal lithium ion sieve materials with excellent adsorption performance were also analyzed. Finally, some strategies for preparing ion sieve materials with excellent adsorption performance by different preparation methods were put forward in order to promote the large-scale production and practical application of inorganic metal lithium ion sieve materials.

The vane separation element is a kind of element which mainly relies on inertia to separate gas and liquid. It is widely used in the field of gas and liquid separation because of its characteristics of high throughput, high separation efficiency and low pressure drop. In this paper, the separation mechanism, structure and performance factors of the blade separation element were investigated in detail. The research progress of the separation mechanism such as droplet inertia separation, droplet impact and secondary entrainment caused by liquid film rupture in the vane flow path was discussed. The main structural characteristics of the vane-type gas-liquid separation element were summarized, and the specific effects of structural parameters such as curvature number, bending angle, spacing and hydrophobic hook on the separation performance were analyzed. By comparing the advantages and disadvantages of different existing vane structures and their application situations, the optimization direction of increasing the interception area and opening up the drainage channel of vane structures was put forward. The application status of wave-plate separation element and static rotation element was analyzed, which provides reference for application selection and optimization of vane gas-liquid separation technology. The internal effects of air velocity, pressure and inlet humidity on the performance of the corrugated plate-vane separation element were summarized. Finally, combining the separation mechanism, structure research and performance influence law, the structural design and performance optimization direction of the wave-plate separation element were summarized and prospected.

In order to understand the gas-solid fluidization behavior on Mars, the computational particle fluid dynamics (CPFD) method was applied to analyze the fluidization phenomenon in the gas-solid fluidization bed reactor under different gravity conditions. The fluid velocity distribution characteristics in the gas-solid fluidized bed were studied, and the relationship between the pressure fluctuation of the bed and the environmental gravity and superficial fluidized gas velocity was obtained. The results showed that under the Martian environment, increasing superficial gas velocity could promote the formation of well-developed gas-solid fluidization, but the higher superficial gas velocity would increase the degree of disorder of the gas-solid flow field in the bed, which had a certain negative impact on the stable operating of the fluidized bed. The research results had certain guiding significance for future gas-solid fluidization operations used for on-site production of materials and energy on Mars.

Phase change heat storage technology plays an important role in using industrial waste heat and solar energy to solve the imbalance between supply and demand between heat energy and users. Due to the limitation of the physical properties of the phase change material, there are still problems such as low heat storage rate and uneven melting during heat storage and melting. In this paper, the effects of different parameters (number of fins, length, thickness, eccentricity and fin arrangement) of adding longitudinal fins on the heat storage performance of triplex-tube phase change heat storage unit were simulated by FLUENT software under the action of natural convection. The results showed that the heat exchange area was increased compared with the ordinary casing heat storage unit, and the time required for all the phase change materials to melt was shortened. Under the same number of fins, the length and thickness of the fins were the main factors affecting the heat storage unit and the average heat storage rate, when the fin length accounted for 50% of the radial length of the phase change material area, the melting speed of the heat storage unit was significantly accelerated and the heat storage and average heat storage rate were higher. Through the optimization design, it was found that the downward offset distance e of the inner tube had a significant effect on the melting process of the phase change material, and the heat storage unit with short eccentric distance took the least heat storage time, compared with the smooth tube heat storage unit, the melting rate of the phase change material was increased by 48.5%, and the heat storage time was extended if the offset distance was too long. Through the arrangement of the outer fins at the bottom of the infill heat storage unit, the melting process of the heat storage unit was accelerated to varying degrees, and the overall heat storage rate was improved compared with the original fin structure.

Precision measurement of flow field parameters in a supersonic separator is essential for optimizing its structure and performance. Electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) offers a non-invasive approach to accurately measure these parameters. The mathematical model for solving the inverse problem of ECT is mainly obtained by linearization approximation, which ignores the influence of nonlinearity and "soft field" effect on the image reconstruction. As a result, the image reconstruction is of poor quality when the dielectric constants of the media in the field differ significantly. Aiming at the problem, the mathematical model of the ECT inverse problem was modified by introducing the model derivation error. Then, based on the separable property of the objective function, a solution algorithm combining regularization and Split Bregman (RASB) was designed to solve the model error and the media to be reconstructed by cross iteration. The image reconstruction results of the RASB algorithm, Tikhonov regularization algorithm, L1 regularization algorithm and Landweber algorithm for several models using simulation and experimental data showed that the proposed method could reduce the error generated by the linearization approximation, and weaken the effect of noise on the image reconstruction. The RASB algorithm could reconstruct more accurate media distribution with fewer artifacts in the image, and the average correlation coefficient of the reconstructed images was 0.8964, which was higher than that of the Tikhonov regularization algorithm (0.8353), the L1 regularization algorithm (0.8496), and the Landweber algorithm (0.8681).

Naphazoline hydrochloride (NPZ) is a vasoconstrictor drug that acts on the circulatory system. However, it has some poor crystal properties such as small average particle size and uneven distribution of particle size. Intermittent dynamic method was proposed to investigate the crystallization kinetics of NPZ in methanol-ethyl acetate system, and the influence of different technological conditions on the yield, particle size and variable coefficient were systematically investigated. The experimental results showed the nucleation mechanism of NPZ changed from heterogeneous nucleation to homogeneous nucleation with increase of supersaturation, and the crystal surface growth process followed a continuous growth mode. Growth kinetics model, nucleation rate and growth rate equations were: B_{\mathrm{0}}=\mathrm{9.591}\times {\mathrm{10}}^{\mathrm{4}}{G}^{\mathrm{2.10}}, B=\mathrm{2.031}\times {\mathrm{10}}^{\mathrm{20}}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{x}\mathrm{p}\left(\frac{-\mathrm{4.796}\times {\mathrm{10}}^{\mathrm{5}}}{RT}\right)M_{\mathrm{T}}^{\mathrm{0.309}}\mathrm{\Delta }{C}^{\mathrm{1.40}}{\omega }_{\mathrm{r}}^{\mathrm{1.37}} and G=\mathrm{4.094}\times {\mathrm{10}}^{\mathrm{7}}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{x}\mathrm{p}\left(\frac{-\mathrm{8.358}\times {\mathrm{10}}^{\mathrm{5}}}{RT}\right)\mathrm{\Delta }{C}^{\mathrm{1.36}},respectively. The optimized conditions were as follows: crystal seed addition of 1.5%, crystallization temperature of 313.15K, stirring rate of 200r/min, supersaturation of 1.04, ethyl acetate addition rate of 7.037×10^-4L/min, ethyl acetate to methanol mass ratio of 4∶1 and aging time of 2h. Crystals prepared under above conditions had a 30.49% increase in average particle size, a 32.30% reduction in variable coefficient, a 14.65% increase in bulk density, a 7.62% improvement in repose angle, a 30.76% improvement in Carr's index, and a 26.99% improvement in Hausner's ratio. The crystal size, particle size distribution and flowability were all improved.

The solid-liquid equilibrium data for binary mixtures of fluoroethylene carbonate-vinylene carbonate (FEC-VC) were determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) for the lack of basic theoretical data in separation of lithium battery electrolyte additive by melt crystallization. The experimental data showed that the binary system presented a lowest eutectic point. On this basis, the activity coefficient data of binary system were calculated by activity coefficient method. With the data regression function of Aspen Plus process simulation software, the solid-liquid equilibrium data of the binary system were regressed using van laar, NRTL and Redlich-Kister models, and the regression parameters of each model were obtained. The binary solid-liquid equilibrium data were calculated by the models and the lowest eutectic type solid-liquid phase diagrams were plotted. The comparison of regression results of each model indicated that the deviation of van laar model was large, and the regression results of Redlich-Kister model were more in line with the experimental data with a standard deviation of equilibrium temperature of less than 0.005 and an average deviation of less than 1.0K. The solid-liquid equilibrium data and thermodynamics parameters were provided for the crystallization separation technology of FEC-VC system.

The modified CaSO₄-Ash composite oxygen carrier was prepared by in-situ modification of Ca-based oxygen carriers using Zhundong coal ash in a fluidized bed. With the help of CO₂ ion flow intensity curves in TG-MS experiments, the influence of the loading amount of Zhundong coal ash on the carbon deposition characteristics during the oxygen carrier reduction reaction process was investigated, and a quantitative coupling experiment of solid-solid reaction and gas-solid reaction was proposed to explore the source of carbon deposition. The results showed that the amount of carbon deposition decreased first and then increased with the increase of the proportion of coal ash in the process of in-situ modification. The CaSO₄-10Ash composite oxygen carrier prepared by adding 10% of Zhundong coal ash could minimize the problem of carbon deposition and reduce it by 79.5%. In the solid-solid reaction, with the increase of the coal ash loading ratio, the residual amount of coal coke decreased. When the coal ash loading ratio in the gas-solid reaction was greater than 5%, the performance of the composite oxygen carrier began to decline, and the carbon deposition began to increase; when the coal ash loading ratio was greater than 10%, the amount of carbon deposition that increased as the load ratio continued to increase mainly came from carbon deposit generated by CO decomposition.

In order to overcome the reactor performance limitations caused by the poor mixing efficiency of traditional tubular reactors and the low heat transfer rate of traditional heating methods, a tubular microwave reactor using the chaotic C-type geometric pipe was proposed. The mixing and electromagnetic thermal characteristics of fluid at low Reynolds number (Re) were simulated by COMSOL software, respectively. The results were as follows: When Re≥15, chaotic flow appeared obviously in chaotic C-type pipe, and eddy current intensity could be increased by increasing Reynolds number to promote uniform mixing; The increase of chaotic C-type period number would produce more disturbance number and constantly change the direction of fluid movement, thus improving the heat transfer performance; The electric field distribution in chaotic pipe was more complex than that in planar pipe, and the microwave energy utilization rate was higher; Based on Reynolds number and power analysis of the correlation between mixing and electromagnetic thermal characteristics, the coupling mechanism of the two was initially revealed.

To study the atmospheric pressure pyrolysis properties of n-hexane (n-C₆H₁₄), an n-hexane pyrolysis (NHP) model was proposed, which used the error propagation-based direct relation graph (DRGEP) simplification method and the B2PLYP/def2-tzvp method employing dispersion-corrected density-functional theory to obtain a model with 33 components and 134 primitive reactions in a simplified mechanism. The model was utilized to calculate the relative mole fractions of the major pyrolysis products of n-C₆H₁₄, ethylene (C₂H₄), propylene (C₃H₆) and butyne (C₄H₆), at different temperatures, and the reaction pathways were analyzed for the pyrolysis process of n-C₆H₁₄. The pyrolysis of n-C₆H₁₄ was tested using synchrotron radiation vacuum ultraviolet photoionization mass spectrometry (SVUV-PIMS) coupled with a jet-stirred reactor (JSR) at temperatures ranging from 673K to 1103K and pressures up to 1atm, and was analyzed in comparison with the NHP model. The results showed that the finger-forward factors for the two reactions, which were more important for promoting the generation of C₂H₄, were 6.01×10¹³s^-1 and 2.18×10¹³s^-1, respectively. n-C₆H₁₄ was mainly analyzed by the NHP model combined with the NHP model obtained from quantum chemical calculations in the temperature range of 673—1023K. The relative molar fractions of the main n-C₆H₁₄ pyrolysis products were predicted in terms of their relative molar fractions. Compared with the JetSurF 2.0 model, the maximum errors for C₂H₄ and C₄H₆ were reduced by 27.9% and 47.9%, respectively. The reaction path analysis indicated that the most dominant product during the pyrolysis of n-C₆H₁₄ was C₂H₄, which mainly originated from a series of β-breaks of the hexyl group.

In order to explore the influence of rotational speed height and installation on the mixing performance of different impeller diameters, the Realizable k-ε turbulence model and the Euler multiphase flow model were used for numerical calculation. The mixing time, mixing energy per unit volume, power, solid particle distribution, turbulent kinetic energy and velocity flow field distribution of different impeller diameters at different installation heights and rotational speeds were compared and analyzed. The results showed that when the diameter of the impeller increased, the influence of the rotational speed on the mixing time and the movement of the solid particles decreased first and then increased, and the influence on the power, turbulent kinetic energy and medium flow rate increased, and there was no obvious effect on the mixing energy per unit volume. When the diameter of the impeller increases, the influence of the installation height on the mixing time and the movement of the solid particles decreased first, then increased and then decreased. When the diameter of the impeller was 400mm, the influence was the greatest, and there was no significant effect on the power, turbulent kinetic energy and medium flow rate. When the installation height was lower than H/3, the degree of influence of height on the mixing energy per unit volume increased and then decreased as the diameter of the mixing paddle increased, and conversely, the degree of influence of height on the mixing energy per unit volume increased. On the contrary, the influence of height on the mixing energy per unit volume increased. This study can explain the influence of the impeller diameter on the flow field to a certain extent when the design parameters changed. It could provide theoretical guidance for mechanical stirring and had certain engineering application significance.

The flow characteristics of the liquid film in the cyclone section of the tubular deliquidiser are the key factors affecting the separation performance. It is very important to understand the relationship between liquid film flow and separation efficiency for structure improvement and performance improvement. In this paper, the factors such as liquid-gas ratio, inlet gas velocity, split flow ratio and outlet angle of swirl blade and so on were changed to obtain the high-speed photographic images and separation efficiency of liquid film flow under different operating conditions by carrying out laboratory experiments. The image analysis method of the velocity and angle of the surface wave of the liquid film was established based on Matlab programming to determine the relationship between the flow characteristics of the liquid film and the separation efficiency. The results showed that when the liquid-gas ratio was in the range of 0.12—0.3L/m³, the effects of liquid-gas ratio and split flow ratio on the separation efficiency and the surface wave velocity of liquid film were not obvious. The inlet velocity had the most significant effect on the separation efficiency and liquid film surface wave velocity. With the inlet velocity increasing gradually, the separation efficiency increased first and then decreased, and the inflection point occurred at the inlet velocity of 18.82m/s. The separation efficiency was 30°>45°>60° from large to small, and the surface wave velocity of liquid film was 60°>45°>30° from large to small, when the exit angle of swirl blade was 30°, 45° and 60°, respectively. In general, the critical value of liquid film surface wave velocity in the swirl separation pipe segment was 0.98m/s, and when the liquid film surface wave velocity was greater than this value, the liquid film was more likely to break at the liquid outlet of the annular gap, and some of the broken large droplets entered the gas phase outlet under the action of gravity and air flow, resulting in a significant decline in gas-liquid separation efficiency. When the surface wave velocity of liquid film was less than 0.98m/s, the separation efficiency was basically kept above 98%.

Efficient and deep utilization of low-grade waste heat is one of the key measures to promote further energy saving and emission reduction in coal-fired power stations. The low temperature saturated wet flue gas after wet desulphurization contains a large amount of latent heat and water resources, and the temperature of a large amount of desulphurization slurry rises after absorbing the flue gas heat. The flue gas and slurry have huge potential for waste heat utilization and water recovery, but discharging the flue gas and the slurry directly, will cause waste of resources and easily lead to "white plume" pollution. This paper takes the saturated wet flue gas and desulphurization slurry after wet desulphurization as the research object, and summarizes the domestic and foreign technologies and development directions for flue gas water heat recovery and slurry waste heat recovery after desulphurization, in response to the problems of low waste heat recovery efficiency and difficulty in matching cold sources in current wet desulfurization technology. Among them, direct condensing of flue gas and slurry, and heat pump technology are mature and widely used; solution absorption technology has high energy utilization rate and low corrosiveness of flue gas; flue gas membrane separation technology, slurry flash, heat pump technology are clean and environmentally friendly with high recovery quality. Direct condensing of flue gas and slurry, and membrane separation technology need to further improve corrosion resistance and exchange efficiency; slurry flash and heat pump technologies have high energy consumption; and membrane separation technology still needs to find efficient, safe and environmentally friendly non-toxic refrigerant. Finally, the main ways and problems of the current flue gas desulphurization (FGD) slurry waste heat utilization are discussed, and the recovered waste heat is mainly used for heating and internal heat utilization in power plants, with a view to further promoting the recovery and utilization of flue gas and slurry waste heat after wet FGD and realizing the deep energy saving and emission reduction in coal-fired power plants.

Methane-fueled chemical looping hydrogen generation is an efficient hydrogen production technology coupled with CO₂ capture. On the basis of Fe₂O₃/Al₂O₃ oxygen carrier, Ni, Ce, Zn and Cu were added to form bimetallic oxygen carriers by impregnation method to improve the oxygen transfer performance, hydrogen production performance and carbon deposition resistance. Through thermodynamic calculation, material characterization and experimental study, the reaction properties of different bimetallic oxygen carriers in reduction stage and hydrogen production stage were studied, and the structure-activity relationship between crystal phase structure, reaction activity and hydrogen production performance of different bimetallic oxygen carriers was obtained. The stability of the cyclic reaction was further studied for the optimal oxygen carrier. Studies showed that Cu was the most suitable metal additive. CuFe₂O₄, a spinel phase with stable structure, was formed in Cu-modified Fe₂O₃/Al₂O₃ oxygen carriers, improving lattice oxygen activity, promoting the deep reduction of Fe₂O₃, and effectively inhibiting carbon deposition. The yield of hydrogen increased from 245mmol/100g oxygen carriers to 288mmol/100g oxygen carriers, and the purity of hydrogen increased from 88.3% to 95.7%. The migration of Fe³⁺ and Cu²⁺ ions improved the microstructure and cyclic reaction performance. The feasibility of bimetallic oxygen carriers in methane-fueled chemical looping hydrogen generation was verified. The results provided theoretical and experimental basis for the design and screening of iron-based oxygen carriers.

The low temperature condition can greatly limit the capacity and output power of lithium-ion batteries. In order to maintain the batteries in the suitable temperature range under low-temperature conditions, the GPU-accelerated multi-relaxation time lattice Boltzmann method (MRT-LBM) was adopted to investigate the effect of phase change temperatures of PCM on the battery during five charge-discharge cycles at ambient temperatures of -20℃, -10℃and 0℃. The results showed that when the ambient temperature was 0℃, the PCM with phase change temperature in the range of 26—30℃ could enable the battery to operate in the optimal temperature range of 20—45℃ after the second cycle, and the temperature difference of the battery was less than 4.6℃. When the ambient temperature was -10℃, the battery reached 0℃ after 30 minutes with a PCM in the phase change temperature range of 22—28℃, and the temperature difference between the batteries was less than 4.3℃ throughout the process. In addition, after three charge-discharge cycles, the average battery temperature was in the range of 20.0—28.9℃, and the fluctuation of the highest temperature under the same phase change temperature was less than 1.0℃. When the ambient temperature was -20℃, the battery pack could reach 0℃ after 140 minutes only by PCM insulation, and thus it was necessary to combine with other preheating systems to make the battery reach the appropriate operating temperature within a short period of time.

In order to solve the problem of premature elimination of heat exchange units and the difficulty of survival of newly generated heat exchange units when the heat exchanger network is optimized by RandomWalk Algorithm with Compulsive Evolution, a directional coordination strategy based on the number of heat exchange units and annual comprehensive cost was proposed. Firstly, target unit number threshold and parallel population number were determined by intelligently ingesting number of heat exchanger units. Secondly, different target units number were assigned to parallel populations. Finally, a dynamic optimization path was designed based on the discrete degree between the actual number of units and the target number of units. The purpose of this method was to avoid the optimization algorithm falling into the local extremum trap due to the limitation of the number of heat exchange units in the optimization process, so that individuals in each parallel population could fully search and optimize the structure of the heat exchanger network under the number of target units, and both local search and global search capabilities of the algorithm could be considered. 15SP and 20SP cases were used to verify the results, and the results were 1496744USD/a and 1396596USD/a, respectively. The results were better than those obtained in literature, which proved the effectiveness of the method.

This review assessed the status of bimetallic catalysts in catalytic steam reforming of biomass tar and related model compounds. The types of common bimetallic catalysts and their performance in catalytic reforming of biomass tar were investigated; the factors affecting bimetallic catalyst performance were summarized; the reaction mechanism of catalytic tar reforming was outlined; and the catalyst deactivation and regeneration reaction mechanisms were clarified. The rich active sites and the synergistic interaction between bimetal catalysts promote the improvement of catalyst performance, and the appropriate interaction between bimetal active phase and support enhances the stability of the catalyst. Bimetallic catalysts have potential applications in the steam reforming of tar. At present, the activity and stability of bimetallic catalysts still cannot meet the needs of industrial applications of tar catalytic reforming. In the next step, it is necessary to develop the precise regulation technology of the catalyst and deeply explain its catalytic reaction mechanism, so as to provide technical guidance for the industrial development of tar catalytic steam reforming.

Selective hydrogenation of alkynes to produce alkenes is a crucial reaction process in petroleum and chemical engineering. Traditional thermal catalytic methods have been extensively studied over the past few decades, while the research on emerging photo-/electrocatalytic methods is still in its preliminary stage and designing highly efficient catalysts remains a significant challenge. The rapid progress in catalyst synthesis methods, structural characterization techniques, and theoretical calculations has gradually revealed the reaction mechanisms and the mechanisms of catalytic active sites involved in the selective hydrogenation of alkynes. This review provides an overview of recent advancements in various catalysts for selective hydrogenation of alkynes and summarizes the corresponding strategies for designing high-performance catalysts. A comparison between traditional thermal catalytic hydrogenation and photo-/electrocatalytic selective hydrogenation routes is made, with a focus on the different characteristics and analysis of the problems and their possible solutions in various types of catalytic hydrogenation reactions. Furthermore, a concise overview of the current research status in this field is provided, along with the major challenges and future development trends. Additionally, the review highlights the potential directions in catalyst design and modulation of target product selectivity for future research.

Chainlike MFI type zeolites were formed by the condensation of uniformly sized crystals along the b-axis direction through surface hydroxyl groups, which not only maintianed traditional zeolites' unique three-dimensional pore structure, acid resistance, hydrothermal stability, and high catalytic activity, but also showed higher shape selectivity, endowing them with unique properties in many fields such as adsorption, separation and catalysis. This paper systematically presented the current research development on the synthesis of chainlike MFI type zeolites and their application, focusing on the two synthesis methods of conventional hydrothermal and microwave-assisted hydrothermal synthesis. In addition, it analyzed the formation mechanism of chainlike MFI type zeolites in depth, elaborated on the various factors inducing the condensation of Si—OH groups, and then concluded the excellent catalytic and adsorptive performance of chainlike MFI type zeolites. Finally, an outlook on the green synthesis and potential application about chainlike MFI type zeolites was given, and the analysis on the evolution of silicon coordination environment was proposed as an important direction for further exploring their synthesis mechanism, which would lay an essential theoretical foundation for expanding the application of chainlike MFI type zeolites in the future.

Residue hydrogenation is a diffusion-limited reaction. When the active components are distributed in the outer region of pellet catalysts, namely eggshell distribution, the diffusion resistance of reactants in catalyst particles can be effectively reduced to achieve the best catalytic activity. The adsorption strength of active metals on alumina support was regulated by adjusting the surface properties. Multiple techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), molybdenum equilibrium adsorption, and contact angle, were employed to determine the surface properties of the supports. It was found that the support with more basic hydroxyl group would have stronger adsorption on the active metals, slowing down the diffusion rate of the active components during impregnation. The distribution of active components could be adjusted through the regulation of adsorption and diffusion rates. Dibenzothiophene was chosen as a model compound for the evaluation of the desulfurization performance. The results showed that the eggshell catalyst exhibited an apparent desulfurization rate of 79.3%, with a specific activity 1.2 times higher than the uniform catalyst. It might be attributed to the weaker metal-support interactions on the eggshell catalyst, which facilitates a higher sulfurization degree and the formation of the Ni-Mo-S type Ⅱ active phase during the sulfurizing process. Moreover, eggshell catalyst could remarkably reduce the internal diffusion resistance owing to a short diffusion path of the reactants, thus greatly improving the utilization efficiency of the active components.

Boron doping modification graphite carbon nitride (BCN) was prepared by high temperature calcination of graphite carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) and boron oxide (B₂O₃), and its microstructure, morphology and optical properties were characterized. The mechanical properties and photocatalytic degradation of NO of cement-based materials doped with g-C₃N₄ and BCN were studied by using porous cement concrete as photocatalyst carrier. The results showed that the introduction of B element increased the specific surface area of g-C₃N₄ and improved the absorption of visible light. The degradation rate of NO reached 40.7%. When the content reached 6% of cement content, the 7d strength and 28d strength of cement concrete were the best as 8.25MPa and 14.4MPa, respectively. Under visible light conditions, the photocatalytic degradation performance of 7d and 28d were the best, which were 47% and 63%, respectively.

As an important chemical raw material and deuterated intermediate, deuterated methanol (CD₃OD) has been widely used in nuclear magnetic resonance reagents, deuterated drug intermediates and photoelectric material modification, but its catalytic synthesis efficiency in CO-CO₂ system is still not sufficiently high. In this study, rare earth elements were doped into CuO/ZnO/Al₂O₃ (CZA) catalyst by impregnation method. The catalytic performance of CZA catalysts in CO-CO₂ system with D₂ was tested and the catalysts were characterized. The results showed that the rare earth elements were uniformly dispersed in the CZA catalyst. The incorporation of La and Ce could effectively increase the specific surface area and pore volume of the catalyst and the amount of CuO on the surface of the catalyst as well. But the activity of the catalyst was reduced with the incorporation of Pr. CZA-3%La catalyst had the largest specific surface area of 46.69m²/g and the largest pore volume of 0.26cm³/g, therefore, giving the best catalytic activity with a deuterated methanol space-time yield of 7.96 %, higher than that of CZA catalyst. The CZA catalyst doped with rare earth elements was of great significance to improve the deuterated methanol synthesis efficiency in CO-CO₂ system.

With UiO-66 as the precursor, ZrO₂@C was prepared by calcination in N₂ atmosphere. Then, Pd/ZrO₂@C was prepared by impregnation method. In this paper, the catalytic transfer hydrogenation of nitrobenzene (NB) to p-aminophenol (PAP) over Pd/ZrO₂@C+SO₄^2-/ZrO₂ was studied with formic acid (FA) as hydrogen source. Characterization results showed that tetragonal ZrO₂ was present in ZrO₂@C and was embedded in amorphous C. With the increase of calcination temperature and time in the air, the C content and specific surface area of ZrO₂@C decreased accordingly, while the Pd particle size became larger. Pd in the Pd/ZrO₂@C catalyst was in the form of Pd⁰ and Pd²⁺. The content of Pd²⁺ decreased with C content, While the content of Pd⁰ increased. When the content of Pd⁰ was higher than that of Pd²⁺, PAP selectivity decreased obviously. Pd/ZrO₂@C-200-4+SO₄^2-/ZrO₂ exhibited good catalytic activity at 140℃ for 6h. The conversion of NB was 63.7% and the selectivity of PAP was 42.3%.

The molecular simulation method has been widely applied in various fields with the rapid development of computer technology. In this paper, the construction methods of the asphalt molecular model, modifier molecular model, aging asphalt model, aggregate model, as well as verification methods of the base asphalt model were summarized. Through the molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, the properties and performance of asphalt, the diffusion phenomenon of asphalt, the modifying effect of modifiers on asphalt, the aging and regeneration of asphalt and the interface interaction between asphalt and aggregates were discussed. The MD simulation method can forecast the characteristics of asphalt materials, such as the mechanical properties, low-temperature properties, anti-aging properties, self-healing properties of base asphalt, the compatibility between base asphalt and modifier, and the mechanical and adhesion properties of asphalt-aggregate interfaces, which bridged the gap between macroscopic and microscopic behaviors and offered a prescription for the widespread use of MD simulation. However, MD simulation in the asphalt system needed to be improved in areas such as model construction, force field optimization and model validation because the molecular dynamics simulation only focused on the physical interaction between asphalt materials and modifiers. Furthermore, the application of molecular dynamics in the asphalt mixture was currently only limited to the study of the interface between the asphalt and aggregates, and thus it was recommended to combine the finite element simulation and other simulation methods to investigate the asphalt mixture. The final part of the article provided an outlook on the future direction of MD simulation in asphalt systems. In the future, the MD method needed to be used to study the high-temperature rheological properties of asphalt, the simulation of the interface between asphalt and modifiers, and the interaction between various modifiers and asphalt. In addition, it was necessary to investigate the effect of multiple factors (such as crack width, modifier, temperature and rejuvenator) on the self-healing properties of asphalt. In order to investigate the chemical interactions between asphalt and modifiers, it was recommended to combine it with other simulation methods such as quantum mechanics. In the case of asphalt mixture, it was advised to combine it with simulation methods such as finite elements to study the properties of asphalt mixture.

Inspired by natural phenomena such as the lotus leaf and rose petal, superhydrophobic coatings have found widespread applications in areas such as self-cleaning, oil-water separation and anti-icing. However, traditional superhydrophobic coatings rely on surface microscale roughness and specialized coating materials, resulting in complex fabrication processes, poor durability and inadequate corrosion resistance. In contrast, superhydrophobic nano-coatings, due to their unique morphology and functionality, offer multifunctionality, universality, durability and high efficiency. This article provided an overview of the design and fabrication of superhydrophobic nano-coatings using various nanomaterials in recent years. It evaluated the strengths and weaknesses of different superhydrophobic nano-coatings and briefly outlined their potential applications in various fields, such as antimicrobial surfaces, sensors, microfluidics, catalysis and more. Finally, the article presented the latest developments and future trends in the use of nanotechnology for superhydrophobic coatings. By exploring innovative fabrication strategies and investigating the unique properties of these coatings, this review aimed to provide researchers in the field with valuable theoretical and technical insights, promoting the widespread application of superhydrophobic nano-coatings across multiple domains.

Cyclodextrin (CD), a green material, has been widely used in the construction of water treatment separation membranes because of its unique cavity structure and amphiphilicity of hydrophilic outer cavity and hydrophobic interior cavity. CD membrane has excellent physical and chemical properties and structural characteristics, and it is widely used in water treatment fields such as wastewater purification, dye/salt mixed solution separation and organic solvent nanofiltration. In water treatment, CD membrane can achieve the precise separation of molecules and ions at the same time and improve the permeability of the membrane. In this paper, based on the different design and preparation methods of CD membrane (interfacial polymerization and phase transformation) and the different construction methods of CD membrane, the research process of CD thin film composite membrane for water treatment in recent years was reviewed and the influences of the introduction of CD on the interface structure, permeability and antifouling property were discussed. Finally, the development direction and trend of CD membrane in the structure regulation and selection of permeability improvement was analyzed and prospected, such as improving the reactivity of CD, optimizing the reaction conditions, developing new CD derivatives and the preparation process of new CD membrane, so as to promote the application and development of CD thin film composite membrane in water treatment.

The development of the fertilizer industry is changing from traditional fertilizers to new-type fertilizers. The use of fertilizers has played a major role in ensuring food security, but the traditional fertilizers have low utilization rates, large nutrient losses and increased environmental risks. Most fertilizer products cannot achieve precise nutrient supply according to the nutrient requirements of crops. The research, development and innovation of intelligent fertilizers provide an effective way to solve this problem, matching the nutrient needs of crops more accurately in time and space. This paper systematically reviewed the types, sources and response mechanisms of pH-responsive materials, discussed the influence of the chemical structure of pH-responsive materials on pH-responsive behaviors, put forward the viewpoints that pH-responsive materials could promote the mutual feedback between root and fertilizer, analyzed the prospects of pH-responsive materials' application in intelligent fertilizers, and further clarified the application potential, the future research directions and the challenges of integrating pH-responsive materials into the field of green intelligence fertilizer creation. Based on the concept of mutual feedback between root and fertilizer, and comprehensively considering pH-responsive materials and the acidification of crop rhizosphere, the paper highlighted the designs of pH-responsive materials as a connection between root exudates and intelligent fertilizers, and put forward an innovative idea of developing pH-responsive intelligent fertilizers. The article also pointed out that the mutual feedback between root and fertilizer was the key to enhance the synergistic effects between the nutrient release of fertilizers and the nutrient uptake of crops. It was proposed that the green intelligent fertilizer based on the mutual root-fertilizer feedback, matching crop nutrient demand and having environmental friendliness would become the development trend of new-type fertilizers in the future.

Harvesting a large amount of low-grade energy in the atmospheric moisture and developing an off-grid distributed power generation system is one of the effective ways to supplement daily electricity consumption. Moisture generation technology involves utilizing functional materials that interact with moisture to harvest energy from the environment. This technology has garnered considerable attention and research in recent years. This paper presented a retrospective of the development history of moisture generation technology. The interaction principle between moisture and power generation materials was firstly introduced. The prevailing mainstream explanations for the moisture generation mechanism, such as ion diffusion and streaming potential, were comprehensively overviewed and analyzed. The integration of moisture absorption power generation layers was investigated, encompassing an assessment of their merits and demerits. The structure and potential application fields of moisture generators were also summarized. Furthermore, the strategies to enhance the energy conversion efficiency of moisture generators and expand their output power were elaborated. Lastly, the paper addressed the main challenges faced by moisture generation technology and offered recommendations to address prevailing issues. The continuous advancement of moisture generation technology promised to introduce novel possibilities in the realm of green energy and facilitate the sustainable evolution of off-grid decentralized power generation systems.

Hydrated salt thermochemical heat storage technology has the advantages of high heat storage density and low long-term storage heat loss, which is expected to solve the problem of imbalance between solar energy supply and energy demand. CaCl₂ has the advantages of fast hydration reaction kinetics, high heat storage density, low cost and a wide range of raw materials. However, pure hydrated salts have problems such as expansion and agglomeration, low thermal conductivity and poor stability. At present, researchers mainly improve the stability of hydrated salts by uniformly dispersing the hydrated salts through the porous matrix loading with high thermal conductivity, and increase the gas diffusion channels and accelerate the reaction rate through micro and nanopores. Therefore, in this paper, the main influencing factors of the performance of CaCl₂ composite thermochemical heat storage materials were analyzed from three aspects: the analysis of the storage/release mechanism, the performance index and the regulation of the physical properties of the composites. It was found that the pore characteristics and salt load of porous matrix were the main influencing factors affecting the heat storage density of composites, and the porous matrix of mesoporous structure was more suitable as a carrier for thermochemical reactions of hydrated salts. At the same time, the addition of magnesium-based salts to form binary salt composites was another effective method to control the physical properties, in which MgCl₂ can effectively improve the cycling stability of CaCl₂ and maintain good performance after 50 cycle tests. Finally, important technical directions for future research were pointed out, such as developing porous matrix with mesoporous structures including improvement of the aperture and stability of porous matrix, exploring new binary salt composite materials and matching thermal storage systems with thermal storage materials.

A process was developed to prepare a superhydrophobic-highly oleophobic surface on SiC membrane based on SiO₂ particle blending spraying and immersion method. By spraying SiO₂ particles of different sizes, a micro-nano dual rough structure with amphiphobic capability was created on the surface of the SiC membrane. Then, perfluorodecyltrimethoxysilane was grafted onto the SiC membrane surface through immersion, successfully achieving a SiC membrane with superhydrophobic-highly oleophobic characteristics and excellent self-cleaning performance. The effects of different parameters, such as fluorine content and surface roughness, on surface wettability were analyzed. The modified superhydrophobic-highly oleophobic SiC membrane exhibited the static water contact angle of 152.6°and the static contact angle of n-hexadecane of 146.3°. The sliding angles were measured to be 5.2°and 10.2°, respectively. These properties could be attributed to the micro-nano structure on the SiC membrane surface and the low surface energy material, which reduced the adhesion between the surface and other substances. The superhydrophobic-highly oleophobic SiC membrane also exhibited stable amphiphobicity in strong acid and alkali solutions. This research provided a simple process for constructing superhydrophobic-highly oleophobic surfaces with excellent acid-base resistance on inorganic membranes.

Battery-grade iron phosphate was synthesized by liquid-phase precipitation using ferric sulphate as the source of iron, which was obtained from purification of by-product ferrous sulfate of titanium dioxide. The effects of iron to phosphorus feed ratio (Fe/P feed ratio), reaction temperature, pH, CTAB addition on Fe/P, grain size and yield of iron phosphate were investigated. The optimal synthesis conditions for high-yield iron phosphate obtained by response surface methodology were Fe/P feed ratio of 1.33, 80℃, pH of 1.6 and CTAB addition of 2%. Through the response surface optimization experiment, the feed ratio of raw materials was reduced and the cost of materials decreased while ensuring the high yield of 90.98%. The product obtained was determined to be amorphous iron phosphate dehydrate, which was transformed into α-quartz type after calcination. The primary particle size of iron phosphate dihydrate was about 100nm and the average particle size D₅₀ of secondary particles was 8.4μm. The formation mechanism of amorphous iron phosphate was analyzed according to the theory of crystal nucleus formation and crystal growth. The nucleation rate of iron phosphate was much higher than its growth rate and a large number of micro-nuclei were formed in the system. These micro-nuclei were irregularly aggregated because their radius was less than the critical nucleus radius and then amorphous iron phosphate was formed. The element content of the product (FePO₄·2H₂O) was determined to meet the technical index of battery grade iron phosphate.

With the application of spherical natural graphite in the anode material of lithium-ion battery, a large number of spherical tails are produced in the process of spheroidization of natural flake graphite, which has low utilization rate and added value. In this paper, six kinds of flexible electrothermal films were prepared by mixing spherical graphite (SG8), spherical tail and carbonylated nanocellulose in different proportions. The evolution law of electric resistance, resistivity and heating rate of electrothermal film was studied by adjusting the addition amount and voltage of spherical graphite and spherical tail. The research showed that at 10V, the resistivity of the heating film with 15% content of spherical tail was 8.57mΩ/mm reaching the maximum heating temperature of 59.3℃, and the heating rate was 0.50℃/s in the first 30s. After washing, the resistivity of the heating film with 15% content of spherical tail was 9.30mΩ/mm. The maximum heating temperature was 58.6℃, and the heating rate was 0.46℃/s in the first 30s, indicating that the spherical tail material still had good flexibility and heating properties after washing. It was proved that the natural graphite spherical tail material could be used to produce flexible electric heating materials. Compared with spherical graphite, spherical tail had better electric heating properties, which provided a solution for the high-quality utilization of natural graphite spherical tail.

Nitrilotriacetic acid anhydride modified polyacrylamide/chitosan double network hydrogel was designed and synthesized, which had good mechanical properties, adsorption properties and a faster adsorption rate. The addition of sodium dodecyl sulfate was helpful to construct a porous structure of hydrogel, and the mechanical strength, swelling resistance and adsorption properties of hydrogel were enhanced by the use of nitrilotriacetic acid anhydride as crosslinking agent and modifier. Taking CrCl₃ as the model pollutant, the adsorption performance of CrCl₃ was investigated. The results showed that Langmuir isothermal adsorption model and pseudo-second-order kinetic model were more suitable for fitting the adsorption data of Cr³⁺ on hydrogels, indicating that the modified hydrogels had non-uniform surfaces and different binding sites. The maximum adsorption capacity of the modified hydrogel for Cr³⁺ was 570.6mg/g, and the adsorption effect was the best when pH was 4. After 5 sorption-desorption cycles, the removal rate of Cr³⁺ was 83.3%. The design of modified double network hydrogels provided good performance and development potential for the adsorption of heavy metal ions in wastewater.

Ceramic membrane separation technology is widely used due to the advantages of high flux, good anti-fouling performance, easy cleaning, and long lifespan. However, the limited understanding of the characteristics, advantages and uses of ceramic membrane has greatly restricted the application of this technology in the fast-developing field of bio-manufacturing industry in the past years. This paper introduced the ceramic membrane separation technology and classification, and described the advantages of ceramic membranes and domestic and foreign manufacturers. The bio-product characteristics and application examples of ceramic membrane in bio-manufacturing fields including biopharmaceuticals, bio-based materials, bioenergy, bulk fermented products and fermented food and beverage were reviewed systematically. The selection strategies for ceramic membranes application were analyzed from the aspects of membrane material, configuration, pore size, operation and cleaning method according to the separation purpose of fermentation liquid. The article pointed out that the development of ceramic membrane with low cost and high separation accuracy was an important direction to expand its application in bio-manufacturing field. Meanwhile, further accumulating ceramic membrane application cases and data in bio-manufacturing fields in future researches, improving product quality and membrane lifespan, and reducing the cost would promote more extensive application of the ceramic membrane technology in the fast-developing bio-manufacturing industry, and the implement of the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals.

The escape of CO₂ chemical absorption absorbent and its degradation products will lead to the high cost of absorbent, and the emission of amines will pollute the atmosphere, which will increase the operating cost and pollute the environment. This paper mainly introduces the types, principles and control methods of amine escape. Water washing and traditional demister are commonly used control methods at present, which can effectively remove gas and physical entrainment escape, but aerosol escape has not been well solved because of its small particle size and large escape volume. At present, the commonly used control methods include increasing separation equipment, controlling operation parameters, adding additives, and intermediate cooling. The future development trend is to still put physical methods, such as quenching, high-frequency electric field and other methods, to control the escaping gas after the absorption tower or water washing tower without changing the previous reaction conditions. On the premise of taking into account the capture efficiency of CO₂ absorption method, the economic and environmental benefits will be improved and technical support will be provided for industrial development.

Seawater desalination is an important way to alleviate the global shortage of freshwater resources, but traditional seawater desalination technologies have problems of high cost, high energy consumption and low efficiency. The interfacial solar steam generation (ISSG) technology, which utilizes solar energy as the sole energy input, has attracted great attention due to its advantages of low cost, sustainability and high efficiency. ISSG evaporates and condenses water molecules at the gas-liquid interface through efficient photothermal conversion to obtain freshwater. This paper introduced the evolution of the structure of the interface solar absorber designed with two-dimensional photothermal materials in recent years, and focused on the analysis of the development process of film (coating)-aerogel-hydrogel (foam). It pointed out that the photothermal evaporation system based on hydrogel (foam) had the unique advantages of efficient thermal positioning, efficient photothermal conversion, efficient salt resistant deposition, rapid water delivery and water activation. On this basis, the development prospects and challenges of ISSG were summarized, and a new intelligent evaporation system with automatic adjustment of evaporation rate and steam temperature was proposed. The new strategy of interconnecting it with energy, agriculture, industry and other fields was proposed, aiming to inspire the scientific design and engineering application of solar thermal evaporation systems for large-scale solar powered clean water production from laboratories to practical applications.

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a class of persistent organic pollutants that exhibit high resistance to degradation, bioaccumulation, and potential toxicity. They are widely present in various environmental media, and the aqueous environment is one of the most significant fates for PFASs. However, conventional water treatment technologies struggle to remove PFASs. In recent years, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) or advanced reduction processes (ARPs) based on ultraviolet (UV) light have shown great potential and promising prospects for the removal of PFASs. According to the latest research on the degradation of PFASs by direct UV photodegradation, UV-AOPs and UV-ARPs, this article focused on the degradation mechanism, degradation efficiency and influencing factors of different reaction systems. Among them, the degradation mechanism included active species generation mechanism and reaction mechanism; the degradation efficiency included degradation rate and defluorination rate; and the influencing factors included light wavelength, pH, dissolved oxygen, inorganic ions and humic acid. Finally, the difficulties to be overcome were proposed when UV-AOPs or UV-ARPs were applied to the removal of PFASs in real water bodies, aiming to provide thinking for its future development.

The extensive use of lithium-ion batteries has generated more and more lithium-ion battery waste, and how to deal with this lithium-ion battery waste in an environmentally friendly, safe and cost-effective manner has become a hot issue in the field. This paper took the hazards and resource utilization value of waste lithium-ion batteries as the background, focused on the process of dismantling and recycling of waste lithium-ion batteries, which included pre-treatment, mainstream recycling methods, metal separation, recovery and recycling, based on the relevant technical principles, It focused on summarizing the progress of academic achievement on the process of recycling of waste lithium-ion batteries mainly by wet recycling in recent years, and analyzed the advantages and shortcomings of each method in the process, followed by a brief introduction to physical recycling and fire recycling. Finally, based on the existing recycling status quo, the future outlook of lithium-ion batteries was made, and reasonable development directions were suggested such as the establishment of a large-scale pretreatment production line, the reuse of recycled materials in adjacent fields and the reuse of chemical reagents.

In order to degrade the highly toxic phenol-containing industrial wastewater, this paper combined micro-nano bubbles with ozone oxidation to investigate the effects of treatment temperature, solution pH, initial phenol concentration and ozone concentration on phenol degradation. The results showed that the rupture of micro-nanobubbles could induce the generation of more ·OH, which could make up for the shortcomings of low mass transfer efficiency and insufficient oxidizability of ozone, so that the redox potential of the reaction system could be significantly increased and played a major role in phenol degradation. Compared with ozone oxidation, the phenol degradation effect was significantly improved. The increase of ozone concentration, the increase of solution pH and the decrease of initial phenol concentration could promote the generation of more ·OH in the reaction system, which could enhance the phenol removal rate. The intermediate products of phenol degradation were detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and the possible pathways of phenol degradation were speculated. Overall, the combination of micro-nano bubbles with ozone oxidation was a potential phenol removal technology, and the results of this study were of great significance in guiding the application and popularization of this technology in the degradation of industrial wastewater.

In recent years, owing to their advantages of being renewable and abundant, retaining unique multi-scale pore structure, and exhibiting excellent separation ability, reusability and biodegradability, biomass-based porous materials represented by collagen fibers have attracted much attention in the fields of oil-containing wastewater treatment. To address the problems of low oil-water separation efficiency of collagen fiber porous materials, a novel collagen fiber-based porous material with oil-water separation performance was prepared by modification of collagen fibers using a synergistic cross-linking system of tannic acid and metal ion (aluminum and zirconium) doped Laponite nanoplatelets. The results showed that the synergistic cross-linking system improved the self-standing, formability and porosity of the porous material without altering the triple-helix conformation of the collagen and stabilizing the collagen microstructures. Moreover, after the synergistic cross-linking modification, the shrinkage temperature, water contact angle and oil-water separation efficiency of the collagen fiber porous material network were increased to over 90℃, 98° and 68%, respectively, indicating that the thermal stability, hydrophobicity and oil-water separation properties were improved.

This study used water hyacinth as the raw material and CaCl₂ as the modifier to prepare calcium-modified water hyacinth-based biochar (CWHBC) by one-step pyrolysis. Based on characterization techniques, the surface morphology, specific surface area, pore size distribution, and main functional group composition of CWHBC were analyzed, and its adsorption efficiency and mechanism for removing diuron from water were explored. The results showed that compared with unmodified biochar (WHBC), CWHBC had a larger specific surface area, a more abundant pore structure, more oxygen-containing functional groups, and stronger hydrophilicity. These changes in physicochemical properties enhanced the adsorption ability of biochar. The adsorption of diuron by CWHBC conformed to the pseudo-second-order adsorption kinetic model and the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model, indicating that the adsorption was mainly a monolayer chemical adsorption. The main adsorption mechanisms were hydrogen bonding, π-π interactions, and surface complexation. The results of single-factor experiment showed that CWHBC had good adsorption performance under various conditions, and the adsorption capacity after five cycles of adsorption/desorption with 0.2mol/L HCl was still as high as 94.62% of the initial adsorption capacity. Therefore, the CWHBC prepared by one-step pyrolysis could effectively remove diuron from water and had good environmental adaptability and repeatability. This study provided a low-cost and efficient adsorbent that could effectively achieve the resource utilization of water hyacinth and had good engineering application prospects and potential.

In order to study the influence of mixed burning of aged refuse on incineration characteristics of waste furnace, a mechanical grate incinerator of a waste incineration plant in Ziyang city, Sichuan province was taken as the research object. Its disposal capacity was 375t/d, and the calorific value of waste was 7315kJ/kg. FLUENT and FLIC software were used to simulate and analyze the incineration characteristics of the waste incinerator under different mixing ratios and heating value conditions of aged refuse. Field tests were also carried out. The results showed that as the mixture ratio of aged refuse increased from 0 to 30%, the mass fraction of O₂ at the outlet of the incinerator increased, while the flue gas temperature at different height sections decreased. Additionally, the moisture evaporation, volatile pyrolysis and fixed carbon combustion rates on the surface of the waste bed were decreased by 19kg/(m²·h), 29kg/(m²·h) and 25kg/(m²·h), respectively. The waste incineration end position lagged by 0.69m. When the heating value of aged refuse raised in the range of 2110—5156kJ/kg, the mass fraction of O₂ at the outlet of the incinerator decreased, and the flue gas temperature at different height sections increased. The moisture evaporation, volatile pyrolysis and fixed carbon combustion rates on the surface of the waste bed were improved by 14kg/(m²·h), 14kg/(m²·h) and 11kg/(m²·h), and waste incineration end position advanced by 0.85m. Therefore, it is recommended to control the calorific value of the blended waste within the range of 6849—8374kJ/kg, under the premise that the incineration temperature was greater than 1123K and the calorific value design of the incinerator was satisfied. These simulation results provided a practical engineering solution for mixed burning of aged refuse.

The performance of hydrolysis and acidification under mesophilic and psychrophilic conditions were compared, as well as the microbial community structure and function were analyzed. Hydrolytic acidification at 35℃ was more favorable for COD removal (40.51%) and improvement of biodegradability (0.53 of BOD₅/COD). COD removal efficiency and BOD₅/COD was only 20.96% and 0.26 under psychrophilic condition, respectively. Mesophilic condition facilitated for the hydrolysis and bioconversion of refractory organic compounds (O₃S₁ and O₄S₁). Mesophilic hydrolytic acidification could generate more micromolecular organic compounds in comparison of psychrophilic one. Metagenomic sequencing of hydrolytic acidification microorganisms indicated that mesophilic temperature was more favorable for microbial growth, with higher abundance of organic degrading bacteria of unclassified_p_Chloroflexi and hydrolase secretion bacteria of unclassified_o_Bacteroidales. Moreover, mesophilic condition enriched functional genes of ko00643(styrene degradation), ko00633 (nitrotoluene degradation), ko00622 (xylene degradation), ko00364 (fluorobenzoate degradation), ko00642 (ethylbenzene degradation) and ko00365 (furfural degradation), which promoted the degradation of aromatic and nitrogenous pollutants as well as improvement of the effluent biodegradability. This study revealed the variation of water quality and the characteristics of microbial community under mesophilic and psychrophilic hydrolytic acidification of refinery wastewater.

Waste lithium anode coating slurry is hard to filtrate and also hard to be reutilized since it contains high water content, which is strongly stable with a wonderful colloid dispersion. The colloidal properties of this waste coating slurry were characterized, its high-efficiency rubber breaking separation mechanisms were discussed, and its reutilization as active carbon was also investigated. The electrostatic repulsion provided by the carboxyl anion (R-COO^-) produced by the dissociation of sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC-Na) and the spatial resistance formed between particles by styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) were the fundamental reasons for the colloidal stability of waste slurry. The decrease in acidity effectively suppressed the dissociation of carboxymethyl cellulose sodium (CMC-Na) in the slurry, resulting in reduced adsorption of charged groups (R-COO^-) onto the surface of graphite particles. Consequently, the electrostatic repulsion between particles weakened, facilitating particle agglomeration and undermining the cross-linking effect of styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR). When pH was 2.0, the filtration constant of the waste slurry escalated to 0.0741m²/s, resulting in a remarkable 48 percentage point reduction in moisture content. X-ray three-dimensional microscopy analysis (X-CT) showed that while fine particles agglomerated and broken, the retained electrostatic repulsion could reduce the filtration resistance, promote the development of the filter cake pore structure, generate a large pore radius, and the seepage network of the long throat channel reduced the amount of water adsorbed by the filter cake pores. Moreover, the separated solid carbon material demonstrated impressive adsorption capacities of 435mg/g, 0.645mg/g and 87mg/g for methylene blue, chromium (Cr⁶⁺) and COD, respectively. These values adhered to the first-rate standards set forth in the “LY/T 3279—2021”.

The treatment of small molecular organic matter in shale gas produced water by reverse osmosis membrane is often difficult to reach the standard. In order to solve this problem, three processes of ozone catalytic oxidation, activated carbon adsorption and catalytic ozonation coupled activated carbon adsorption were studied and compared in terms of the treatment effect of shale gas production water. The influencing factors in the first two processes on the advanced treatment of small molecular organic matter in shale gas produced water and the treatment effects of the coupling process were investigated. The results showed that using the ozone catalytic oxidation process under the optimal reaction conditions of pH 8, reaction time 120min and ozone dosage 0.8g/L, the ozone consumption m(O₃)∶m(COD_Cr) is 3.58, the COD_Cr decreased from 143mg/L to 68.6mg/L, and the removal rate was 52.03%. Using the activated carbon adsorption process under the optimal reaction conditions of pH 8, reaction time 90min and filling ratio of activated carbon 30%, the COD_Cr decreased from 143mg/L to 103.2mg/L, and the removal rate was only 27.83%. Using catalytic ozonation coupled activated carbon adsorption process under the optimal reaction conditions, the ozone consumption m(O₃)∶m(COD_Cr) was 2.78—2.88,the COD_Cr decreased steadily from 143mg/L to 25—34mg/L, and the removal rate was between 76.2% and 82.5%. It could be seen that the catalytic ozonation coupled activated carbon adsorption process had the best treatment effect on small molecular organic matter.

A sodium alginate/microcrystalline cellulose (SA/MCC) composite hydrogel was synthesized using sodium alginate (SA) and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) as raw material. The structure of the prepared hydrogel was characterized, and the adsorption properties, model and mechanism of the hydrogel for aqueous methyl orange (MO) and methylene blue (MB) were studied. The results showed that the optimal pH of SA/MCC-20 removing MO and MB were 2 and 12, respectively. The adsorption model was more consistent with the pseudo-second-order model and Langmuir model, and the maximum adsorption capacity of MO and MB could reach 331.25mg/g and 253.31mg/g, respectively. By changing the pH of the aqueous solution, both MO and MB could achieve effective adsorption and desorption on SA/MCC-20 for recycling. After 5 times of sorption-desorption cycles, the desorption efficiency of MO and MB of SA/MCC-20 remained 91.52% and 85.41% at optimal pH. SA/MCC possessed excellent adsorption capacity for MO and MB, and the adsorption mechanism mainly included electrostatic attraction, van der Waals force, hydrogen bonding, π-π stacking, pore diffusion and filling, etc, and chemisorption played a leading role with the auxiliary of physical adsorption.

The efficient utilization of desulfurized gypsum can effectively alleviate a series of environmental problems and turn waste into treasure. This paper used dihydrate gypsum to prepare α-hemihydrate gypsum in ethylene glycol aqueous solution containing trace anhydrous sodium sulfate, and explored the effects of temperature (94—98℃), ethylene glycol volume fraction (25%—35%), sodium sulfate concentration (0.1—0.3mol/L) on the mole fraction of α-hemihydrate gypsum and kinetic parameters in the dehydration conversion process from dihydrate gypsum to α-hemihydrate gypsum. The results showed that in ethylene glycol aqueous solution, the dehydration conversion process of dihydrate gypsum to α-hemihydrate gypsum conformed to the dispersion kinetic model. With the increase of temperature and ethylene glycol concentration, the kinetic parameter α remained basically unchanged, while the parameter β increased significantly, leading to an increase in the activation entropy (∆S*), which in turn led to a decrease in the energy barrier (E_a) and promoted the dehydration of dihydrate gypsum to α‍-hemihydrate gypsum. The addition of a small amount of anhydrous sodium sulfate significantly shortened the nucleation induction time of α-hemihydrate gypsum. Through molecular dynamics simulation, with increasing the concentration of sodium sulfate, the coordination number of Na⁺ and SO₄^2- increased, and the absolute difference of diffusion coefficient ∆D decreased, resulting in the increase of coordination ability and the decrease of decoupling ability. This study was of great significance for efficient utilization of desulfurized gypsum and mastering its conversion characteristics to α-hemihydrate gypsum.

Chlorinated organophosphate flame retardants (Cl-OPFRs), a new type of pollutant, are widely detected in environment and has resistant to degradation, easy-migratory and biological toxicity. Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) with the highest detection rate in environment was chosen as the target pollutant in this study, and a composition adsorbent (named S/ZVI-N₁) that prepared by zero-valent iron sulfide and Novosphingobium tardaugens was used as research material, to explore the removal performance and degrading pathway of TCEP by the S/ZVI-N₁. The results showed that the removal of TCEP by S/ZVI-N₁ fitted to the quasi-first-order kinetic equation and Langmuir model, which indicated this process was a physical adsorption of monolayer primarily and the R² of quasi-second-order kinetic equation also proved the chemical adsorption. The removal rate of TCEP by S/ZVI-N₁ was 58.9% after 12h, which was higher significantly than that by Novosphingobium tardaugens or S/ZVI only (biodegradation rate was 32.95% and S/ZVI removal rate was 31.2%). The analysis of degradation products indicated that the decomposition of TCEP by S/ZVI-N₁ was more thorough than that by ZVI alone. This proved there was synergistic reaction between the S/ZVI and Novosphingobium tardaugens to remove TCEP, and the optimal conditions of TCEP removal was pH 5—7 and 30—35℃. The intermediates analysis could deduce two degradation pathways of TCEP by S/ZVI-N₁, that one was the C—Cl bond broken down by S/ZVI and another was O—P bond broken down by Novosphingobium tardaugens, and the final products were triethyl phosphate (TEP) and H₃PO₄, which meant the completely degradation of TCEP.

The apparent, chemical, and leaching characteristics of five types of ash/slag samples (waste heat boiler ash/slag S1, semi-dry deacidification ash S2, bag dust removal ash S3, raw fly ash S4, and chelator stabilized fly ash S5) in typical sections of MSW incineration were studied, and the environmental risks of heavy metals in ash/slag samples were evaluated. The results showed that S1 exhibited significant differences in apparent characteristics compared to other samples, with a yellowing color, uneven particle size, and high Si and Al content, indicating a great potential for resource utilization. A higher content of soluble chloride salts and highly toxic heavy metals (Pb, Cd) were enriched in S3, which could be treated separately for dechlorination and detoxification. In terms of particle size distribution, there were two peaks in the range of 7—20μm and 40—120μm for S5, which had certain defects in its stabilization effect. The exchangeable and carbonate bound states of Cr (4.45%) in S1 and Pb (3.04%) and Cd (4.28%) in S3 were relatively high, indicating a high potential leaching environmental risk. Special attention should be paid to their harmless treatment and resource utilization, especially in acidic (such as acid rain or landfill leachate leaching) disposal or application scenarios. The potential environmental risk level of S1 containing heavy metals was much lower than the other four ash samples. Under the simulated landfill leachate leaching environment, the comprehensive environmental risk level of heavy metals in the five ash/slag leaching solutions was higher than that in the simulated acid rain leaching environment, and the leaching environmental risk level of Cd in S1, S3, S4, and S5 showed an "extremely strong" level. The research results could provide theoretical basis for the classification and utilization of ash/slag in typical MSW incineration sections, refined management, and scientific environmental risk assessment.

Phosphorus iron slag is one of the by-products of the production of yellow phosphorus. It is often treated as solid waste due to its chemically stable, which not only pollutes the environment but also consumes a lot of manpower and material resources. How to rationally utilize the iron (Fe) and phosphorus (P) elements in iron phosphate slag is a problem that must be solved by phosphorus chemical enterprises. The traditional technology of preparing iron phosphate (FePO₄) from iron phosphate slag has the disadvantages of high energy consumption, large safety hazards of by-products and difficulty in industrialized production. Thus, this paper adopted iron phosphate slag, phosphoric acid, hydrochloric acid and ammonia as raw materials, and prepared battery-grade FePO₄ by a combination of high-temperature activated leaching-precipitation method. In the stage of high-temperature activated leaching, the correlation law between the leaching time, the leaching temperature, the concentration of hydrochloric acid, the liquid-solid ratio and the leaching ratio of iron phosphate slag was explored. The effects of reaction temperature, time, pH and feeding ratio on the performance of prepared FePO₄ were also investigated. The concentrations of Fe and P elements in the leaching solution and the crystal structure, morphology and particle size of FePO₄ were analyzed. The experimental results showed that the optimal conditions for the leaching of ferrophosphorus slag were: leaching time of 3h, leaching temperature of 90℃, hydrochloric acid concentration of 5.5mol/L and liquid-solid ratio of 20mL/g, under which the leaching rate of elemental Fe could be up to 93.55%, the rate of elemental P could be up to 82.21%, and the rate of solid slag leaching could be up to 90.06%. The optimal conditions of the precipitation reaction process were: reaction temperature 70℃, reaction time 2h, reaction pH=1.2 and Fe/P feeding ratio of 1. This condition of the preparation of iron phosphate (FePO₄) materials with high crystallinity, uniform morphology, good dispersion, a particle size of 100—200nm, iron and phosphorus ratio of 0.97 and the content of impurities was in full compliance with the industry standards. The lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO₄) cathode material synthesized in this way had good electrochemical performance, and the discharge specific capacity can reach 151.62mA·h/g at 1C multiplicity, indicating that the prepared FePO₄ fully met the requirements of the precursor of LiFePO₄ cathode material.

The rheological property of oil-based drilling fluid is seriously deteriorated by the continuous intrusion of poor solid phase such as formation soil, and it is difficult to effectively deal with it by solvent extraction, thermal distillation and other technologies, which will cause waste of resources. In order to realize the reuse of waste oil-based drilling fluid, quaternization and hydrophobic modification were carried out with hyperbranched polymer as the main flocculant, and oil-soluble flocculant with good selectivity was prepared. The molecular structure and thermal stability of the flocculant were determined by infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and other methods, and the effects of the addition of the flocculant on the density, solid phase content and rheological properties of drilling fluid were explored. The flocculant mechanism was analyzed by zeta potential and mineral component analysis. The results showed that when the dosage of flocculant was 1.0‰, the inferior solid phase in the drilling fluid system could be effectively flocculated and deposited, the solid phase clearance rate of the two kinds of oil-based drilling fluid after waste treatment could reach 80.6% and 63.8%, and the density of the treated drilling fluid was 0.733g/cm³ and 0.745g/cm³, respectively. The compatibility and rheology of the treated drilling fluid could meet drilling requirements. It could realize the recycling of drilling fluid.

In order to effectively prevent phosphate and organophosphorus pollution in water, and fully tap the advantages of flexible structure control and strong affinity for phosphorus of lanthanum-based metal oxides, the Ce-doped La-Fe perovskite (LCFO) was successfully prepared by doping cerium at the lanthanum site on the basis of lanthanum-iron perovskite prepared by the citric acid sol-gel method. The thermodynamic and kinetic characteristics of adsorption of phosphate and phytic acid by LCFO were studied, and the effects of different chloride ions and humic acid ions on the adsorption process were investigated. SEM-EDS, XRD, FTIR, XPS and other characterizations were used to investigate the adsorption mechanism. The results showed that the adsorption capacity of LCFO for phosphate and phytic acid was 11.56 times and 1.74 times higher than that of original perovskite, and the adsorption capacity of LCFO was 57.86mg/g and 98.71mg/g, respectively. The phosphorus adsorption characteristics of both forms conformed to the pseudo-second-order kinetic equation and Langmuir isothermal adsorption equation, and humic acid ions weakened the adsorption of phosphate and phytic acid by LCFO, but the adsorption amount remained above 80%. The mechanism of phosphate and phytic acid adsorption by the material was mainly internal complexation as shown by the characterization analysis. This study provided a reference for further improving the adsorption capacity of lanthanum-iron perovskite on inorganic phosphorus and the removal of organic phosphorus.

The pattern of nitrite removal in different environments under the combined effect of biochar-light-oxygen was studied by orthogonal tests. Combining with multiple contrast tests, the differences in the effects of light, aeration and biochar addition on nitrite removal were analyzed, and the nitroso-nitrogen migration pathways and degradation mechanisms were revealed. The results showed that removal efficiencies of nitrite were mainly influenced by environmental pH and temperature. The pH was the main controlling factor. The highest removal rate was 98.25% at 1.8mg/L nitrite concentration, 0.4g biochar addition, 25℃, 60min reaction time, and pH=2. Aeration normally facilitated the removal of nitrite. The removal rate could be increased at a maximum of 9.7 times compared to non-aerated treatment. Likewise, light promoted the removal of nitrite in strong acidic and alkaline environments, increasing the removal rate at most 5.7 times without light conditions. The addition of biochar brought a weak boost to nitrite removal and needs to be combined with light and aeration to achieve a better removal effect. The coexistence of the three conditions produced a synergistic effect of biochar photocatalytic oxidation-adsorption, which promoted the degradation and migration of nitrite nitrogen through oxidation, photocatalysis and adsorption to obtain a good removal effect.