Physicochemical characteristics and environmental risk of ash/slag in typical sections of MSW incineration

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2023-1134

Abstract

Abstract:

The apparent, chemical, and leaching characteristics of five types of ash/slag samples (waste heat boiler ash/slag S1, semi-dry deacidification ash S2, bag dust removal ash S3, raw fly ash S4, and chelator stabilized fly ash S5) in typical sections of MSW incineration were studied, and the environmental risks of heavy metals in ash/slag samples were evaluated. The results showed that S1 exhibited significant differences in apparent characteristics compared to other samples, with a yellowing color, uneven particle size, and high Si and Al content, indicating a great potential for resource utilization. A higher content of soluble chloride salts and highly toxic heavy metals (Pb, Cd) were enriched in S3, which could be treated separately for dechlorination and detoxification. In terms of particle size distribution, there were two peaks in the range of 7—20μm and 40—120μm for S5, which had certain defects in its stabilization effect. The exchangeable and carbonate bound states of Cr (4.45%) in S1 and Pb (3.04%) and Cd (4.28%) in S3 were relatively high, indicating a high potential leaching environmental risk. Special attention should be paid to their harmless treatment and resource utilization, especially in acidic (such as acid rain or landfill leachate leaching) disposal or application scenarios. The potential environmental risk level of S1 containing heavy metals was much lower than the other four ash samples. Under the simulated landfill leachate leaching environment, the comprehensive environmental risk level of heavy metals in the five ash/slag leaching solutions was higher than that in the simulated acid rain leaching environment, and the leaching environmental risk level of Cd in S1, S3, S4, and S5 showed an "extremely strong" level. The research results could provide theoretical basis for the classification and utilization of ash/slag in typical MSW incineration sections, refined management, and scientific environmental risk assessment.

Key words: MSW incineration, technological process, ash/slag, physicochemical properties, environmental risk

摘要：

研究了垃圾焚烧典型工段5种灰/渣样品（余热锅炉灰/渣S1、半干法脱酸灰S2、布袋除尘灰S3、飞灰原灰S4和螯合剂稳定化飞灰S5）的表观特征、化学特性和浸出特性，并评估了灰/渣样品赋存重金属的环境风险。结果表明：S1呈现与其他灰样显著的表观特征差异，其表观颜色泛黄，颗粒大小不均，Si、Al含量较高，可资源化利用潜力较大；S3可溶性氯盐、高毒性重金属（Pb、Cd）含量较高，可进行单独脱氯、解毒处理；S5粒径级配在7~20μm和40~120μm存在两处波峰，其稳定化效果存在一定缺陷。S1赋存Cr（4.45%）和S3赋存Pb（3.04%）、Cd（4.28%）的可交换态和碳酸盐结合态占比相对较高，表明其潜在浸出环境风险较高，在其无害化处理和资源化利用过程中需重点关注，尤其是酸性（如酸雨或渗滤液浸沥）处置或应用场景。S1赋存重金属的潜在环境风险远低于其他4种灰样；模拟渗滤液浸提环境下，5种灰/渣浸出液重金属的综合性环境风险水平均高于模拟酸雨浸提环境，且S1、S3、S4和S5中Cd的浸出环境风险水平表现为“极强”等级。研究结果可为垃圾焚烧典型工段灰/渣的分类利用、精细化管理以及科学的环境风险评估提供理论依据。

关键词: 垃圾焚烧, 工艺流程, 灰/渣, 理化特性, 环境风险

CLC Number:

X705

YIN Junquan, WU Yinkai, LI Weihua, SUN Yingjie, ZHANG Wenxuan, ZHANG Qingjian, MA Xiaoteng, BIAN Rongxing, WANG Huawei. Physicochemical characteristics and environmental risk of ash/slag in typical sections of MSW incineration[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2024, 43(8): 4714-4725.

尹俊权, 吴寅凯, 李卫华, 孙英杰, 张闻轩, 张庆建, 马晓腾, 卞荣星, 王华伟. 垃圾焚烧典型工段灰/渣理化特性及环境风险性[J]. 化工进展, 2024, 43(8): 4714-4725.

Figures/Tables 16

检测指标	检测方法
pH	固液比为1∶5的灰/渣与蒸馏水混合，于25℃条件下振荡30min，采用精密酸度计（PHS-3C）测定上清液pH^[8]
电导率（EC）	固液比为1∶5的灰/渣与蒸馏水混合，于25℃条件下振荡30min，采用电导率仪（DDS-307A）测定上清液EC值^[8]
重金属浸出浓度	硫酸硝酸法（HJ/T 299—2007）浸出+电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪（ICP-OES，iCAP 7000）测定醋酸缓冲溶液法（HJ/T 300—2007）浸出+ICP-OES测定
重金属总量	微波消解仪（XT-9912）消解+ICP-OES测定^[9]
化学组成	X射线荧光仪（XRF，Zetium）
矿物组成	X射线衍射分析仪（XRD，Smartlab 9）
重金属化学形态	Tessier五步提取^[8]+ICP-OES测定
粒径	激光粒度仪（Mastersizer 2000）
表面形貌-微区元素组成	扫描电子显微镜-X射线能谱分析（SEM-EDS，JSM-6360LV）

参数	Pb	Zn	Cu	Cd	Cr	Ni
$T i$	5	1	5	30	2	5
$C N i 或 m i 0$ /mg·kg^-1	26	74	23	0.1	61	27

参数	Pb	Zn	Cu	Cd	Cr	Ni
$T i$	5	1	5	30	2	5
$C N i 或 m i 0$ /mg·kg^-1	26	74	23	0.1	61	27

S1	S2	S3	S4	S5
12866.17	111579.22	168520.05	146610.65	147874.92

$E r i$	单因子环境危害程度
$E r i < 30$	轻微
$30 ≤ E r i < 60$	中等
$60 ≤ E r i < 120$	强
$120 ≤ E r i < 240$	很强
$E r i ≥ 240$	极强

$E r i$	单因子环境危害程度
$E r i < 30$	轻微
$30 ≤ E r i < 60$	中等
$60 ≤ E r i < 120$	强
$120 ≤ E r i < 240$	很强
$E r i ≥ 240$	极强

$R I$	综合性环境危害程度
$R I < 60$	轻微
$60 ≤ R I < 120$	中等
$120 ≤ R I < 240$	强
$R I ≥ 240$	很强

$R I$	综合性环境危害程度
$R I < 60$	轻微
$60 ≤ R I < 120$	中等
$120 ≤ R I < 240$	强
$R I ≥ 240$	很强

References 31

1	中华人民共和国国家统计局. 中国统计年鉴2022[M]. 北京: 中国统计出版社, 2022.
	National Bureau of Statistics of the People’s Republic of China. China Statistical Yearbook 2022[M]. Beijing: China Statistics Press, 2022.
2	LI Tianru, WANG Baomin, ZHANG Xiong, et al. A novel method for solidification/stabilization of MSWI fly ash by graphene nanoplatelets synergistic alkali-activated technology[J]. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 2023, 11(5): 110589.
3	KIM H J, YAMADA Y, ZENG H, et al. A study of chloride pretreatment methods for enhancing strength of mortar by recycling Municipal Solid Waste Incineration (MSWI) bottom ash[J]. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 2023, 19: e02349.
4	高通. 生活垃圾焚烧飞灰中炭和二英分布规律及浮选分离方法研究[D]. 徐州: 中国矿业大学, 2021.
	GAO Tong. Study on the distribution law of carbon and dioxin and the method of flotation separation in municipal solid waste incineration fly ash[D]. Xuzhou: China University of Mining and Technology, 2021.
5	HUANG Binbin, GAN Min, JI Zhiyun, et al. Recent progress on the thermal treatment and resource utilization technologies of municipal waste incineration fly ash: A review[J]. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 2022, 159: 547-565.
6	沈东升, 郑元格, 姚俊, 等. 典型固体废物焚烧飞灰的污染物特性研究[J]. 环境科学, 2011, 32(9): 2610-2616.
	SHEN Dongsheng, ZHENG Yuange, YAO Jun, et al. Analysis of pollution characteristics of solid waste incinerator fly ash in Zhejiang Province[J]. Environmental Science, 2011, 32(9): 2610-2616.
7	章骅, 于思源, 邵立明, 等. 烟气净化工艺和焚烧炉类型对生活垃圾焚烧飞灰性质的影响[J]. 环境科学, 2018, 39(1): 467-476.
	ZHANG Hua, YU Siyuan, SHAO Liming, et al. Influence of air pollution control(APC) systems and furnace type on the characteristics of APC residues from municipal solid waste incinerators[J]. Environmental Science, 2018, 39(1): 467-476.
8	李卫华. 固化/稳定化飞灰中重金属溶出行为及环境风险评估研究[D]. 青岛: 青岛理工大学, 2019.
	LI Weihua. Study on the leaching behavior and environmental risk assessment of heavy metals in solidified/stabilized municipal solid waste incineration fly ash[D]. Qingdao: Qingdao University of Technology, 2019.
9	王琰. 入侵水相渗流路径对填埋稳定化飞灰重金属淋滤特性影响[D]. 青岛: 青岛理工大学, 2022.
	WANG Yan. Effect of seepage path of invaded aqueous phase on leaching characteristics of heavy metals in landfill stabilized fly ash[D]. Qingdao: Qingdao University of Technology, 2022.
10	LUAN Jingde, LI Aimin, SU Tong, et al. Translocation and toxicity assessment of heavy metals from circulated fluidized-bed combustion of oil shale in Huadian, China[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2009, 166(2/3): 1109-1114.
11	LUAN Jingde, CHAI Meiyun, LI Rundong. Heavy metal migration and potential environmental risk assessment during the washing process of MSW incineration fly ash and molten slag[J]. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 2016, 31: 351-360.
12	LI Rundong, SHU Tianchu, LI Yanlong, et al. Migration characteristics and toxicity evaluation of heavy metals during the preparation of lightweight aggregate from sewage sludge[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 2019, 26(9): 9123-9136.
13	SHI Yifei, LI Yue, YUAN Xueliang, et al. Environmental and human health risk evaluation of heavy metals in ceramsites from municipal solid waste incineration fly ash[J]. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 2020, 42(11): 3779-3794.
14	倪海凤, 旦增, 周文武, 等. 拉萨市垃圾焚烧飞灰重金属特性分析及风险评价[J]. 环境工程, 2022, 40(3): 89-93, 131.
	NI Haifeng, DANZENG, ZHOU Wenwu, et al. Characteristics analysis and risk assessment of heavy metals of waste incineration fly ash in Lhasa[J]. Environmental Engineering, 2022, 40(3): 89-93, 131.
15	LE FORESTIER Lydie, LIBOUREL Guy. Characterization of flue gas residues from municipal solid waste combustors[J]. Environmental Science and Technology, 1998, 32(15): 2250-2256.
16	KITAMURA Hiroki, SAWADA Takaya, SHIMAOKA Takayuki, et al. Geochemically structural characteristics of municipal solid waste incineration fly ash particles and mineralogical surface conversions by chelate treatment[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 2016, 23(1): 734-743.
17	SPEISER C, BAUMANN T, NIESSNER R. Morphological and chemical characterization of calcium-hydrate phases formed in alteration processes of deposited municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ash[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2000, 34(23): 5030-5037.
18	PAN Shuyuan, CHANG E e, CHIANG Penchi. CO₂ capture by accelerated carbonation of alkaline wastes: A review on its principles and applications[J]. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 2012, 12(5): 770-791.
19	BARRACCO Francesco, DEMICHELIS Francesca, SHARIFIKOLOUEI Elham, et al. Life cycle assessment for the production of MSWI fly-ash based porous glass-ceramics: Scenarios based on the contribution of silica sources, methane aided, and energy recoveries[J]. Waste Management, 2023, 157: 301-311.
20	孙路石, 李敏, 向军, 等. 城市生活垃圾焚烧灰渣的特征[J]. 华中科技大学学报(自然科学版), 2009, 37(8): 77-79.
	SUN Lushi, LI Min, XIANG Jun, et al. Characteristics of the ash deposits from incinerated municipal solid waste[J]. Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology (Nature Science Edition), 2009, 37(8): 77-79.
21	朱子晗, 郭燕燕, 赵由才, 等. 垃圾焚烧飞灰中Pb及特征药剂稳定化处理[J]. 中国环境科学, 2021, 41(6): 2737-2743.
	ZHU Zihan, GUO Yanyan, ZHAO Youcai, et al. Stabilization of Pb and characteristic agents in municipal solid waste incineration fly ash[J]. China Environmental Science, 2021, 41(6): 2737-2743.
22	BERNASCONI Davide, CAVIGLIA Caterina, DESTEFANIS Enrico, et al. Influence of speciation distribution and particle size on heavy metal leaching from MSWI fly ash[J]. Waste Management, 2022, 138: 318-327.
23	LOU Yuanbo, JIANG Shengchao, DU Bing, et al. Leaching morphology characteristics and environmental risk assessment of 13 hazardous trace elements from municipal solid waste incineration fly ash[J]. Fuel, 2023, 346: 128374.
24	PIANTONE P, BODÉNAN F, CHATELET-SNIDARO L. Mineralogical study of secondary mineral phases from weathered MSWI bottom ash: Implications for the modelling and trapping of heavy metals[J]. Applied Geochemistry, 2004, 19(12): 1891-1904.
25	ZHANG Y, CETIN B, LIKOS W J, et al. Impacts of pH on leaching potential of elements from MSW incineration fly ash[J]. Fuel, 2016, 184: 815-825.
26	QUINA Margarida J, BORDADO João C, QUINTA-FERREIRA Rosa M. Treatment and use of air pollution control residues from MSW incineration: An overview[J]. Waste Management, 2008, 28(11): 2097-2121.
27	IZQUIERDO Maria, QUEROL Xavier. Leaching behaviour of elements from coal combustion fly ash: An overview[J]. International Journal of Coal Geology, 2012, 94: 54-66.
28	李卫华, 吴寅凯, 孙英杰, 等. 垃圾焚烧飞灰重金属毒性浸出评价方法研究进展[J]. 化工进展, 2023, 42(5): 2666-2677.
	LI Weihua, WU Yinkai, SUN Yingjie, et al. Progress on evaluation methods for toxic leaching of heavy metals from MSW incineration fly ash[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2023, 42(5): 2666-2677.
29	张海军, 于颖, 倪余文, 等. 采用巯基捕收剂稳定化处理垃圾焚烧飞灰中的重金属[J]. 环境科学, 2007, 28(8): 1899-1904.
	ZHANG Haijun, YU Ying, NI Yuwen, et al. Stabilization of heavy metals in municipal solid waste incineration fly ash with the thiol collectors[J]. Environmental Science, 2007, 28(8): 1899-1904.
30	ZHANG Ze, ZHAO Chutong, RAO Yi, et al. Solidification/stabilization and risk assessment of heavy metals in municipal solid waste incineration fly ash: A review[J]. The Science of the Total Environment, 2023, 892: 164451.
31	PAN Yun, WU Zhiming, ZHOU Jizhi, et al. Chemical characteristics and risk assessment of typical municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly ash in China[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2013, 261: 269-276.

[1]	ZHAO Hui, WANG Gaowei, LI Maoshuai, MA Xinbin. Recent advance in catalysts for petroleum resin hydrogenation [J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2023, 42(12): 6310-6324.
[2]	GU Kai, WU Yinkai, YIN Junquan, LI Weihua, SUN Yingjie, ZHANG Qingjian, GE Yanchen, HE Yiyang, ZHAO Lingyan, WANG Huawei. Leaching behavior of heavy metals in solidified/stabilized fly ash under diversified leaching scenarios [J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2023, 42(11): 6113-6125.
[3]	FU Jie, QIU Chunsheng, WANG Chenchen, ZHENG Jinxin, LIU Nannan, WANG Dong, WANG Shaopo, SUN Liping. Migration, transformation and risk assessment of heavy metals in municipal sludge treated by thermal hydrolysis [J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2022, 41(4): 2216-2225.
[4]	CHEN Guodong, LIU Haicheng, MENG Wushuang, YOU Yu, ZHANG Hao, CAO Mengru. Research progress on artificial intervention and characterization of physicochemical properties of microplastics aging [J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2022, 41(12): 6443-6453.
[5]	LI Songjing, FAN Xiangyang, CUI Erping, HU Chao, CUI Bingjian, LIU Yuan, LI Zhongyang, JING Ruoyao, LI Shengshu. Advances in behavioral characteristics and environmental risks of PPCPs in soil-crop systems [J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2021, 40(5): 2827-2838.
[6]	Bin XU, Changxuan HE, Yanjun HU, Linjie WANG, Yonghao ZHU, Xin QIAO. [J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2020, 39(S2): 406-412.
[7]	Xuexiang FU, Dengfeng ZHANG, Wenping JIANG, Zengmin LUN, Chunpeng ZHAO, Haitao WANG, Yanhong LI. Influence of physicochemical properties of coals on pore morphology and methane adsorption: a perspective [J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2019, 38(06): 2714-2725.
[8]	DU Yanze，ZHANG Xiaoping，GUAN Minghua，FANG Xiangchen. The domestic application status and growing trend of vacuum distillates hydrocracking technology [J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progree, 2013, 32(10): 2523-2528.
[9]	YANG Juan1, TENG Hu1, LIU Haijun2, XU Youhai2, Lü Jiping2, WANG Jiyan2. Feedstock pretreatment and technological process of cellulose ethanol production [J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progree, 2013, 32(01): 97-103.
[10]	LIU Tao，BAO Mutai，LI Ximing，GUO Shengxue，WANG Weidong . Research progress in COD removal in the process of oilfield wastewater treatment [J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progree, 2009, 28(11): 2035-.