Catalysts with zeolite as active component have the advantages of easy recovery, non-corrosion, and environmental friendliness, and thus have been widely used in petrochemical industry. Designing and developing high-performance zeolite catalyst to achieve efficient chemical reaction can provide technical support for energy conservation and consumption reduction in chemical enterprises. The recent technological progress in the development of efficient zeolite was reviewed from four aspects, including active center construction and modification scheme of aluminosilicate and titanosilicalite zeolite, the construction scheme of mesopore structure inside and outside microporous zeolite, the preparation scheme of nanoscale zeolite particles and oriented growth control of zeolite nanocrystal, and topological structure innovation scheme of new structure zeolite. The future development direction of zeolite catalyst was also discussed. And it was pointed out that China still needs to strengthen technological innovation in this field, especially the original innovation, to achieve the deep integration of industry, academia, and research, to transform the advanced technology into practical solutions and the ultimate industrial applications.

Compared with the conventional hydrogenation process in trickle bed reactors, liquid-phase hydrogenation with low investment and energy consumption has attracted the attention in industrial and academic community. But how to further intensify the mass transfer rate at the hydrogen-oil interface to improve the efficiency of liquid-phase hydrogenation is still a challenge. In recent years, the gas-liquid mass transfer intensification by micro and nano bubbles or droplets has been rapidly developed, which is helpful for the catalytic hydrogenation of oil products. Taking micro and nano bubbles as an example, this paper firstly summarized the characteristics, and main generation methods of micro and nano bubbles. And the feasibility analysis of micro and nano scale gas-liquid mass transfer to intensify hydrogenation process was briefly described. Current research on the application of micro and nano scale gas-liquid mass transfer intensification in hydrogenation of oil products was reviewed. Finally, the challenges and future research directions of the application of micro and nano scale gas-liquid mass transfer intensification in hydrogenation of oil products were analyzed, including matching the mass transfer rate and intrinsic reaction rate at micro and nano scale, the flow of micro and nano bubbles inside reactor and the gas-liquid separation of the mixture containing micro and nano bubble.

Microchemical processes have inherent advantages in efficiency, safety, energy conservation, small size, and high heat and mass transfer rates, and exhibit enormous development potential in the field of gas-liquid heterogeneous mass transfer and reaction enhancement. This article systematically discussed the current research status of gas-liquid two-phase flow and mass transfer characteristics in microchannels, summarized the gas-liquid two-phase flow shape and distribution in microchannels, analyzed the key factors affecting the two-phase flow shape from the aspects of operating conditions and microchannel design, discussed how multiple factors affect mass transfer and process enhancement, and summarized and classified the currently studied gas-liquid two-phase mass transfer models in microchannels. Based on the flow patterns of gas-liquid two-phase flow in the main flow channels, the latest research progress of various gas-liquid two-phase microreactors was classified and introduced. The article points out that further exploration of strengthening methods for microchemical processes and the development of new gas-liquid microchannel reactors are still the key development directions for future microchemical research.

Current-responsive catalysts are a novel type of catalytic materials that can generate electric current under the induced effect of electric field, and the reactions catalyzed by this kind of catalysts can break through the thermodynamic limitation and occur under mild conditions, with significant energy-saving and carbon-reducing potentials. In this article, we reviewed the research progress of current-responsive catalysts intensifying ammonia synthesis, high-value utilization of methane and propane dehydrogenation in recent years. Series of current-responsive catalysts were summarized, which were mainly loaded metal catalysts, consisting of the carrier (semiconductor-type or perovskite-type metal oxides) and active metals (single metal or alloys). The catalytic performance of various catalysts was compared, and the role of “proton hopping” in intensifying corresponding reactions was analyzed. Finally, the future development directions and challenges of current-enhanced technology were prospected. It was proposed that the development of in-situ characterization technology and molecular simulation methods is of great significance for revealing the reaction mechanism from the microscopic level, which can provide guidance for the design of more efficient catalysts, promote the development of related fields, and assist the low-carbon upgrading of the chemical industry.

This review provides a comprehensive overview of the reaction pathways involved in the co-conversion of CH₄ and CO₂ to produce syngas, acetic acid, and C₂ hydrocarbons. The focus is on elucidating the key reaction steps, intermediates, and the influencing factors on reaction selectivity. For the production of syngas, the activation and dissociation of CO₂ and CH₄ are identified as key steps. The mechanism depends on the acidity of the catalyst support. Acidic or neutral support follow a mono-functional mechanism, where both CH₄ and CO₂ are activated at the same active center. In contrast, a basic support leads to a bi-functional mechanism, involving the activation of CH₄ and CO₂ at different active centers. For acetic acid production, the C-C coupling process assumes to be significant. Two mechanisms are considered: the direct insertion of gas-phase CO₂ into the M—CH₃ bond (Eley-Rideal mechanism), and the prior adsorption of CO₂ followed by insertion (Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism), with a lower reaction energy barrier for the latter. For producing C₂ hydrocarbons, reactive oxygen species are considered to be key intermediates in the reaction, which may be derived from the activation and dissociation of lattice oxygen or CO₂ in the catalyst. To enhance the catalytic performance, constructing multiple active sites on the catalyst surface for the co-catalysis of CH₄ and CO₂ is regarded as a promising catalyst modification strategy. Furthermore, advanced simulation calculation methods and in-situ characterization techniques can help to reveal the dynamic evolution of reaction process and the catalytic mechanism, thus providing the theoretical guidance for the design of catalysts in the CH₄ and CO₂co-conversion reaction.

Traditional microporous zeolites have uniform pore size, large specific surface area, strong acidity, ion exchange ability, and good shape selectivity. However, the traditional microporous zeolites suffer from high mass transfer and diffusion resistance, seriously reducing their performance. Hierarchical zeolites possess a multi-level pore structure, which can enhance the diffusion of large molecules, reduce coke accumulation, and improve catalysts' utilization, lifespan, and catalytic performance. Hierarchical zeolites are usually prepared by either "top-down" method or "bottom-up" strategy. This article mainly reviews the synthesis methods of hierarchical zeolites in recent years, and focuses on the "top-down" method with wide applications. The research on diffusion intensification for hierarchical zeolites in catalytic applications is comprehensively reviewed. It is pointed out that hierarchical zeolites have unique advantages in improving catalytic performance (such as activity, selectivity, catalytic stability). By introducing hierarchical pores in the framework of zeolites, the diffusion path within the zeolitic crystal is shortened, and the mass transfer diffusion restrictions are reduced. Hierarchical pore structure is also conducive to stabilize loaded metal active species, inhibiting their sintering in catalytic reactions and increasing the stability of supported zeolite catalysts. Finally, the advantage of hierarchical zeolites are discussed, i.e. strengthening internal diffusion performance and improving the utilization rate of internal centers in zeolites, and their preparation method and green production process are prospected.

Solution crystallization is one of the most important product separation, purification and functionalization techniques in chemical industry, which is widely used in pharmaceutical, food, fine chemicals and other fields. The nucleation and growth process of crystals in solution crystallization will determine the key physicochemical properties such as crystal form, crystal habit, particle size and purity of the final crystal products. Therefore, process intensification of solution crystallization, especially crystal nucleation and growth process, can help to improve the process efficiency and meet the different performance requirements of crystal products. In this paper, process intensification strategies for nucleation and crystal growth in solution crystallization are systematically reviewed, including the technologies of confined space, physical fields, additives and template agents. The advantages and limitations of various process intensification strategies are discussed, and the main research focuses and development prospects of solution crystallization process intensification strategies are summarized.

As the pillar of national economy, oil refining industry often has the problems of high energy consumption, high material consumption and high pollution while creating a lot of wealth. Fixed-bed hydrogenation technology is an important clean oil refining technology, which plays an important role in the upgrading of oil quality, the adjustment of product structure, the efficient utilization of crude oil resources and the clean production process. Improving the efficiency of fixed-bed hydrogenation is helpful to make full use of petroleum resources, produce clean fuel and realize energy saving and consumption reduction in production process. Based on the mixing characteristics of hydrogen and oil two-phase materials in the trickle-bed hydrogenation and liquid-phase hydrogenation processes of fixed-bed reactor, this paper reviewed the application progress of gas-liquid mixing intensification which improved the efficiency of fixed-bed multiphase catalytic hydrogenation by developing new hydrogen mixing equipment and hydrogenation process, and proposed the development trend of gas-liquid mixing intensification technology in fixed-bed hydrogenation process. It provides reference for the development of new technologies for improving quality and efficiency, saving energy and reducing carbon in refining and chemical production process.

Microbubbles have advantages including small size, high stability, long residence time in the fluid, large specific surface area, and high self-pressurization effect, etc. Microbubbles can greatly improve the contact area and contact time for gas-liquid system, which can intensify the interphase mass transfer between gas and liquid. Many different types of generators can produce microbubbles. The specific type of the generator is largely dependent on its application fields. This work reviewed the application of microbubble generator in water treatment, biological and medical field, mineral flotation, and chemical process. This review mainly focused on the type of generator and its working mechanisms in generating microbubbles. The bubble-generating characteristic of each type of microbubble generator was described. The influence of the structure and operating condition on the generator performance was reviewed. The suitable application condition of each type of microbubble generator was summarized. It was concluded that the microbubble generation technologies based on single mechanism would often have limitations. In contrast, the coupled microbubble generator, combining the advantages of multiple generation mechanisms, can generate smaller and more uniform microbubbles. Therefore, the development of coupled microbubble generator is of great significance for the future application. Finally, the possible application prospect and research direction of microbubble generator were summarized and previewed.

Carbon monoxide (CO) is not only harmful to human health but also detrimental to catalysts in proton-exchange-membrane fuel cells as an impurity gas in H₂, which is generated simultaneously by steam reforming of natural gas/coal gasification. On the other hand, pure CO is a resource and can be transferred to value-added chemicals. Therefore, CO capture and conversion is an important and sustainable process. Recently, ionic liquids (ILs) have been widely used in the field of gas capture and conversion due to their unique properties, including low vapor pressure, high thermal and chemical stability, high solubility, and tunable structure and properties. Firstly, ILs serve as good reaction media to promote the complete reaction of CO reaction systems. Secondly, ILs, especially functional IL-based green solvents, serve as efficient absorbents to promote the conversion of CO. Thirdly, functional ILs serve as catalysts for catalytic conversion of CO. Therefore, the research progress of ILs, IL-based mixed solvents and IL-based hybrid materials to enhance CO conversion in recent years was reviewed from the aspects of IL-based reaction media, absorbents and catalysts. IL-enhanced CO conversion reactions include acylation, esterification, cycloaddition, olefin addition, polymerization, etc. The structure of ILs was systematically summarized, and the mechanism and influencing factors in CO conversion were analyzed. Finally, the problems and future trends in the CO conversion via ILs intensification were proposed.

Microwave heating owns the advantages of selectivity, integrity and rapidity. It is of practical significance to strengthen the process of feed liquid treatment process based on energy source to supplement heat to realize evaporation concentration, separation and purification. In this paper, the evaporation characteristics, heat and mass transfer characteristics of liquid flash evaporation process and the research status of microwave heating liquid evaporation are reviewed. The microwave heating enhanced flash evaporation process is proposed. Firstly, it is pointed out that it is difficult to directly heat the feed liquid to provide heat and improve the evaporation rate in the flash evaporation process. The reason is that the traditional heat transfer method cannot transfer heat to the feed liquid in the flash evaporation process under vacuum conditions. Then the research status of microwave heating evaporation process is analyzed, the influencing factors in the process of microwave heating evaporation are summarized, and the application of microwave heating evaporation process is briefly described. Finally, a microwave heating enhanced flash evaporation process that can couple microwave heating with flash evaporation process is proposed, and the related progress in equipment design and application development is briefly described. The related problems faced by microwave heating enhanced flash evaporation are summarized and suggestions are put forward. It is expected to provide reference for the development direction of microwave heating enhanced evaporation process application and equipment design.

Bipolar membranes (BPMs) with a unique "sandwich" structure are a particular class of ion-exchange membranes. Under reverse bias, the unique water dissociation (WD) feature and the local pH control extensively apply the BPMs in acid/base production, resource separation and recovery. The WD resistance can be effectively reduced via the introduction of catalyst at the interfacial layer (IL) of BPMs. However, due to the imperfections of the IL, most BPMs have unwanted behaviors, such as high WD voltage, severe membrane delamination, catalyst leakage and high limiting current density, which leads to the large-scale industrial application of BPMs being unachievable. Therefore, based on the latest research progresses of BPMs, beginning with the WD mechanism of BPMs, this paper reviewed the research progress in three aspects: the types of interfacial layer catalyst, the construction methods of IL and the composite process of the membrane layers. Also, this paper deeply analyzed the merits and demerits of interfacial catalyst fixation methods such as immersion method, coating method, electrostatic assembly, in-situ growth and layer stacking, striving to provide corresponding theoretical support for the large-scale preparation of BPMs. Moreover, this paper also pointed out the bottleneck problem of BPMs and the crucial role of asymmetric BPM electrodialysis in industrial acid and base production. Finally, it was expected to explore the electrochemical application of BPMs, that was, efforts should be made to explore the application of BPMs in energy fields such as hydrogen generation by water electrolysis, carbon dioxide reduction, electrochemical synthesis of ammonia, fuel cells and liquid flow batteries, etc, so as to facilitate the evolution of BPMs.

Hydrogen energy serves as an ideal intermediary for the clean and efficient utilization of fossil fuels and large-scale development of renewable energy. However, the storage and transportation of hydrogen are the key technical bottlenecks that limit the application of hydrogen energy. Liquid organic hydride carrier (LOHC) hydrogen storage technology, with its advantages of low cost, high hydrogen storage density, and safety, can be integrated into existing fossil fuel transport infrastructure, making it a promising solution for large-scale, long-distance, and distributed hydrogen storage and transportation scenarios. However, compared to more mature hydrogenation technologies, the efficiency and stability of LOHC dehydrogenation process are still not high enough in the storage cycle, which however is crucial for further development of LOHC storage technology. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review of the research progress and development trends in enhancing the catalytic dehydrogenation process for LOHC hydrogen storage technology. The review outlines the fundamental concepts of LOHC hydrogen storage and the principles of catalytic dehydrogenation reactions. It further summarizes the improvement strategies for the catalytic processes, product separation techniques, and energy efficiency. By analyzing the characteristics of different technical approaches, we point out the current challenges in the catalytic dehydrogenation process of LOHC hydrogen storage technology, including the development of dehydrogenation catalysts, enhancement of heat and mass transfer and optimization of energy efficiency, and highlight the research priorities and prospects in the future.

Reductive amination is a convenient way to transform aldehydes (ketones) into amines. Reductive amination has a complex reaction pathway and numerous influencing factors. The implementation of appropriate reaction conditions can significantly enhance reaction efficiency and selectivity. This article summarizes prevalent catalytic systems and the impacts of catalysts, solvents, temperatures, substrate properties, as well as the addition of ammonia/water/acid on the reductive amination. Subsequently, the utilization of microreactors in reductive amination is further discussed. The discussion encompasses continuous reductive amination process with primary, secondary, and tertiary amines as the target product, continuous reductive amination processes utilizing nitro compounds as starting materials, enzyme-catalyzed, and catalyst-free continuous reductive amination processes. Temperature control, mass transfer enhancement, and residence time distribution within microreactors can further intensify the reaction and improve the selectivity. The continuous reductive amination technology, coupled with novel catalytic materials, is expected to play an increasingly pivotal role in the production of amine compounds.

The separation of structurally similar compounds represents one of the most energy-intensive processes, particularly for compounds that differ in unsaturated bonds. This challenge arises from their extremely similar physicochemical properties. Ionic liquids (ILs) have emerged as promising candidates for the separation of compounds with different unsaturated bonds through molecular recognition, which is mainly attributed to the unique physicochemical properties of ILs, their designable structures, and their ability to facilitate multiple intermolecular interactions. This work aims to provide a comprehensive review of the progress of utilizing ILs for the separation of compounds with disparities in unsaturated bonds. It presents a detailed analysis of some representative systems, including gaseous light hydrocarbons, liquid-state medium-chain hydrocarbons, and solid-state natural active compounds. This review highlights the relationship between the molecular structure and separation efficiency, elucidates the underlying separation mechanisms, and evaluates the effectiveness of the separation process. Furthermore, it briefly discusses the future trend in the design and optimization of ILs for this specific area.

Graphene, a two-dimensional nanomaterial with excellent physical and chemical properties, is widely used in batteries, catalysis, sensors, printing, biomedicine and other fields. However, the application and development of graphene and its derivatives face great challenges in achieving low-cost, high-quality and large-scale production. Herein, the progress of large-scale preparation of graphene by liquid-phase exfoliation was reviewed. The focus was on exploring the principles of pretreatment methods for liquid-phase exfoliation, including electrochemical intercalation, solvent intercalation, high-temperature expansion and microwave expansion, and their effects on the exfoliation effect of graphene. Subsequently, the advantages/disadvantages and selection principles of exfoliation solvents, such as water-based solvents, organic solvents and mixed solvents, were analyzed. The exfoliation principles and advantages/disadvantages of process intensification equipment, such as ultrasonic, high-shear and microchannel, were compared. Then, the post-processing method and separation effect of centrifugal separation on graphene were briefly described. Finally, the efficient production of graphene by liquid-phase exfoliation was being improved through multi-objective optimization techniques by integrating artificial intelligence. This included experimenting with residual-free functional intercalation agents and combining them with gentle and rapid expansion methods; exploring solvent systems with properties such as low toxicity, low boiling points and high dispersion characteristics; accurately regulating the liquid-phase exfoliation mechanism and engineering cascaded centrifugation equipment to achieve continuous, large-scale and cost-effective rapid production of graphene.

The rapid expansion of the global industrial production has led to a sharp increase in the emission of the greenhouse gas CO₂, triggering widespread concern about global climate change. While developing clean energy sources and industrial process reengineering to reduce carbon emissions, there is an urgent need to develop highly efficient and economical carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) technologies. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the research progress on the extracellular enzyme-catalyzed carbon sequestration and its enhancement technologies bases on the purpose of CO₂ resource utilization. Firstly, it introduces the key biocatalytic enzymes involved in the CO₂ conversion process and their optimization. It elaborates on the specific strategies for CO₂ resource utilization, encompassing the catalytic transformation of CO₂ into specific product molecules such as formic acid, methanol, methane, starch, L-lactide and pyruvic acid. The article further focused on the enhancement of the CO₂ enzyme catalysis reaction processes through in-situ regeneration of cofactors, enzyme immobilization, optimization of reaction system design, optimization of reaction condition such as pH, temperature, substrate concentration, and in situ product separation. These measures aim to achieve efficient sequestration and resource utilization of CO₂.The intention is to provide valuable insights and considerations for the design of enzyme catalysis processes and routes, encompassing the preparation of immobilized enzyme catalysts, reactor selection and design, regulation of enzyme catalysis processes, and targetes synthesis of high-value products through a comprehensive and interdisciplinary approach. Finally, the problems and challenges existing in the enzyme-catalyzed carbon sequestration processes are summarized, and the future research directions are prospected.

Catalyst performance is influenced by a variety of factors in the preparation process. To optimize the catalyst preparation formulations and process conditions, a lot of manual trial and error experiments are usually required, resulting low efficiency and precision. With the development of mechanical automation control, the development and implementation of high-throughput synthesis devices will improve the efficiency, accuracy and safety of the catalyst preparation process. In this review, we describe how high-throughput synthesis devices such as thin film deposition, microfluidics, automated synthesis robots, and inkjet printing can help to enhance the process of catalytic material preparation and accelerate the process of catalyst formulation optimization, starting from the commonly used synthesis methods for metal catalysts including impregnation, ion exchange, chemical vapor deposition, and precipitation deposition. This paper will focus on the one-to-one correspondence between the needs of metal nano-catalyst synthesis processes and the characteristics of high-throughput synthesis devices. As the demand for high-flux synthesis technology is increasing day by day, the construction of a practical platform for high-flux synthesis of metal catalysts can bring great impetus to the research of catalysts.

Combined cooling and antisolvent crystallization can improve the crystallization yield while reducing the consumption of antisolvent, which is an efficient coupled separation process. The interface of conventional mass transfer for antisolvent crystallization is often limited by the macroscopic mixing scale, and mass transfer regulation is usually sub-millimeter, which is prone to nucleation outbreaks, resulting in poor purity, small average size and wide crystal size distribution of crystalline products, thus requiring more precise regulation strategies. In this paper, a novel membrane-assisted combined cooling and antisolvent crystallization method was proposed and applied to the study of cefuroxime sodium crystallization process. Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) hollow fiber membranes were used as an interface for precise addition of the antisolvent and efficient mixing to achieve a uniform distribution of supersaturation. To compare the regulation effects of membrane-assisted combined cooling and antisolvent crystallization with conventional crystallization method, the metastable zone width of the cefuroxime sodium-water-ethanol system with combined cooling and antisolvent crystallization under conventional and membrane-assisted conditions were measured and the nucleation kinetic parameters were calculated for precise regulation of the membrane assisted combined cooling and antisolvent crystallization process, respectively. The effects of cooling rate and antisolvent addition rate on the metastable zone width were analyzed using response surface methodology and theoretical models, and the metastable zone characteristics of conventional and membrane-assisted crystallization were compared. The results showed that the nucleation order and nucleation rate constant (n=2.07, k_n =158.15) of membrane-assisted combined cooling and antisolvent crystallization were smaller than conventional crystallization (n=2.45, k_n =493.22), and the nucleation process was gentler and more controllable. The research in this paper provides important basic theoretical data for further exploration of membrane-assisted combined cooling and antisolvent crystallization, and lays the foundation for crystallization process development and optimization.

Selective swelling of melt-spun block copolymers has been demonstrated to be a clean process in the manufacture of hollow-fiber membranes (HFMs). However, the performances of as-prepared HFMs remain to be improved. In this work, the multi-bore configuration in HFMs to improve their performances was constructed. The spin 3-bore and 7-bore hollow-fibers using polysulfone-block-poly(ethylene glycol) (PSF-b-PEG) were melted, followed by the axial stretching and selective swelling. The influence of the bore numbers, swelling conditions and the stretching percentage on the morphology, permeance, rejection and pressure resistance of as-prepared MHFMs was investigated. Thanks to the mutual support of the wall thickness, the permeability and pressure resistance of the MHFMs were better than those of the single-bore HFMs. Besides, the membrane properties could be effectively controlled in a wide range by adjusting the stretching percentage and swelling conditions. It was found that the permeance of 3HFMs prepared in stretching conditions could reach 20 times higher than that of stretched single-bore HFMs with similar rejection performance. This work was expected to greatly improve the clean preparation of high-performance block copolymer hollow-fiber membranes.

Selective removal of heavy molecular mercaptan from FCC gasoline after hydrodesulfurization is an effective method for low-cost and efficient production of clean gasoline in China. CoMo/Al₂O₃ hydrodesulfurization catalysts with different pore sizes were prepared using pore saturation impregnation method. After crushing to different particle sizes, they were subjected to sulfurization treatment. Simulated and real FCC gasoline after hydrodesulfurization were evaluated in a fixed bed reactor, and the reaction effect of catalyst removal of heavy molecule mercaptans was investigated under different process conditions. The in-situ adsorption reaction process intensification method was used to enhance the selective removal of heavy molecule mercaptans. The results showed that mercaptans are heavy molecular mercaptans formed by the combination of olefins and hydrogen sulfide in gasoline, with various types and low content of each mercaptan. The removal reaction of regenerated mercaptan is limited by mass transfer at low temperature, and the chemical reaction of hydrogen sulfide and olefin to regenerate mercaptan reaches thermodynamic equilibrium, which cannot be effectively removed by current MoS₂ catalysts. By reducing the catalyst particle size and increasing the catalyst pore size, the diffusion limit of mercaptan removal reaction can be effectively reduced. At the same time, the in-situ adsorption reaction process intensification method is used to remove the hydrogen sulfide generated during the mercaptan removal reaction process, avoiding the recombination reaction between hydrogen sulfide and olefins. It can efficiently remove heavy molecule mercaptan under mild conditions and produce clean gasoline with low-cost.

Fully crystalline MCM-22 zeolite catalyst was efficiently synthesized by hydrothermal crystallization method. The crystal structure, micro morphology, and acid property of the as-prepared catalyst were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning/transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM), NH₃-TPD, and so on. The catalytic performance of the as-prepared catalyst in the liquid-phase alkylation of benzene and ethylene to ethylbenzene was investigated. The results showed that the relative crystallinity of MCM-22 zeolite with ultra-thin layered structure reached 100% after 40h crystallization at 160℃. In addition, the morphology of the catalyst after crystallization remained in strip shape with 100% active component, and the mechanical strength of the catalyst was as high as 82N/cm, which fully met the requirement of industrial application. Under reaction conditions close to industrial process: temperature of 180℃, pressure of 3.5MPa, ethylene weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) of 1h^-1, molar ratio of benzene to ethylene of 2.5, the as-prepared fully crystallized MCM-22 zeolite catalyst showed good catalytic activity, selectivity, and stability. The ethylene conversion and the ethyl selectivity of the catalyst were close to 100% and 99.84%, respectively, and the content of heavy components remained about 1000μL/L within 1000h.

Herein, two anthraquinone-functionalized donor-acceptor (D-A) conjugated polymeric catalysts (AQ-TEA and AQ-TEB), were prepared via Sonogashira cross-coupling of 2,6-dibromoanthraquinone (AQ) with tris(4-ethynylphenyl)amine (TEA) and 1,3,5-triethynylbenzene (TEB), respectively. The chemical structures and morphologies of the catalysts were characterized by FTIR, XPS, XRD and TEM. The optical and electronic properties of two catalysts were investigated by solid UV/Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, steady-state fluorescence spectroscopy, time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy, and electrochemical characterization. The results indicated that AQ-TEA derived from 2,6-dibromoanthraquinone and tris(4-ethynylphenyl)amine exhibited stronger visible-light absorption and charge-transfer performance. The catalytic performance of two photocatalysts for the photoreduction of CO₂ in the presence of H₂O was studied. AQ-TEA showed better performance, with a CO production rate of 392μmol/(g·h), which was 1.8 times that of AQ-TEB. Based on the results of experiments and theoretical calculations, we deduced that the strong intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) in the conjugated polymers could promote their light absorption, photoelectric conversion and photocatalytic performance. This work provides a new insight into design and fabrication of active conjugated polymeric catalysts with high photocatalytic efficiency for solar-energy conversion.

At present, LiFePO₄ materials is difficult to meet the demand of high energy density. LiMn _x Fe_1-x PO₄ (LMFP) cathode materials exhibit higher energy density compared with LiFePO₄, while maintain the advantage of low cost and high stability of olivine structure. However, the inferior rate and cycle performance limit its practical application, which is ascribed by poor Li-ion diffusion kinetic and Jahn-Teller effect of Mn³⁺. In this work, a F-doping strategy was proposed to construct 110nm nanoparticles of LMFP with highly ordered b-axis orientation. The basic physicochemical properties and electrochemical properties of materials were explored, finding that the exposed (010) crystal face acted as Li-ion diffusion channel can significantly improve the Li-ion transport efficiency, while the doped F ions can increase the Li—O bond distance and the PO₄^3- binding energy to enhance the stability of crystal structure. Therefore, the reversible specific discharge capacity of the F-doped LMFP was 153mA·h/g and 106mA·h/g at 0.1C and 5C, respectively. After 750 cycles at 1C, the capacity retention increased from 90.6% to 96.4% compared with the unmodified material.

In the production of the chemical industry, the data from the distributed control system (DCS) is crucial for reflecting the production status of the process. However, due to measurement errors, it often fails to meet the requirements for accurate process modeling and optimization. Conventional process modeling and optimization studies do not fully consider the deviations caused by industrial production and design data. In this work, we proposed a twin modeling framework based on industrial production data of methanol distillation and chemical mechanisms, combined with industrial experience, to guide more accurate optimization of industrial processes. We established material and energy conservation constraints and assigned weights to measurement variables based on the measurement range of instruments. Using nonlinear programming algorithms and chemical mechanism constraints, we calibrated and solved for the calibrated values of the measurement variables. We also proposed a confidence score model for process variables based on the calibrated values and industrial experience to evaluate the confidence of the measurement variables. By constructing a methanol distillation process model which was closer to industrial reality based on the calibrated measurement variables, we achieved more accurate process optimization. The twin modeling approach combining chemical mechanisms and industrial data proposed in this work has significant scientific and practical value for the construction of digital twin systems and intelligent chemical plants.

Due to the planar surface structure inherent in commercial Nafion membranes, the interface contact area between the membrane and catalyst layer is limited, resulting in a mere 25%—35% utilization rate of Pt-based catalysts in PEMFCs. To enhance the utilization efficiency of Pt-based catalysts, the inspiration from the naturally occurring hierarchical structures found on lotus leaves was drawn. In this study, these microstructures as templates to create patterned microwire arrays were employed. The surface microstructure of lotus leaves was first meticulously by using a PDMS casting agent replicatedby. Subsequently, this distinctive textured surface of lotus leaves was accurately transferred onto the Nafion membranes. This process yielded patterned microwire arrays with average diameters of (5.89±1.45)μm and (6.95±1.70)μm, respectively. Through meticulous optimization, the performance of the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) was significantly improved. Notably, the maximum power density increased from 0.625W/cm² to 0.757W/cm². These patterned microwire arrays augmented the surface hydrophobicity of the Nafion membrane, thereby enhancing mass transfer efficiency and reducing the reaction/internal resistance within the MEA. To probe the impact of these patterned microwire arrays on Pt catalyst utilization, the cyclic voltammetry was employed. This analysis revealed a 151% increased in the electrochemical surface area (ECSA) and a 43.4% of Pt utilization rate. In summary, the fabrication of patterned microwire arrays on Nafion membrane surfaces facilitated the formation of a three-phase interface for electrons, protons and reactants, improving the interface structure between the Nafion membrane and catalytic layer, and ultimately leading to a marked improvement in Pt utilization rate.

Sensitivity analysis can identify important and irrelevant variables, effectively filter the data to reduce the complexity of the model and assistant optimization design. In this paper, the particulate fouling in the heat transfer tube with an inserted rotor was taken as the research object, and the Eulerian-Eulerian model and the particulate fouling model were used to conduct numerical experiments to obtain the training data space. The global sensitivity analysis was carried out based on the metamodel of optimal prognosis, and the influence degree of particle diameter, particle concentration, inlet velocity, and inlet temperature was quantitatively compared. The analysis of four deposition rates showed that the inlet temperature had the most significant influence on diffusion deposition and thermophoretic deposition, and the total effects were 65.4% and 58.6%, respectively. The influence of particle diameter on turbulent flow deposition and gravity deposition was the most obvious, and the total effects were 53.9% and 75.0%, respectively. On this basis, the total, main, and interaction effects of deposition rate and fouling resistance were further analyzed. The results showed that particle diameter had the greatest influence on deposition rate and fouling resistance, and the total effects were 52.7% and 60.2%, respectively. The sum of interaction effects of each input variable on the deposition rate and the fouling thermal resistances were 59.7% and 42.5%, respectively. With the increase in the four input variables, both deposition rate and fouling resistance increased. In order to solve the fouling problem of a heat transfer tube with an inserted rotor, it was necessary to first consider reducing the particle diameter while controlling the fluid temperature and flow rate.

With the development of hydrogen production technology from offshore wind power and natural gas, the deep-sea energy interconnection system using hydrogen energy as the medium is constantly improving. Liquid hydrogen storage and transportation is an effective method for large-scale transportation and utilization of offshore hydrogen energy. Revealing the mechanism of falling film flow under offshore sloshing conditions is the key to realize efficient storage and transportation of floating hydrogen energy. In this paper, the method of floating visualization experiment and numerical simulation is conducted to reveal the offshore adaptability enhancement mechanism of falling film flow outside the FLH₂ (floating hydrogen liquefaction unit) channel tube during floating hydrogen energy storage and transportation, based on high-speed camera technology and sloshing platform, the coupled VOF and Level Set two-phase flow model and moving grid technology. The results show that the liquid film uniformity of the falling film flow outside the corrugated tube is better than the conventional circular tube, spiral grooved tube and square corrugated tube. Under the offshore conditions, the flow pattern of corrugated tube is stable, and the dry patch of corrugated tube surface does not appear. It is recommended to use the corrugated tube in the floating hydrogen liquefaction unit. Based on visual experiments and numerical simulation results, the evolution law of falling film flow pattern and a calculation correlation for film thickness of corrugated tube are obtained.

Membrane dispersion is one of the effective methods to prepare microbubbles. In the process of membrane dispersion, the wettability of the membrane surface plays a crucial role in the bubble dispersion process. Herein, Janus ceramic membranes with asymmetric wettability were prepared through asymmetric chemical modification. A pre-wetting treatment was introduced on the hydrophobic modified ceramic membranes before hydrophilic modification. The effects of different pre-wetting agents on the structure, surface properties, and chemical composition of the Janus ceramic membranes, as well as their gas dispersion and mass transfer performance in a CO₂-NaOH system were investigated. The results showed that the wettability of the hydrophilic side and the uniformity of the hydrophilic layer of the Janus ceramic membranes prepared after pre-wetting treatment were influenced by the surface tension and water solubility of the pre-wetting agents. The decrease of the surface tension of the pre-wetting agent was conducive to the deposition of a uniform hydrophilic layer on the ceramic membranes, and the enhancement of the surface hydrophilicity of the membranes. Compared to the untreated membranes, the Janus ceramic membranes prepared by ethanol pre-wetting had the smaller average bubble size and narrower size distribution, and the more optimal mass transfer performance.

High-sulfur-loading is an important condition for the cathode of high energy density lithium-sulfur battery. However, with the increase of areal sulfur loading, the performance of Li-S battery presents a significant decay accompanied by poor electron conduction, slow transformation kinetics of polysulfide and the aggravation of the “shuttle effect”. Herein, we discussed the corresponding strategies to solve these problems with the focus on the mass transfer and reaction engineering to promote the development of high energy density batteries. Specifically, strategies are compared from four perspectives of enhancing electron conduction, improving lithium ion mass transfer, optimizing reaction kinetics and inhibiting polysulfide transfer. The analysis shows that the design of 3D highly conductive electrode with adsorption-catalysis dual functions is the most promising strategy. From the perspective of application, this paper also focuses on the safety problem which is often ignored in the design of high-loading cathode. We investigate the feasibility of weakening the positive electrode induction and reducing the risk of thermal failure at source, aiming to provide practical guidance for researchers to optimize the design scheme of high-loading sulfur cathode (≥4mg/cm²).

With the rapid development of renewable energy and hydrogen energy industry, as a hydrogen storage medium, ammonia has received widespread attention due to its ability to perform long-term hydrogen storage and long-distance hydrogen transportation. Hydrogen production and ammonia synthesis process based on fossil fuels is mature, but the intensity of carbon dioxide emissions is high. Green ammonia utilizes renewable energy with electrolytic hydrogen production as hydrogen sources, which has the advantages of reducing carbon emissions in the synthetic ammonia industry, consuming renewable energy such as wind and solar energy, and serving as a hydrogen storage carrier for storage and transportation. Under the goals of carbon peak and carbon neutrality, the development of green ammonia synthesis process is of great significance. This paper reviews the research progress and challenges of industrial Haber-Bosch, electrochemical, photocatalysis, plasma and chemical chain synthesis of ammonia. The technical route and existing situation of water electrolysis powered by renewable energy for hydrogen production and ammonia synthesis process are elaborated. The technical and economic feasibility of grey ammonia synthesis from coal and green ammonia synthesis from renewable energy are compared. The impacts of electricity price and energy consumption of electrolytic hydrogen production on the cost of electrolytic hydrogen production for ammonia synthesis are analyzed. The cost structure of hydrogen storage with ammonia as a carrier and liquid hydrogen storage are discussed. The costs of hydrogen transportation with ammonia as a carrier and gas-hydrogen transportation are studied. The considerations for industrial development of green hydrogen for green ammonia synthesis and hydrogen storage and transportation with green ammonia as a carrier are proposed.

Hydrogen-enriched compressed natural gas (HCNG) is a potential carrier for transporting hydrogen over long distances with existing natural gas pipelines. Mixing hydrogen with natural gas brings apparent changes of its physical properties, which affects the transporting characteristics in pipeline. In this calculation, the BWRS equation is replaced by a fast method formula to improve the calculation efficiency. The flow and heat transfer process of HCNG is modeled, and the operating characteristics of the HCNG pipeline are analyzed. According to the calculated results, the values of viscosity, density, calorific value and Joule-Thomson effect coefficient of HCNG decrease with hydrogen adding, but the specific heat capacity and the compression factor increase; the transporting volume flow rate increases with hydrogen adding, and the transporting pressure drop and the pipeline storage decrease; the energy flow rate decreases with low hydrogen mixing rate and then slightly increases with the large hydrogen mixing ratio. When the energy flow rate is constant, the outlet pressure of the pipeline first decreases and then slightly increases with the hydrogen ratio increasing; the addition of hydrogen weakens the temperature decrease caused by the pressure drop of long-distance pipeline.

The heat generation of battery is one of the critical indicators of battery thermal management. Accurate estimation of the heat generation rate of the battery is crucial to building an efficient battery thermal management system and thereby facilitating the safe driving of electric vehicles. However, most researchers currently rely on model-based simulations to estimate the heat generation rate of electric vehicle batteries. There are some disadvantages in this method, such as time-consuming and only application to some specific battery condition, which impede its wide application in addressing real-time heat generation rate of battery for electric vehicles. This paper proposed a precise battery heat production rate estimation strategy based on BO-Adam-BP neural network approach, that was, an electric vehicle power battery heat production estimation model based on BP neural network. The model used the Bayesian optimization algorithm (Bayesian optimization, BO) to select hyperparameters of BP (back propagation, BP) neural network, and used Adam (adaptive momentum estimation) optimization algorithm to speed up the convergence speed and improve the accuracy and stability of the model. Comparing to the battery heat generation power of constant current discharge experiments under different discharge rates and various ambient temperatures, the results showed that the estimated average error of the model was 5.01%, and the maximum error was only 5.53W. The R² fitting index could reach up to 99.98%, proving that the proposed battery heat production estimation model had achieved high accuracy and strong robustness, providing a paradigm structure for real-time heat production estimation of electric vehicle batteries.

The hydrosulfurization catalyst deactivation by sodium poisoning was studied by element analysis, pore property and acid property characterization and it was confirmed that the significant reduction of acid content was responsible for the poisoning, rather than carbon deposition or impurities blocking the pore. XRD, H₂-TPR and hydrodesulfurization activity characterization confirmed that sodium poisoning strengthened the aggregation of MoO₃, increased the reduction temperature of active metal, and decreased the hydrodesulfurization activity. The catalyst deactivation mechanism was that the macro-molecular sulfides with substituent aromatic rings could not be removed by direct desulfurization, and must be saturated by hydrogenation of the aromatic rings before desulfurization. The reduction of acid content of sodium poisoning catalyst reduced the hydrogenation capacity, resulting in the deactivation of the catalyst. Meanwhile, SEM-EDS analysis confirmed that Na impurities were evenly distributed along the radial direction of the catalyst, and the catalyst had no obvious adsorption to Na impurities. Therefore, even a small amount of Na impurities could penetrate the entire catalyst bed, leading to a significant reduction in the operating run-time of the industrial unit.

ZSM-22 zeolites with different morphologies and aggregation states were synthesized by using diethylamine (DEA) or 1,6-hexadiamine (DAH) as templates under static or dynamic conditions, respectively, and characterized by XRD, SEM, EDS, TEM, NH₃-TPD and N₂ adsorption/desorption. The bifunctional catalyst was prepared by mechanical mixing Pt loaded Al₂O₃ with ZSM-22, and its n-dodecane hydroisomerization performance was investigated. The results showed that template agent and dynamic crystallization could change the morphology and aggregation state of ZSM-22 molecular sieve, and affect its acidity, specific surface area and hydroisomerization activity. ZSM-22 synthesized with diethylamine as template and after 72h of static crystallization had the best catalytic performance. At 310℃, the selectivity of isomerization of n-dodecane reached 90% when the conversion of isomerization was 66%. However, the template agent and the dynamic crystallization conditions had little effect on the distribution of the single branched isomer in product. The isomer products were dominated by 2-methylundecane with the branched chain near the end, and the selectivity of 2-methyl isomer decreased with the increase of reaction temperature.

Two dimensional (2D) layered materials are widely used in the field of oxidative desulfurization of fuel oil due to their unique properties, such as graphene and other graphene-like materials (such as graphitic carbon nitride and hexagonal boron nitride), 2D silicon-based materials, layered double hydroxides, MXene, 2D metal-organic frameworks, molybdenum disulfide, etc. Starting from different 2D layered materials, this paper summarized how to build catalytic oxidation desulfurization catalysts, catalyst desulfurization efficiency, desulfurization process and mechanism, and combed the research status of 2D layered materials in the field of oxidative desulfurization. Nevertheless, most ordinary 2D layered materials cannot be directly applied to fuel oil oxidation desulfurization process because of their insufficient catalytic performance. Therefore, researchers modified 2D layered materials by manufacturing defects, element doping, functional group modification and loading active sites, and applied them to catalytic oxidation desulfurization process. Finally, this article presentes prospects for the research direction of 2D layered materials in the field of oxidative desulfurization, and pointes out that constructing 2D layered oxidative desulfurization catalysts with controllable and open 2D transport channels was one of the important directions for future research in the field of desulfurization.

In order to recover C₃H₆ from off-streams of polypropylene plants, PDA@PEBA2533 membranes with stronger affinity for C₃H₆ were prepared by depositing polydopamine (PDA) layers on the surface of poly(ether-block-amide) copolymer (PEBA2533) membranes using the dip-spin method invented by our group. The synthesized PDA particles and membranes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The effect of PDA deposition time on the membrane morphology, structure and separation performance was investigated, as well as the effect of operating conditions such as temperature and pressure on the membrane separation performance. The separation effect of C₃H₆/N₂ mixture with different C₃H₆ concentration on PDA@PEBA2533 membrane and the long-time separation stability of the membrane were explored. The results showed that the deposition of PDA on the surface of PEBA2533 membranes effectively improved the separation performance of the membranes. When the deposition time was not less than 24h, a continuous PDA layer was formed. With the increase of deposition time, the membrane layer gradually thickened, the gas permeance first increased and then decreased, and the selectivity continued to rise. The membrane with 24h of deposition time indicated the best separation performance among the membranes prepared. Increasing the operating temperature and pressure, the permeance of both C₃H₆ and N₂ increased, while the C₃H₆/N₂ selectivity decreased. Increasing the concentration of C₃H₆ in the gas mixture, the permeance and selectivity of PDA@PEBA2533 membrane for C₃H₆ increased and then decreased. On the PDA@PEBA2533 membrane showing the best separation performance, the C₃H₆ permeance increased from 8.25GPU to 71.42GPU and the C₃H₆/N₂ selectivity decreased from 22.92 to 10.14 for a gas mixture with 20% of C₃H₆ when the temperature was increased from 0℃ to 50℃ at 0.2MPa. The membrane was stable for C₃H₆/N₂ separation during a 130h experiment. The membrane as synthesized had advantages over other membranes for separating C₃H₆/N₂ mixtures.

Under the background of "double carbon", efficient and clean hydrogen energy has become an important alternative to traditional fossil energy, and electrolysis of water to produce hydrogen is a key technology to be conquered. At present, the catalysts with high catalytic activity for efficient hydrogen evolution are mainly precious metals. However, the high cost and scarcity of precious metals seriously hinder their large-scale application in clean energy technology. Therefore, the development of efficient, durable, cheap and earth-rich electrocatalysts is of good importance to realize these technologies. In this work, a novel ZnCo-MOF with unique polyhedral morphology was synthesized by using ZnCo-MOF-74 NPs as precursor under the treatment of acid solution. Then, CoP-doped hierarchical porous carbon with regular morphology (H-CoP/C) was obtained through a stepwise calcination and phosphorylation process. The results showed that hierarchical porous carbon as a carrier could not only support more active sites, but also facilitate the exposure of active sites, the conductivity of materials and the mass transfer in the catalytic process. With favorable structural characteristics and sufficient active sites, the obtained electrocatalyst H-CoP/C had excellent HER performance in alkaline media. Only 168mV overpotential was required to drive the current density of 10mA/cm², which was superior to most non-precious metal electrocatalysts.

In this work, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) was added in the process of hydrothermal synthesis of Cu-BTC crystal, and the morphology and pore structure of the adsorbed material were modified by adjusting the addition amount of CTAB. Compared with the original Cu-BTC, the static adsorption capacity of the modified Cu-BTC material was significantly increased. It was higher than m-xylene (MX) and o-xylene (OX), which improved the adsorption selectivity of isomers. The static and kinetic properties of xylene isomers on Cu-BTC-CTAB adsorbent were systematically studied. A series of adsorption equilibrium experiments on xylene organic vapor were conducted at 298K, 318K and 338K, and the static adsorption rate curves and adsorption isotherms were obtained. In the modified material, the adsorption capacity and selectivity of PX in Cu-BTC-CTAB sample with 0.08% CTAB were the best. Kinetic studies showed that the adsorption of xylene isomers on Cu-BTC-CTAB could be described by a pseudo-first-order kinetic model.

A series of nitrogen-doped MoS₂ (N-MoS₂) nanocatalysts were synthesized by hydrothermal method with sodium molybdate as molybdenum source, L-cysteine as sulfur source and reducing agent, and dicyandiamide as nitrogen source. The crystal structure, morphology, elemental mapping and electronic properties of N-MoS₂ with different N doping contents were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Raman spectroscopy. The characterization results revealed that all synthesized N-MoS₂ catalysts were flower-like spheres composed of nanosheets, and N atoms were successfully doped into MoS₂ lattice and uniformly distributed in the N-MoS₂ nanocatalysts. The doping of N atoms increases the electron densities of Mo and S atoms adjacent to N atoms, and forms more unsaturated coordination sites with high catalytic activity. The linear sweep voltammetry curves and the Tafel slopes of all catalysts were tested in acidic medium with an electrochemical workstation to evaluate their electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution (HER) performance. The results suggest that the hydrogen evolution reactions on MoS₂ catalyst and N-MoS₂ catalysts both proceed via the Volmer-Heyrovsky mechanism, but the rate-determining step of MoS₂ catalyst is Volmer reaction, and that of N-MoS₂ catalysts is Heyrovsky reaction. Compared with MoS₂ catalyst, N-MoS₂ catalysts exhibit better HER performance with lower Tafel slopes and faster hydrogen evolution reaction rates. Especially, N-MoS₂-0.1 (N/Mo=0.1) exhibits the lowest Tafel slope of 60mV/dec. The improved HER activity of N-MoS₂ nanocatalysts mainly results from the increased exposure of unsaturated coordination sites and the weakening of Mo-H* due to the electron-rich Mo atoms.

A class of polymeric pH fluorescent probe PRAM was designed and prepared using Rhodamine B and acrylamide as the main raw materials. The structure of PRAM was characterized. The photophysical properties of this probe and the fluorescence imaging of living cells were investigated. The experimental results showed that the pK_a value of the probe was 4.30, and it had high selectivity and sensitivity to H⁺ in the pH range of 3.0—7.0, allowing real-time monitoring of system pH changes. Furthermore, its fluorescence intensity at 585 nm showed a good linear relationship with pH in the pH range of 5.0—6.0, with a linear correlation coefficient of 0.9955, which could be used to accurately determine the pH of the system. PRAM still performed well in terms of interference resistance and selectivity in the presence of common metal ions. PRAM had good water solubility and membrane permeability, allowing rapid penetration of cell membranes under weakly acidic conditions, and enables fluorescence imaging of pH changes in living cells. Therefore, it could be used to detect physiological pH changes within organelles (e.g., lysosomes, cancer cells, etc.) in a weakly acidic environment.

The amphiphilic block polymer poly(tert-butyl methacrylate)-b-poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (PtBMA-b-PDMAEMA) was synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) using tert butyl methacrylate (tBMA) and N, N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) as raw materials. The functional controllable pH/temperature dual responsive copolymer PMAA-b-PDMAEMA was obtained by hydrolysis. The structure and properties of the copolymer were characterized and analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (¹H NMR), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer (UV-Vis), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and fluorescence spectrophotometer. The regulation of the block ratio, molecular weight and solution pH of copolymers on their response performance was studied, and their anti-tumor potential was preliminarily investigated. The results showed that with the increase of the length of PMAA chain segment, the isoelectric point shifted to acid, and the solution transmittance decreased to the lowest at the isoelectric point, showing good pH responsiveness. Temperature responsiveness was influenced by solution pH, molecular weight and block ratio. As the pH value was approached the isoelectric point and the molecular weight increased, a lower critical solution temperature (LCST) was obtained. After the copolymer interacted with simulated tumor cell membrane, the leakage rate of the contents in the membrane was nearly 100% under pH 5.5 acidic microenvironment, achieving the targeted destruction effect on simulated tumor cells, exhibiting the good environmental responsiveness of the copolymer.

The steel industry is a major energy consumer and carbon emitter, so seeking zero-carbon raw materials that can replace traditional coal in the context of carbon neutrality is a key carbon emission reduction technology for the steel industry. Biochar has the characteristics of carbon neutrality, and the carbon content and calorific value are close to that of coal, which is an ideal alternative raw material for pulverized coal and coke. This paper introduced the potential utilization methods of biochar in coking, sintering and blast furnace ironmaking, focused on the physical and chemical characteristics of biochar when applied to blast furnace ironmaking and expounded the effects and mechanisms of biochar alkali metal, strength, particle size and specific surface area in coal substitution. Aiming at the problems of alkali metal reducing coke strength, demineralization methods such as pickling were introduced to reduce the content of biochar alkali metal. Aiming at the problem that biochar had poor mechanical strength and was difficult to enter the furnace, the formation mechanism of coke strength and the enhancement process of biochar molding were summarized. In view of the problem of poor fluidity of coking coal mixture caused by biochar, the negative impact on coke was reduced by adjusting the particle size and specific surface area of biochar. Finally, the domestic and international progress of biochar in replacing pulverized coal and coke for blast furnace ironmaking and the expected CO₂ emission reduction effect were summarized. By analyzing the challenges of the current industrial application of biochar instead of coal/coke and the related research on life cycle assessment, it will provide technical support for the future carbon neutrality of the steel industry.

Industrial wastewater is generally characterized by poor biochemical properties, with many kinds of pollutants, high organic content and difficulty in degradation, etc. It is difficult to meet the discharge standards with conventional treatment methods. The deep treatment process of wastewater represented by the electrochemical advanced oxidation process can effectively treat industrial wastewater, which is one of the research hotspot for environmentalists in recent years. Boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrode has excellent physicochemical properties and is the most ideal and efficient anode material for the electrochemical oxidation treatment of wastewater. However, the research on the application of BDD electrodes in large size and the treatment of real industrial wastewater has not been summarized in time. This paper firstly reviewed the research progress on industrial wastewater characteristics, process principles, BDD electrode characteristics and preparation methods, treatment cases and optimization of process parameters involved in this process based on the electrochemical advanced oxidation process with BDD electrodes, and focused on large laboratory installations, pilot plants, and real industrial wastewater under different pollution systems. In the following, the development of BDD electrode materials and the technical characteristics of different types of processes were summarized. At the same time, the research progress of process optimization and the main reasons that currently limited the large-scale industrial application of this technology were also discussed. Finally, this paper concluded with an outlook on the industrial application prospects and main development directions of the electrochemical advanced oxidation process based on BDD electrodes.

In recent years, with the rapid development of the electric vehicle industry, the retention of spent lithium-ion batteries, which are commonly used in electric vehicle power batteries, has also surged. Resourceful recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries can not only avoid the environmental problems caused by solid waste piles, but also provide raw materials for the manufacturing of new batteries. Power ultrasound has been shown to be an effective means to enhance the resourceful recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries, and the unique physical and chemical effects are the main mechanisms that produce the enhancement effect. Based on the introduction of ultrasonic cavitation theory, the pathway of ultrasonic enhancement of spent lithium-ion batteries resource-based recycling is discussed, and the application and research progress of ultrasonic technology in the separation process of metal collector and electrode materials, the resource-based recycling process of electrode materials and the repair process of electrode materials of spent lithium-ion batteries are reviewed. Finally, the shortcomings of ultrasonic assisted technology in industrial application are discussed, and the prospect of industrial application of ultrasonic in the resource recycling and utilization of spent lithium-ion batteries is prospected.

Adsorption is considered to be an effective and simple method for radioactive nuclides removal from low and intermediate level radioactive wastewater (LILW) in the nuclear industry. Many nanomaterials with excellent performance are always prepared as composites for engineering application. The properties of LILW and latest advances in adsorption progress are analyzed in this paper. The research developments on novel hybrid microbeads suitable for nuclear power applications, such as exo-situ fixation microbeads, polymer microbeads and magnetic microbeads, are especially focused on. The pros and cons of these materials and performance improvement methods are analyzed in terms of raw materials, base materials, preparation methods, and adsorptive properties. Furthermore, according to the nuclear industrial requirements for the LILW treatment, it is pointed that lack of tests with radioactive and engineering tests are the key problems of current studies. Future research directions are proposed aiming at the hope of developing adsorbents removing multiple nuclides, strengthening of numerical simulation and forcusing on more continuous operation inspection.

A variety of heavy metals were inevitably produced in the process of sludge pyrolysis. In this study, Co-pyrolysis experiments of municipal sludge with modified sepiolite in several factors including hydrochloric acid impregnation concentration of sepiolite (2—6mol/L), thermal activation temperature of sepiolite (750—950℃), and co-pyrolysis temperature of sludge and sepiolite (400—600℃) were conducted in a horizontal fixed-bed reactor. The effects of these factors on the enrichment characteristics, morphological changes and ecological risks of heavy metal elements Cd, Zn, Pb and Cr in sludge pyrolysis carbon were investigated. The results showed that the addition of modified sepiolite effectively increased the retention rates of Cd, Zn and Pb in the co-pyrolysis temperature range of 400—600℃, but had little effect on Cr enrichment. The modified sepiolite, especially the 950-SEP and 4H-SEP, exhibited a good enrichment effect on Cd, Zn and Pb. In addition, the analysis of the heavy metal fugacity pattern showed that the increase of pyrolysis temperature and modified sepiolite both led conversion of heavy metal in biochar to a more stable form. According to the ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in the pyrolysis biochar, the ecological risk of raw sludge was greatly reduced after pyrolysis. The addition of modified sepiolite effectively reduced the ecological risk of heavy metals in the sludge pyrolysis char below 600℃.

To explore the degradation pattern of tetracycline (TC) in actual water, ZnO was used as a photocatalyst to investigate the effects of reaction time, pH, humic acid (HA) concentration and tetracycline concentration on the photocatalytic degradation process under complex natural environmental conditions (aeration, heavy metals and light). The results showed that all three environmental conditions promoted the degradation of tetracycline. The large amount of dissolved oxygen under aeration would collaboratively promote the generation of superoxide radicals and hydroxyl radicals with the catalyst, enabling TC to reach 99% photocatalytic degradation efficiency. The addition of the heavy metal Cu(Ⅱ) caused the formation of TC-Cu(Ⅱ)-ZnO composite in solution, which significantly improved the degradation efficiency of TC by ZnO, reaching 89% degradation efficiency at 30min. Natural light possessed a full spectrum and exhibited stronger TC degradation compared to visible light, with a TC degradation rate of 86%, which was 14% higher than that achieved under the visible light. The synergistic effect of the three factors could effectively reduce the degradation time of TC, reaching degradation equilibrium at 75min with 99% degradation efficiency. The photocatalytic activity in different environmental states was compared by kinetic analysis and the results were aeration>heavy metals>light.

A summary of National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)'s fund applications, grants and funding in 2023 was provided about the discipline of Chemical Engineering & Industrial Chemistry (B08), where the fund applications and grants for the 16 secondary application codes of B08 were provided, and the statistics for a series of funded programs were detailed, giving suggestions for proposal applications in the next year.