Abstract:

With the rapid development of renewable energy and hydrogen energy industry, as a hydrogen storage medium, ammonia has received widespread attention due to its ability to perform long-term hydrogen storage and long-distance hydrogen transportation. Hydrogen production and ammonia synthesis process based on fossil fuels is mature, but the intensity of carbon dioxide emissions is high. Green ammonia utilizes renewable energy with electrolytic hydrogen production as hydrogen sources, which has the advantages of reducing carbon emissions in the synthetic ammonia industry, consuming renewable energy such as wind and solar energy, and serving as a hydrogen storage carrier for storage and transportation. Under the goals of carbon peak and carbon neutrality, the development of green ammonia synthesis process is of great significance. This paper reviews the research progress and challenges of industrial Haber-Bosch, electrochemical, photocatalysis, plasma and chemical chain synthesis of ammonia. The technical route and existing situation of water electrolysis powered by renewable energy for hydrogen production and ammonia synthesis process are elaborated. The technical and economic feasibility of grey ammonia synthesis from coal and green ammonia synthesis from renewable energy are compared. The impacts of electricity price and energy consumption of electrolytic hydrogen production on the cost of electrolytic hydrogen production for ammonia synthesis are analyzed. The cost structure of hydrogen storage with ammonia as a carrier and liquid hydrogen storage are discussed. The costs of hydrogen transportation with ammonia as a carrier and gas-hydrogen transportation are studied. The considerations for industrial development of green hydrogen for green ammonia synthesis and hydrogen storage and transportation with green ammonia as a carrier are proposed.

Key words: ammonia synthesis, renewable energy, ammonia storage and transportation, green ammonia, economy

摘要：

可再生能源和氢能产业快速发展，氨作为储氢介质，因其能发挥长时储氢和长距离运氢的作用，受到广泛关注。化石燃料制氢合成氨工艺成熟，但二氧化碳排放强度大。绿氨以可再生能源电解制氢作为氢源，具有减少合成氨产业碳排放、消纳风光等可再生能源、充当储氢载体易于储运等优势，在碳达峰碳中和的目标下，开发绿氨合成工艺具有重要意义。本文总结了工业Haber-Bosch法合成氨、电化学、光催化、等离子体和化学链合成氨取得的研究进展及面临的挑战，阐述了可再生能源电解制氢合成氨工艺的技术路线和发展现状，对比了煤制灰氨和可再生能源制绿氨工艺的技术经济可行性，分析了电价、电解制氢能耗等因素对电解制氢合成氨成本的影响，论述了分别以氨为载体储氢和储存液氢的成本构成，研究了分别以氨为载体运氢和运输气氢的成本，提出了对绿氢合成绿氨、以绿氨为载体储运氢产业发展的思考。

关键词: 合成氨, 可再生能源, 氨储运, 绿氨, 经济性