CCS/CCUS is an effective way to alleviate the increasing serious environmental problems and CO₂ capture is an important part of CCS/CCUS. Through decades of sustained development, the chemical amine carbon capture technologies represented by MEA, and the subsequent developed polyamino amines, steric hindrance amines and ionic liquids technologies are gradually maturing, and many of them have been carried out or are undergoing large scale pilot test or industrial demonstration. The research institutions have achieved the key node validation of Technical Review (TR) and accumulated rich experiences. In this review, the pre-combustion, the Oxy-combustion, the chemical looping combustion and the post-combustion capture technologies were briefly introduced with some specific cases, and the main problems with different technologies were analyzed. High capture energy consumption, high equipment investment and maintenance spends, and large amount of wastes were the main factors influencing the capture cost. Moreover, the captured CO₂ was mainly used for enhanced oil recovery or sequestration, and the immature CO₂ conversion technologies still cannot produce competitive products in the market.

Polyimide contains hydrogen bonds in organic polymer structure and has good solvent resistance, easy film formation, high mechanical properties, et al. Polyimide membrane is expected to be widely used in the field of pervaporation for organic solvents. However, the strong inter-chain interaction and chain segments packing result in the low flux as the difficult water molecules penetration through the membranes based on them. Therefore, the modification is urgent to improve separation performance of polyimide membranes. In this paper, pervaporation process was summarized systematically including its mechanism and common separation membrane types. The recent research progress in modification methods of polyimide pervaporation membranes was reviewed. Four methods were discussed including blending, doping, cross-linking and copolymerization. The principles of these methods and their influence on separation performance were analyzed. The advantages and disadvantages of the modifications were also summarized. Finally, the development direction of polyimide membrane in the field of pervaporation separation was prospected. It pointed out that the interaction mechanism between polyimide polymer chain and solvent molecule needed to be revealed to solve the "trade-off" restriction between permeation flux and selectivity.

Direct air capture (DAC) is a technology that can capture carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. This article introduces the development history, technical advantages and disadvantages, and development prospects of DAC technology. According to predictions, by 2050, the global annual demand for capturing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere will exceed 980 million tons. It reviewed the current status of policy support and funding for DAC technology. Countries and regions such as the United States, Canada, the European Union, and the United Kingdom have become pioneers in the research, development, demonstration, and deployment of DAC technology. The mainstream DAC technology routes and their progress in the industrialization process were analyzed. The current largest DAC plant had a capture capacity of 4000t/a, and there were plans to build million-ton commercial projects. It pointed out the research directions that DAC technology needs to focus on, suggesting that future efforts should focus on large-scale deployment of the technology, establishing carbon market mechanisms, and strengthening international cooperation. Further research and development of DAC equipment and systems are needed to reduce costs, improve efficiency, and develop mechanisms such as carbon pricing, carbon trading, and carbon offsetting to provide economic incentives for DAC projects, promote investment and market participation, and strengthen international cooperation, thus accelerating the rapid development of this technology.

Electrode compression can cause the porous electrodes of all vanadium flow batteries to invade the flow channel, affecting battery performance. This article established a three-dimensional steady-state model for non-uniform compression of porous electrodes in a serpentine flow channel, and compared the differences in internal pressure drop, electrolyte flow rate, and overpotential distribution between non-uniform compression of porous electrodes and rectangular compression of porous electrodes. It was found that non-uniform compression of porous electrodes was highly consistent with the actual situation. The effects of different compression ratios on the internal voltage drop, electrolyte velocity, concentration distribution of reactants, electrolyte potential, overpotential, local current density and concentration overpotential of non-uniform compression porous electrode were analyzed.The results showed that with an increase in compression ratio, the increase in internal pressure drop and velocity of the non-uniformly compressed porous electrode was greater than that of the electrode rectangular compression. The overvoltage at the contact area between the electrode non-uniformly compressed invasion part and the flow channel was higher than that of the electrode rectangular compression. The uniformity of the concentration distribution of reactants in the porous electrode with non-uniform compression increased, the electrolyte potential and overvoltage decreased, and the local current density and concentration overvoltage in the cathode area increased.

Applying evaporative condenser to zeotropic organic Rankine cycle can effectively improve the thermal economy of the system. After establishing the Kriging surrogate model of evaporative condenser, by taking the R601a component mass fraction, air flow rate and spray water flow rate flow as decision variables, and the heat exchange area and exergy efficiency as objective functions, analysis of influencing factors of the objective function was conducted, and multi-objective optimization was carried out using non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm and TOPSIS decision method. The results showed that in the analysis of influencing factors, the influence of air flow rate on the objective function was greater than that of spray water flow rate, and when the mass fraction of R601a was about 0.7, the heat exchange area had a minimum value and the exergy efficiency had a maximum value. In Pareto front, the mass fraction of R601a component had the best value range for the design of evaporative condenser, while the value range of air flow rate and spray water flow rate was wide, covering almost the whole range of variation. The scheme with low cost, small occupied space and high effective utilization of available energy was: R601a component mass fraction of 0.725, air flow rate of 81.017kg/s, spray water flow rate of 58.302kg/s, corresponding heat exchange area of 316.883m², and exergy efficiency of 0.428.

The traditional Na-based sorbent solid adsorbents have the bottleneck problem of large grain size, high gas diffusion resistance, and limited load, which leads to low CO₂ adsorption capability. A new adsorbent preparation method based on fluidized bed spray impregnation technology has been created. γ-Al₂O₃ was used as the support, and high-purity Na₂CO₃ was selected as the active component. The solution impregnation method and fluidized bed spray impregnation method were used to prepare several groups of adsorbents with different carrier structure and active component loading. Based on a fixed bed experimental setup combined with BET, XRD, SEM, XRF and other methods, the CO₂ adsorption capability of the adsorbents, as well as key parameters such as pore structure, crystal form, surface morphology, and loading capacity, were characterized. The results showed that the saturated adsorption capability and adsorption activity of the adsorbent prepared by the spray impregnation method were better than those of the traditional impregnation method under the same loading capacity of active components, because this method can control the loading depth of active components on the support. Meanwhile, the active components were mostly crystallized in needle or rod-shaped forms that were conducive to the reaction. The crystal size was generally 10%—20% smaller than that of traditional solution impregnation methods. Nevertheless, the pore structure of the carrier, such as specific surface area and pore size distribution, will still limit the reaction of the adsorbent prepared by the fluidized bed spray impregnation technology.

The bypass evaporation system for desulfurization wastewater can reduce the efficiency of the boiler and increase coal consumption by extracting part of the hot flue gas at the inlet of the air preheater. To achieve accurate prediction of the energy consumption caused by the extracted hot flue gas, a hybrid model prediction method combining a mechanistic model and an artificial neural network was proposed. Operational data from a 660MW power plant in Guangdong Province were collected as samples. Six parameters, including the wind temperature at the inlet of the air preheater, the flow rate of air, the extracted flue gas volume and temperature, the boiler load, and the coal feed rate, were used as inputs to establish a backpropagation neural network (BPNN) model for predicting the air heat transfer through the air preheater. The optimal structure of the network was determined by simulating and analyzing different hidden layer structures, and it was found to be 6-9-1, with a coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.99478 and a relative error of about 1% for the prediction model. The overall prediction effect of the model was good. Based on this, the qualitative law of energy consumption for the bypass evaporation system was obtained by combining the mechanistic model and typical operating conditions of fluctuating unit loads and extracted flue gas volumes.

Dissolved air equipment is an important part of dissolved air release microbubble generation system. Based on the self-designed and developed jet-enhanced non-packed dissolved air equipment, this paper carried out experimental research on its working performance under different operating parameters. The WTW dissolved oxygen measurement equipment was used to measure the on-line pressure of the whole process, and the dissolved air performance was directly characterized by the change rate of dissolved oxygen concentration in water. The experimental results showed that the new dissolved air equipment still had high dissolved air performance under low energy consumption. The dissolved air performance increased with the increase of gas liquid ratio. The dissolved gas efficiency decreased with the increase of dissolved gas pressure, and increased first and then decreased with the increase of inlet water flow rate. The oxygen transfer mass transfer coefficient increased with the increase of dissolved gas pressure and inlet water flow rate. The optimal inlet flow rate range was between 0.7m³/h and 0.9m³/h. Because the new dissolved air equipment can still produce high-quality fine bubbles when using ordinary ball valves to reduce pressure and release gas to form bubbles, it occupied a smaller area than traditional equipment and was not easy to block, so it had more advantages in practical engineering applications.

The incompatible multi-component mass exchange network is one of the difficult problems in mass exchange network synthesis. When simulating incompatible multi-component mass exchange networks, the traditional stage-wise superstructure model requires iterative calculation, resulting in complex optimization processes and compromised computational efficiency. To solve these problem, the chessboard model is applied to the incompatible multi-component mass exchange network, and the random walking algorithm with compulsive evolution (RWCE) based on population identification strategy is employed. The chessboard model simplifies the computational complexity of the simulation, and the population identification strategy solves the "agglomeration" phenomenon of individuals in the population. This approach comprehensively improves the computational efficiency of searching for the global optimal solution. A published example for the coke oven gas sweetening problem shows that the chessboard model and the RWCE based on population identification strategy can efficiently handle incompatible multi-component mass exchange networks, achieving faster average optimization time and minimizing the total annual cost.

With the increasing demand for oil resources, conventional crude oil is gradually depleting. The use of heavy oil is becoming a trend as the world possesses abundant reserves of heavy oil, accounting for 70% of the global remaining oil reserves. Heavy oil has immense development potential and vast market prospects. However, it also possesses high viscosity, high molecular weight, and poor fluidity, posing significant difficulties and challenges for its transportation. Therefore, accelerating the research and innovation of heavy oil transportation technology and related theories in China is an objective requirement to adapt to future trend changes, and it is an inevitable choice for the economic and efficient development of heavy oil resources through integrated transportation. This paper adopts the method of water annulus transportation to reduce the resistance of horizontal flow in heavy oil, aiming to explore the characteristics of flow resistance in horizontal pipe under water annulus confinement. It analyzes the effects of inlet water cut (5%—80%), oil flow rate (0.65—1.57m³/h), and water flow rate (0.09—2.13m³/h) on the lubrication and drag reduction effect of water annulus, as well as the influence on the flow pattern of heavy oil. An experimental annular loop for water annulus transportation of heavy oil is independently designed, and an effective roughness is introduced. A predictive correction model for annular flow pressure drop is established to analyze and discuss the flow pattern characteristics and the range of oil-water flow rate during the formation of annular flow. The results indicate that the water annulus formed under certain conditions can effectively reduce the drag in the transportation of heavy oil. The water annulus can effectively lubricate the pipe wall. The revised pressure drop prediction model has a relative error of comparison with the experimental values within ±10%, and the RMSE is 0.02. The pressure drop in water annulus transportation accounts for only 0.01—0.24 of the pressure drop in pure oil transportation. When the oil flow rate is high, attention should be paid to the water flow rate to avoid excessive values that may lead to a decrease in the oil transportation efficiency η and drag reduction rate DR.

The investigation of hydrate nucleation behavior in water-oil emulsion can be used to evaluate the stable existence time of oil-gas-water system in metastable states, which is of great significance for the safe operation of multiphase pipelines in low temperature environment and the formulation of hydrate risk control strategies. Therefore, it has become a key issue and research hotspot in the field of flow assurance for deepwater pipelines. This paper focused on the nucleation process of hydrates in oil-water emulsions. The quantitative methods of hydrate nucleation rate in experimental studies were summarized, and the differences and similarities of the induction time definition methods in current studies were analyzed. Moreover, the effects of environmental conditions and system compositions such as temperature, pressure, disturbance intensity, water cut and crude oil components on the hydrate nucleation behavior and the prediction model of the hydrate nucleation rate were reviewed. In general, the nucleation behavior of hydrates in water-oil emulsion has been studied in-depth, and some achievements have been made in qualitative analysis of influencing factors and quantitative description of models. However, more detailed research is still needed on the unification of the induction time definition method and the engineering application of models. It is necessary to gradually establish a unified induction time definition standard and more general induction time prediction models. In addition, spectroscopic instruments and molecular dynamics simulations should be used to deepen the understanding of the molecular-scale information of the hydrate nucleation process, the nucleation behavior of hydrates should be further understood, and the engineering application of the models should be gradually realized.

The low-carbon transformation of the petrochemical and chemical industries can be promoted by replacing hydrogen (i.e., gray hydrogen) made from fossil fuels such as coal and natural gas by hydrogen (i.e., green hydrogen) made from electrolysis of water using renewable energy power as petrochemical and chemical raw materials. Although the current cost of green hydrogen is higher, under the combined influence of decreasing electricity price, continuous increase of fossil energy price and carbon tax and carbon trading, the economy of green hydrogen will have the advantage of competing with gray hydrogen. Taking the three sub-sectors with the highest hydrogen consumption and carbon emission in the petrochemical and chemical industries as representatives, namely ammonia, synthetic methanol, and crude oil processing, this paper firstly introduces the process characteristics and development trends of hydrogen participation in petrochemical and chemical processes, including traditional and emerging processes, such as electrochemical ammonia synthesis, carbon dioxide hydrogenation to methanol, and bio-oil hydrodeoxygenation; then, the carbon emission of the petrochemical and chemical industries is summarized, focusing on the carbon emission intensity of ammonia, methanol, and refined diesel; finally, the carbon reduction economics of green hydrogen replacing current fossil fuel hydrogen production and industrial by-product hydrogen is analyzed. The results show that green hydrogen has an economically feasible cost of 14CNY/kg H₂ to replace coal hydrogen when the carbon trading price is 100CNY/t.

The refinery heating furnace is one of the high energy consumption and high carbon emission equipment in the petroleum refining process. Flue gas waste heat recovery of the refinery heating furnace plays an important role in reducing pollutants and carbon emissions for petrochemical industry, but low-temperature flue gas condensate can corrode heat exchanger, and the flue gas condensing heat exchanger (FGCHE) added at the rail of heating furnace increases flue gas pressure drop, affecting refinery production process and the combustion efficiency of the heating furnace. The anti-corrosion, high-efficiency and low-pressure-drop FGCHE with cooperative flue gas pressure control become technical challenges to improve the maximizing energy efficiency of flue gas heat recovery and utilization system. Taking alkane dehydrogenation heating furnace in the refining plant as an example, the low-temperature flue gas deep waste heat recovery with cooperative flue gas pressure control system (FGHR-PCS) was proposed, and its demonstration project was established, then the FGHR-PCS under the working conditions both of stepped and no-stepped heat transfer was tested on site. Energy-saving operating characteristics were analyzed and compared with the theoretical value. The results showed that the accuracy of flue gas pressure in the heating furnace chamber control reached (-35±6.4)Pa, meeting the requirement of the production process. Meanwhile, the flue gas temperature of the alkane dehydrogenation heating furnace was reduced from 178.3—178.7℃ to 54.3—78.7℃, the energy saving efficiency reached 4.75%—6.9%, the flue gas waste heat recovery ratio reached 28.1%—40.4%, the flue gas heat recovery amount in the stepped heat transfer stage was 43.8% higher than that in the no-stepped heat transfer stage, and the exergy efficiency of the FGCHE reached 52.8%—63.7%. At the same time, the flue gas energy saving of the FGHR-PCS was beneficial to reduce carbon and pollutant emissions (NO _x and SO₂), and the carbon reduction emissions could reach 2884.5—4197.9t/a, which provided the FGHR-PCS had remarkable benefits on energy saving, pollution emission and carbon reduction. It can provide a practical application reference for the technology development and application of the low-temperature deep waste heat recovery from refining heating furnaces.

Lignocellulosic biomass is an abundant and green resources. Preparation of high added-value liquid fuels and chemicals from lignocellulosic biomass can alleviate society's demand for fossil fuels and improve the ecological environment, and thus contribute to the "dual-carbon" objective. In this study, a variety of metal-supported solid acid catalysts were prepared for conversion of biomass carbohydrates to methyl levulinate. The prepared catalysts were characterized and were found to possess bifunctional properties(B- and L-acid active centers). The catalyst with AlCl₃ loaded on surface to provide L-acid showed the best catalytic performance. The effects of different factors such as reaction temperature and time on the simultaneous directional conversion of glucose and xylose to methyl levulinate were investigated in detail. A raw material conversion of 100% and levulinic acid/ester yield of 24.96% could be obtained with the co-solvent of dimethoxy-methane/methanol (1∶1 mass ratio) at 200℃ for 2h.

The electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide (ECO₂RR) presents a significant value for carbon neutrality by preparing high-energy chemicals or fuels from renewable energy. Particularly, ECO₂RR using copper-based catalysts, with their advantages of low cost and excellent catalytic activity, has emerged as the most promising strategy. In this paper, the research progress of copper-based catalysts in the preparation of formic acid in recent years is comprehensively summarized. The adjusting strategies of ECO₂RR to formic acid include morphology, surface valence, alloying, crystal plane effect, vacancy and carbon carrier. The effects of the number of active sites and the formation of key intermediate *OCHO on the selectivity of formic acid products are discussed. Finally, the challenges faced in this field and the prospects from the perspectives of in-situ characterization, scientific calculation and reaction condition optimization are summarized.

Carbon monoxide/ carbon dioxide (CO/CO₂) hydrogenation to higher alcohols (C₂₊OH), as the important part in C₁ chemistry, is one of the most essential approaches to convert the non-petroleum carbon resources such as coal, natural gas, biomass and CO₂ into liquid fuels and value-added chemicals. The short route, high atom economy and operational feasibility endow this process great potential to convert CO/CO₂ to C₂₊OH. The modified Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) catalysts are one of the most prospective candidates for CO/CO₂ hydrogenation to C₂₊OH, but the application of these catalysts is still limited by the low space time yield, the wide product distribution and poor catalytic stability, as well as the complicated reaction pathways. Thus, the development of efficient and stable catalysts is crucial but still challenging. Herein, the optimal reaction conditions for CO/CO₂ hydrogenation to C₂₊OH were obtained on the basis of thermodynamics, and the reaction pathways of CO/CO₂ hydrogenation on the modified FTS catalysts were clarified. Subsequently, the progress of iron or cobalt-based catalysts in CO/CO₂ hydrogenation to C₂₊OH were reviewed, including the impact of precursors, promoters, the metal-support interaction on the catalytic performance, and the construction strategies of highly selective and stable catalysts were emphasized. In the future, it is crucial to clarify the catalytic mechanism through advanced characterizations and theoretical calculations, as well as to improve the space time yield of C₂₊OH and to enhance the stability via regulating the surface structure precisely.

Vehicle proton-exchange membrane fuel cell is an important energy conversion device to solve the energy crisis and environmental degradation issues. However, the high cost and slow cathodic oxygen reduction reaction kinetics and poor stability of cathode catalyst in long-term operation have become the main challenges in its development. As such, a continuous pipeline microwave preparation technology was used to prepare a catalyst with 50% (mass) platinum loading. The Pt/C catalyst was annealed in two different atmospheres, namely, nitrogen hydrogen mixture (20% H₂) and air. The effect of heat treatment in the two atmospheres on the oxygen reduction performance were studied through characterization and testing. The Pt/C-300 (20% H₂) catalyst can still maintain a high activity of 71.4 m²/g and 243mA/mg after 30000 cycles of attenuation testing, achieving both high activity and high durability. This work provides an effective and feasible way for the production of catalysts with high oxygen reduction performance.

CuCe-SAPO-44 zeolite catalysts were prepared by incipient wet impregnation method, and their activities of selective catalytic reduction of nitric oxide with propylene (C₃H₆-SCR) were investigated under lean burning condition. These catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), N₂ adsorption-desorption, UV-vis spectroscopy (UV-Vis), H₂ temperature-programmed reduction (H₂-TPR) and NH₃ temperature-programmed desorption (NH₃-TPD). The results had shown that the interaction between the introduced cerium and copper species was beneficial for generating more isolated Cu²⁺ species which improved the low-temperature redox performance of the CuCe-SAPO-34 zeolite catalysts, and thus enhanced the low-temperature SCR activity. There were abundant Lewis acid sites on the skeleton of the bimetallic zeolite catalysts, which were favorable for the adsorption and activation of NO _x and C₃H₆. When Cu∶Ce=4∶2, CuCe-SAPO-34 exhibited the best de-NO _x activity with a conversion of NO _x more than at 90% when the diesel engine exhaust contained 10% O₂ and 5% H₂O at 250℃.

In recent years, various lignocellulosic biomasses have been used as green carbon sources to prepare carbon quantum dots, which are widely used in anti-counterfeiting, imaging, catalysis and other fields. Preparing carbon quantum dots from lignocellulosic biomasses can achieve low-cost, large-scale, and rapid preparation. However, the structure of lignocellulosic biomass is complex. The synthesis process of carbon quantum dots is affected by the type of raw materials and preparation process, and its fluorescence properties are closely related to the core structure and surface morphology. These factors make the preparation and regulation process of lignocellulose-based carbon quantum dots difficult to carry out precisely, and it is important to investigate the formation mechanism of lignocellulosic-based carbon quantum dots and the regulating mechanism for the quality improvement. In view of this, this paper reviews the formation methods and process of lignocellulose-based quantum dots, analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of various preparation and modification methods, discusses in-depth their synthesis mechanisms and regulation methods, and presents an outlook on their problems and challenges.

Transition metal sulfide Co₉S₈ is a highly promising alternative energy storage material for graphite due to its high capacitance, good rate performance, long cycle life and low production cost. However, Co₉S₈ has problems such as large volume expansion and poor conductivity during the charging and discharging process, which leads to easy damage to the material structure and fast capacity decay during the charging and discharging process, and cannot fully meet the actual market demand. According to the latest research on different types of Co₉S₈ composite materials in various fields, this article reviewed the practical applications of Co₉S₈ materials. Through the induction and summary of existing research, the main modification methods for transition metal sulfide Co₉S₈ were briefly described, and the feasible suggestions were put forward for its future research focus.

Ionic conductive hydrogels are polymeric materials with high water content, stretchability and good biocompatibility. The presence of free ions in polymer networks enable them to exhibit ionic conductivity very similar to human skin, showing great potential in applications such as wearable sensing devices, energy storage devices, and biomedical applications. In this review, the research background and progress of ionic conductive hydrogels were briefly introduced, and the preparation methods of ionic conductive hydrogels were discussed. The research progress of ionic conductive hydrogels in functional properties such as conductivity, flexibility, anti-freezing, water retention, self-healing, adhesion and biocompatibility was introduced, and the related application research progress of ionic conductive hydrogels was analyzed and described. Finally, the existing problems and challenges in stability, environmental suitability and synergetic compatibility between various functions of ionic conductive hydrogels were summarized, and the development trend and prospect of ionic conductive hydrogels were forecasted. It was pointed out that the development of functionally adjustable ionic conductive hydrogels with high conductivity, superior stability in an extreme environment, perfect self-healing properties and desirable biodegradability would be the focus of further research. In addition, it would also become an important research direction to develop a wearable sensing system with wireless sensing and self-powered function based on ionic conductive hydrogels.

Two-dimensional materials represented by graphene possess excellent comprehensive performance, which can be used to manufacture functional nano-inks and obtain optoelectronic functional devices by ink-jet printing. There are broad application prospects in the fields of energy, environment, life and health. This paper systematically summarized the properties of several typical two-dimensional materials, the preparation of nano-inks and the application of ink-jet printing, focusing on the regulation of liquid phase exfoliation and ink-jet printing processes. Different exfoliation methods and principles were summarized and compared, as well as the related theories of ink-jet printing, such as the coffee ring effect and Marangoni effect, were reviewed. Through the precise regulation of the two-dimensional material exfoliation process and its nano-inks printing process, it was expected to form an advanced micro-nano manufacturing technology based on ink-jet printing, realize the low-cost processing of different functional micro-nano electronic components and devices, and promote the development of biosensing, flexible electronics and other fields.

Because of its excellent flexibility, low cost and strong compatibility, thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) can be used as a carrier for phase change materials (PCM), and the flexible composite phase change materials (FCPCM) prepared by combining it with PCM and thermally conductive fillers have a large application prospect in the field of battery thermal management (BTM). In this paper, the research results of TPE-based FCPCM in BTM at home and abroad were summarized, the commonly used TPE materials were classified, and their working principles and preparation methods were introduced in detail. To address the problems of low thermal conductivity, low shape stability and poor mechanical properties of PCM in BTM applications, this paper focused on the thermophysical properties (latent heat of phase change and thermal conductivity), battery thermal management effects (maximum temperature and maximum temperature difference), mechanical properties and vibration resistance of TPE-based FCPCMs. The current limitations of FCPCM in BTM were pointed out and the future directions were prospected. The search for potential flexible materials, synergistic binary flexible carriers, and binary thermally conductive fillers, improving the insulation, dielectric properties, and low-temperature adaptability of FCPCM should be the main research directions in the future. Enhancing the temperature control of FCPCM for lithium batteries under vibration conditions also needed to be further explored. This review provided an important reference value for further research and development of TPE-based FCPCM in BTM.

Study of single-atom Ni and N co-doped carbon-material based catalysts (Ni-N-C) for CO₂ electrochemical reduction (CO₂ER) to CO began in the past decade. It has received a lot of attentions because it possessed ultra-high CO selectivity even under high current density and high overpotential. This article reviewed recent advances in Ni-N-C for CO₂ER to CO, including nitrogen doped carbon-material based catalysts and Ni-N-C for CO₂ER to CO. The catalytic activities of different forms of N in carbon-material based catalysts were summarized, and so far, the exact role of N in carbon-material based catalysts for CO₂ER was controversial. Moreover, the catalytic performance, catalytic mechanism and catalytic performance modification for Ni-N-C were also summarized. The effects of N atoms and defect sites coordinated with Ni on catalytic activity, and the advantages and disadvantages of various carbon-carriers were analyzed. Although research on CO₂ER to CO using Ni-N-C has made certain progress, such as the current density reaching industrial grade requirements, some key issues still needed to be solved to achieve its large-scale industrial applications, such as developing directional preparation technologies for high activity and high stability Ni-N-C and developing advanced carbon-material carriers, which were simple and mild preparation, low cost, corrosion-resistant high-temperature resistant.

As a kind of biomass materials, nanocellulose displays excellent properties, such as high specific surface area and high mechanical strength. There are many hydroxyl groups on its surface, resulting in strong hydrophilicity, which seriously affects the dispersion effect of nanocellulose in bio-based composites and limits its functional applications. Therefore, hydrophobicity modification of nanocellulose has become one of the research focuses. The hydrophobicity modification of nanocellulose via physical, chemical and polymer grafting methods were discussed, and the mechanisms, advantages and disadvantages of different methods were summarized. The effects of hydrophobicity modification of nanocellulose on mechanical properties, thermal properties and biocompatibility were analyzed. After that, this paper summarized the research status of hydrophobicity modification of nanocellulose and its functional application in packaging, papermaking and water purification, which can provide theoretical strategy and practical guide to the effective use of nanocellulose. Finally, the advantages and future prospects of hydrophobicity modification on nanocellulose were proposed.

In order to solve the problem of synthesizing LaAlO₃ crystalline phase with good surface properties by lowering the calcination temperature at lower pH for application in deep fluoride removal in wastewater (<1.5mg/L), the nano-spherical perovskite LaAlO₃ by co-precipitation hydrothermal method was prepared and the preparation factors affecting the surface properties of LaAlO₃ was investigated. It was found by SEM, XRD, ICP-MS and BET that the formation of hydrothermal precursors of alkali carbonic acid precipitation can make Al³⁺ and La³⁺ precipitation more tightly bound and the optimal preparation conditions for LaAlO₃ were obtained: co-precipitation pH=6, hydrothermal temperature=160℃ and calcination temperature of 850℃. The behavior of F^- adsorption by LaAlO₃ was analyzed by static adsorption experiments and regeneration experiments systematically, and the results showed that LaAlO₃ could achieve deep fluoride removal under acidic (pH<3) conditions and the fluoride removal rate reached 93.22% at pH=2. The adsorption process conformed to the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model and pseudo-second-order kinetic model, which was a chemical monolayer adsorption with exothermic reaction. Under the condition of initial fluorine concentration of 200mg/L, the adsorption capacity of LaAlO₃ adsorption reached 53.8mg/g in 8min and the equilibrium adsorption capacity reached 66.5mg/g in 4h. By using alum as desorbent, LaAlO₃ can maintain more than 90% of the original fluoride removal rate after 4 cycles with excellent regeneration performance and high utilization value.

Anode materials are one of the critical factors affecting the electrochemical performance of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Pore structure modulation and heteroatom doping effectively improve the electrochemical performance of anode materials. In this paper, coal-based carbon nanosheets (CS) were prepared by using lignite as a precursor chemical oxidation method. Then B-doped porous carbon nanosheets (BPCS) were obtained using boron oxide (B₂O₃) as an additive. The microstructures of CS and BCPS were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy (Raman), nitrogen adsorption-desorption and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and the electrochemical properties of CS and BPCS as anode materials for LIBs were investigated. The results showed that B₂O₃ had triple functions of template, pore-making and doping. When the dosage of B₂O₃ was 0.5g, BPCS-0.5 exhibited a three-dimensional porous structure with a specific surface area of 1216.20m²/g, a total pore volume of 1.027cm³/g, and content of B atom of 4.20%. The porous structure of BPCS-0.5 provided sufficient space and channels for ion storage and transport, and the introduction of B element increased the surface chemical activity of BPCS, which enhanced the lithium storage performance. When BPCS-0.5 as anode material of LIBs, the first reversible capacity reached 826mA·h/g at a current density of 0.05A/g and the reversible capacity still reached 143mA·h/g at a high current density of 5A/g, and the capacity retention rate of 500 cycles was 172%, indicating that the anode materials had high lithium storage capacity and excellent cycle life.

The emulsion method with micro-compartmentalization is an effective means to prepare spherical materials. In this paper, calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) microspheres were prepared by using water-in-water emulsion system composed of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃). Firstly, the formation conditions of the water-in-water emulsion were studied and the phase diagram was drawn. Then, the calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) microspheres with high dispersion and high sphericity were prepared by mixing CaCl₂ solution with PEG/Na₂CO₃ emulsion under stirring in the two-phase emulsion method. The effects of water-in-water emulsion system composition and metathesis reaction conditions on the preparation of CaCO₃ were explored and the optimal preparation conditions of CaCO₃ microspheres were also investigated. The product of CaCO₃ microspheres was characterized using XRD, SEM, laser particle size distributor and static particle image analyzer. The results showed that the CaCO₃ microspheres had the most morphology and highly dispersed when PEG₈₀₀₀ and Na₂CO₃ were 33% and 7% of the mass of in the water-in-water emulsion system, respectively, the volume ratio of CaCl₂ solution to PEG/Na₂CO₃ emulsion was 1∶15, the reaction time was 1min and the aging time was 0.5h. The CaCO₃ microspheres mainly composed of vaterite (up to 95.72%), containing a small amount of calcite. The spheroidization mechanism wasthat Ca²⁺ penetrated into the interior of the tiny spherical droplet and mineralized with CO₃^2- in a fine cavity with micro-compartmentalization, forming crystal nuclei and rapidly generates vaterite. The PEG water environment prevented the dissolution recrystallization of vaterite, inhibited the development trend of vaterite to calcite, and then the crystal nuclei grew in the lower limit of the macromolecule crowding microenvironment of the aqueous two-phase system, finally obtaining spherical structure.

Transition metal phosphide (TMP) shows great potential in catalyzing electrochemical water splitting for hydrogen (H₂) production. By combining the exceptional electrical conductivity of MXene and the high catalytic activity of TMP, this study aims to enhance the overall performance towards water electrolysis. Specifically, cobalt phosphide nanorods supported by MXene (CoP NRs/Ti₂C) were synthesized through a three-step procedure involving molten salt etching, hydrothermal treatment, and in-situ phosphidation. Under alkaline conditions (1mol/L KOH), CoP NRs/Ti₂C required significantly reduced overpotentials for both the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) to maintain a current density of 10mA/cm², with values of 105mV and 320mV, respectively. In comparison, CoP NRs required higher overpotentials (157mV for HER and 350mV for OER). Furthermore, CoP NRs/Ti₂C demonstrated more favorable reaction kinetics, by lower Tafel slopes (63.4mV/dec for HER and 54.6mV/dec for OER) when compared to CoP NRs (79.6mV/dec for HER and 60.8mV/dec for OER). In a two-electrode configuration employing CoP NRs/Ti₂C, a remarkably low external voltage of only 1.62V was sufficient to achieve 10mA/cm². Collectively, these findings verified the substantial enhancement in electrocatalytic performance facilitated by the Ti₂C support for CoP NRs. Consequently, this study put forth a viable strategy for further improving the catalytic capabilities of TMP, with the potential to supplant noble metal catalysts in hydrogen generation applications.

As a potential separation material, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have its unique pore structure, high adaptability and selectivity, and have a broad application prospect in the field of membrane separation. However, MOFs are vulnerable to damage in humid environments, which severely limits their application in membrane separation. Therefore, improving the water stability of MOFs is one of the important problems in realizing its application in the field of membrane separation. In this paper, Cu-BTC-AC filler with high water stability was prepared by the functionalization of ammonium citrate and MMMs with different filler content were prepared by embedding the obtained Cu-BTC-AC in Pebax 1657 matrix. The CO₂/N₂ separation performance of the Cu-BTC-AC/Pebax MMMs at 25℃ under humid condition was examined. Compared with the pure Pebax membrane, the prepared MMMs show improved CO₂ permeability and CO₂/N₂ selectivity, with an optimized CO₂ permeance of 776.5 GPU accompanied by the CO₂/N₂ selectivity of 46.7. Besides, the high water stability of the filler originated from AC functionalization endows the prepared MMMs with potential for application in practical industrial gas separations.

Intelligent thermo-regulatory textiles are able to buffer and regulate the changes in ambient temperature. In this study, an intelligent thermo-regulatory textile with an obvious core-shell structure that could effectively overcome the leakage of paraffin wax was prepared using coaxial electrospinning technology with paraffin wax of a phase change temperature of 18℃ as the core layer and polyvinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene/nano SiO₂ as the shell layer. The smart textile had a latent heat of up to 70.08J/g and showed good stability as it did not show significant change in latent heat after 400 heating-cooling cycles. This smart textile had a hydrophobic surface and the contact angle of water on the surface was increased by 16.1° compared to the textile without SiO₂ nanoparticles, which can be attributed to the formation of nano-protrusions due to the exist of nano SiO₂. Besides, the contact angles of acid, alkali and salt solution on the textile reached 129.4°, 133.3° and 135.6°, respectively, which enabled its application in different harsh environments. The infrared imaging experiment indicated that compared with the textile without phase change materials, the time the temperature maintained above 10℃ can be prolonged by 83.3% by the intelligent thermoregulated textile during the cooling process, while the time the temperature maintained below 20℃ during the heating process can be prolonged by 204.76%, providing remarkable temperature regulatory capabilities. These results established a foundation for the further research on thermo-regulatory fibers with paraffin wax as phase change materials and had guiding significance for similar research on intelligent thermo-regulatory fibers.

The latent heat energy storage technology of phase change materials is utilized in the field of energy saving in buildings. Based on lauric acid (LA), paraffin wax (PW) and capric acid (CA) were introduced to investigate the thermal properties, stability and reliability of lauric acid-based binary phase change materials. The phase transition temperatures of LA-PW and LA-CA were obtained from theoretical predictions to be 35.75℃ and 18.11℃, respectively. The optimal ratio of LA-PW was obtained experimentally as 76∶24 and the optimal ratio of LA-CA as 30∶70. The phase transition temperatures of LA-PW and LA-CA were 37.45℃ and 17.82℃, respectively, which differed from the theoretical values by 1.70℃ and 0.29℃, and the latent heats of phase transition were 186.9J/g and 129.16J/g, respectively. The FTIR and XRD showed that LA-PW and LA-CA did not produce any new material and were purely physically bonded withgood thermal storage performance during the heat storage and exothermic experiments. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that no pyrolysis occurred in LA-PW and LA-CA within 100℃, showing good thermal reliability of them. The maximum variation rates of phase change temperature of LA-PW and LA-CA during 500 cold and hot cycles were 9.5% and 2.15% respectively, and the maximum variation rates of latent heat of phase change were 3.8% and 3.27% respectively, demonstrating LA -PW and LA-CA hadgood stability and heat storage performance, and were suitable for energy-saving research applications in the building industry.

The effects of four types of waterborne acrylic resins on the properties of polybutylene terephthalate (PBAT)/starch composite materials were studied. The optimal waterborne acrylic resin was selected to further investigate the effect of its dosage on the properties of the composite material. The mechanical properties, melt flow performance, hydrophilicity and thermal properties of composite materials were analyzed with a universal tensile tester, melt flow rate tester, contact angle tester, DSC and TGA. The molecular structure and microstructure morphology of PBAT/starch composites were characterized using infrared spectroscopy and polarizing microscope. The research results indicated that waterborne acrylic resin with lower glass transition temperature had better modification effects on starch. When the dosage of B7168 (B7168) was 25.2g, the tensile strength and elongation at break of the composite material had the optimal values, which were increased by 10.8% and 38.5%, respectively, compared to the blank sample. Increasing with B7168, the melt flow rate of the composite material first decreased and then changed slightly, and the hydrophilicity increased. The effect on the crystallization and melting temperature of PBAT was not significant, also to spherical morphology, however, the size of PBAT decreased. The intensity of the infrared response peak from 3000cm^-1 to 3600cm^-1 showed an increasing trend, and the wave peak moved slightly towards a lower wavenumber direction. Thermogravimetric analysis results indicated that the addition of B7168 increased the initial thermal decomposition temperature of the system and the residual amount at 700 ℃.

The treatment of diabetes is to seek the carriers that can monitor the blood glucose level immediately and release the required dosage of insulin accurately. Therefore, the development of intelligent insulin controlled release carriers that can self-regulate according to the change of glucose concentration has important clinical application values. This work creates a feasible strategy for the preparation of temperature and glucose dual-response copolymer microcapsules that can be used for insulin controlled release. Firstly, random copolymers with N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm) and 3-acrylamidophenylboronic acid (AAPBA) as the main components were synthesized by free radical polymerization. The surfaces of glass microspheres were covered with copolymer solution by bottom-spray coating technology. Then the copolymers were grafted on the surfaces of the microspheres by heating and annealing, and the templates were dissolved by hydrofluoric acid to form the copolymer microcapsules. The chemical composition, size distribution, equilibrium swelling, surface morphology, stability, cytotoxicity and controlled release capacity of insulin were investigated and analyzed. The results showed that the copolymer microcapsules had relatively uniform size distribution, good stability, no cytotoxicity, significant temperature and glucose sensitivity, and could be applied for loading of insulinoma cells, as well as controlled release of secreted insulin. The scheme for preparing the smart responsive insulin controlled release carriers has access to a powerful tool for creating artificial pancreas.

Biodiesel is an environmentally friendly bio-liquid fuel. For the enzymatic production of biodiesel, there is a pressing need for cost-effective and efficient immobilized lipase. In this study, solid-bound peptide VKT-fused Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase (TLL) was directly immobilized on unmodified silica-containing materials to create a novel biocatalyst. Among the silica-based materials (ZSM-5, Na-Y, SAR-100, MCM-41 and SiO₂ powder) tested, TLL-VKT immobilized on ZSM-5 zeolite (TLL-VKT@ZSM-5) showed the best immobilization efficiency and maximum loading, as well as exceptional stability in terms of pH, temperature, storage and elution. When used as a biocatalyst at 40℃ for 48 hours, TLL-VKT@ZSM-5 (1%, w/w, oil) resulted in a biodiesel yield of 93.9% from Jatropha curcas oil. Furthermore, TLL-VKT@ZSM-5 exhibited high reusability, with a biodiesel yield of 71.9% after 7 repeated uses. The immobilization method in this study offers the advantages of simplicity, high efficiency, high stability, and reusability. In the context of enzyme immobilization used in the production of various chemicals, VKT peptides present significant potential.

CuCNn (n=1,2,3) catalysts with different Cu loading amounts were prepared by thermal condensation using urea and Cu(NO₃)₂·3H₂O as precursors, The structures and morphology of the catalysts were characterized by XRD, FTIR, XPS, BET, SEM and TEM. The catalytic performance of Cu/CNn with different Cu loading amounts was compared in the atom transfer radical addition (ATRA) reaction of CCl₄ with acrylonitrile (AN) to synthesize 2,4,4,4-tetrachlorobutanitrile (TBN). The results showed that the Cu/CN1 exhibited excellent catalytic performance. Using acetonitrile (MeCN) as a solvent, n(Cu/CN1)∶n(AN)=1∶1000, 120℃, for 12h, the selectivity and yield of TBN can reach 96.5% and 83.3%, respectively. As a heterogeneous catalyst, Cu/CN can be reused only after filtration treatment, and its catalytic activity can still be stably maintained after 7 times of use. Based on the relevant experimental results, the oxidation-reduction cycle ATRA reaction mechanism of CCl₄ and AN catalyzed by Cu/CN was proposed. The results of experiments revealed the synergistic mechanism of Cu and g-C₃N₄, providing a new idea for the development of efficient catalytic systems for CCl₄ deep processing.

The hydrophobic silica nanoparticles (NPs) were obtained by the modification of NPs with trimethylchlorosilane (TMCS), and the modified NPs were added to fluorine-free foam extinguishing agents to investigate the effects of the different modification agrees NPs on the performance of fluorine-free foam extinguishing agents. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and water contact angle measurements were used to characterize hydrophobic modified NPs at different TMCS concentrations. The TGA and EDX results confirmed that the effective surface modification of NPs was achieved with TMCS. The water contact angle test results show that when the mass fraction of TMCS is 16.67%. the contact angle of NPs could reach 150.9°. SEM analysis indicated that the dispersion of NPs was improved. The particle size of the modified NPs was mainly distributed between 60—150nm. The results of the foaming property, foam stability and fire extinguishing effectiveness of the modified NPs on the fluorine-free foam solution showed that the modified NPs had the greatest improvement on the foaming property, stability and fire extinguishing effectiveness of the foam when the mass fraction of TMCS was 13.04%.

The large-scale use of fossil energy significantly increased CO₂ emissions. It is of great importance to decrease the dependence on fossil energy and reduce carbon emission by developing renewable energy such as biomass energy combined with the conversion and utilization of CO₂. Electroreduction driven by renewable electricity is an effective way for CO₂ conversion and utilization. In this paper, new routes for biomass utilization, electrochemical conversion of CO₂ coupled with biomass oxidative conversion were reviewed. The latest development of catalysts, reaction systems and reaction mechanisms for electrochemical reduction of CO₂, as well as new oxidative conversion technologies of biomass and its derived alcohols and aldehydes on anodes were introduced. By coupling biomass oxidative conversion with CO₂ electrochemical reduction, high-value chemicals can be produced with significant reduction of the net CO₂ emission. Therefore, this paper can provide new ideas for the conversion of biomass and CO₂.

Oxidative desulfurization, with features such as mild reaction conditions and low cost, is widely used in fuel oil desulfurization. In recent years, researchers have found that the structure of zwitterion in ionic liquid is adjustable, which allows highly efficient multi-acid catalysts to be prepared in ionic liquid through physicochemical method, so that conducive conditions for deeper oxidation desulfurization could be attained. This review summarizes the synthesis and classification of ionic liquid polyacids and describes in detail the characteristics of simple ionic liquid polyacid and loaded ionic liquid polyacid with metal-organic frame or inorganic non-metallic materials as the carrier, as well as its research progress in the field of fuel oxidation desulfurization, including desulphurization desulfurization rate and reuse times. All the primary desulfurization efficiency of simple ionic solution with multiple acids are higher than 80%, with the highest up to 99.2%, whereas the desulfurization rate of loaded ionic liquid polyacid is above 98%, and most of them are as high as 100%, and can be reused up to 13 times. Many researchers agree that the loaded ionic liquid polyacid can not only effectively enhance the catalytic activity of the polyacid, but also improve the thermal stability and reutilization of the catalyst. It has a good performance in fuel oxidation and desulfurization. Finally, the paper points out that development of ionic liquid polyacid with good catalytic performance, good reutilization and high efficiency is the future research direction.

The rapid development of the lithium battery industry and the new energy storage demand for lithium-ion batteries have drawn much attention in the resource and environmental field. Therefore, the recycling of retired lithium-ion batteries is necessary in the current industrial system. The cathode materials are the most valuable part of lithium-ion batteries, while the direct repair of waste cathode electrode materials is still in its early stages compared to the hydrometallurgy and pyrometallurgy methods. The prospect of a direct repair method is better than traditional methods due to its low cost and green environmental protection. This review introduced two major batteries, including lithium iron phosphate battery and ternary lithium battery, as well as the reason for the cathode materials failure of these two batteries. Meanwhile, several direct repair methods for the cathode materials of these two retired batteries and the problems existing in different direct repair methods were reviewed. Some relevant suggestions were also proposed to promote development of direct repair in the lithium battery industry.

Lignocellulosic biomass is the most abundant renewable resources on earth, but the complex bonding structure between the three components, cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin, limits its effective conversion and utilization. Organic solvent pretreatment is an effective method to eliminate this resistance, which can effectively fractionate the three components, improve the hydrolysis performance of cellulase, and recover high purity lignin. With the requirement of green solvent and sustainability, the organic solvent pretreatment is gradually developing to use bio-based derived solvents. Recently, there have been a variety of new bio-based derived solvent pretreatment reports. This paper systematically reviewed the design of organic solvents pretreatment system based on Hansen solubility parameter theory and CHEM21 Green Solvent Guide. They were classified into homogeneous system, two-phase system and multiphase transformation system respectively, and the application of new bio-based derived pretreatment organic solvents was summarized. Finally, the research challenges and prospects of bio-based derived solvent pretreatment were discussed to provide reference for the design and selection of organic solvent pretreatment system for various lignocellulosic biomass.

Recently, refractory organic pollutants have been widely detected in natural water bodies, posing a serious threat to aquatic ecosystems and human health. The biofilm electrode technology is increasingly recognized as a promising approach in the field of recalcitrant pollutant treatment owing to its environmental friendliness, high removal efficiency, and wide applicability. In this study, a three-dimensional biofilm electrode reactors (3D-BERs) is constructed; the degradation mechanism of organic pollutants by 3D-BERs is elucidated; the synergistic degradation effect of electrochemical catalytic oxidation and electroactive microorganisms is analyzed; the enhanced degradation mechanism of pollutants is explicated from the perspective of electron migration; and the impact of construction methods and operational parameters of 3D-BERs on reactor efficiency is outlined. Furthermore, this study systematically reviews the application and advantages of 3D-BERs in treating refractory organic chemical wastewater, proposes the development prospects of 3D-BERs technology, and highlights the focus of future research efforts. Finally, this study aims to provide novel insights into the efficient treatment of recalcitrant organic chemical industrial wastewater to further promote the application and dissemination of biofilm electrode technology in the field of recalcitrant organic pollutant treatment.

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) is a fully biodegradable material with similar mechanical properties to traditional plastics, which is expected to replace petroleum-based plastics to solve the plastic crisis from the source. The mixed culture PHA production using cheap waste organic matters is of great significance to reduce the production cost of PHA and realize the reduction and recycling of waste organic matters. Substrate diversity is a distinctive feature of mixed culture PHA production. In this paper, the importance of substrate types in the mixed culture system was analyzed. Then the current status of mixed culture using different types of waste organic matters to synthesize PHA was reviewed. Key issues were pointed out, such as the complex waste organic matrix was easy to cause metabolic deviation, and it was difficult to accurately control product yield and performance. Based on a clear clarification of waste organic matrix, future research on the mixed culture PHA production using waste organic matters requires, targeted optimization of substrate hydrolysis acidification technology, PHA performance regulation technology, and development of green and low-loss purification technology to finally construct a high-efficiency PHA mixed culture system.

Aerogels have promising applications in the field of adsorption. In this study, methylglucamine-functionalized reduced graphene oxide/hydroxylated carbon nanotube aerogels were prepared by hydrothermal synthesis and freeze-drying method for boron removal from salt lake brines. The adsorption behavior of the adsorbent on boron in aqueous solution was investigated, and the adsorption process was in accordance with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Freundlich isothermal adsorption model. The maximum adsorption amount was 33.64mg/g when the initial boron concentration was 1000mg/L, pH was 10, the adsorption time was 9h and the temperature was 298K. The response surface method could predict the experimental results and optimize the reaction conditions, and the boron adsorption amount was 32.91mg/g under the optimal conditions. The adsorption mechanism analysis showed that the adsorption process mainly consisted of the complexation of the —OH functional group on the adsorbent with B. The adsorbent still had a high adsorption capacity for B after three adsorption-desorption experiments. The adsorbent had good resistance to coexisting salt interference and good adsorption performance in real brine with an adsorption capacity of 23.87mg/g. This aerogel was potentially valuable for boron extraction from salt lake brines and wastewater.

In order to realize the harmless treatment and resource utilization of oily sludge, oily sludge was prepared into biochar by the pyrolysis and carbonization method. The mixed materials of calcium oxide, fly ash, and hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide were used as the conditioning agent, and the corn straw was used as the carbon enhancer in the preparation of oily sludge-based biochar. The effects of ZnCl₂, KOH and H₂SO₄ activators on the adsorption properties of biochar were compared based on the petroleum removal rate. The specific surface area, pore structure, and surface functional groups of biochar were analyzed with SEM, FTIR and BET. The adsorption and regeneration properties of biochar for oily wastewater treatment were studied by batch adsorption and regeneration experiments. The results showed that the best activator was H₂SO₄, and the specific surface area of biochar was 71.8069m²/g. The H₂SO₄ activated biochar contained a large number of pore structures with mostly mesoporous, and the surface of biochar exists —CH, C\stackrel{}{̿}O, —OH and C\stackrel{}{̿}C functional groups. When the dosage of biochar is 1.8g/L and the adsorption time is 180 min, the petroleum removal efficiency of oily wastewater (200mg/L) can reach 98.21%, and the petroleum adsorption capacity of biochar was 99.32mg/g. The process of petroleum adsorption on biochar conformed to the quasi-secondary kinetic equation and the Freundlich model, and it was a multi-molecular layer adsorption mainly controlled by chemisorption. In addition, the characteristics of the three regenerated biochars including pore structure, surface functional groups and specific surface area were not significantly different from those of the new biochar. Adsorption of different concentrations of petroleum pollutants in oily wastewater, biochar three times of regeneration efficiency reached more than 90%, which still had good adsorption performance and could meet the requirements of recycling.

In view of the high content of free sulfuric acid in the copper leaching solution in hydrometallurgical process, neutralization treatment is required before copper extraction, which not only consumes large alkaline reagents and high operating cost, but also causes metal ion loss. In this paper, a solvent extraction process for sulfuric acid recovery was proposed and the mass transfer mechanism of the selective extraction process of trioctylamine (TOA) -n-octanol system was studied. The results showed that the third phase would be produced by hydration during TOA extraction of sulfuric acid. After adding n-octanol, the third phase can be avoided due to the formation of hydrophobic complexation \overline{({\mathrm{R}}_{\mathrm{3}}{\mathrm{N}\mathrm{H})}_{\mathrm{2}}{(\mathrm{A})}_{\mathrm{0.3}}({\mathrm{H}}_{\mathrm{2}}{\mathrm{O})}_{\mathrm{1.7}}\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{4}}}. Under the conditions that the organic phase composition was 45% TOA+10% n-octanol +45% 260^# solvent oil, the ratio of O∶A (ratio of organic phase to aqueous phase) was 1∶1, the temperature was 25℃, the oscillation speed was 200r/min and the reaction time was 10min, the single-stage extraction rate of sulfuric acid reached 90.21% and the three-stage countercurrent extraction rate can achieve more than 99%. The extraction rates of Cu²⁺, Fe²⁺ and Zn²⁺ were less than 2.7%, 2.2% and 2.3%, respectively. The extraction process was an exothermic reaction and the calculated ∆H of the extraction reaction was -14.9kJ/mol.

The low-carbon and clean disposal of plastic wastes has great significance to environmental protection and the development of circular economy. A method of thermal decomposition to liquefy plastics in low pressure and superheated solvent steam system was proposed. The solvent thermal decomposition feasibility and characteristics of polypropylene (PP) and high density polyethylene (HDPE) under low pressure (≤5MPa) were studied. Two kinds of degradation mechanisms of plastic thermal decomposition process were proposed. The results showed that the low-pressure organic solvent vapor system could achieve efficient thermal decomposition of plastics under relatively mild temperature and 330℃ was the initial temperature for rapid plastic liquefaction. At 330℃, the thermal liquefaction rates of PP in methanol, ethanol and acetone all were 100%, and the ones of HDPE in methanol, ethanol and acetone were 100%, 72.9% and 71.03%, respectively. In such conditions, small molecules generated in plastic liquefaction were more likely to occur polycondensation reaction, which released a lot of heat and made the reaction system appear different amplitude rise of temperature, so as to provide energy for further depolymerization of unreacted plastics to smaller molecules and improve the thermal liquefaction rate of plastics. In PP liquefied oil, the content of oxygenates was more than 40%, while the content of oxygenates in HDPE liquefied oil was lower and the content of hydrocarbons was more than 80%, demonstrating that HDPE had great potential to be used as fuel.

Sulfur-doped reduced graphene oxide (S-rGO) materials were prepared by hydrothermal method. The characterization revealed that doping of S atoms led to the formation of structural defects in the rGO, which increased the active site of the material. Electrochemical tests revealed that S-rGO exhibited better oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) performance than rGO. The limited current density of S-rGO was 4.08mA/cm², which was 17.3% higher than that of rGO (3.48mA/cm²). This indicates that the S atom doping can effectively improve the ORR activity of rGO. S-rGO was mixed with activated carbon (AC) and carbon black (CB) at a mass ratio of 0.1∶0.25∶1 to prepare the cathode catalyst for microbial fuel cells. The results showed that the S-rGO-catalyzed microbial fuel cell reactor could operate for 27h per cycle and generate an output voltage of 0.33V, while the rGO-catalyzed reactor could run for 24h per cycle with an output voltage of 0.30V. The reactor catalyzed by CB could last for 23h per cycle and had an output voltage of 0.26V. Benzalammonium chloride (BAC) was used as a biotoxic substance to test the toxicity sensing performance of the S-rGO-modified microbial fuel cells. The linear fitting results of voltage and BAC concentration revealed that S-rGO had higher sensitivity and stability for toxicity detection (correlation coefficient was 0.996), whereas the correlation coefficient of the traditional Pt/C cathode catalyst was 0.932. All the above results indicates that S-rGO has great potential for application in the field of toxicity detection.

Under the background of emission peak and carbon neutrality, CO₂ mineralization has attracted more attention as an effective carbon sequestration technology. For six kinds of industrial calcium-containing solid wastes, ammonium chloride solution was used to leach and prepare mineralization mother liquor, and then the direct and indirect mineralization experiments of CO₂ in simulated coal-fired flue gas were carried out at room temperature and pressure. The mineralization efficiency and mineralization products of six kinds of solid wastes were analyzed in detail, and the circulation ability of leaching agent to leach calcium-containing solid wastes was tested. The results showed that the leaching rate of Ca²⁺ in the six solid wastes was between 18.88% and 95.15% due to the different types and contents of calcium-containing mineral phases. The concentration of Ca²⁺ in the leaching solution was purified ash > sintering red mud > coal fired fly ash 2 > coal fired fly ash 1 > drying ash > Bayer red mud. After cyclic leaching of purified ash, coal fired fly ash 2 and sintering red mud by ammonium chloride solution, the indirect mineralization efficiency of coal fired fly ash 2 and purified ash only decreased by 1.44% and 1.34% with the increase of the number of cycles, while the indirect mineralization efficiency of sintering red mud decreased by 6.21%. Among the six kinds of solid waste, the calcium carbide purification ash had the highest indirect mineralization efficiency of 57.60%, and the sintering red mud had the highest direct wet mineralization efficiency of nearly 67.25%. The product of CO₂ indirect mineralization was rhombohedral calcite with a particle size of 2—5μm.

In this experiment, hypochlorite coupled with FeCl₃ flocculation was used to study the dewatering performance of sludge. The optimal pretreatment conditions were determined by single factor experiment. The mechanism of the pretreatment promoting the sludge dewatering performance was analyzed and clarified by using characterization methods such as zeta potential, protein polysaccharide, DNA content, magnetic field nuclear resonance, three-dimensional fluorescence and cell visualization. Pearson correlation analysis was used to further analyze the reasons for the improvement of sludge dewatering performance. The results showed that the sludge dewatering efficiency reached the highest when the dosage of NaClO was 50mg/g TS and FeCl₃ was 100mg/g TS. The specific resistance and CST of the original sludge decreased from 2.45×10¹²m/kg and 119.7s to 9.3×10¹¹m/kg and 27.9s, respectively. Sludge lost the most water and dehydrates the fastest. Under the combined action of oxidation and flocculation, the EPS structure of the sludge was destroyed, the sludge particles were loose, and the internal bound water was released. The increase of DNA content in sludge and the visualization analysis of sludge showed that the cell membrane of microorganism in the floc was destroyed, resulting in the release of intracellular water, thus improving the dehydration efficiency of activated sludge.

Ti/SnO₂-Sb/SnO₂-Sb-Mn electrode was prepared and characterized. The results showed that the intermediate layer played a great role in the electrochemical performance. The box-behnken model was used to optimize the electrochemical degradation of dye wastewater. The effect of electrolytic voltage, stirring rate and electrode span on degradation rate was quantitatively analyzed. A predictive model was established based on the degradation rate as the response value. The analysis showed that the selected mathematical model was well fitted, the influence factors followed the order: electrolytic voltage>electrode span>stirring rate. The optimum conditions were 4.8V, 320r/min, 1.5cm, and the predicted degradation rate could reach 99.3%. The predicted value of the model was close to the experimental data which illustrated the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposal method. This study could provide the technical guidance for the treatment of dyeing wastewater by electrocatalysis degradation.

Plastics are widely used in all corners of life because of their excellent plasticity, durability and corrosion resistance. However, the use of plastic in the process of plastic caused serious pollution to the environment due to difficult to degrade, low recycling rate and other shortcomings. In this paper, low-density polyethylene (LDPE) was used as raw material and nickel nitrate was used as catalyst precursor to prepare polyethylene plastics into high-value carbon nanotubes (CNTs) by one-step pyrolysis, and their structures and growth mechanisms were characterized and analyzed by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The effects of pyrolysis temperature (600—900℃) and nickel nitrate addition (0.5%—2.0%) on the structure and morphology of CNTs were investigated. The results indicated that the CNTs with good morphological structure were prepared at a temperature of 800℃ and the amount of nickel nitrate added was 1.0% of the mass of polyethylene plastic. The CNTs were multi-walled carbon nanotubes with high graphitization, the length was 5—15μm, the average outer diameter of the tubes was (28.43±0.56)nm, the average inner diameter was (11.03±0.61)nm and the layer spacing was 0.340nm, which was close to the optimal graphite layer spacing of carbon nanotubes (d=0.3354nm). The growth mechanism and model of CNTs were investigated by combining gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and the growth model of CNTs was dissected as the apical growth model. The prepared CNTs were used to remove microplastics from wastewater and showed good removal performance, realizing "waste to waste". In this study, LDPE were used as raw materials to obtain CNTs with excellent morphology and structure by one-step pyrolysis, which realized the high-quality utilization of plastics and provided a reference for the utilization of other similar wastes.

Phosphogypsum (PG) is one of the important industrial solid waste in the world, and its traditional storage method occupies a large area of land and damages the environment. The reduction of PG to CaS and CaO by thermochemical methods not only turns waste into treasure, but also alleviates environmental pollution. The common reducing agents are mainly lignite and sulfur, etc. However, the above reducing agents have the disadvantage of high cost. Therefore, this paper proposed to use coal gasification fine slag (CGFS) to reduce PG. The reduction behavior and reaction mechanism were explored by thermodynamic calculations, fluidized bed experiments and kinetic calculations. First, thermodynamic calculations showed that the reduction of PG by CGFS was fully feasible. The fluidized bed experiments revealed that when the target product was CaS, the optimized reaction conditions were that the temperature should be kept at 850—900℃ and the C/Ca molar ratio was 2—3, under which the PG can be completely decomposed. When the target product was CaO, the temperature should be kept at 950—1000℃ and the C/Ca molar ratio was 0.5—1, but it was difficult to decompose the PG completely under this condition. In addition, the mineral fraction in CGFS can significantly affect the decomposition rate of PG and the process was mainly related to the reactivity of CGFS. Then, by comparing four common carbon-based reducing agents, it was found that lignite had the highest decomposition efficiency for PG and the fine slag and coke had higher reactivity compared to graphite, which also facilitated the decomposition process of PG. In addition, increasing the C/Ca molar ratio and reaction temperature was able to reduce the gap between graphite and the other three reducing agents. Finally, the kinetic study of the CGFS reduction process of PG indicated that the reduction process was consistent with the shrinkage nucleation reaction model with the kinetic mechanism function G(α)=-ln(1-α) and apparent activation energy of 415.78—456.83kJ/mol. It was found by SEM-EDS that the reaction started from the boundary, gradually diffused to the core and finally formed a honeycomb structure. This study would provide a theoretical basis for the development of environmentally friendly reductant decomposition of PG.

In view of the low cost, environmentally friendly and high efficiency of biosynthetic materials in water environmental remediation, Ce-doped biogenic Fe/Mn oxides (Bio-FeMnCeO _x ) was prepared to degrade tetracycline hydrochloride (TC). The effects of preparation parameters (Ce dosage, cultivation time and polishing methods, i.e.) and procedure parameters (pH, PMS concentration, and Bio-FeMnCeO _x dosage, i.e.) of Bio-FeMnCeO _x on the degradation of TC by Bio-FeMnCeO _x activated PMS were explored. The main species and contribution of reactive oxygen of TC degradation were analyzed by free radical quenching experiments and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). The degradation pathway and mechanism of TC was confirmed and the cyclic stability of Bio-FeMnCeO _x were verified. The research results indicated that Bio-FeMnCeO _x was successfully prepared by biosynthesis, and it was used to activate PMS to degrade TC with good catalytic activity, and the degradation efficiency of TC could reach 93.75%. pH of 11.0, PMS concentration of 200mg/L, Bio-FeMnCeO _x dose of 100mg/L when the reaction time were 60min. The results of free radical quenching and EPR identification experiments indicated that the main active species in this system were ·SO{}_{\mathrm{4}}^{-} and ¹O₂. The cyclic stability experiment showed that Bio-FeMnCeO _x had good stability. The degradation efficiency of TC was still as high as 75.71% after 8 times repetition. The results of this study provide a new technology for antibiotic wastewater treatment.

Solid waste coal gasification slag (CGS) was used as an activator to construct coal gasification slag/persulfate (CGS/PDS) and coal gasification slag/ peroxymonosulfate (CGS/PMS) systems. The microstructure and elemental composition of CGS were characterized by means of field emission scanning electron microscopy. CGS surface functional groups were characterized using Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The effects of CGS dosage, PDS concentration, PMS concentration, and initial pH on phenol degradation rate were investigated. The activation pathway was speculated, and the oxidation mechanism was explored. The results showed that the Fe element content in CGS reached 11.9% and it contained multiple functional groups. With the increase of CGS dosage, the degradation efficiency of PDS and PMS for phenol gradually increased. When the dosage of CGS was 3.0g/L, the degradation rate of phenol reached 97.82% after 60min of reaction with 1.0mmol/L PDS, and 98.88% after 60min of reaction with 0.4mmol/L PMS. The degradation rates of phenol in both systems were highest at pH=3. The coexistence of Cl^- promoted the degradation of phenol in both systems, while the coexistence of NO₃^-, SO₄^2- and HCO₃^- inhibited the degradation of phenol. The CGS/PDS system produced ·SO₄^- and ·OH during the degradation of phenol, while the CGS/PMS system produced ·SO₄^-, ·OH, and ·O₂^-. However, ·SO₄^- dominated the degradation of phenol in both systems. The research can provide guidance for the high-value application of solid waste coal gasification slag, and also provide theoretical basis for the further application of coal gasification slag in water pollution control.