厌氧生物处理低浓度污水研究进展

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2020-1060

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

厌氧生物处理技术具有节能降耗及回收资源的优点，但在处理低浓度污水（COD<1000mg/L）时，污泥活性较差、处理效率偏低等问题使其应用受到严重限制。为促进厌氧生物处理低浓度污水技术的发展，本文在介绍微生物间电子传递类型和厌氧功能菌的基础上，阐明厌氧生物处理的作用机理；随后基于厌氧消化原理，探讨了温度、pH、挥发性脂肪酸（VFA）和氨氮等因素对厌氧生物处理的影响；接着从厌氧膜生物反应器、厌氧微生物活性及直接种间电子传递三个层面出发，对强化低浓度污水厌氧生物处理的方法进行归纳总结；最后从“耐饥饿”菌种的筛选和微生物活性强化途径角度展望了厌氧生物处理低浓度污水的发展趋势和研究方向，旨在为推广厌氧生物处理低浓度污水、加快污水中有机物的资源化利用提供参考。

关键词: 厌氧, 低浓度污水, 种间电子传递, 生物膜, 微生物活性, 生物技术

Abstract:

Anaerobic biological treatment technology has the advantages of energy saving and resource recovery, but in the treatment of low-strength sewage (COD<1000mg/L), its application is severely limited due to low sludge activity and low treatment efficiency. In order to promote the development of anaerobic treatment technology for low-strength sewage, the mechanism of anaerobic treatment was elucidated on the basis of introducing the types of electron transfer between microorganisms and anaerobic functional bacteria. Then, based on the principle of anaerobic digestion, the effects of temperature, pH, VFA and ammonia nitrogen on anaerobic treatment were discussed.Then, the methods of strengthening anaerobic biological treatment of low-strength sewage were summarized from three aspects: anaerobic membrane bioreactor, anaerobic microorganism activity and direct interspecies electron transfer. Finally, the development trend and research direction of anaerobic biological treatment of low-strength sewage were prospected from the perspective of screening of “hunger resistant” bacteria and strengthening of microbial activity, in order to provide reference for promoting anaerobic biological treatment of low-strength sewage and accelerating resource utilization of organic matter in sewage.

Key words: anaerobic, low-strength sewage, interspecies electron transfer, biofilm, microbial activity, biotechnology

中图分类号:

X703

田帅, 朱易春, 黄书昌, 连军锋, 秦欣欣, 任黎晔, 李鑫. 厌氧生物处理低浓度污水研究进展[J]. 化工进展, 2021, 40(4): 2338-2346.

TIAN Shuai, ZHU Yichun, HUANG Shuchang, LIAN Junfeng, QIN Xinxin, REN Liye, LI Xin. Research progress in anaerobic biological treatment of low-strength sewage[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2021, 40(4): 2338-2346.

图/表 3

表1 不同类型产甲烷菌的反应过程及代表菌属[8,10-11]

反应式	$Δ$ G/kJ mol^-1 CH₄	代表菌属
①还原CO₂型：利用H₂、甲酸、CO作为电子供体还原CO₂产CH₄
4H₂+CO₂ $→$ CH₄+2H₂O	-135	Methanothermus，Methanocaldococcus
4HCOOH $→$ CH₄+3CO₂+2H₂O	-130	Methanobacterium，Methanothermococcus
4CO+2H₂O $→$ CH₄+3CO₂	-196	Methanothermobacter，Methanosarcina
②甲基营养型：以H₂作为电子供体，还原甲基化合物中的甲基基团产CH₄；或通过甲基化合物自身的歧化作用产CH₄
4CH₃OH $→$ 3CH₄+CO₂+2H₂O	-105	Methanosarcina，Methanohalobium
CH₃OH+H₂ $→$ CH₄+H₂O	-113	Methanomicrococcus blatticola，Methanosphaera
2(CH₃)₂-S+2H₂O $→$ 3CH₄+CO₂+2H₂S	-49	Methanosalsum，Methanomethylovorans
4CH₃-NH₂+2H₂O $→$ 3CH₄+CO₂+4NH₃	-75	Methanococcoides，Methanosarcina
2(CH₃)₂-NH+2H₂O $→$ 3CH₄+CO₂+2NH₃	-73	Methanococcoides，Methanosarcina
4(CH₃)₃-N+6H₂O $→$ 9CH₄+3CO₂+4NH₃	-74	Methanosarcina，Methanohalobium
4CH₃NH₃Cl+2H₂O $→$ 3CH₄+CO₂+4NH₄Cl	-74	Methanosalsum，Methanohalophilus
③乙酸营养型：通过裂解乙酸，将乙酸的羧基氧化为CO₂，甲基还原为CH₄
CH₃COOH $→$ CH₄+CO₂	-33	Methanosarcina，Methanosaeta

表1 不同类型产甲烷菌的反应过程及代表菌属[8,10-11]

反应式	$Δ$ G/kJ mol^-1 CH₄	代表菌属
①还原CO₂型：利用H₂、甲酸、CO作为电子供体还原CO₂产CH₄
4H₂+CO₂ $→$ CH₄+2H₂O	-135	Methanothermus，Methanocaldococcus
4HCOOH $→$ CH₄+3CO₂+2H₂O	-130	Methanobacterium，Methanothermococcus
4CO+2H₂O $→$ CH₄+3CO₂	-196	Methanothermobacter，Methanosarcina
②甲基营养型：以H₂作为电子供体，还原甲基化合物中的甲基基团产CH₄；或通过甲基化合物自身的歧化作用产CH₄
4CH₃OH $→$ 3CH₄+CO₂+2H₂O	-105	Methanosarcina，Methanohalobium
CH₃OH+H₂ $→$ CH₄+H₂O	-113	Methanomicrococcus blatticola，Methanosphaera
2(CH₃)₂-S+2H₂O $→$ 3CH₄+CO₂+2H₂S	-49	Methanosalsum，Methanomethylovorans
4CH₃-NH₂+2H₂O $→$ 3CH₄+CO₂+4NH₃	-75	Methanococcoides，Methanosarcina
2(CH₃)₂-NH+2H₂O $→$ 3CH₄+CO₂+2NH₃	-73	Methanococcoides，Methanosarcina
4(CH₃)₃-N+6H₂O $→$ 9CH₄+3CO₂+4NH₃	-74	Methanosarcina，Methanohalobium
4CH₃NH₃Cl+2H₂O $→$ 3CH₄+CO₂+4NH₄Cl	-74	Methanosalsum，Methanohalophilus
③乙酸营养型：通过裂解乙酸，将乙酸的羧基氧化为CO₂，甲基还原为CH₄
CH₃COOH $→$ CH₄+CO₂	-33	Methanosarcina，Methanosaeta

图1 微生物种间电子传递机制

表2 厌氧处理适宜运行参数

影响因素	数值范围	参考文献
温度	30~40℃	[21]
pH	6.5~7.2	[22]
VFA	50~250mg·L^-1	[23]
总氨氮（TAN）	50~200mg·L^-1	[24]
C/N	20~30	[25]

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