直接空气二氧化碳捕集技术工业化进展

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2023-2211

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

直接空气捕集（DAC）是一种能够从大气中捕集二氧化碳的技术。本文介绍了DAC技术的发展历程、技术优缺点和发展前景，根据预测，到2050年，全球每年需要从大气中捕集超过9.8亿吨二氧化碳。综述了DAC技术的政策支持与资金投入现状，美国、加拿大、欧盟和英国等在内的国家和地区已经成为DAC技术研究、开发、示范和部署方面的先行者。分析了主流的DAC技术路线及其在工业化进程中的进展，目前最大的DAC工厂捕集量为4000t/a，并且正在规划建设百万吨级的商业化项目。指出了DAC技术需要关注的研究方向，未来应将重点放在技术的大规模部署、碳市场机制的建立和国际合作的加强上。需要进一步研究和发展DAC设备和系统，以降低成本、提高效率，并开发碳定价、碳交易和碳抵消等机制为DAC项目提供经济激励，促进投资和市场参与，同时加强国际合作，从而推动该技术的快速发展。

关键词: 环境, 二氧化碳, 直接空气捕集, 发展历程, 政策支持, 碳市场

Abstract:

Direct air capture (DAC) is a technology that can capture carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. This article introduces the development history, technical advantages and disadvantages, and development prospects of DAC technology. According to predictions, by 2050, the global annual demand for capturing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere will exceed 980 million tons. It reviewed the current status of policy support and funding for DAC technology. Countries and regions such as the United States, Canada, the European Union, and the United Kingdom have become pioneers in the research, development, demonstration, and deployment of DAC technology. The mainstream DAC technology routes and their progress in the industrialization process were analyzed. The current largest DAC plant had a capture capacity of 4000t/a, and there were plans to build million-ton commercial projects. It pointed out the research directions that DAC technology needs to focus on, suggesting that future efforts should focus on large-scale deployment of the technology, establishing carbon market mechanisms, and strengthening international cooperation. Further research and development of DAC equipment and systems are needed to reduce costs, improve efficiency, and develop mechanisms such as carbon pricing, carbon trading, and carbon offsetting to provide economic incentives for DAC projects, promote investment and market participation, and strengthen international cooperation, thus accelerating the rapid development of this technology.

Key words: environment, carbon dioxide, DAC, development process, policy support, carbon trading market

中图分类号:

周爱国, 郑家乐, 杨川箬, 杨小艺, 赵俊德, 李兴春. 直接空气二氧化碳捕集技术工业化进展[J]. 化工进展, 2024, 43(6): 2928-2939.

ZHOU Aiguo, ZHENG Jiale, YANG Chuanruo, YANG Xiaoyi, ZHAO Junde, LI Xingchun. Industrial progress in direct air CO₂ capture technology[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2024, 43(6): 2928-2939.

图/表 12

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政策与基金	具体内容
美国
45Q法案	该法案将为DAC提供180USD/tCO₂的税收抵免。
加州低碳燃料标准	世界上任何地方的DAC项目符合碳捕获和封存协议的要求，就有资格获得LCFS积分。2020年，LCFS积分的平均交易价格约为200USD/tCO₂。
基础设施投资与就业法案	该法案提供35亿美元的资金用于建立四个DAC中心（每年1×10⁶t CO₂及以上）以及相关的运输和储存基础设施。DAC项目还有资格获得法案中约5亿美元的额外资金支持。
负碳计划	该计划旨在促进采用创新技术和方法，在未来十年内以低于100USD/tCO₂的价格从大气中移除二氧化碳，并实现大规模部署。
能源部资助计划	该计划宣布了多个专门针对DAC的资金计划，金额分别为2200万美元、1500万美元、2400万美元和1450万美元。
加拿大
气候行动与意识基金	该基金将投资1.64亿美元用于支持旨在减少加拿大温室气体排放的项目，包括DAC技术。
“净零加速器”计划	该计划旨在通过提供总额为64亿美元的资金，在未来七年内支持工业部门的脱碳工作。其中，DAC结合二氧化碳利用被视为一种能够提供低碳产品的有效途径。
清洁燃料标准	该标准要求液体燃料供应商逐步减少其生产和销售的燃料的碳强度。低碳强度燃料包括通过BECCS和DAC等制造的燃料。
自然资源部2021年预算	在未来七年内，将拨款2.54亿美元用于资助研发和开发工作，以提高包括DAC在内的CCUS的商业可行性。
欧盟
欧洲地平线	该计划是欧盟主要的研究和创新资助计划，总预算约为1130亿美元，DAC技术是支持方向之一。
创新基金	该基金总预算约为118亿美元，旨在支持包括CCUS和DAC技术在内的低碳技术和过程创新。
可持续碳循环通讯	该文件详细说明了一项增加大气中碳移除的战略。根据文件建议，到2030年，每年应从空气中捕集5×10⁶t二氧化碳。
英国
温室气体移除竞赛	该竞赛将为能够从大气中去除温室气体的技术提供资金支持，总预算高达1.37亿美元。
净零战略	该战略旨在到2050年通过DAC和BECCS移除（7.5~8.1）×10⁷t二氧化碳。此外，DAC技术可能会获得2.48亿美元用于支持可持续航空燃料的生产。

政策与基金	具体内容
美国
45Q法案	该法案将为DAC提供180USD/tCO₂的税收抵免。
加州低碳燃料标准	世界上任何地方的DAC项目符合碳捕获和封存协议的要求，就有资格获得LCFS积分。2020年，LCFS积分的平均交易价格约为200USD/tCO₂。
基础设施投资与就业法案	该法案提供35亿美元的资金用于建立四个DAC中心（每年1×10⁶t CO₂及以上）以及相关的运输和储存基础设施。DAC项目还有资格获得法案中约5亿美元的额外资金支持。
负碳计划	该计划旨在促进采用创新技术和方法，在未来十年内以低于100USD/tCO₂的价格从大气中移除二氧化碳，并实现大规模部署。
能源部资助计划	该计划宣布了多个专门针对DAC的资金计划，金额分别为2200万美元、1500万美元、2400万美元和1450万美元。
加拿大
气候行动与意识基金	该基金将投资1.64亿美元用于支持旨在减少加拿大温室气体排放的项目，包括DAC技术。
“净零加速器”计划	该计划旨在通过提供总额为64亿美元的资金，在未来七年内支持工业部门的脱碳工作。其中，DAC结合二氧化碳利用被视为一种能够提供低碳产品的有效途径。
清洁燃料标准	该标准要求液体燃料供应商逐步减少其生产和销售的燃料的碳强度。低碳强度燃料包括通过BECCS和DAC等制造的燃料。
自然资源部2021年预算	在未来七年内，将拨款2.54亿美元用于资助研发和开发工作，以提高包括DAC在内的CCUS的商业可行性。
欧盟
欧洲地平线	该计划是欧盟主要的研究和创新资助计划，总预算约为1130亿美元，DAC技术是支持方向之一。
创新基金	该基金总预算约为118亿美元，旨在支持包括CCUS和DAC技术在内的低碳技术和过程创新。
可持续碳循环通讯	该文件详细说明了一项增加大气中碳移除的战略。根据文件建议，到2030年，每年应从空气中捕集5×10⁶t二氧化碳。
英国
温室气体移除竞赛	该竞赛将为能够从大气中去除温室气体的技术提供资金支持，总预算高达1.37亿美元。
净零战略	该战略旨在到2050年通过DAC和BECCS移除（7.5~8.1）×10⁷t二氧化碳。此外，DAC技术可能会获得2.48亿美元用于支持可持续航空燃料的生产。

吸附剂种类	优势	劣势
炭基吸附剂	原料来源广泛，成本低廉，稳定性高	吸附容量低
纳米氧化铝	制备简单，低亲水性和高耐热性	吸附容量低，解吸温度高，耗能大
沸石吸附剂	原料来源广泛，成本低廉	水分会降低其CO₂吸附能力或提高其解吸温度
MOFs	比表面积高，孔隙率高，结构可调	价格高昂，遇水结构易塌陷
固态胺吸附剂	比表面积高、孔径可调控	有机胺接枝率和负载牢固性有待提高
变湿吸附剂	变湿过程能耗低	吸附容量低

吸附剂种类	优势	劣势
炭基吸附剂	原料来源广泛，成本低廉，稳定性高	吸附容量低
纳米氧化铝	制备简单，低亲水性和高耐热性	吸附容量低，解吸温度高，耗能大
沸石吸附剂	原料来源广泛，成本低廉	水分会降低其CO₂吸附能力或提高其解吸温度
MOFs	比表面积高，孔隙率高，结构可调	价格高昂，遇水结构易塌陷
固态胺吸附剂	比表面积高、孔径可调控	有机胺接枝率和负载牢固性有待提高
变湿吸附剂	变湿过程能耗低	吸附容量低

循环工艺	代表公司	优点	缺点
变温真空吸附	Antecy；Climeworks	工艺简单	再生周期长、能耗高
蒸汽辅助变温真空吸附	莫纳什大学；中国石油集团	再生温度低、能耗低	吸附剂需耐水、控制复杂
变湿吸附	Infinitree；浙江大学	工艺简单、能耗低	产品CO₂浓度低