二氧化碳捕集技术研究和工程示范进展

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2023-0730

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

捕集、封存（CCS）/捕集、利用和封存（CCUS）技术是缓解日趋严重气候问题的有效措施，其中CO₂捕集是CCS/CCUS技术中的关键环节。经过多年发展，以乙醇胺为代表以及在此基础上发展起来的多氨基胺、位阻胺、离子液体等化学胺吸收碳捕集技术逐渐成熟，此类技术已开展或正在进行大型试验或工业示范。科研机构已经完成了技术评审（TR）的关键节点验证，积累了丰富的经验。本文结合具体案例简要介绍了包括燃烧前、富氧燃烧、化学链燃烧和燃烧后捕集技术的进展情况，分析了各类技术目前存在的主要问题，并提出了影响CO₂捕集技术大范围推广的关键因素。捕集能耗高、设备投资和维护成本高、产生的废弃物量大是影响捕集成本的主要因素。此外，捕集的CO₂主要还是用于驱油和埋存，尚不成熟的CO₂化工转化技术生产的产品竞争力比较弱。

关键词: 二氧化碳捕集, 放大, 吸收, 吸附, 工程示范

Abstract:

CCS/CCUS is an effective way to alleviate the increasing serious environmental problems and CO₂ capture is an important part of CCS/CCUS. Through decades of sustained development, the chemical amine carbon capture technologies represented by MEA, and the subsequent developed polyamino amines, steric hindrance amines and ionic liquids technologies are gradually maturing, and many of them have been carried out or are undergoing large scale pilot test or industrial demonstration. The research institutions have achieved the key node validation of Technical Review (TR) and accumulated rich experiences. In this review, the pre-combustion, the Oxy-combustion, the chemical looping combustion and the post-combustion capture technologies were briefly introduced with some specific cases, and the main problems with different technologies were analyzed. High capture energy consumption, high equipment investment and maintenance spends, and large amount of wastes were the main factors influencing the capture cost. Moreover, the captured CO₂was mainly used for enhanced oil recovery or sequestration, and the immature CO₂ conversion technologies still cannot produce competitive products in the market.

Key words: CO₂ capture, scale-up, absorption, adsorption, engineering demonstration

中图分类号:

X701

刘克峰, 刘陶然, 蔡勇, 胡雪生, 董卫刚, 周华群, 高飞. 二氧化碳捕集技术研究和工程示范进展[J]. 化工进展, 2024, 43(6): 2901-2914.

LIU Kefeng, LIU Taoran, CAI Yong, HU Xuesheng, DONG Weigang, ZHOU Huaqun, GAO Fei. Progress in research and engineering demonstration of CO₂ capture technology[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2024, 43(6): 2901-2914.

图/表 6

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二氧化碳气源	体积分数/%
燃煤富氧燃烧	＞80
燃煤锅炉烟道气	14~19
天然气锅炉烟道气	7~8
天然气联合循环装置	4
天然气部分氧化	40
焦炭及重油锅炉	10~17
催化裂化烟气	13~16
水泥、石灰窑烟气	15~45
炼钢烟气	18~21

二氧化碳气源	体积分数/%
燃煤富氧燃烧	＞80
燃煤锅炉烟道气	14~19
天然气锅炉烟道气	7~8
天然气联合循环装置	4
天然气部分氧化	40
焦炭及重油锅炉	10~17
催化裂化烟气	13~16
水泥、石灰窑烟气	15~45
炼钢烟气	18~21

序号	项目名称	所在国家地区	开始时间	项目规模/MW	碳捕集技术
1	HECA IGCC电站	美国	2019年	400	低温甲醇洗（rectisol）
2	Vresova IGCC电站	捷克	1996年	400	低温甲醇洗（rectisol）
3	福建炼油乙烯IGCC项目	中国	2009年	280	低温甲醇洗（rectisol）
4	ELCOGAS IGCC电站	西班牙	2003年	14	化学吸收（MDEA）
5	华能天津IGCC电站	中国	2012年	250	化学吸收（MDEA）
6	Western Power’s Taean IGCC电站	韩国	2016年	300	化学吸收^①
7	Edwardsport IGCC电站	美国	2013年	618	物理吸收（selexol）^②
8	HRL IDGCC示范项目^②	澳大利亚	2009年	—	化学吸收法、膜法、吸附法

序号	项目名称	所在国家地区	开始时间	项目规模/MW	碳捕集技术
1	HECA IGCC电站	美国	2019年	400	低温甲醇洗（rectisol）
2	Vresova IGCC电站	捷克	1996年	400	低温甲醇洗（rectisol）
3	福建炼油乙烯IGCC项目	中国	2009年	280	低温甲醇洗（rectisol）
4	ELCOGAS IGCC电站	西班牙	2003年	14	化学吸收（MDEA）
5	华能天津IGCC电站	中国	2012年	250	化学吸收（MDEA）
6	Western Power’s Taean IGCC电站	韩国	2016年	300	化学吸收^①
7	Edwardsport IGCC电站	美国	2013年	618	物理吸收（selexol）^②
8	HRL IDGCC示范项目^②	澳大利亚	2009年	—	化学吸收法、膜法、吸附法

序号	项目名称	所在国家地区	时间	项目规模/MW	压缩分离供应方
1	Schwarze Pumpe燃煤富氧燃烧示范项目^①	德国	2014年	30	Linda/Air Product
2	Callide富氧燃烧项目	澳大利亚	2011年	30	Air Liquid
3	CIUDEN循环流化床富氧燃烧项目	西班牙	2012年	30	Air Liquid
4	Meredosia富氧燃烧示范项目^②	美国	2016年	167	Air Product
5	Doosan富氧燃烧示范项目	英国	2009年	40	Air Product
6	华科3MW富氧燃烧全流程工业试验	中国	2012年	3	四川空分
7	华科35MW富氧燃烧全流程工业试验	中国	2015年	35	—