The development status of hydrogen production technology from coal, natural gas, methanol and hydrogen recovery from industrial byproducts was analyzed in detail. The production cost and economy of several hydrogen production technologies from fossil raw materials were studied and compared, and the development prospect of hydrogen production technology from fossil raw materials was deeply considered. The conclusion was that coal hydrogen production technology had excellent resources. Coal-based hydrogen production was the preferred technology for large-scale hydrogen production because of its potential and cost advantages. Natural gas-based hydrogen production had great development potential, but there were problems of resource constraints and high cost. By-product hydrogen recovery was a potential hydrogen production mode in the future. Methanol-based hydrogen production was flexible in scale, but it had shortcomings of high equipment cost and poor stability. Under the current situation that new energy hydrogen production technologies such as solar energy were not yet mature, hydrogen production from fossil raw materials will play a major role. In the future, hydrogen industry will be the supply pattern of coexistence and diversified development of various ways of hydrogen production from fossil raw materials， electrolytic water and new energy.

Phase change heat transfer is a complex process for the gas-liquid phase transition. This process will trigger the phase change corrosion such as condensate-droplet corrosion, bubble corrosion and multiphase flow corrosion. Almost present researches focused on the vapor-liquid phase change corrosion are carried out mainly through characterizing the corrosion products without consideration of the effect of latent heat variation and interface change on the corrosion during the phase change process. In this paper, the study on vapor-liquid phase change corrosion was systematically reviewed in terms of the mechanism of phase-change corrosion and the corrosion protection firstly to summarize the existing problems. Secondly, the corrosion prediction models were outlined with the differences of application conditions, advantages and disadvantages, in order to provide a reference or principle for corrosion determination and further control. Finally, it was pointed out that the problem of interface corrosion in the phase change heat exchange process was the hot spot of the future research.

Dynamic characteristics affects the operational reliability of non-contacting mechanical seals, which involves the complex relationship between the system of non-contact mechanical seals, excitation and response. Hence, it is one of the hot topics of current research. In this paper, the development of non-contact mechanical seals dynamics at home and abroad in the past 40 years was reviewed. The research status of dynamic response theory and experiment and application of non-contact mechanical seals system was analyzed. The response of the input load to rotating and stationary rings’ displacement based on the structural dynamic characteristics of the non-contact mechanical seal system was studied. The characteristics of the fluid film thickness response, and the identification method of the stiffness and damping of the fluid film, the natural frequencies and mode shapes of the system were discussed. The shortcomings of the existing dynamics studies was found as well. It is pointed out that coupling response of multi-frequency excitation, collision mechanism of rotating and stationary rings, non-linear identification method of dynamic parameters, intelligence, significant influence factors analysis and research on non-contact seals performance test under high parameter conditions should be taken more efforts in the future.

The traditional kernel principal component analysis (KPCA) is a widely used nonlinear chemical process fault detection method, but it is often difficult to detect the incipient fault in the process effectively because it does not make full use of the probability distribution information of process data. Aiming at the limitations of the traditional KPCA method, a new incipient fault detection method of nonlinear chemical process based on weighted probability related KPCA (WPRKPCA) was proposed. Different from the traditional KPCA method monitoring the change of kernel components, the WPRKPCA uses Kullback Leibler divergence (KLD) to measure the variations of the probability distribution of the kernel components, and then establishes a statistical monitoring model based on KLD components to fully exploit the probability information contained in the process data. Taking into account the difference of fault information carried by different KLD components, the WPRKPCA designs an exponential weighting strategy based on kernel density estimation (KDE). The different weights are assigned to enhance the incipient fault detection sensitivity of the monitoring model according to the difference of fault information described by the KLD component. The simulation results on a numerical example and the continuous stirred reactor (CSTR) system showed that the WPRKPCA has better performance than the traditional KPCA for the detection of incipient faults.

In steam active reforming (STAR) propane dehydrogenation technology, the reaction effluent contains considerable permanent gases, e.g., H₂ and CH₄. Accordingly, the liquefaction needs to be operating at high pressure and low temperature (3.30MPa for shallow condensation at -24℃ and cryogenic condensation at -78℃), which is extremely energy-intensive. Besides, the by-product hydrogen, coexisting with CH₄, is poor in concentration and disable to be used directly for refining processes. In this research, a retrofit with membrane unit embedding between the shallow and the cryogenic condensation units was attempted. Prism-Ⅱ membrane modules were employed to remove H₂ sufficiently with the content in permeate up to 99.0%, and the residual stream was further compressed and liquefied through cryogenic condensation. The optimum operation parameters were determined through process simulation in HYSYS system. It is proper to conduct shallow condensation at 2.40MPa and -24℃, and operate cryogenic condensation at 3.30MPa and -78℃. The simulation results revealed that the power for compression can be saved by 16.1%, meanwhile, hydrogen concentration can be improved from 82.8% to 99.0% with the recovery ratio up to 85%. The techno-economic analysis based on the retrofit for a 350kt/a STAR plant revealed that the optimum Prism-Ⅱ membrane area is about 2680m², the total compression power is decreased from 6850kW to 5750kW, which means a saving of 5.72×10⁶CNY/a for utilities. The annual equipment depreciation increases by only 0.61×10⁶CNY, and H₂ yield is about 1.23×10⁸m³/a. In virtue of energy saving, new equipment depreciation and hydrogen purification, the annual gross profit can be increased by 8.7×10⁷CNY for a 350kt/a STAR plant. On the whole, the energy efficiency and the profit of STAR technology can be obviously enhanced through the retrofit with embedded hydrogen membrane separation.

High back-pressure(HBP)heating method can expand the heating capacity of the unit by recovering the exhaust heat and reducing the available energy losses of the extract steam, which is of high energy conversion efficiency. The low-pressure rotor adopts the double-rotor interchange technology and the back-pressure is high during the heating season, the low-pressure cylinder’s thermal characteristics are changed. Therefore, a thermodynamic system model for a 300MW high back-pressure heating unit was established, the effect of the extraction parameter change on the additional unit consumption of the low-pressure heater was calculated and analyzed, and the additional unit consumption during the heating season through parameter optimization was reduced. The optimal optimization effect was obtained when the extraction pressures of the five sections and six sections were 0.3591MPa and 0.1559MPa, and the temperature rise of the low-pressure heaters at all levels was reasonable because of the lower heat transfer end difference. After optimization, the power generation of the unit was increased by 507kW, the exergy loss was reduced by 575.5kW, and the additional unit consumption was reduced by 0.3121g/(kW·h). Based on this, the low-pressure cylinder’s flow section of the high-pressure heating unit was subjected to thermal calculation, the pressure drop of each low-pressure cylinder’ blades was re-allocated to increase the flow efficiency of the low-pressure cylinder. The results showed that by optimizing the low-pressure heat recovery system and the through-flow part, the efficiency of the low-pressure cylinder increases to 0.9250, and the unit output increases by 3068.49kW.

Laminar flow is dominant in a microfluidic channel because of the low Reynolds number, so it is difficult to mix the fluids in the microchannel quickly and effectively. To solve this problem, a fast and homogenized mixing application through the use of a bubble-based microfluidic structure actuated by acoustic was reported. The effect of acoustically actuated bubbles on fluid mixing was studied. The flow characteristic of micro-scale fluid under surface acoustic waves was explored. The flow situation and mixing efficiency of different microchannel heights, inlet flow rate, bubble distance and arrangement were analyzed. The results showed that the fluid pressure change caused by bubble under acoustic actuation would have better mixing in fluids when the microchannel height is low. When the inlet flow rate is small, the time that the fluid is disturbed near the bubble will be longer, the mixing efficiency could be higher. When the inlet flow rate increases, shorter time is needed for fluid to flow through the microchannel, the two fluids change flow direction only near the bubble, and no mixing occurs. When the bubble radius is large, the vortex disturbance is enhanced and the mixing efficiency is improved. The mixing effect of two bubbles on the fluid is much greater than that of one single bubble, and the distance between the bubbles has no effect on the mixing efficiency. When the height of the microchannel is low, the mixing efficiencies of the two bubbles on the same side and different side are closed. As the height of the microchannel increases, the difference of the mixing effect between the two arrangements gradually appears. Better mixing were achieved with bubbles arranged on the different sides of the microchannel.

Based on the difficulty of starting pulsating heat pipes (PHP) at low heating power, a zeotropic immiscible mixture was proposed. The low boiling point working fluid has low latent heat, low specific heat and high density, while the high boiling point working fluid has high latent heat, high specific heat and low density. Water was chosen as high boiling point working fluid and HFE-7100 as low boiling point working fluid. The two working fluids were mixed in proportion of 4∶1, 2∶1, 1∶1, 1∶2 and 1∶4, respectively. The start-up characteristics of different mixing ratio refrigerants at different filling rates and heating powers were studied experimentally. The results showed that compared with water, the low latent heat of vaporization and high (dp/dT)_sat of HFE-7100 could accelerate the formation of bubbles in evaporation section and the start-up of PHP. Compared with pure working fluid, zeotropic immiscible mixtures were equivalent to shortening the effective length of PHP and speeding up system start-up. Under low heating power, pure working fluid PHP cannot start, but mixture PHP could start normally, and the starting speed was faster when the mixing ratio was 2∶1, 1∶1 and 1∶2. Under the high heating power, the starting speed was the fastest when the mixing ratio was 2∶1. At the same time, the start-up effect of PHP with zeotropic immiscible mixtures was the best when the filling rate was 30%.

Taking spiral flow-guided hydrocyclone as the research object, the power law fluid model and the discrete phase model (DPM) were used to calculate the separation performance under different polymer concentrations. The hydrocyclone flow field (velocity field, pressure field) and oil droplet migration characteristics were analyzed in detail, and the corresponding separation characteristics test was carried out by high-speed camera technology. It was found that when the polymer concentration is 0, the oil droplets have obvious emulsification effect, and the measured efficiency is 81.7%. After the concentration increases, the emulsification effect is weakened, the oil droplets are dispersed in the hydrocyclone, the center oil core disappears, and the efficiency drops sharply. At 4000mg/L, the hydrocyclone has no separation effect. The increase of concentration has little effect on the pressure drop. The maximum increase of the underflow pressure drop is 5.6%. The maximum pressure drop does not exceed 200kPa. Analysis showed that the decrease in efficiency is related to the attenuation of the tangential velocity and the decrease of the radial pressure gradient. The distance at which the oil droplet moves axially downward increases as the concentration increases. The oil droplets tend to move toward the outer wall surface of the hydrocyclone, and the separation time increases.

The temperature distribution uniformity of impact surface formed by non-isothermal liquid-liquid impinging process was studied in this paper. Taking temperature unevenness coefficient and temperature distribution as the evaluation criterion, the impinging process was numerically simulated by using the mixture model. The numerical results were verified by the visualization experiments based on the technology of PLIF(planar laser induced fluorescence). Temperature distribution of the impact surface was studied by different velocities(v), nozzles distance(L) and turbulent kinetic energy. The results showed that temperature unevenness coefficient will decrease with the increase of velocity when the diameter and nozzels distance were fixed. Temperature distribution of impact surface decreases with the increase of nozzles distance when the nozzle diameter and velocity are constant. Temperature distribution interval is the smallest when L=3D, and the uniformity is the best. The more stable the distribution curve of turbulent kinetic energy is, the more uniformity temperature distribution of the impact surface is.

The 5m³ resin reactor equipped with an improved frame type-two oblique double layer combined impellers was scaled down，and its calculation model was established. The flow field in the mentioned stirred tank was numerically investigated by using multi-reference frame method based on the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation code Fluent, and the simulation results were validated by PIV experiments. The effects on the flow field arising from the installation height of impellers (C₁), the distance between two impellers (C₂) as well as the installation angle of combined impeller (β) were investigated. With the increase of C₁, the axial flow from the beam of frame impeller to the bottom of the stirred tank will gradually decrease, which is not conducive to the mixing of the materials in the bottom of the tank. The increase of C₂ leads to the weakening of convection between the two propellers, which is not conducive to the mixing of fluid between the two propellers. When the ratio of propeller spacing to vessel diameter is 0.77, the overall flow in the stirred tank is better. The flow field characteristics of the blade installation angles of 0°, 45°and 90°show that the axial flow intensity produced by the inclined blade is the largest when β is 90°, and the mixing effect of the fluid in the stirred tank is the best. The results provide a reference for the application of the improved frame type-two oblique double layer combined impeller in the practical engineering of resin polymerization reaction.

The utilization of abundant C₄ resources in China is mainly in olefins. This paper introduces the sources, production and the main utilization ways of C₄ hydrocarbons in China. In order to meet the stringent environmental requirements, most merhyl tert-butyl ether （MTBE） plants in China will be shut down soon. The superposition-hydrogenation process is a new technology to replace the MTBE one in the production of isooctane. According to different reaction principles of the superposition-hydrogenation processes, this paper comprehensively analyzes the technological characteristics, catalyst types and key indicators of several typical industrial superposition-hydrogenation processes. The research progress of superposition-hydrogenation catalysts is deeply discussed and the development prospects and shortcomings of current superposition-hydrogenation processes are reviewed. The research shows that the superposition-hydrogenation is an important way to deal with the surplus of C₄ hydrocarbon resources, and to improve the quality of gasoline.

Microalgae are more adaptable and photosynthetic than terrestrial oil crops, and have important applications in carbon dioxide emission reduction, water pollution control and bio-based jet fuels. In this paper, the influencing factors of large scale cultivation of microalgae for energy production are summarized. Firstly, four aspects including biological factors, climate factors, technological factors and site selection factors are introduced, and the development status of land, water resources and new technology for microalgae cultivation are mainly introduced. Moreover, the technical difficulties and obstacles in large scale cultivation of microalgae are put forward. On the basis, the problems and challenges faced by the development of microalgae-based biofuels are analyzed in terms of Chinese conditions, and potential production capacity and suitable areas for energy microalgae cultivation in China are discussed. Furthermore, the development of microalgae-based biofuels in China is also prospected.

Ammonia borane is one of the most promising hydrogen storage materials because of its high hydrogen-storage density (152.9g/L), mild hydrogen release conditions, non-toxicity, and easy storage and transportation for stable solid state at room temperature. In this paper, the recent progresses of ammonia borane for hydrogen production by thermolysis, methanolysis and hydrolysis in the presence of different catalysts and regeneration of ammonia borane by recycling the by-products are reviewed. The research on thermolysis of ammonia borane mainly focuses on reducing temperature and inhibiting the formation of gaseous by-products. The research hotspots of hydrogen production by hydrolysis or alcoholysis of ammonia borane are binary or ternary non-precious metal nano core shell or supported catalysts. Compared with ammonia borane thermolysis, hydrolysis or methanolysis are more practical ways of hydrogen generation from ammonia borane due to mild conditions and rapid hydrogen generation rate. The biggest challenge of ammonia borane as a hydrogen storage material is its regeneration problem. The by-product from ammonia borane decomposition and dehydrogenation cannot be directly hydrogenated to regenerate ammonia borane, and it is necessary to carry out regeneration off-board through a series of reactions. It is suggested that the regeneration of ammonia borane will be the focus in the future research.

Solar energy is the most abundant clean energy in the world, and is regarded as the key to solve the problem of fossil energy shortage. However, the intermittentity of solar energy largely restricts its use scenarios, and the thermochemical process of solar energy can effectively mitigate the impact of solar intermittentity. In the process of solar thermochemistry, the performance of the reactor directly affects the effect of the reaction. Taking the solar methane reforming process as an example, three types of methane reforming were introduced, and their advantages and disadvantages and engineering applications were introduced, respectively. Then, several common solar methane reforming reactors were briefly described in terms of structure, working principle and research progress. It included the introduction of the most common cavity reactor, membrane reactor, rotating reactor, fluidized bed reactor and other novel ones. In conclusion, the author proposes that the next stage of research on solar methane reforming reactor should focus on the design of multi-functional reactor and the promotion of cross-disciplinary research.

Refractory brick which is usually used as high-temperature furnace material has high crushing strength and high agglomeration resistance. In this work, a type of high-alumina refractory brick particles were used as support material for Cu-based oxygen carrier preparation. Three samples containing 10%—30% of CuO, denoted as Cu10RefBri, Cu25RefBri and Cu30RefBri, were prepared with successive impregnation method and then subjected to the tests in TGA and fluidized bed reactor under 900—950℃ to explore their characteristics on oxygen release and uptake. The Cu25RefBri sample showed the highest rate of oxygen release in TGA tests (as high as 9×10^-5kgO₂/(s?kgOC)), thus presented a stable O₂ volume fraction of 1.1%. However, as the number of cycles increased , the rate of oxygen release decreased to as low as 2.0×10^-5kgO₂/(s?kgOC), meanwhile the O₂ volume fraction reduced to 0.7%, which is much lower than that for equilibrium case. The main reason for the decrease of oxygen release activity could be the formation of low-reactive crystalline CuAl₂O₄, the concentration of which increased as a function of cycles. Moreover, agglomeration of Cu25RefBri was noticed at a temperature of 950℃ in the fluidized bed reactor.

It is essential to upgrade the biogas in order to meet the standard for downstream users. The integrated unit of methanation coupling with water gas shift could simultaneously reduce the CO content and increase the heating value of biogas. As a result, it is crucial to develop the corresponding bifunctional catalysts which can catalyze water gas shift and methanation simultaneously. On the basis of the widely developed catalysts for methanation or water gas shift, the bifunctional catalysts have also been preliminarily investigated. In this paper, the research progress of bifunctional catalysts for methanation coupling with water gas shift is reviewed from three aspects of catalyst composition, preparation method and reaction mechanism. The active metals, promoters and the support of the catalyst are introduced. The traditional preparation methods including impregnation and coprecipitation are compared with some novel methods such as flame combustion and plasma decomposition. Besides, the conclusion and prospect are also made. The promising preparation of the bifunctional catalysts is to selectively add promoters and to utilize cheap minerals as catalyst support. Various characterization techniques and theoretical calculations would be helpful to understand the mechanism of water gas shift coupling with methanation.

Cadmium is a transition metal located in group Ⅱ_B, which is similar to the zinc, an element commonly used in photocatalysts. Besides sharing some properties of zinc, cadmium also has other excellent optical properties, so it has a wide application prospect. This paper reviews the application of cadmium compounds in photocatalysis, and introduces the photocatalysis principle of semiconductors, the synthesis methods of new cadmium contained catalysts, and the influence of doping amount on the catalytic activity. At the same time, the causes of catalyst activity change were also analyzed. Finally, the hazards of cadmium and its treatment measures were introduced. Through the analysis of ionic cadmium, cadmium oxide, cadmium sulfide and other cadmium compounds, we found that the introduction of the appropriate amount of cadmium and its compounds will change the structure or properties of the whole catalytic system, and enhance the catalytic activity through synergistic effect. However, at present, such catalysts are facing great challenges in industrial application, and further research is needed on designing simple synthesis methods, improving the quantum efficiency and stability of catalysts, and exploring the catalytic mechanism.

The great amount of ethanol production and its limited blending ratio in gasoline stimulates the conversion of ethanol to value-added chemicals. Due to the unique physical and chemical properties of butanol, one-step conversion of ethanol to butanol has gained great attention. Herein, the recent progresses in catalytic conversion of ethanol to butanol were summarized, and the effects of different homogeneous catalysts, hydroxyapatites, oxides and metal enhanced oxide catalysts on ethanol conversion and butanol selectivity were clarified. The direct and Guerbet routes over typical catalysts were discussed, and the problems, opportunities and challenges in the conversion of ethanol to butanol were highlighted. It is suggested that the future research on ethanol conversion should be focused on the butanol selectivity control at high ethanol conversions. By using the strategies of homogeneous catalysts and the results of in situ reaction mechanism study, more robust catalysts should be designed to achieve the high ethanol conversion and butanol selectivity.

At present, air pollution such as haze has attracted great attention. Using efficient and inexpensive catalytic purification materials is one of the cores of pollution control technologies, and the development is of great significance. The novel monolithic catalyst prepared from flexible materials has become an emerging hot spot because of its high catalytic activity, simple processing and molding, flexible application, and easy in-situ regeneration. This paper describes the characteristics and applications of the catalysts based on flexible materials such as metal foams, organic foams and fibers. The typical synthesis process of the above flexible supported catalysts and their catalytic performance and the purification mechanism for gaseous pollutants (such as NO_x, toluene, formaldehyde, etc.) are highlighted. The application results of flexible supported catalysts in the field of denitrification are reviewed, including the mechanism of sulfur and water resistance, the synergistic dedusting and denitrification capacity of fiber filter catalysts and the high catalytic performance of carbon foam catalysts. By summarizing and analyzing the research results, application status and practical application of flexible supported catalysts, we further prospect the research direction, emphasis and difficulty in the field of environmental catalytic purification. improving the catalyst’s cohesiveness, activity, stability and matching design and optimization of moving bed reactor-catalyst will be the focus of the research and development of flexible and efficient integrated catalysts. Such catalysts could provide technical supports for the catalytic purification of the tail gas from small and medium-sized coal-fired furnaces.

Formaldehyde is regarded as the world’s No.1 indoor hazardous substances because of its wide pollution range, long enduring time and great harm. In this paper, a self-assembly method to fabricate MnO_x (MnO_x/SiO₂ catalyst) onto the surface of SiO₂ is presented, and then the catalyst was used for the catalytic oxidation of formaldehyde at low temperature. XRD, SEM-EDS, TEM and BET measurements have shown that the MnO_x had an amorphous structure and were evenly distributed on the surface of SiO₂. The effects of the MnO_x dosage and calcinating temperature on the activity of the catalysts were evaluated. The optimization results showed that the amorphous catalyst of the 13% MnO_x/SiO₂ have a higher specific surface area (164.85m²/g) with many active sites（Mn³⁺, 75.6%）, which was beneficial for the adsorption and activation of formaldehyde. Continuous tests showed that the catalyst was able to maintain over 80% removal efficiency after 6 hours, which confirmed the good low-temperature catalytic activity of the amorphous catalyst. Moreover, the formate species on the catalyst can decompose at high temperature, which realizes the regeneration of catalyst. The formaldehyde removal efficiency was up to 90% when temperature reached 90℃.

Magnetic nanofluids as heat transfer media have great potential for being used in efficient and controllable energy transfer. In this paper, recent investigations on convective heat transfer and boiling heat transfer of magnetic nanofluids under an external magnetic field were reviewed and summarized. It was focused on the experimental studies including forced convection, mixed convection, natural convection, pool boiling and tube boiling. The effects of magnetic field type, intensity, gradient, frequency, direction and magnet position on flow and heat transfer of magnetic nanofluids were analyzed. It is pointed out that the flow and heat transfer process of magnetic nanofluids can be controlled by applying a magnetic field. The heat transfer mechanisms of magnetic nanofluids under flow-magnetic coupling field and the current challenges were also discussed. Furthermore, the future directions of studies on magnetic nanofluids in the field of controlling the convection and boiling heat transfer were prospected to preparing stable magnetic nanofluids, establishing scientific and effective theoretical models of flow and heat transfer, and interpreting heat-flow-magnetic coupling heat transfer mechanisms from the micro-mesoscopic scale.

A polyamine functionalized polystyrene resin (PSACP) was prepared via substitution reaction of chloroacetylized polystyrene resin (PSAC) with polyethyleneimine (PEI). Multiple reaction factors including solvent, temperature, reactant ratio, and reaction time for the PSACP preparation were investigated. An optimal total exchange capacity of 5.21mmol/g was achieved when the reaction was conducted for 5h at 50℃ with DMF as solvent and the ratio of n(PEI): n(PSAC) to be 6:1. This PSACP showed a good adsorptive activity towards Cu²⁺ in aqueous solution which was also affected by temperature, initial concentration and pH. A maximum equilibrium adsorption capacity of 2.42mmol/g was obtained when the adsorption was performed at 45℃, pH=5.7, and an initial concentration of 0.5mg/mL. The adsorption data fit well to the Langmuir model, indicating a mono-layer adsorption process. The adsorbent could be easily regenerated and was reused for three times without significant loss of the adsorptive capacity. The dynamic adsorption of Cu²⁺ was rapid at 25℃ with a^{dynamic saturated adsorption capacity of 2.74mmol/g. After desorbed with 1mol/L HCl, the resin could be regenerated with 83.8% of Cu2+ being recovered, and no tailing phenomena was observed during the desorption.}

Capsaicin derivative(PMMA-Capsa) was synthesized via radical copolymerization using methyl methacrylate(MMA) and 8-methyl-N-vanillyl-6-nonenamide (Capsa) as monomers. PMMA-Capsa was blended with PVDF to prepare the PVDF/PMMA-Capsa membrane using non-solvent induced phase inversion method. Effects of PMMA-Capsa concentration on the surface chemical composition, morphology, hydrophilicity, anti-bacterial activities and permeation properties of resultant membranes were investigated systematically. The result showed that the PMMA-Capsa was inclined to distribute onto the membrane surface and pore channel surface during the membrane formation process. With the increase of PMMA-Capsa concentration in the casting solution, the sponge-like structure at the cross-sections of membranes disappeared gradually, and the microporous and rough membrane surfaces were easily formed. The introduction of PMMA-Capsa resulted in the decrease in water contact angle of membrane surface from 88.4° to 73.1°. Filtration experiments indicated that the pure water flux of the membranes increased, whereas the rejection ratio of bovine serum albumin(BSA) decreased with the increment of PMMA-Capsa concentration. The flux recovery ratios of the prepared PVDF/PMMA-Capsa membranes were higher than that of the pristine PVDF membrane. The PVDF/PMMA-Capsa membrane exhibited excellent biofouling resistance and the bactericidal efficiency against S. aureu was as high as 97.2%.

Poly(glycidyl methacrylate) hydrophobic nanogels were synthesized successfully via emulsion polymerization. The structure and morphology of the nanogels were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, fourier transform infrared microscopy and dynamic light scattering analysis. The formation process of hydrophobic nanogels and the stability of temperature, pH and time were investigated experimentally. The results showed that the obtained nanogels were spherical in shape with uniform sizes and had properties of dispersion stability and good swelling capacity. The average size of the nanogels was almost not influenced by the temperature and pH under the present conditions. The sizes of the nanogels increased from 76nm to 116nm within 30 days. The zeta potential of the nanogels increased with the increase of temperature. The stable values of the zeta potential in the range from -90mV to -30mV were observed, indicating that the present hydrophobic nanogels could be considered as a stable system. The sizes of the nanogels increased from 80nm to 250nm with the increase of the concentrations of the monomer glycidyl methacrylate and the cross-linker ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, and decreased from 230nm to 60nm with increasing surfactant concentration.

pn-Type Cu₂O-WO₃ composite semiconductor materials with different mole ratios were successfully prepared by high temperature hydrothermal method and coprecipitation method. The morphology and structure of the samples were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The result shows that the composite is composed of cubic phase Cu₂O and hexagonal phase WO₃. In comparison with pure WO₃, the ultraviolet absorption boundary of Cu₂O-WO₃ composite semiconductor material has a significant red shift which enhanced the optical absorption under visible light, showing the good photocurrent response. The photocatalytic activities of the materials were characterized by degradation of rhodamine B (RhB) solution under visible light, and the photodegradation rate of Cu₂O-WO₃ composite with 1∶2 mole ratio reached 90.6%, while those of 22.2% and 45.2% for WO₃ and Cu₂O respectively after 8h light irradiation were obtained.

The NaA zeolite has a regular pore structure and strong hydrophilicity which make it a favorable material for molecular transport. Favorable characteristics of this material can be used for the development of NaA zeolite membrane with an excellent selectivity for dehydration of organic matter. Secondary growth method was employed to improve the pervaporation performance of NaA zeolite membrane. The effects of alkalinity, crystallization temperature and crystallization time were investigated. The synthetic fluid was prepared according to the optimal conditions. A NaA zeolite membrane was prepared by adding methylcellulose and water with a ratio of 1∶100. The SEM, XRD and pervaporation performance tests showed that the NaA zeolite membrane prepared by the improved method has a dense growth, compact structure and excellent pervaporation performance. The synthesized membrane exhibited a high flux and salt rejection of 8.33kg/(m²·h) and 99.95% at 75℃ for 0.6mol/L of NaCl aqueous solution respectively. The results showed that the NaA zeolite membranes for the desalination of 0.6mol/L of NaCl solution displayed a good stability over a period of 72 hours while the flux remains constant at 8.30kg/(m²·h) with a rejection rate of 99.90%. Moreover, the aqueous solution of ω(C₂H₆O) = 90% ethanol was separated by pervaporation at a temperature of 60℃ to 75℃. The flux of the zeolite membrane was increased from 1.55kg/(m²·h) to 2.56kg/(m²·h). The rejection rate was maintained around 99.90%.

Disodium hydrogen phosphate(Na₂HPO₄·12H₂O) had some problems such as supercooling, phase separation and low thermal conductivity affecting its applications in the low temperature thermal storage. Therefore, it needs to be further improved. By means of the selecting experiment of nucleating agent and thickening agent and adding thermal conductive enhancer nano-iron oxide(α-Fe₂O₃), composite phase change energy storage materials with mass ratio of Na₂HPO₄·12H₂O+2% Na₄P₂O₇·10H₂O+1% xanthan gum(GX)+0.2% α-Fe₂O₃ were prepared，and the solidification exothermic test, thermophysical properties test and cycling stability test were carried out. The results showed that the nucleating effect of adding 2% Na₄P₂O₇·10H₂O was the best and did not decrease with the increase of cycle times, and the degree of supercooling was maintained at about 2℃. GX can effectively control the phase separation of Na₂HPO₄·12H₂O, for which mass ratio of 0.75%～1.25% was much better. α-Fe₂O₃ can effectively improve the thermal conductivity of Na₂HPO₄·12H₂O, and mass ratio of 0.2% can increase by 90.8%. The latent heat of composite phase change energy storage materials was 252J/g after 150 cycles, which decreased by 7.4%. The phase change temperature was 35.4℃, while the supercooling was 1.3℃.The thermal conductivity was 2.054W/(m·K), which was 100.2% higher than that of pure materials. The modified composite materials with the suitable phase change temperature, high latent heat, high thermal conductivity and stable thermal performance can be widely used in heat pump storage, greenhouse production and heat dissipation of electronic devices.

The dispersibility and rheological properties of rutile TiO₂ dispersion slurry were studied in this paper. The dispersion of slurry was characterized by zeta potential, viscosity and so on. The suitable dispersant was sodium polyacrylate with the appropriate dosage of 4% (mass ratio to TiO₂), and the suitable solid content of TiO₂ in the dispersion slurry was 20%. Through steady shear measurements, it was found that the solids content, pH and salt in the dispersed slurry had strong influence on the rheological properties. The dispersed slurry had shear thinning phenomenon, which was consistent with the power-law model. And it exhibited pseudoplastic fluid behavior without thixotropy. NaCl decreased the viscosity of the dispersion slurry, and the higher the Na⁺ ion concentration, the lower the viscosity of the slurry. The presence of CaCl₂ caused the dispersion to flocculate. The suitable pH of the dispersion slurry was 12, and the viscosity of the slurry decreased while the pH of the system increased or decreased. The viscosity of the dispersion was slightly reduced when the temperature was raised from 25℃ to 50℃. The effect of temperature on the viscosity could be well described by the Arrhenius equation. The frequency sweep showed that the dispersed slurry took a state of gels at low frequencies and it didn’t at high frequencies. The dispersion cross frequency value decreased with the decreasing solid content.

Graphene oxide (GO) was prepared by modified Hummers method. Sulfur-doped graphene (SG) was synthesized by a one-step annealing method using diphenyl disulfide (BDS) as precursor in carbon monoxide (CO) atmosphere. The microstructure and morphology of the samples were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy (Raman) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Electrochemical impedance technique was used to test the conductivity of heteroatom-doped graphene and the electrocatalytic performance of sulfur-doped graphene was studied by using RBK5 as target pollutant. The results showed that S-doped graphene had higher conductivity and catalytic activity than pure graphene. When the annealing temperature was 400℃ and S∶C (mass ratio)=1.31, the obtained sulfur-doped graphene (400℃-SG-1.31) had the best degradation effect on the azo dye RBK5. At an initial concentration of 5mg/L, a current density of 20mA, and an initial pH of 3.0, 99% of RBK5 degradation efficiency can be achieved within 20min.

Novel Ti/PbO₂ electrodes with polyaniline film (PANI) interlayer were synthesized by electro-deposition technology and characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, linear sweep voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The effect of PANI deposition time on the electrode performance was studied with methyl orange as the probing pollutant and the parameters of degradation experiment were investigated. The performance of Ti/PANI/PbO₂ electrodes for the degradation of rhodamine B and 4-nitrophenol was also studied. The results showed that the PANI deposited on the surface of the electrodes had no effect on the crystal structure and morphology of PbO₂, but can significantly improve the oxygen evolution potential of the electrode. The oxygen potential of Ti/PANI/PbO₂ can reach 3.43V (vs. SCE). When PANI deposition time was 30min, the modified electrode Ti/PANI-30/PbO₂ showed the best electrochemical and electro-catalytic degradation performance. Under the conditions of current density of 30mA/cm², initial pollutant concentration of 50mg/L and Na₂SO₄ concentration of 0.1mol/L, the removal rate of Ti/PANI-30/PbO₂ after 120min of reaction for methyl orange, rhodamine B and 4-nitrophenol was 99.8%, 99.9% and 94.0%, respectively.

In this study, egg albumin and polyethylene oxide (PEO) were mixed to prepare nanofibers by electrospinning using deionized water as solvent. The morphology of egg albumin/PEO nanofibers was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The effects of solution mass fraction and spinning parameters on the morphology of egg albumin/PEO fibers were investigated. The elemental composition of the fibers was characterized by elemental analysis. The results showed that the spinnability of the fibers was the best under the conditions of 25kV spinning voltage, 16cm spinning distance and 0.2mL/h extrusion speed. The fibers with an average diameter of 389nm were prepared and 11.02% of the nanofibers were nitrogen, which indicated that the protein in the egg white was successfully converted into nanofibers. Egg albumin had the advantages of bio-friendliness, biodegradability and wide sources. The successful realization of green manufacturing of egg albumin nanofibers provided a basis for its application in biomedicine, battery catalysis and other fields.

In modern biology and biotechnology, near-infrared fluorescence probes are of great value and importance in many fields as a powerful technological approach. They are frequently utilized in molecular recognition, medical diagnosis, biomolecular detection, and biological imaging, etc., due to their low auto-fluorescence inference, deep tissue penetration, high sensitivity, and negligible photo-damage to biological samples. In this article, the recent advance in cyanine-based near-infrared fluorescent probe for was briefly reviewed biological detection, such as metal ions, sulfur-containing small molecule, ROS/RNS, enzyme, tumor cell and intracellular pH. Although there were many problems need to be solved about cyanine-based probes, they were expected to be developed in biological detection and diagnosis of diseases with the improvement photostability, sensitivity, targeting and water-soluble by structural modifications.

Alcohol dehydrogenases can be used to synthesize chiral compounds, which are widely applied in pharmaceuticals, materials and other fields. Alcohol dehydrogenase from Kluyveromyces polysporus (KpADH) exhibited both reducing activity toward (4-chlorophenyl)-(pyridin-2-yl)-methanone (CPMK) and oxidizing activity toward isopropanol and 1,4-butanediol. Based on molecular docking and structural analysis, Y127 was identified as the key site close to the substrate. To improve the catalytic performance and enantioselectivity, site-saturation mutagenesis was applied at Y127. Specific activity toward CPMK of variants Y127V and Y127I increased to 95.0U/mg and 84.0U/mg, which were 6.5- and 5.8-fold of wild type KpADH (^WTKpADH), respectively. The enantioselectivity toward CPMK of variant Y127L increased from 82% to 99.2% e.e. (R). Mutations at 127 also enhanced the oxidizing activity toward alcohol substrates. Specific activity toward isopropanol of Y127I was 1.46-fold of ^WTKpADH. Variant Y127C displayed higher activity in the oxidation of 1,4-butanediol, whose specific activity was 3.00-fold of ^WTKpADH. Intermolecular forces analysis indicated that an increased hydrogen bond and extra π-π interactions stabilized the conformation, which resulted in enhanced enantioselectivity. This study provides guidance for molecular engineering and mechanism analysis of alcohol dehydrogenase KpADH, and extends its application potential in industry.

The degradation of total petroleum hydrocarbon(TPH) was studied by using L-2 strains isolated from oil-contaminated soil. L-2 was identified as Enterobacter sp. by 16S rRNA. Response surface method(RSM) based on box-behnken design(BBD) was adopted to evaluate the interaction effects of temperature, pH and TPH concentration on TPH degradation. A quadratic regression model was established to determine the best combination of the three experimental factors and the validity of the model was verified by analysis of variance(ANOVA). The value of determination coefficient (R²=0.9943) indicated a satisfactory agreement between the quadratic model and the experimental data. In the temperature of 30℃, pH of 7.13 and TPH concentration of 3.93g/L, the best degradation rate was 87.79%. It was found that TPH degradation rate was more significantly affected(p<0.0001) by temperature compared with other two parameters.GC/MS results indicated that TPH components in the range of hexadecane(C₁₆) to pentadecane (C₂₅) can be degraded ty strain L-2.

Tannin derivatives were prepared by the click reaction of p-dodecylbenzene sulfonyl azide and alkynylated tannin synthesized by the substitute reaction of tannins with bromopropyne. The tannin derivatives structure was characterized by FTIR and elemental analyzer, and the surface tension, antioxidant ability and inhibitory functions on bacteria of tannin derivatives were studied. The experimental results showed that the tannin derivatives can significantly reduce the surface tension of water due to the introduction of the long-chain alkyl groups and the improvement of tannin lipophilicity. The lowest surface tension of the tannin derivatives can be up to 28.94mN/m at 0.8mg/mL， the tannin derivatives had strong scavenging ability to the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylphenylhydrazinyl radical which the maximum scavenging rate of 97.08% at 0.25mg/mL， the tannin derivatives exhibited stronger antibacterial activity against Escherichiacoli and Staphylococcusaureus because of the improvement of tannin liposolubility and the introduction of antibacterial triazol groups.

As an unconventional oil resource, oil sand attracts more and more people’s attention. The content and properties of oil sand bitumen play an important role in its development. The content of oil sand bitumen can be determined by organic solvent extraction. In this paper, Xinjiang oil sand was chosen as the main research object. The extraction ability of three solvents to Xinjiang oil sands was investigated, and the properties of oil sand bitumen obtained by different solvent extraction were analyzed. The results showed that the oil content of Xinjiang oil sand was 11.75%, which belonged to middle grade oil sands. Especially Xinjiang oil sand bitumen had higher saturates. Xinjiang oil sand bitumen were extracted from three different solvents including toluene, chloroform and petroleum ether, and the relationship between three solvent extraction capacity was obtained: chloroform＞toluene＞petroleum ether. In the extraction process, chloroform showed a stronger extraction ability of the resin and asphaltene. However, petroleum ether could hardly extract bitumen from oil sand. The chloroform was the best solvent for using to measure the content of oil sand bitumen by organic solvent extraction. The heteroatom content and molecular weight of Xinjiang oil sand bitumen and its components, which was extracted by chloroform, were higher than those extracted by toluene and petroleum ether. Infrared spectras showed that the absorption peaks of oxygen and sulfur functional groups extracted by chloroform were stronger than those extracted by toluene and petroleum ether. The chloroform had stronger extraction ability for polar substances in oil sand bitumen.

In this work, modified nano-NiFe₂O₄ (marked as NiFe₂O₄-S) which was modified by sodium dodecyl sulfate was prepared by coprecipitation and characterized by XRD, FTIR，EDS, TEM, BET techniques. The heterogeneous Fenton reaction process on the degradation of methylene blue was studied by SDS modified NiFe₂O₄. The effect of SDS modification, initial pH of methylene blue solution and catalyst recycling times on Fenton-like catalytic activity were investigated. The results showed NiFe₂O₄-S prepared with SDS exhibited much higher catalytic activity for the degradation of methylene blue (MB) in acidic (pH 3.5), near-neutral (pH 6.5) and alkaline (pH 9.5) solutions conditions than pure NiFe₂O₄. NiFe₂O₄ had good catalytic stability and reusability. Mechanism of action was discussed and we considered that could be attributed to its higher electron transfer ability. The adsorbed SDS accelerated the reduction of surface Fe³⁺ to Fe²⁺ by H₂O₂ and \text{?} {\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{2}}^{\text{-}} . The high concentration of Fe²⁺ on NiFe₂O₄-S surface during the reaction promoted the decomposition of H₂O₂ into ·OH, which was the main active specie for the degradation of MB. Furthermore, SDS increased the adsorption capacity of the catalyst toward MB, thus facilitating the reaction between adsorbed MB and ·OH generated on the catalyst surface.

The emission of volatile organic compounds(VOCs) is an important inducement to compound atmospheric pollution, haze and photochemical smog，which is in hotspot. Coal combustion is one of the VOCs sources. In this paper, the emission performance of coal-fired VOCs was summarized, including main species and emission concentration of coal-fired VOCs, factors affecting the coal-fired VOCs formation. It is believed that coal-fired VOCs has lower concentration and benzenes are its important components. In addition, the migration and transformation of VOCs in flue gas system were analyzed. The synergy that air pollution control devices (SCR、WFGD、ESP、WESP、low-low temperature ESP) eliminate VOCs was also introduced. In conclusion，according to the research status of adsorption and catalytic oxidation methods，the research prospect on this field was also given. Combining with the synergistic removal of existing APCDs, optimizing the process conditions, developing a technology integrating efficient adsorption/oxidation/flue gas synergistic purification technology, are expected to be an efficient way to control coal-fired VOCs.

The constructed wetland-microbial fuel cell coupling system is a novel bioelectrochemical process that combines constructed wetland and microbial fuel cell. In this system, constructed wetlands provide the required redox gradients and chemical energy for microbial fuel cells, while microbial fuel cells can improve the processing efficiency of constructed wetlands and recover energy through generating electricity. At present, the research focuses on water treatment. In this paper, combined with the development of constructed wetland-microbial fuel cell coupling system in recent years, the research status of the constructed wetland-microbial fuel cell coupling system is reviewed from two aspects: system construction and system performance. The factors that matter much include the components of the system (wetland plants, electrode materials, matrix materials and microorganisms) and system operating parameters (organic load and wastewater composition, hydraulic retention time, dissolved oxygen and water inflow). Finally, this paper puts forward the main problems that need to be solved in the constructed wetland-microbial fuel cell coupling system. The problems include improving the coulomb efficiency of the system, further reducing the construction cost, improving the comprehensive performance of system decontamination and electricity production, and finally realizing the industrialization of the system.

Low energy consumption and good effluent quality are the development trend of wastewater treatment technology in the future. In order to accomplish this，a bioelectrochemistry-assisted membrane bioreactor (BEMBR) is developed by combining the membrane bioreactor with the microbial fuel cells. Taking advantages of these two bio-technologies，BEMBR has the merits of slow membrane fouling and good effluent quality for engineering applications. According to the role of membrane modules in BEMBR, three typical reactor configurations are discussed on term of their superiority and weakness. For pollutants removal, the COD-removing pathways and nitrogen-removing mechanisms are analyzed, which account for sludge reduction, energy reduction, and improvement of pollutants removal. Then, the membrane fouling mitigation mechanisms of BEMBR are thoroughly explored from the physical, chemical and biological perspectives. Lastly, this review proposes the research directions of BEMBR about the electricity generation, pollutants removal, membrane fouling control mechanisms, and microbial population and metabolism, which will provide more theoretical basis for future applications of BEMBR.

The non-aqueous solution of N-ethylethanolamine (EMEA) + diethylaminoethanol (DEEA) is a novel CO₂ absorbent, which has high CO₂ capacity (0.68mol CO₂/mol EMEA), high regeneration efficiency (91%) and low energy consumption (7554kJ/kg solvent). However, oxidative degradation, which decreases CO₂ capture efficiency, occurs due to the existence of oxygen in flue gas. In this paper, the oxidative degradation of the solvent and the antioxidant effects of the six oxidation inhibitors [butanone oxime, acetaldoxime, acetone oxime, N, N'-bis(salicylidene)-1,2-diaminopropane(BPPD), pyrogallol and carbohydrazide] were studied. The degradation percentage of EMEA+DEEA solution in 13% O₂+ 87% N₂ is 7.33% for 30 days. The oxidative degradation products of EMEA+DEEA solution were qualitatively detected by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). The results showed that EMEA is oxidized in two routes. The first route is EMEA reacts with CO₂ to form carbamate, which can be further oxidized by oxygen. The carbamate can also undergo a self-esterification reaction, followed by an oxidation reaction. The second route is the direct oxidation of EMEA to ethylaminoacetic acid, then continued in two ways. The first way is the oxidation of ethylaminoacetic acid to glycolic acid, which can react with DEEA to form N-diethyl-4-hydroxy-propyl ester, and the second way is the reaction of ethylglycine with EMEA. DEEA can be directly oxidized to N-diethylacetic acid and then carboxylated with EMEA. The antioxidant effects of the six oxidation inhibitors are significantly different, which were in the order of: acetaldehyde oxime＞butanone oxime＞acetone oxime＞BPPD≈carboxhydrazide＞pyrogallol. The mixture of EMEA+DEEA+acetaldehyde oxime has the best oxidation resistance with the degradation percentage of 4.00%.

In recent years, the discharge of wastewater has increased with the continuous development of coal chemical industry. Wastewater treatment has become a hot and difficult spot for the large emissions, high salt and high COD. Based on the actual ingredients of the salty organic wastewater (TDS content is 25000mg/L) from a plant located in Yili (Sinkiang), 2-methoxyphenol was chosen as a typical organic in coal chemical wastewater. The method of electrochemistry synergistic persulfate oxidation was investigated to degrade 2-methoxyphenol. The influence of voltage, initial concentration of sodium persulfate, electrode distances and initial pH on the degradation ratio of 2-methoxyphenol were discussed. Considering the electronic consumption and oxidant cost, the suitable degradation conditions of 2-methoxyphenol were the voltage of 2V, electrode distance of 3cm, initial sodium persulfate concentration of 5g/L, pH=12 and reaction time of 3h, and the degradation ratio could reach 97.5%. Compared with the single method of electrochemistry or persulfate oxidation, this method has obvious improvement on the degradation of 2-methoxyphenol and shows a synergistic effect. These results could provide a new method on environmental and efficiency wastewater treatment of coal chemical industry in the future.

Eleven typical commercial activated carbons for water treatment were sampled, and then a series of blending activated carbon samples were prepared by mixing them in pairs. The adsorption properties including iodine number, methylene blue adsorption value, tannic acid number and caramel adsorption value of these original and blending activated carbon samples were determined, and their pore structure characteristics were characterized. Besides, the quantitative relationship of adsorption property between blending activated carbons and original activated carbons was investigated by weighted average fitting method, linear fitting method and polynomial fitting method. Also, the dependence of adsorption property on porosity was analyzed and discussed. The results showed that the adsorption properties of blending activated carbons can be calculated by those of original activated carbon according to the weighted average method, the relative error is less than 4%. And the blending carbon porosity is also additive. The iodine number, methylene blue adsorption value, tannic acid number and caramel adsorption value are dependent on the pore volume of 1.0—2.8nm, 1.5—10nm, 2.0—50nm and 3.0—50nm, with linear correlation coefficients of 0.91—0.94, respectively.

The researches on pyrolysis of medical solid waste are mainly about the products distribution under different pyrolysis conditions up to now, while few reports on the products composition and application are found. In this test, the pretreated wastes were pyrolyzed at 450—550℃. The compositions and characteristics of the gas, liquid and solid products were systematically analyzed, and their directions of resource utilization were finally proposed. The results show that the combustible components account for 83.17% in gas products with the calorific value being 10995kcal/m³. The calorific value of liquid products is 8973kcal/kg. After further separation and purification, the hydrocarbon components in liquid products take up about 70%, and the calorific value is increased to 10214kcal/kg. The carbon content is 63.13% after the modification process to the solid products, then the calorific value is 5455kcal/kg. It’s concluded that the pyrolysis products of medical solid waste have a promising application value in resource utilization. In addition to being directly used as alternative fuels, they all contain a variety of chemical raw materials with wide applications.

Panzhou in Guizhou province, is rich in coal gangue resources, in which there are valuable elements, such as iron, calcium and magnesium. The extraction of iron, calcium and magnesium from coal gangue was studied by sulfuric acid leaching. The results showed that in the process of neutralization, the dissolution of iron, calcium and magnesium increased gradually with the increase of temperature and finally reached a plateau. The temperature had a significant effect on the dissolution rate of iron and magnesium, but it had a relatively small effect on that of calcium. Therefore, the neutralization process at low temperature was selected for kinetics study of iron, calcium and magnesium dissolution. The kinetic results showed that the activation energies of iron, calcium and magnesium during the neutralization of gangue were 19.523kJ/mol, 8.300kJ/mol and 27.565kJ/mol, respectively. Therefore, calcium was the easiest to be dissolved, followed by iron, and magnesium was relatively difficult to be dissolved. The kinetics of the leaching process is internal diffusion control, which can be described by an kinetic equation of \mathrm{1}\text{-}\frac{\mathrm{2}}{\mathrm{3}}x\text{-}{\left(\mathrm{1}\text{-}x\right)}^{\frac{\mathrm{2}}{\mathrm{3}}}\text{=}kt. Through the characterization of solid phase materials by XRD and SEM, the mechanism analysis of carbonic acid leaching process in gangue was preliminarily carried out. It provided a technical guidance and theoretical support for the efficient utilization of gangue in industrial production.

A serial of ionic liquids were prepared by direct neutralization of six-membered N-heterocyclic tertiary amine with different nitrogen contents and alkaline using organic carboxylic acids with different acidities. The ionic liquids were then used for SO₂ capture and some of them showed the phase change absorption behavior. By exploring the SO₂ absorption capacity using different N-heterocyclic ionic liquids, we found that the SO₂ absorption is affected by the cationic nitrogen content of ionic liquids as well as the pK_a value of the anions and cations. Using XRD, FTIR, elemental analysis and single crystal diffraction, we analyzed the phase change products of SO₂ absorption by 1,3,5-trimethylhexahydro-1,3,5-triazine acetate ionic liquid, and the solid absorption product was found to be methylaminomethanesulfonic acid. It is further speculated that 1,3,5-trimethylhexahydro-1,3,5-triazine is first decomposed into methylene methylamine under acidic conditions, and then, due to the nucleophilic attack of SO₂, the carbon-nitrogen double bond in methylene methylamine is broken with the formation of the carbon-sulfur single bond.