Distillation system is studied in the multi-objective optimization of multiple parameter analysis, analysis of lists of artificial neural network, the orthogonal design, the response surface, genetic algorithm and particle swarm algorithm in distillation system, the application of multi-objective optimization, to summarizes the optimization algorithm of the distillation system and seek the solution to the optimal operating conditions, provide reference for rectifying column of multi-objective optimization. The results show that these algorithms can be used in the actual distillation system, aiming at the complex, variable and mixed programming problems of the current distillation system, the distillation system can be well modeled and predicted. It can be used to solve the optimal operation conditions in the distillation process, reduce the irreversibility of the system, realize the energy saving optimization of the distillation system, improve the product quality and reduce the energy consumption. It is proved that the method of multi-objective optimization distillation system is feasible, and that the method of multi-step optimization distillation system is feasible by combining multiple optimization algorithms in practical production.

Coalescence separation is a kind of physical method based on the different wettability of oil and water on the solid surface, in which the tiny droplets in emulsion gradually adhere, grow up and separate on the surface of coalescing materials. Oil and water can be separated because of the different density. Due to its advantages of good structure controllability, high separation efficiency and low operation cost, it becomes a hot topic in the field of emulsified oil-water separation. In this paper, the coalescence separation method is described and its principle and the influencing factors are introduced in details firstly. At the same time, the researches on coalescence materials and the surface modification are summarized. The surface of the coalesced material have special wettability through various modification methods, which can significantly improve the oil-water separation efficiency. The classification and application of coalescer separator are systematically introduced. For different industrial applications, the corresponding coalescer can be selected. Finally, the application of coalescence separation technology in petrochemical industry is elaborated. The prospect pointed out that the actual droplet coalescence process and the factors affecting the separation effect can be further studied. The optimization design of the separator, coalescence behavior of emulsified oil/water, mechanism, and control mechanisms will be the focus of the study of coalescence separation.

Perforated plate is an important throttling component inside high pressure reducing valve (HPRV). After superheated steam flowing through perforated plate, temperature difference is generated, and then thermal stress. When the thermal stress is large, cracks may be generated on the surface of perforated plate, which may cause failure. Flow fields of HPRV are investigated by CFD. Using the thermo-fluid-structure coupling method, the distribution of thermal stress in the welded perforated plate inside MSHPRV was studied, and then the parameters of perforated plate were optimized to avoid failure. The effects of structure type, advancing distance and pressure ratio on the thermal-mechanical stress distribution were investigated. Results showed that compared with end and head perforated plates, the inner perforated plate can reduce energy consumption obviously and obtain smaller thermal stress. The best conditions for avoiding failure of perforated plate were to choose the inner perforated orifice, advancing distance 2mm and pressure ratio 1.014. This research is scientific and can guide the safety design of perforated plate in the pressure reducing valve and other process devices.

In the operation of steam pipe of power plant, flow accelerated corrosion (FAC) is widespread and threatens the pipeline system. In order to predict the accelerated corrosion of power plant pipelines, the subject is based on the actual working conditions of power plant pipelines. The fluid dynamics software is used to adjust the physical parameters of water according to the temperature change, simulate the flow field under the orifice pipe, and observe the high speed and high turbulence. In the kinetic energy distribution region, the changes of solubility, velocity, wall shear force and mass transfer coefficient at different temperatures were simulated and compared with the flow accelerated corrosion prediction model to more accurately analyze the effect of temperature on flow accelerated corrosion. The results show that the temperature affects the wall shear force and mass transfer coefficient, and finally affects the FAC rate. The mass transfer coefficient and solubility are affected by temperature. Below 150℃, the effect of temperature on the FAC rate is significant and mainly achieved by mass transfer coefficients; the FAC rate peaks between Z/D≈0.7-1.0, and the second peak appears between Z/D≈3.8-4.3, which is the high-risk corrosion area of the orifice tube.

This paper takes the suspended bed hydrodesulfurization tail gas as the raw material of steam reforming hydrogen production, constructed a chemical reaction system containing six independent reactions by the modified atomic number matrix method. Investigating the variation of the standard molar reaction enthalpy, Gibbs free energy change and equilibrium constant of each independent reaction at different reaction temperatures. Make the use of GIBBS reactor to study the effects of reactor outlet temperature, reaction pressure and water-carbon molar ratio on the equilibrium composition of the product. The results of thermodynamic studies show that with the increase of the carbon number of the alkane, the sensitivity increased of the equilibrium constant, the Gibbs free energy change and the standard molar reaction enthalpy for reaction temperature and reach the same conversion need lower temperature. HYSYS simulation confirmed that the most suitable reaction conditions under the system were reactor outlet temperature of 700℃, reaction pressure of 100kPa, and water to carbon ratio of 4.

The heat transfer calculation of multi-stream spiral-wound heat exchangers are difficult due to their complicated structure. The common calculation method is to develop a calculation model and perform numerical solution after giving some assumptions. However, this method is not suitable for engineering calculation because of complicated calculation. Some simple analytical calculation methods for engineering calculations have the disadvantages of complex iterative calculation and limited application range. This paper lists the tube bundle arrangements of several typical multi-stream spiral-wound heat exchangers, and analyzes their geometric characteristics. Moreover, it gives the tube plate structures and the corresponding ways to connect flow inlet and outlet of multi-stream heat exchangers, and analyzes their advantages and disadvantages and applications. For two conventional tube bundle arrangements, that is, each tube-side fluid arranged in multi-layers or the same layer, this paper recommends two simple heat transfer calculation methods suitable for engineering applications respectively. These two calculation methods simplify the calculation process by decomposing the calculation of complex multi-stream spiral-wound heat exchanger into multiple tube-side single-stream spiral-wound heat exchanger.

The desulfurization performances of piperazine-based organic amines were studied experimentally by the dynamic absorption of SO₂ from the simulated flue gas in a packed column and the solvent was thermal regenerated. The evaluation was done for a number of organic amines, including piperazine (PZ) and its derivatives N,N'-bis (2-hydroxyethyl) piperazine (BHEP), N,N'-bis (hydroxypropyl) piperazine (HPP), 1-(2-hydroxyethy) -4-(2-hydroxypropyl) piperazine (HEHPP), 1-(2-hydroxyethy) piperazine (HEP). The results of the four times absorption-desorption cycles showed that the desulfurization performances of organic amines are determined by its basic strength and steric effects. The higher pK_a of PZ, the higher absorption capacity of 0.8428mol/mol for SO₂ at the first time, but it is difficult to desorption with the first desorption rate of 78.9%, and requires the highest regeneration energy. The saturated absorption capacity decreased by 54.3% after four cycles, the cyclic absorption performance is the poorest. The saturated absorption capacity of HEP is lower than that of PZ, but its desorption performance is improved. The dihydroxy piperazine diamines with lower pK_a have relatively low the saturated absorption capacities and high desorption rates. After the 4 cycles, the average absorption capacities are not less than 0.4 mol/mol, and the average desorption rates are above 95%. Meanwhile, they have the lowest regeneration energy. The desulfurization performances of HEHPP are between those of BHEP and HPP. Therefore, the dihydroxy piperazine shows great potential for a novel desulfurization from the flue gas.

Methanol-water mixtures with different compositions exist in many industrial processes, and the main consideration is energy consumption when separating methanol and water. In view of the separation process of methanol-water with methanol concentration of 10%-90% (mass fraction), different distillation models with light split forward, light split reverse and feed splitting were adopted. Using "Design Spec/Vary" function to find the values of distillate flowrate and reflux ratio that the distillate composition to 99.85% (mass fraction) methanol and the bottoms composition to 10^-5 methanol. The sensitivity analysis method was used to optimize the number of trays and the feed trays to obtain the minimum annual total cost (TAC). Furthermore, the energy loss of each process under the minimum TAC condition is compared and analyzed. When the methanol concentration of the raw methanol-water mixtures is 30% or less, the TAC of the feed splitting is the smallest; when the methanol concentration of the raw methanol-water mixtures is 50% or more, the TAC of light split reverse configuration is the smallest. In the case of minimum TAC for each process, the exergy loss of feed splitting process is the smallest when the methanol concentration of the raw methanol-water mixtures is 10% or less; the exergy loss of light split reverse process is the smallest when the methanol concentration of the raw methanol-water mixtures is 30% or more. The TAC and exergy loss analysis of methanol-water mixtures separation can provide a theoretical reference for the optimal double-effect distillation of methanol-water with different feed compositions in industry.

Propeller mixing is the main materials mixing method at present, which is easy to press the materials with higher friction force. In order to solve this problem, the mixing process of drum without propeller is studied. It was adopt discrete element software EDEM to simulate the mixing process of two kinds of materials in the no-propeller drum, and analyzes the motion characteristic of materials during mixing process. The degree of mixing uniformity was quantitatively characterized by defining the particle mixing uniformity index, which is used to study the influence of particles mumber (10000-20000 particles) and rotating speed (7-22r/min) on the uniformity of the mixture. And the compressive force of particles was investigated as well. It is found that the mixing of two materials can be realized in the mixing process of no-propeller drum, and with the increase of rotating speed, the material can reach even quickly. The compressive force of the material fluctuates with the mixing process. The maximum compressive force is less than 0.6N and stable in the range of 0.1-0.35N. The average value of compressive force is less than 0.015N and stable in the range of 0.005-0.01N. The maximum value is about 20-30 times than the average value. With the increase of particles numbers and roller speeds, the compressive force increases slightly.

Boiling heat transfer is an efficient way of heat transfer. In order to research the boiling heat transfer processes in regeneration of dehumidifying solution, the test experiment bench of boiling characteristics under vacuum was set up. Experimental study was conducted on water, LiCl solutions with mass concentration of 30%, 32% and 34%. Obtaining the effects of solution concentration on boiling heat flux density and boiling surface heat transfer coefficients. The results shows, with the increases of concentration, the surface tension increase and number of nucleation sites decreased, viscosity increases, bubble escape difficulty, disturbance reduced, so the heat flux density and boiling heat transfer coefficients of solution reduced. With the increase of temperature difference, the wall superheat increases, bubble formation increases and the disturbance to solution increases, so that the heat flux density and boiling heat transfer coefficient of solution increase.

The volumetric flowrate of reactants (i.e. gas or liquid) is simplified as constant in dynamic modeling of the one-dimensional piston flow reactor (PFR). However, the volumetric flowrate of the gas is often easily effected by many factors such as temperature, pressure and molar flowrate. Therefore, the relative error of simulation results should be enlarged because of the simplification. To solve this problem, a novel method for solution of the dynamic model of PFR is presented in this work. In the novel method, the finite difference method is improved by introducing a mathematical expression for the flowrate of gaseous feedstock. To validate the method, the provided novel method and classic method of line (MOL) are applied in dynamic modeling PFR of the vapor-phase cracking of acetone to ketene and methane. Furthermore, the simulation results of different methods are compared and more accurate simulation results is obtained by the novel method.

As an environmentally solvent, supercritical water (SCH₂O) has excellent dissolution and diffusion ability for light hydrocarbon components and can be used as a reaction medium in upgrading process of heavy oil. The introduction of SCH₂O can not only strength the mass transfer, but also affect the mechanism of cracking reaction, even promote the phase behavior from liquid-liquid to the condensed emulsion or pseudo single-phase, which provides a possibility for developing new heavy oil processing technology. This paper reviewed the basic property of SCH₂O. Meanwhile, the reforming mechanism of heavy oil upgrading with supercritical water, the cracking kinetics and the transfer of phase behavior during the reaction were emphatically discussed. It was found that the pseudo single-phase of heavy oil and supercritical water can be formed under the conditions of high temperature, high pressure, vigorous stirring and high water-oil ratio which can increase conversion, decrease the viscosity and reduce coke filed. Finally, the SCH₂O development prospect and direction of SCH₂O treatment of heavy oil were outlined.

Domestic refining capacity is excessive, while chemical products such as low-carbon olefins and BTX cannot meet market demand. Therefore, it is necessary to promote the conversion of refining to petrochemical production, to resolve excessive capacity and increase the supply of petrochemicals. China's crude oil is heavy and the inferiorization trend is irreversible. Therefore, the use of heavy oil to produce low-carbon olefins and other chemical products has become the key technology. This paper introduces the typical process of catalytic pyrolysis of heavy oil to produce low-carbon olefins, including DCC, CPP and HCC processes. It is believed that the development of catalytic pyrolysis technology lies in the modification of catalysts and the innovation of reactor, and the prospect of downer reactor is better. At the same time, this paper also introduces several domestic and foreign technologies and engineering projects for the production of chemicals from heavy oil or crude oil through hydrocracking combined with catalytic pyrolysis, steam cracking and aromatics unit. Since the single technology can not achieve a significant breakthrough, refining-chemical integration production of chemical products has the advantages of intensification, high efficiency, high flexibility and good economic returns. The focus of the integrated technology is on the deep conversion of heavy oil (residue), which can be achieved by the hydrocracking process of the residue.

Due to the advantages of mild operating conditions, relatively low cost, high desulfurization rate and green environmental protection, oxidative desulfurization is considered to be one of the main techniques for reducing the high sulfur content of fuel oil among non-hydrodesulfurization techniques. In this paper, the research progress of the oxidative desulfurization mechanism of fuel oil at home and abroad in recent years is reviewed. The mechanism of catalytic oxidative desulfurization using different oxidants (such as hydrogen peroxide, oil-soluble oxidants, air, oxygen and solid oxidants) and the mechanism of oxidative desulfurization in ionic liquids are described in detail. The mechanism of oxidative desulfurization in deep eutectic solvents, ultrasound-assisted oxidative desulfurization mechanism, photocatalytic oxidative desulfurization mechanism and electrochemical oxidative desulfurization mechanism are briefly introduced. Moreover, my own opinions on the research direction of oxidative desulfurization mechanism are put forward. Deepening the research on the mechanism of oxidative desulfurization will be beneficial to find suitable catalysts and reaction conditions, provide a theoretical basis for better guiding the deep desulfurization of fuel oil and other oils. It also has important theoretical guiding significance for actual production.

A series of isothermal adsorption experimental data of long flame coal, fat coal, lean coal and meager coal in Ordos Basin are used to verify a temperature-pressure-adsorption equation, and the functional relationship between adsorption equilibrium pressure and temperature was discussed. The enthalpy of the gas adsorption process is calculated by the Clausis-Clapperon equation. The concept and calculation method of unit isosteric adsorption enthalpy is presented. The adsorption process of the coal is an exothermic process because its negative enthalpy. The unit isosteric adsorption enthalpy decreases with the increase of adsorption capacity because of the energy inhomogeneity on the coal surface. Because of the exothermic adsorption process, so the adsorption occurs at a higher energy site first in order to release more energy. The higher rank coal has a larger unit isosteric adsorption enthalpy, and there must be a larger adsorption capacity. The adsorption capacity of high rank coal decreases rapidly with the increase of adsorption temperature, but the low rank coal decreases less.

Asphaltene deposition in crude oil will lead to blockage of oil wells and gathering pipelines, thus affecting the normal production of crude oil and the efficient development of oil fields. The elemental analysis, XPS and FTIR analysis of asphaltenes in Iranian BA crude oil show that the asphaltene surface functional group is mainly composed of hydrocarbons (C-C, C-H), and also contains acidic functional groups such as fats sulfur (thiophenol and mercaptan) and carboxyl groups provide a theoretical basis for the selection of asphaltene deposition inhibitors. The inhibitor inhibits the coagulation by destroying the interaction of the asphaltene association. The particle size distribution of the asphaltene particles after the addition of n-heptane (precipitant) to the crude oil is measured by a laser particle size analyzer. The addition of the amine-containing basic group inhibitor FAE183 can inhibit the flocculation and precipitation of asphaltenes, and the particle size of the asphaltenes is significantly reduced. It is known from the mechanism of action of the inhibitor that the main mechanism of action of FAE183 inhibitor and asphaltenes is acid-base action, supplemented by hydrogen bonding and dipole action.

The study of the reaction characteristics of coal pyrolysis is helpful to improve the conversion of coal pyrolysis and the yield of tar, as well as the quality of tar. In this paper, the pyrolysis behavior in N₂ atmosphere of coal under different pressure and temperature was investigated in a fixed pyrolysis reactor. Moreover, the effects of temperature and pressure on weight loss rate of pyrolysis, pyrolysis gas composition and liquid product yield were also investigated. The results showed that the weight loss rate and the tar yield of the coal decreased at first and then increased when the pressure increased from 1 MPa to 3 MPa, and the peak was reached at 2 MPa. When the temperature was below 600℃, the pressure made no difference on the yield of CH₄, H₂ and CO. However, the increasing temperature was up to 600℃ or more, the yield of water, CH₄ and H₂, as well as the weight loss rate of coal pyrolysis,were both increased.Meanwhile, The yield of tar and CO increased at first and then decreased, Futhermore, the maximum yield of tar reached 9.23% at 2MPa and 600℃.

The coal slime was dried by hot air and microwave, and the dried slime products were analyzed from the main component content, combustion characteristics and moisture resorption characteristics. The change of the main component content of the coal slime before and after drying was compared by industrial analysis. It was found that there was no significant change in the volatile matter, ash and fixed carbon content of the coal slime during the drying process. The combustion characteristics of the raw coal slime and the dried products of the two slime were studied by thermogravimetric analysis. It was found that the thermogravimetric curves of the three coal slime samples are not significantly different except for the dehydration stage, and the combustion characteristics of the three samples are very close. Finally, the water resorption characteristics of the two coal slime drying products were investigated. It was found that the environmental humidity and the moisture content of the slime have a significant effect on the water resorption characteristics, while the drying method has no obvious effect on the water resorption characteristics.

With the successful commercialization of the world's first coal olefin project, Shenhua Baotou coal chemical project, a number of coal olefin plants have been put into operation in China in recent years. The rise of coal olefins has brought new vitality to the polyolefin market, and the rapid development of China's plastic market has gradually formed the three-pronged situation of China's polyolefin supply, Sinopec and coal olefins. From the point of view of product profits, although the market price of olefins produced by oil is generally higher, due to the constraints of cost factors, especially under the influence of high international oil prices in recent years, the overall profit of olefins produced by oil is lower than that of coal olefins. With the gradual growth of coal olefins, it has slowly occupied the market for common materials. Coupled with the impact of imported materials on the high-end market, the domestic polyolefin market will eventually show an excess situation in the near future. Issues such as cost, environmental protection, high-end product technology research, and energy supply are also the main battlefields for oil olefins and coal olefins. The economic benefits of products and the breakthrough bottleneck of coal olefins are also the keys to winning the market.

The reaction active sites of naphthalene, phenanthrene, anthracene and pyrene obtained by different calculation methods are summarized. The catalytic hydrogenation mechanism of benzene on metal surface-aromatic hydrocarbon exchange mechanism is summarized. The basic reaction steps of phenanthrene forming dihydrophenanthrene on the surface of MoS₂/Al₂O₃ catalyst and the formation of tetrahydrophenanthrene on the surface of Ni-MoS₂/Al₂O₃ catalyst are discussed. The process is summarized. The network diagram of anthracene catalytic hydrogenation reaction and whether the middle ring breaks under different catalytic conditions are given. The reaction diagram of catalytic hydrogenation mechanism of pyrene to dihydropyrene. Tetrahydropyrene and hexahydropyrene on Raney Nickel (W-7) catalyst surface is given. The hydrogenation of pyrene is judged according to the theory of minimum energy. The possible hydrogenation pathways of pyrene to dihydropyrene, tetrahydropyrene, hexahydropyrene and dehydropyrene were calculated by the method of preferential reaction location. The regularity of catalytic hydrogenation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) such as anthracene and phenanthrene was summarized. Deepening the research on the mechanism of PAHs catalytic hydrogenation will better guide the lightening of heavy oils, so it is of great significance to study the mechanism of PAHs hydrogenation.

As a visible light-responsive element semiconductor photocatalyst, red phosphorus has the advantages of low cost, chemically inactive, low toxicity and suitable band gap. However, there are also some problems, such as small specific surface area of commercial red phosphorus and serious photogenerated electron-hole recombination, which need to be modified to improve the photocatalytic performance. This paper focuses on the research progress of red phosphorus in the modification of surface morphology, surface modification, composite regulation and heterojunction of construction, and the application of modified catalysts in the degradation of organic pollutants and the production of hydrogen production. Finally, it is pointed out that the future research direction is to modify red phosphorus by various means at the same time, to expand the application of red phosphorus in the field of photocatalysis and to explore the mechanism of red phosphorus in depth and so on.

Thousands of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have been synthesized after more than two decades of rapid development. However, MOFs generally have low stability, which limits the development of MOFs to some extent. The synthesis of UiO-66 is a breakthrough in the stability of MOFs materials, and its development in the field of catalysis is particularly rapid. This paper first introduces the structural characteristics of UiO-66 under ideal and actual conditions, and illustrates the elemental composition of the node vacancies caused by ligand loss. Then, the UiO-66 itself or their functionalization for catalytic reactions are reviewed, including node vacancies, functionalized node vacancies, supported metal nanoparticles, and functionalized ligands. Finally, considering the comprehensive utilization for the structure of UiO-66, the role of UiO-66 in the design and synthesis of multifunctional catalysts in the future is expected.

Biomass pyrolysis gas is a kind of high calorific value combustible gas, which has important development and utilization value. However, due to its complex components, multi-tar oil, CO₂, CH₄ and other components have tremendous hazard to pyrolysis gasification process and related equipment. and the viscous liquid formed by condensation is likely to cause blockage of the pipeline, and the carbon black generated by direct combustion will cause environmental pollution, all of which constitutes a major factor restricting the further development and utilization of pyrolysis gas. This paper analyzes the feasibility of pyrolysis gas catalytic reforming to Fischer-Tropsch synthesis gas. It introduces respectively the research status of continuous and segmented pyrolysis-catalytic reforming equipment, nickel-based, calcium-based, iron-based, alkali-based, carbon and other catalysts as well as pyrolysis gas separation and purification technology, analyzes the existing problems in current research in terms of non-uniformity of catalytic reforming equipment, lack of relevant industry standards, different catalysts and catalytic reforming effect as well as unclear mechanism of catalyst additives, proposes the future research direction such as the application of segmented pyrolysis-catalytic reforming equipment and using biochar as catalytic reforming catalyst, opens up a new way of development and utilization of biomass carbonization pyrolysis gas.

Organic polymers such as polysulfone, polyvinylidene fluoride, cellulose acetate, and polyolefins have become important membrane materials due to their excellent properties. However, membrane fouling limit the membrane practical applications. The blending modification method is widely employed to fabricate organic polymer modification membrane due to its simple operation, stable modification effects and membrane-forming and modification process conducted simultaneously. The blending modification method can effectively solve membrane fouling problem. On the one hand, the organic polymer membrane modification by blending hydrophilic polymer, amphiphilic polymer and zwitterionic polymer can enhance the membrane antifouling property and permeability to some extent; On the other hand, the introduced inorganic nanoparticles discussed include TiO₂, SiO₂,carbon nanotubes (CNTs),Al₂O₃,graphene oxide (GO) and ZrO₂, can also prepare high-performance separation membranes, Reviewing the research progress and existing problems of blending modification method from the above two aspects. The enhanced membrane antifouling performance by blending modification is the main tendency in the future development.

The superhydrophobic surface has good anti-icing properties and is expected to improve the reliability of facilities under low temperature conditions. Micro-nano structures were fabricated on the copper surfaces by chemical etching with ammonia gas, after modification by the low surface energy material fluoroakylsilane (FAS), the copper surfaces exhibited superhydrophobic properties, with a water contact angle of about 152.1°. The wettability, the surface micro-structure and the anti-icing behavior of the copper surfaces were investigated by means of contact angle measurement, SEM, and freezing experiments, respectively. The results indicate that, the anti-icing and anti-frosting performers of the superhydrophobic surfaces are not only depend on the surface roughness, but also relate to the state of the droplets on the surface, if the droplets on the superhydrophobic surfaces are in the Cassie model, the contact area between the droplets and the surfaces are small, the copper surfaces have good anti-icing and anti-frosting properties. While the droplets on the copper hydrophobic surfaces are in the Wenzel model, the frost layer grows faster as the contact area between the frost crystal and the solid surfaces increased, and the frost resistances of the copper surfaces decrease significantly.

Double-shell NiCo₂S₄ were synthesized by self-template method using TAA and TU as sources, respectively. Among them, NiCo₂S₄ prepared by TAA delivers the highest specific capacitance (2064F/g, when the current density is 0.5A/g), better rate performance (1291F/g, when the current density is 20A/g) and good cycle stability. Further kinetic mechanism analysis shows that the surface-control and diffusion-control capacitance of NiCo₂S₄-TAA are both improved compared to NiCo₂S₄-TU. Through experimental analysis, NiCo₂S₄ synthesized by TAA is composed of smaller particles, which is beneficial to the diffusion of electrolyte ions in the electrochemical process. Since its good electrical conductivity and ion diffusion rate, NiCo₂S₄-TAA exhibits excellent electrochemical performance. Therefore, TAA is desirable sulfur source in this experiment condition.

Co-MOF-74 was synthesized through solvothermal process. Samples were characterized by using XRD, N₂ adsorption, FTIR, TG-DSC and SEM. In addition, the adsorption performances for n-hexane/1-hexene were evaluated. The optimal synthesis conditions were observed as follows:the ratio of raw materials of n[Co (NO₃) ₂·6H₂O]:n (DHTP):n (THF):n (H₂O)=2:1:165:750, crystallization temperature of 100℃, crystallization time of 24h, activation temperature of 150℃, activation time of 2h. It is indicated that synthesized Co-MOF-74 has static adsorption capacities of 125.6mg/g and 72.9mg/g for 1-hexene and n-hexane, respectively. The BET specific surface area, pore volume and average micropore size are 1209m²/g, 0.41cm³/g and 0.66nm, respectively. The maximum adsorption amount is determined to be around 130mg/g at adsorption temperature range of 283K to 313K. Furthermore, the adsorption isotherms for 1-hexene on Co-MOF-74 can be explained by using L-F model very well. 1-hexene adsorption onto Co-MOF-74 is confirmed to be a spontaneous exothermic process.

Corncob residues are one kind of lignocellulosic material which having abundant of cellulose content and can be used as inducing carbon source to produce cellulose degradation enzyme. This article reported optimization process using Aspergillus niger to produce β-D-glucosidase. Firstly, a Plackett-Burman design was used to select the main factors which had obvious significance on the production of β-D-glucosidase from six factors. The results suggested that wheat bran,ammonium sulfate and sodium nitrate had significant effect on the production of β-D-glucosidase. On the basis of selection, a central composite design (CCD) was employed to optimize the process. It was suggested that the most optimization concentration of wheat bran, ammonium sulfate and sodium nitrate was 26.7g/L, 10.0g/L and 10.0g/L, respectively. Under the optimization condition the β-D-glucosidase activity was at 15.0IU/mL. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for graphical analyses of the data to obtain the interaction between the process variables and the responses. The R² coefficient 92.12% and the p value 0 indicated a satisfactory adjustment of the quadratic model to the experimental data. The crude enzyme which prepared under the optimization condition was used to hydrolyze Corncob residues. The results suggested that when the crude enzyme prepared by Trichoderma reesei B4 and Aspergillus niger JH-1 were blended at the ratio of 1:1 enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency of the mixed crude enzyme was 4 times of the crude enzyme prepared by Trichoderma reesei B4.

Fermentation broth of amyloliquefaciens was granulated by spray-drying technology to develop new formulation. Single factor test was used to improve the viable cells number of amyloliquefaciens. Single factor test and experiment with four-factor and three-level orthogonal were carried out to optimize spray-drying condition. The optimization of cultural condition were obtained as follow, 5g/L soluble starch, 10g/L yeast powder and tryptone mix (2:1, V/V), shaking speed 200r/min, temperature 30℃, inoculation rate 7%. The optimum conditions were inlet air temperature 180℃, hot air flow 315m³/h, feed flow rate 500mL/h, maltodextrin concentration 5%. The most leading influence factor on the production of viable cells was the maltodextrin concentration, followed by feeding speed, inlet temperature and air flow. The number of viable cells of products reached to 1.28×10¹⁰CFU/g under the optimal conditions. These data helps development of new formulation of amyloliquefaciens.

The dewaterability and protein extraction efficiency of mechanical dewatered sludge was studied under three different treatment methods including thermal pressure, protease and thermal pressure-protease. Compared with the original sludge, the amount of average protein extraction increased by 41.74% and 65.64% under the thermal pressure (3MPa、6MPa、9MPa) of 65℃ and 75℃. The improvement of sludge dewaterability was not obvious after thermal pressure treatment. When pepsin was added to 0.04g/g TSS, the amount of protein extraction reached 108.52mg/g TSS, and the capillary sunction time (CST) was 154s. Compared with the thermal pressed sludge, the amount of protein extraction increased by 38.5% and 35.8% respectively after the treatment at 65℃ thermal pressure (3MPa、6MPa、9MPa) -pepsinase and neutral protease. The amount of protein extraction reached more than 220mg/g TSS after the treatment at 75℃ and 85℃ thermal pressure (3MPa、6MPa、9MPa) -papain protease. Thermal pressure-pepsin treatment, the sludge had the best dewatering performance at 75℃、6MPa, and the capillary sunction time was 170s.

Adamantane is a cask hydrocarbon with highly symmetrical molecular structure, high density, high combustion calorific value, good thermal stability and lipid solubility, which is widely used in drug synthesis, lubricating oil and high density liquid fuel and other fields. In this paper, the molecular structure, physicochemical properties and main applications of adamantane are briefly summarized, and the synthesis methods, research progress and the purification methods of adamantane are described in details as well. By comparing the different isomerization methods of adamantane, this paper demonstrates the prospect that the molecular sieve method can take the place of aluminium chloride method becoming the ideal industrialized production methods of adamantane is feasible. Finally, the paper points out that through some methods to adjust molecular sieve acid and restrain the occurrence of adverse reaction, such as coking, the better result that the increasing yield and the long life of catalyst can be obtained at the same time, which can make the molecular sieve method become the most promising method of industrialized continuous production of adamantane.

The incineration method will gradually become the main treatment method of municipal solid waste in China, considering its advantages of mass reduction and harmlessness. Fly ash is the main by-product of incineration, and its high content of heavy metals which can be easily leached are urgent problems to be solved. This paper reviews the status of treatment in China and abroad from the perspective of solidified materials in solidification technology, and demonstrates the application of cement, coal fly ash, metakaolin, red mud, slag, plastics and other materials in the solidification of fly ash. And the solidification effects are evaluated from two main aspects:solidification efficiency of heavy metals and mechanical properties, and the advantages and disadvantages of each material are analyzed and engineering application examples and economic analysis are presented. In the end, the research suggestions in the industrial application prospects and future development directions of solidified materials are pointed out.

Heterogeneous catalytic ozonation technology is an efficient water pollution control technology. Due to the unique electronic structure of rare earth elements, the supported rare-earth ozone oxidation catalysts exhibit good catalytic performance, excellent stability and long service life, but can effectively solve the problem of catalyst loss and exceeding the standard of metal ions, which have been regarded as the most promising heterogeneous ozone oxidation catalysts. This review summarizes the preparation technology of supported rare-earth ozone oxidation catalysts, catalytic ozonation reaction mechanism and the application progress in the field of wastewater treatment in recent years for the supported single rare-earth oxide, rare earth-transition metal oxide and binary rare-earth oxide ozone oxidation catalysts. The development of multi-rare earth composite heterogeneous ozone oxidation catalysts and the in-depth study of catalytic reaction mechanism are the key research direction in the future.

Oily sludge is one of the main pollutants in petroleum industry. Its treatment has been a difficult problem for oil fields and oil enterprises. If it is not properly disposed of, it will cause serious environmental pollution. Pyrolysis technology is a new treatment technology of oily sludge, which converts heavy components into light components and recycles them under the condition of no oxygen or anoxia. It can treat oily sludge more thoroughly and has the characteristics of less secondary pollution and energy recycling. It is a treatment method with wide application prospects. The research progress of pyrolysis technology of oily sludge at home and abroad is summarized in this paper. The effects of temperature, heating rate, residence time and pyrolysis catalyst on pyrolysis efficiency and products of oily sludge are mainly introduced. The fitting method of pyrolysis kinetic model is also described. The process of pyrolysis energy flow and pyrolysis equipment widely used in industry are analyzed. The possible development direction of pyrolysis technology of oily sludge in the future was put forward in order to provide reference for the development of pyrolysis technology of oily sludge.

Effects of Fe₄Al₆ oxygen carriers on mercury release rate, gaseous mercury distribution and mercury release behavior in two reactors in coal chemical looping combustion/gasification process were investigated by Ontario-Hydro method in a tubular furnace. The result showed that Fe₄Al₆ oxygen carriers could affect the mercury release rate significantly. Compared with the traditional coal pyrolysis, mercury release rate in CLC decreased, while that in CLG increased in 500-700℃. However, mercury release rate in both CLC and CLG was more than that without oxygen carriers at 900℃. Fe₄Al₆ oxygen carriers can significantly increase the relative content of Hg²⁺ from fuel reactor (FR) outlet. The relative content of Hg²⁺ increased with the increasing temperature. Besides the content of oxygen carrier, FR temperature was the primary influence factor on the distribution of mercury from fuel reactor and air reactor as well as the percentage of gaseous mercury speciation in the air reactor. In addition, the mercury release rate was different from types of coal under the same condition, which related mainly to the composition of coal. This study will provide experimental evidence for revealing the influence mechanism of oxygen carriers on mercury migration in the coal and for the control of mercury in coal chemical looping conversion processes.

Membrane separation technology has been widely applied to deeply purify aerospace wastewater recently. The whole purification is a process of multi-segment gradient filtering. Pretreatment consists of micron-scale sand filtration and ozone aeration. After oxidizing sedimentation and being cleared through ultrafiltration (UF) treatment, the water is clean and can be used for general washing purposes. Then, if it goes through reverse osmosis device (RO) to be further purified, the water can be reused for higher purposes. The conclusion shows:COD below 10mg/L, ammonia nitrogen 4.4mg/L, UDMH below 0.5mg/L. After deep purification, the pollutants were adsorbed on the surface of the membrane. The pressure difference gradually increased, water yield decreased, and the conductivity of water production increased slightly on the surface of the membrane. The mixed solution of 0.8mol/L NaOH and 0.5% 84 disinfectant is used as cleaning agent for membrane cleaning, and the best cleaning effect is obtained after soaking for 28 hours. Experimental results show that the deep purification of aerospace wastewater with membrane separation technology is feasible and yields substantial economic benefits. The technology is green and environment friendly, realizes recycling economy and can reduce environmental pollution by aerospace wastewater.

With the promulgation of a series of water and wastewater policies and regulations including the Energy Conservation Law and the Environmental Protection Law, domestic pollution and wastewater discharge standards have been more stringent, which undoubtedly makes the desulfurization wastewater deep processing research enthusiastic. Further heating, and softening of wastewater is particularly important as an essential part of the advanced treatment of wastewater. Based on the water quality characteristics of the desulfurization wastewater from the effluent from the triple tank of a thermal power plant in China, a softening method for the desulfurization wastewater is introduced. The process of treating the wastewater in the triple tank is appropriately modified, and the lye is added to the desulfurization wastewater. Experiments with wastewater softening and magnesium recovery were carried out by carbonization. The experimental results show that it is reasonable to adjust the pH value of the desulfurization wastewater to 8.8, 10.2 and 8.5 except for the heavy metal stage, the recovery of magnesium hydroxide stage and the carbonization stage. The treated desulfurization wastewater can meet the requirements of the subsequent water treatment unit. Maximum recovery of high quality magnesium hydroxide products.

The procedure of bowtie analysis utilization is not clear and unified, so one of the focus is on demonstrate a clear procedure of bowtie analysis and clarify each step's content. Pig receiver system is widely used in oil, gas and process industry. And high pressure material or waste contained in pig receiver potentially threaten related personnel and equipment. To better conduct risk management for pig receiver system, a bowtie analysis is needed. Pig receiver system has three potential hazards:"high pressure gas", "flammable gas and liquid" and "pyrophoric material". Analyzing these three hazards, potential causes, consequences and barriers to formulate the bowtie diagram. By utilizing bowtie analysis, cause, consequences and barriers can be effectively analyzed and classified. The bowtie diagram could supplement other risk assessments tools' gap and provide a straightforward input for risk management.

A detailed design procedure for the horizontal thermosyphon reboiler using thermal rating software HTRI7.0 in petrochemical engineering plant is introduced. Which includes the calculation method of installation height between tower and reboiler. The total pressure drop of horizontal thermosyphon reboiler includes the inlet piping pressure drop, the heat exchanger pressure drop and the outlet piping pressure drop. The flow in outlet piping is two phase fluid and the pressure drop can be calculated using the separated flow mode. An example of water stripper reboiler in a MTO unit is also given to analyze the vibration problem during start-up case and a reasonable solution that adding a valve at inlet piping to change the two phase flow mode is provided finally.

Whether the type and quantity of emergency materials are appropriate is the prerequisite for effective emergency response to sudden environmental accidents. At present, there is no uniform standard for the types and quantities of oil spill. This paper introduces the relevant standards for the oil spill emergency materials in China's chemical companies, and then analyzes the existing problems and the reasons for the formation of the problems. A method for the allocation of oil spill emergency materials in petrochemical enterprises based on environmental risk source analysis was presented, and a specific method for this method was given. The method introduces the definition of "emergency unit", combines the characteristics of environmental risk sources with the level of emergency materials, and uses the oil spill model for quantitative analysis, which provides an idea for guiding the petrochemical enterprises to meet the standard of oil spill emergency materials.

As an efficient heat exchanger, shell-and-tube heat exchanger was widely used in petrochemical production, and the conventional design way is very complex. The heat exchanger design software has gradually replaced the traditional calculation method, and has become the main design method for engineers and manufacturers of heat exchangers. In this paper, the steam condenser containing non-condensable gas H₂, CO, N₂ is designed, and described the process designing and verifying the shell-and-tube heat exchanger by discussing an example of using Aspen EDR software. The selection of parameters and the emphases in the synthesis gas are emphatically introduced. Besides, the problems encountered in the design were analyzed, and the adjustment strategy was determined. Finally, the design meets the requirements of the process. Using ASPEN EDR software to design the shell-and-tube heat exchanger can save a lot of manual calculation process and improve the efficiency of the designer.

As one of the important energy sources in China, petroleum refining and chemical industry is an important basis for the development of national economy. To ensure the safe and efficient production of oil refining and chemical is our important goal. In view of the petroleum and petrochemical process industry conditions that exists in the continuity of the production process, the problem of complicated variety, the technology of digital twin was introduced in the enterprise. Through the build process industry of digital twin physical model, the working condition of the twin model, the enterprise set up digital twin system, in order to improve the efficiency of enterprise production, to ensure safe and efficient operation. The paper explores the process of twin system based on digital industry of digital twin physical model, the working condition of the twin model application, in order to achieve optimal control of production, product quality control and high value of application, improve the efficiency of production, ensure the efficient operation of the factory.

Natural hazard triggering technological disasters (Na-Tech) events pose risks to industrial facilities and process plants. As these plants handle hazardous materials, they can endanger nearby residential areas and have financial consequences. Therefore, the Na-Tech accident in the chemical industry park has gradually received widespread attention. In this paper, through identifying the factors affecting the coupling risk of multi-hazard species in the chemical industry park, analyzed the structure and mechanism of the coupling risk system, and established the coupling risk system structure model and the coupling risk evolution model. The equipment leakage probability model in the Na-Tech accident triggered by the earthquake disaster was put forward; With the application example of a chemical industry park by using the coupling risk model and the equipment leakage probability model, QRA software was used to quantitatively evaluate the risks of the chemical industry park under the coupling of multiple disasters, and the personal and social risks under the traditional industrial disasters and earthquake disasters were compared. The impact of earthquake disaster on the risk of chemical industry park is obtained, which provides theoretical and methodological support for the study of multi-hazard coupling risk in chemical industry park.

In order to find out the overall risks and key hidden dangers of the city, to show the current risk status and the situation faced by the city, it is put on the agenda to comprehensively carry out the risk assessment of urban safety production. Based on the analysis of the development history of urban safety production risk assessment, this paper puts forward a risk assessment system for urban safety production, which includes defining the scope of assessment, establishing assessment procedures, dividing assessment units, selecting assessment methods, and carrying out risk identification and assessment. Finally, the assessment results are given, which can be used in all stages. Reference methods, combined with the experience of urban safety risk assessment, put forward the existing problems in the process, which has a certain reference significance for the future development of this work.