In optimization of heat exchanger network (HEN), the exterior penalty method was usually used to deal with the constraints, which gave a large penalty value to the infeasible solutions that violated the constraints. When random walk algorithm with compulsive evolution (RWCE) was applied to the HEN optimization, the infeasible solutions maybe accepted with a certain probability due to the non-greedy search mechanism of RWCE, thus changing the global optimization process. In this paper, the influence of infeasible solutions on the optimization process was analyzed firstly, revealing that the infeasible solutions with small offset could promote structure evolution. Then, a dynamic adjustment strategy of the acceptance probability of bad solutions was proposed aiming to reasonably utilize the positive effect of the infeasible solutions to enhance the structure evolution. Finally, considering that most of the above optimization results were infeasible solutions with relatively small offset, a feasible strategy was proposed. Through the application of the piecewise penalty index technique and two-population optimization technique, the infeasible solutions with evolution potential were enabled to rapidly return to the feasible regions, the optimization quality could also be improved. The modified algorithm combining the two reinforcement strategies and RWCE was applied to the cases involving 16 streams and 15 streams, whose results respectively saved 0.35% and 0.48% as compared to the optimums in literature, indicating that the global search ability of the modified algorithm was significantly improved compared with the original algorithm.

The capillary limit of the microgrooves is reached when the capillary pumping is not capable to overcome the pressure drops due to high heat flux. One of the active techniques, the electrohydrodynamic effect (EHD) can be used to deal with this situation and improve the thermal performance of microgrooves. To study the electric field effects on the microgroove wettability and temperature, a planar electrode pair was used to generate electric fields and the distilled water was used as working fluid. Using a high speed camera to record the wetting length, the measurement deviation is 2.97%~7.46%, and using an infrared thermal imager to record the temperature distribution, the deviation is 2.1%~2.39%. The heat loss deviation is 9.66%~11.11%. The results show that the electric field can enhance the microgrooves wettability by driving liquid towards the heated region. The enhancement is more distinguished when the heat flux is smaller. In addition, attributed to the enhanced wettability, the microgroove temperature is reduced. There exist “peak” and “valley” in the transverse temperature distribution, and the disparity between the “peak” and “valley” increases as the electric field increases. The longitudinal temperature decreases pronouncedly with the electric field increment. Higher heat flux leads to a larger temperature decline, which could reach 30℃ with 6kV under 1.4W/cm². The increased temperature decline indicates that the electric fields further improve the microgroove heat-transfer performance by enhancing the microgroove wettability, especially for higher heat flux conditions.

Cultivating microalgae by the secondary effluent of domestic wastewater can effectively increase the environmental benefits and reduce the environmental impact of the microalgae biodiesel production processes. Based on the life cycle analysis principle, a method for the assessment of environmental impact for two microalgae biodiesel production technical routes, namely a traditional route and a pyrolysis esterification route, both combined with wastewater microalgae cultivation, was proposed in this paper. To ensure the objectivity of the evaluation of the environmental impact, a concept of “water treatment process replacement effect” for the water treatment integrated microalgae biodiesel life cycle system was proposed, and a quantitative method for estimating the environmental benefit of this effect was implemented into the proposed assessment method. To validate the proposed method, the total environmental impacts of the two technical routes based on fresh water cultured microalgae and those based on wastewater culture were calculated and compared. The results showed that the pyrolysis esterification process combined with the wastewater culture microalgae route has minimal environmental impact compared to the other routes, suggesting that the water treatment process replacement effect is essential in the water treatment integrated microalgae biodiesel life cycle system.

This work reported on fabrication of a novel smart microfluidic chip based on integration of Pb²⁺-responsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-benzo-18-crown-6-acrylamide) microgel and H-shaped microchannel, for facile, sensitive and visual detection of Pb²⁺ in water. The microfluidic chip was constructed using soft lithography technique combined with in situ synthesis of the smart microgel via UV-polymerization within the H-shaped microchannel. Based on the Pb²⁺-responsive volume change of the smart microgel and the flow in the H-shaped microchannel, the microfluidic chip enabled efficient conversion of Pb²⁺ concentration changes into easily detectable and readable, visual signal of number changes of indicating pillars within the H-shaped microchannel. By using a microscope for observing and measuring the number change of the indicating pillars, sensitive and quantitative detection of Pb²⁺ concentration in water was achieved. The proposed microfluidic chip provided a new strategy for facile, sensitive and visual detection trace Pb²⁺ in water.

For the basic unit of stacked sieve plate packing, 12 orifice plates were used to study the pressure drop characteristics of gas-liquid two-phase co-current flowing down through the orifice, and the influence of flowrates and the orifice plate structure was clarified. The experimental results showed that the pressure drop increases with the increase of gas-liquid flow rate, decreases with the increase of orifice diameter. In the usual thickness range of the sieve plate, the pressure drop increases with the decrease of plate thickness due to the sharp edge effect of the orifice. According to the different behaviors of the pressure, the pressure drop prediction correlation of a single gas phase downward through the orifice was established with the Reynolds number of 5000 as the demarcation. When the gas Reynolds number is greater than 5000, the correlation is modified by using the gas phase conversion factor, and the pressure drop prediction correlation of gas-liquid two phases flowing down through the orifice was obtained. When the gas Reynolds number is less than 5000, the prediction correlation of gas-liquid two-phase pressure drop in the corresponding range of gas Reynolds number was obtained by directly modifying the single gas resistance coefficient.

A model of flash-binary geothermal power generation was established. In order to maximize unit hot water power generation, genetic algorithm was used to optimize flash pressure, evaporation temperature and condensation pressure at different heat source temperatures. Under 100—150℃ heat source conditions, a flash-binary experimental device was built to test the flow rate, temperature, pressure and output power of the power generation system under stable operating conditions. The operation parameters and performance of flash-binary power system were analyzed based on four scenarios of experiment, optimum design, error correction model 1 and error correction model 2. The parameter stability of flash-binary power system was tested in the experiment with heat source temperature ranges from 100℃ to 150℃. The results showed that the simulation data of error correction model 2 have a good agreement with experiment and most values of relative error are less than 5%. The expander with low isotropic efficiency results in largest exergy losses in the flash-binary power system. The flash-binary power system has better performance to adapt the mid-high temperature geothermal resource in China. Some valuable data obtained from the research can be applied in the future power plant construction in China's southern Tibet, western Yunnan and Sichuan.

The toluene residues in three oil sands bitumen (Indonesia oil sands bitumen, Iran oil sands bitumen, and Canadian oil sands bitumen), the oil sands bitumen with different asphaltenes content and the oil sands asphaltenes were analyzed by thermogravimetric mass spectrometer (TG-MS). It was found that toluene would remain in different oil sands bitumen, and the relative amount of toluene residues in Indonesian oil sands bitumen was the biggest. The TG-MS was carried out on oil sands bitumen samples with asphaltenes mass ratio of 10%, 19% and 30%, respectively. It showed that the entrainment amount of solvent (for example, toluene) increased exponentially with the increase of asphaltenes content in the oil sands bitumen. Taking Canadian oil sands asphaltenes as an example, the effect of oil sands asphaltenes on solvent residue was further studied. It was found that oil sands asphaltenes had the entrainment ability of toluene molecules. The toluene molecules were released from oil sands asphaltenes exceeded the boiling point of toluene by more than 40℃. The presence of other components of the bitumen exacerbates the entrainment of toluene solvent molecules. In addition, the experimental results also indicated that the pyrolysis of oil sands asphaltenes could produce toluene between 350—650℃, and the higher the content of asphaltenes in oil sands bitumen was, the bigger the amount of toluene produced by bitumen pyrolysis was.

There are two modes of heat transfer in batch processes: direct and indirect. To achieve indirect heat transfer through a heat-transfer medium, an additional approach temperature difference is required. However, the current pinch analysis considering additional approach temperature difference can lead to uneconomical or infeasible design. A methodology for the integration of heat storage considering additional approach temperature difference for indirect heat transfer based on pinch analysis was proposed in this paper. Different minimum approach temperature differences were first used for direct and indirect heat transfer to obtain the utility target and to determine the configuration and the capacity of the heat storage units in the time-dependent heat cascade analysis. The time slice profiles were constructed based on the heat cascade analysis to determine the operating temperature of the heat storage units. Then the heat storage units were represented as hot and cold streams in the time periods with a heat surplus and deficit respectively, and an optimal network was obtained using the pinch design method. Finally, the applicability and effectiveness of the proposed methodology were demonstrated through two benchmark examples.

Hydrophobic PFDTES-Al₂O₃ tubular composite membrane was prepared by grafting with 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyltriethoxysilane (PFDTES) and applied to lithium bromide absorption refrigeration system. The separation performance of the tubular composite membrane for LiBr/H₂O solution was tested by the air gap membrane distillation (AGMD) experiment. The results showed that hydrophobic PFDTES-Al₂O₃ tubular composite membranes were successfully prepared with PFDTES. The permeation flux of membrane distillation increased as the operating pressure, feed temperature and feed flow rate increased and decreased with the increase of feed concentration. The rejection rate of LiBr remained above 99.99%. Based on the results of AGMD, the heat transfer process of a novel lithium bromide absorption refrigeration system including PFDTES-Al₂O₃ tubular composite membrane was simulated by Aspen Plus, and the feasibility of applying PFDTES-Al₂O₃ composite membrane to lithium bromide absorption refrigeration system was studied. The results showed that the coefficient of performance (COP) decreased with the increase of concentration and flow rate of LiBr/H₂O solution and increased with the increase of temperature of LiBr/H₂O solution. Moreover， the temperature and flow rate of LiBr/H₂O solution were the main influencing factors. When the operating pressure was 0.08MPa, the flow rate of LiBr/H₂O solution was 86L/h, the mass fraction was 50%, the temperature of LiBr/H₂O solution was more than 70℃, the flow rate of cold side was 120L/h and the temperature was 20℃, the COP was more than 0.7. It was shown that the application of PFDTES-Al₂O₃ tubular composite membrane in lithium bromide absorption refrigeration system not only reduces the volume of the equipment but also reduces the cost and has high feasibility.

In order to improve the accuracy of industrial process risk analysis, a quantitative analysis model based on hazard and operability(HAZOP) was established by HAZOP quantitative analysis method, which combines the traditional HAZOP analysis with the chemical simulation software Aspen Plus to create a process model. The sensitivity analysis function was used to simulate the process parameters to determine the degree of influence of the deviation on the system, thereby quantifying the deviation and determining the safe operating range of the process parameters. The method was applied to the risk analysis of vinyl chloride rectification in a chemical plant. The results showed that the method can accurately reflect the influence of feed parameter deviation on the vinyl chloride rectification system. When the relative deviation of feed temperature is higher than 25%, the heat load of the reboiler in the low boiler tower exceeds the safety threshold. When the relative deviation of the feed amount is higher than 20%, the heat load of the two tower condenser exceeds the safety threshold. When the absolute deviation of the feed composition is higher than 1.5%, the heat load of the high boiling tower condenser exceeds the safety threshold, the quality of products on the top of the tower decreases. Through quantification of feed parameters, quantitative risk analysis of vinyl chloride rectification was realized, which provides more effective safety measures for enterprises.

Based on the property of forming rotating flow field around the valve cover after gas passing through valve, rotary float valve is applied to aeration tank to improve its oxygenation performance. By assigning evenly 6 bubble stones around the rotary float valve, a rotary float valve-bubble stone composite aerator is formed. The aeration performances of the composite aerator were experimentally characterized in an organic glass aeration tank with an inner length, width and height of 800mm×600mm×910mm, by using an air-water system. In order to investigate the effect of the rotating flow field formed by the rotary float valve, the typical column internal unit F1 float valve and the common bubble stone aerator were introduced as experimental controls. The experimental results showed that the dissolved oxygen concentrations at the central and the boundary measuring points of the rotary float valve-bubble stone composite aerator were closer than those of F1 float valve-bubble stone composite aerator. The oxygenation uniformity index of the former was lower than that of the later. It was shown that the rotary float valve could promote the distribution uniformity of bubbles and decrease the dead zone for mass transfer. The rotary float valve - bubble stone composite aerator can improve the oxygen transfer coefficient, oxygen transfer rate, oxygen transfer efficiency and aeration efficiency compared with the F1 float valve-bubble stone composite aerator. The rotary float valve-bubble stone composite aerator can improve the oxygen transfer coefficient, oxygen transfer rate, and reduce oxygen transfer efficiency and aeration efficiency compared with the bubble stone aerator. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was introduced to simulate the flow field distribution and explicate the generation of rotary flow field and the reasons for the improvement of oxygen aeration capacity of rotary flow field in the aeration tank.

With the increasing yield of {\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{10}}^{\text{+}} heavy aromatics, the refinery’s demand for quality and efficiency enhancement in production is growing significantly. Meanwhile, the need for effective conversion and utilization of {\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{10}}^{\text{+}} heavy aromatics is becoming more and more urgent. Since {\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{10}}^{\text{+}} heavy aromatic hydrocarbons are rich in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs), and hydrogenation is an important means of converting PAHs into monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, the studies on the hydrogenation mechanism and thermodynamics of typical aromatics in {\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{10}}^{\text{+}} heavy aromatics have attracted increasing attention. Starting by analyzing the properties of {\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{10}}^{\text{+}} heavy aromatic hydrocarbons, we described the research progress in the hydrogenation reaction path and the mechanism of typical aromatics in detail, as well as the hydrogenation reaction thermodynamics, which could provide reference for their practical application and the catalyst development. We also pointed out that the composition of PAHs has a great influence on the suitable hydrogenation conditions, the yield of monocyclic aromatics, hydrogen consumption, and reaction heat release. In order to maximize the production of light aromatics and to reduce hydrogen consumption, optimization should be carried out by considering raw material precutting/pretreatment, catalyst structure and activity center, and process conditions together according to the composition of heavy aromatic hydrocarbons, so as to realize directional regulation of hydrogenation process.

The existing coal-to-SNG process was analyzed, and a new methanation process of VESTA, which was without recycle compressor and adapted to the wide H₂/CO ratio, was introduced. The remarkable feature of VESTA technology was that the temperature of methanation reaction can be controlled by the use of CO₂ in syngas and additional steam without the need for recycle compressors. Before methanation, only sulfides were removed from the feedstock gas and no carbon dioxide was removed, and then carbon dioxide was removed after the methanation reaction. The results of pilot test showed that the H₂/CO ratio in the feed syngas did not affect the quality of the final SNG product. The concentration of CO₂ in crude SNG was as high as 71%. Therefore, medium pressure liquid CO₂ products can be produced at low cost before CO₂ removal. This liquid CO₂ product not only can be pumped to the pulverized coal gasification unit as the transport gas, but also can be used as a by-product to increase the profits of the enterprise and indirectly reduce carbon emissions. Compared with the existing methanation technology with recycle compressors, the new VESTA methanation technology was not only easier to operate, but also improved the stability and safety of operation, and greatly reduce the investment and energy consumption of purification unit, methanation unit and SNG drying unit. Therefore, the use of VESTA methanation technology can effectively improve the market competitiveness of coal-to-SNG.

Shengli lignite was gasified at 800℃/900℃ under N₂, O₂, H₂O, H₂O+O₂ atmospheres in a simulated entrained-flow reactor (?80mm×3000mm). And kinetics of main reactions & flow characteristics of gas/solid were discussed, in order to build coal gasification model. The results showed that: the gas phase flow was divided into 3 zones, jet zone, recirculation zone and downstream zone, but the height of jet zone and recirculation zone only was 5% of that of reactor and could be neglected; pyrolysis and combustion occur simultaneously; the oxidation reaction (OR) and the steam gasification reaction (SGR) were controlled by membrane diffusion and chemical reaction respectively, and the rate equations derived from shrinking core model and reaction mechanism were in good agreement with experimental data. Moreover, the apparent rate constant of SGR in H₂O+O₂ atmosphere was obviously larger than that in H₂O atmosphere, especially at high temperature. It might be caused by that OR could produce microspores and develop mesopores to promote SGR rate, i.e. OR and SGR had synergistic effect. The model built was solved by MATLAB and employed to predict 12 groups of experiments (60 data points). And the predicted values were in good agreement with the experimental values, with the error of less than 20% for 85% predicted values and less than10% for 70% predicted values. For the prediction of lignite conversion rate, the predicted values were in perfect agreement with the experimental values, with the error of less than 4.6% for 75% predicted values.

Hydrate-based CO₂ separation and capture is an important technology to achieve carbon dioxide emission reduction. However, up to date, the technology is still not commercially applied because the two issues such as the low hydrate formation rate and the low gas consumption in the process of gas hydrate formation are unsolved. And the key problem is the ambiguity of microscopic mechanism of gas hydrate formation and decomposition. In order to reveal the microscopic mechanism of gas hydrate formation, the laser Raman spectrometer was used in this work to analyze the gas hydrate formed under different conditions in detail. And thermodynamic characteristics of CO₂ hydrate formation and decomposition was conducted in the work using a low temperature high pressure differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) in the presence of cyclopentane (CP). It was found that under isochoric conditions, gas consumption is 0.0187mol/mol, and CO₂ Raman peaks appear at 1276.3cm^-1 and 1379.6cm^-1 at initial pressure of 2.5MPa. Meanwhile, at initial pressure of 5.0MPa, the gas consumption is 0.744mol/mol, and CO₂ Raman peaks appear at 1276.1cm^-1and 1379.6cm^-1. The results of thermodynamic characteristic of CO₂ hydrate formation and decomposition revealed that, on one hand, the hydrate and the hydrate structure change with the changes of the initial operating pressure and temperature; on the other hand, for the same system, the final formed hydrates are not a single one but multi hydrates coexistence. The results provide reasonable scientific basis for further study on the microscopic mechanism of gas hydrate formation.

The dissolution behavior and mechanism of phenolic compounds in low temperature coal tar (LTCT) is the basis for their efficient separation. In this paper, simulation study on the miscibility of phenolic compounds with typical components in LTCT was conducted based on mixing energy. Then, the dissolution mechanism of phenolic compounds was investigated with respect to the interaction energy, radial distribution function and electron density. The results show that: ① the structural characteristics of the substances in coal tar such as the substitution groups on benzene ring, the number of benzene ring are the key factors affecting the dissolution behavior of the phenolic compounds. ② the dissolution behavior of the phenolic compounds in each component of coal tar is also affected by the association. The greater the association and the smaller the steric hindrance effect, the stronger the miscibility of phenolic compounds with other components. ③the associative forces between phenol and benzene, and benzothiophene, are π-π stacking force. CH-π stacking force and NH···O hydrogen bond are the associative forces between of hexane-phenol and indole-phenol, respectively.

The electrochemical properties of industrial 6061 aluminum alloy (6061), aviation 7075 aluminum alloy (7075) and pure aluminum as anode materials for aluminum air cell were studied. Electrochemical tests, constant-current discharge experiments and surface characterization were carried out to calculate the anodic energy densities of continuous constant discharge under different current densities of 40—120mA/cm². The surface morphology of the electrode was studied by electron probe microscopy (EPMA), and the surface analysis was performed by using a spectral analyzer (WDS). The results showed that the alloying elements changed the surface characteristics of the battery during discharge. The content of 6061 alloy element has a positive effect on the performance of the battery anode material, making the surface larger and discharge more uniformly , which suggested that 6061 was more suitable to be used as an alloy anode.

Methanol steam reforming is of great significance to solve the hydrogen source problem of fuel cells in mobile devices such as automobiles and ships. In recent years, it has become a research hotspot of hydrogen production by reforming of hydrocarbon fuels. Firstly, this paper classified the reaction mechanisms of methanol steam reforming into five kinds. As the related researches are still in development, no unified conclusion has yet been reached. Then, the research progress of kinetics investigations on methanol steam reforming was analyzed. It is found that most of kinetic experiments were performed at atmospheric pressure in the temperature range of 160—350℃ using Cu-based catalysts. The optimum steam to methanol ratio was recommended as 1.3—1.4. Finally, the kinetic models in the studies were summarized. Comparing with the single-rate and triple-rate kinetic models, the double-rate model can give the content of CO in products and its influence on the reaction rate. Besides, the model has relatively simple structure and the dynamic equation is easy to solve. Nevertheless, the applicability of those models in engineering need to be further verified. This paper can provide a theoretical basis for the design and optimization of methanol steam reforming system.

Three silver (Ag) nanocatalysts loaded with core-shell poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-polydopamine (PN@PDA/Ag) microspheres, core-shell polystyrene-polydopamine (PS@PDA/Ag) microspheres and homogeneous polydopamine (PDA/Ag) microspheres were successfully prepared by making use of the reducibility and adhesion of polydopamine (PDA). The microstructures, chemical compositions and the distribution of Ag nanoparticles of PN@PDA/Ag, PS@PDA/Ag and PDA/Ag microspheres were systematically studied. The effect of molar ratio of reductant sodium borohydride (NaBH₄) to reactant p-nitrophenol (4-NP) on the catalytic performance of the three microspheres were investigated. The results showed that Ag nanocatalysts were successfully loaded on all the three microspheres, and the amount of Ag nanocatalysts loaded on PDA/Ag microspheres was the highest. With the increase of the molar ratio of NaBH₄ to 4-NP, the conversions of 4-NP catalyzed by PN@PDA/Ag, PS@PDA/Ag and PDA/Ag microspheres all showed increasing trends. At all the molar ratios, PDA/Ag microspheres exhibited better catalytic performance than the other two microspheres. When the molar ratio was 500∶1, the apparent kinetic rate constants (k_app) of PN@PDA/Ag, PS@PDA/Ag and PDA/Ag microspheres were 0.21min^-1, 0.35min^-1 and 1.78min^-1, respectively. The k_app of as-prepared PDA/Ag microspheres was much higher than the maximum one of 0.35min^-1 reported in literature. The results could provide theoretical guidance and experimental basis for the design and preparation of efficient catalytic polymeric microspheres.

The catalytic upgrading experiment of biomass pyrolysis volatile over medical stone was carried out in a dual loop reaction system. The effects of upgrading bed material, catalytic upgrading temperature and circulating rate of medical stone were investigated. The results showed that upgrading by medical stone decreased the tar yield while increased the content of light tar compared to quartz sand. Medical stone promoted the removal of oxygen in bio-oil in the form of H₂O, CO and CO₂, especially in the form of H₂O and CO. After catalytic upgrading by medical stone, the content of hydrocarbons and phenols in the tar increased significantly, while the content of acids and ketones decreased. Increasing catalytic upgrading temperature was more favorable to remove oxygen of tar in the form of H₂O and CO. And the content of hydrocarbons in the tar increased while the content of acids, esters and ketones decreased with increasing catalytic upgrading temperature. When increasing the circulating rate of medical stone bed material, the light tar content increased while the content of hydrocarbons and phenols in the tar decreased. At catalytic upgrading temperature of 520℃ and circulating rate of 5.5kg/h, the tar quality was in a good state with high content of light tar and the content of phenols reached 46.37%.

PNIPAM was successfully grafted on carbon nanotubes (CNT) by Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP). The synthesized composite CNT-PNIPAM with wettability controllable surface was then used as support to prepare Pd catalyst (Pd/CNT-PNIPAM). The composite and its supported Pd catalyst were characterized by FTIR, TGA, OEA, DSC, XPS, XRD, TEM and N₂ adsorption. Further, the as-prepared catalysts were applied for selective hydrogenation of 1,8-dinitronaphthalene (1,8-DNN) and the effect of surface chemistry on the catalytic performance was studied. The results showed that CNT-PNIPAM had a lower critical solution temperature (LCST) about 37℃. It exhibited hydrophilic surface at room temperature that was helpful for the Pd dispersion. The Pd nanoparticles deposited had a small particle size of 3.6nm±0.8nm. When the temperature ascended to 120℃ (＞LCST), the surface wettability of Pd/CNT-PNIPAM transformed from hydrophilicity to hydrophobicity. The changes in the surface chemical properties after PNIPAM grafting further caused the changes in its adsorption performance to the substrates. Highly dispersed Pd nanoparticles on Pd/CNT-PNIPAM and its excellent adsorption performance to 1,8-DNN resulted in the enhanced catalytic activity (reaction rate constant k=2.1h^-1) and selectivity to 1,8-DAN (98% 1,8-DAN selectivity at nearly complete reaction).

Graphene oxide(GO) supported cobalt phthalocyanine composite catalyst CoAlPc/GO was prepared by synchronistic synthesis and immobilization of aldehyde cobalt phthalocyanine (CoAlPc) on the GO surface, which was initially bonded with phthalonitrile. The structure and morphology of the composite catalyst were characterized by FTIR, TEM and UV-vis spectroscopy. Finally, the photocatalytic activity of CoAlPc/GO was investigated under visible light by using methylene blue (MB) as the target degradant. The effects of dosage and pH of CoAlPc/GO on the degradation rate of MB and reusability were investigated. The results showed that CoAlPc was successfully supported on the GO surface by synchronous synthesis and immobilization, yielding a heterogeneous photocatalyst CoAlPc/GO. CoAlPc/GO showed a smaller charge transfer impedance than CoAlPc, thus exhibited good photocatalytic activity. In the presence of a certain amount of H₂O₂, and visible light irradiation of 60min, MB could be effectively degraded by only small amount of CoAlPc/GO (0.003g), and the degradation rate was as high as 99.9%. MB was degraded by the synergistic effects from ·O₂ ^-、·OH and the holes. Moreover, CoAlPc/GO also possessed good reusability, and its photocatalytic activity was still good after reused for 7 times.

Due to its good biocompatibility and biodegradability, polylactic acid is widely used in the fields of the drug, medicine and food packing and so on. With the progress of science and technology, some new requirements and purposes have been put forward for the properties of polylactic acid materials. Researchers have also made some new achievements in the synthesis methods and the modification research. The chemical constitution and basic properties of polylactic acid were described and the common synthetic methods of polylactic acid were discussed, including the basic concepts and application examples on cationic polymerization, anionic polymerization and coordination polymerization. The green synthetic methods such as enzymatic catalytic polymerization and polymerization in supercritical carbon dioxide developed in recent years were introduced. The hydrophilic modification, pH response modification and branch structure modification of polylactic acid were also emphatically introduced. Finally, the development directions of polylactic acid material research were prospected. It was proposed that adding very low content of inorganic nanoparticles filler into polylactic acid matrix can significantly improve the properties of composite materials. It was pointed out that the development of bio-nanocomposite packaging materials was a development direction of emphasis on research in the next few years.

Magnetic nanomaterials have many advantages, such as strong chemical stability, good adsorption performance and easy separation and recycling, so they have broad application prospects in removing uranyl ions from water. However, magnetic nanomaterials also have shortcomings such as easily aggregated and oxidized, which yet can be overcome by modification. In this paper, different magnetic nanomaterials are introduced by their categories, and their advantages and disadvantages as well as the ability in removing uranium from wastewater are summarized and compared. Further, the application of magnetic nanomaterials in the treatment of uranium-containing wastewater is discussed and the mechanism is analyzed. Additionally, the influencing factors and the problems in treating uranium-containing wastewater by magnetic nanomaterials are briefly described, and the application trend of magnetic nanomaterials in the separation of radioactive elements is prospected.

As a new energy battery, lithium-ion battery has a good application prospect. Battery capacity, rate performance and cycle performance are important evaluation indexes of battery performance. For the selection of electrode materials of high energy density, the structural stability and safety performance of the battery should be fully considered. At present, in view of the problem of lithium ion conduction rate and irreversible collapse, the improvement in the performance of lithium ion battery by means of coating, ion doping and the like are developed, but the actual demand requires a more effective modification method. Therefore, the research of the nickel-rich lithium ion battery focuses on the balance of capacity performance and safety performance. The research status and development directions of Ni-rich ternary materials for lithium-ion battery such as LiNi_0.4Co_0.2Mn_0.4O₂(NCM424), LiNi_0.5Co_0.2Mn_0.3O₂(NCM523), LiNi_0.6Co_0.2Mn_0.2O₂(NCM622), LiNi_0.8Co_0.1Mn_0.1O₂(NCM811) are reviewed. Simple modification of single material has encountered bottlenecks, and compounded modification methods, and multi-structure material design are the major development directions to improve battery performance. We point out the breakthrough in the development of lithium-ion battery should be based on the studies of the mechanism of action at the molecular level, the establishment of a unified theoretical model and the design of electrode structure from simulation.

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), a new type of porous material self-assembled by metal ions and organic ligands, exhibit excellent physical and chemical properties. Thus, it makes them promising candidates in gas adsorption, storage, gas separation and industrial catalysis and so on. But in the process of application, the water molecules will affect the stability and adsorption performance of MOFs, which greatly restricts its practical application. In this paper, the research progress of hydrophobic MOFs materials in recent years is introduced. The effects of metal ions and organic ligands on the regulation of hydrophilicity, and the ways of improvement of hydrophobicity by post-modification of ligands and compounding of hydrophobic materials are discussed. The hydrophobic and hydrophobic mechanism of MOFs are analyzed. Moreover, the method of screening hydrophobic MOFs by experiment and computer simulation are given. In the end, the existing problems in the synthesis of hydrophobic MOFs and their solutions are pointed out. It is expected to provide some useful potential application of MOFs materials in high humidity environment.

Hydrogen bonds are widely used in the construction and performance improvement of supramolecular polymers due to their several advantages, such as directivity, strong binding force, dynamic reversibility and predictable recognition performance. In this paper, the recent developments of main-chain type, side-chain type and combined type hydrogen bonded supramolecular polymers are summarized in detail according to the number of hydrogen bonding sites. More emphatically, the design of various hydrogen bonded units and the functions of them in improving the properties of polymers are elaborated. At the same time, the applications of hydrogen bonded units in the fields of nano material, gels, liquid crystals, and so on, are introduced. Based on this, the research directions of hydrogen-bonded supramolecular polymers in the future are prospected, including the design and synthesis of stable multiple hydrogen-bonded units under physiological conditions and the further study of assembly mechanism.

The application of high strength and high modulus Vinylon fibre in engineering was limited due to the lack of reasonable dispersion scheme and poor dispersion. In order to solve this problem, the surface of high strength and high modulus Vinylon fibre was modified with polyvinyl alcohol phosphate ester (TFOPVA) dispersant. On this basis, Vinylon fibres/cement composites were prepared with cement as matrix. In addition, the dispersion and mechanical properties of Vinylon fibre and composites after TFOPVA sizing agent were investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS), field emission scanning electron microscope (SEM), universal material testing machine, fibre strength and extensibility meter (XQ-1A), and so on. The results confirmed that the optimum mass fraction and adsorption capacity were 1% and 5mg/g, respectively; the dispersion coefficient of Vinylon fibre staple in cement matrix was increased by 33.3% and the monofilament breaking strength of Vinylon fibre was increased slightly by 4.5%, which could be firmly bonded with Vinylon fibre. Furthermore, the compression strength and flexural strength of modified Vinylon fibre/cement resin composite increased by 27.9% and 21.2%, respectively as compared with unmodified one.

SBA-15 mesoporous material was modified with 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (APTMS) to obtain an amino-functionalized mesoporous silica adsorbent (NH₂-SBA-15), which had an ability to chelate heavy metal ions. The surface morphology, pore structure, element distribution and surface chemical properties of the adsorbent were characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM, EDX, TGA, BET and XPS. Moreover, the adsorption performance of NH₂-SBA-15 on chromium (Ⅲ) ions in aqueous solution was investigated. Besides, the adsorption kinetics, adsorption thermodynamics and regeneration performance of NH₂-SBA-15 toward chromium (Ⅲ) ions were analyzed. The results showed that the crystal structure of SBA-15 had no obvious change after functionalization, and the adsorption performance was significantly improved. The adsorption behavior of chromium (Ⅲ) by NH₂-SBA-15 was well described with the Langmuir isotherm adsorption model and the adsorption rate was found to follow the pseudo-second order kinetics. The adsorption process of chromium (Ⅲ) by NH₂-SBA-15 was an endothermic process and mainly relied on the coordination chelation of —NH₂ with chromium (Ⅲ). After five recycles, the adsorption rate of chromium (Ⅲ) by NH₂-SBA-15 remained above 92%. This adsorbent had potential application prospects in the adsorption of chromium (Ⅲ).

Catalytic polyphenylene sulfide（PPS） filters were prepared by using in-situ method(ISM), impregnation calcination method（ICM） and coating method（CM）, respectively. The catalytic activities for NO_x and Hg⁰ oxidation of the catalysts at low temperature were investigated in a fixed bed system to determine the best preparation method and related basic operation parameters. In addition, the surface morphology, crystalline structure and NO_x occurrence morphology of (0.9)Mn-Ce-Fe-Co-O_x/PPS@ISM were analyzed. The experimental results showed that the maximum NO_x and Hg⁰ conversions decreased in the sequence of Mn-Ce-Fe-Co-O_x/PPS@ISM > Mn-Ce-Fe-Co-O_x/PPS@ICM > Mn-Ce-Fe-Co-O_x/PPS@CM. The maximum efficiencies of NO oxidation, NO_x reduction and Hg⁰ oxidation on (0.9)Mn-Ce-Fe-Co-O_x/PPS@ISM at 170℃ were 8.6%, 84.6% and 93.2%, respectively. The results of temperature programmed desorption showed that the NO interaction types were mainly in the form of nitrite/nitrate, followed by the adsorption state NO₂. Besides, the mercury on the catalyst mainly existed in the form of HgO and Hg(NO₃)₂/Hg₂(NO₃)₂ in the presence of NO. The results of characterizations showed that MnO_x, CeO_x, CoO_x and Fe₂O₃ were in the form of amorphous phase and well dispersed on PPS@ISM in a flocculent structure.

The effect of fluidized bed first stage pyrolysis temperature (300—800℃) on the physicochemical structure and combustion properties of bamboo pyrolytic carbon (BPC) was investigated on a self-designed fluidized bed-rotary furnace two-stage pyrolysis system by using bamboo powder as raw material. Meanwhile, the pyrolysis gas release behavior of bamboo was also investigated by using the TG-FTIR instrument. The elemental analysis results showed that the influence of fluidized bed pyrolysis temperature on the composition of BPC was weakened due to the existence of secondary pyrolysis process in rotary furnace. And the carbon content of BPC produced under different pyrolysis temperatures varied between 71.19% to 78.41%. The proximate analysis showed that the volatile matter and fixed carbon of the raw bamboo were 78.88% and 18.64%, respectively. After the pyrolysis process, volatile matter of samples decreased to ＜18% while fixed carbon increased significantly. Moreover, with the increase of pyrolysis temperature, the volatile matter of BPC decreased gradually, the ash content showed an increasing trend, and the fixed carbon was relatively stable. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results showed that the BPC possessed relative regular pore structure and maintained the skeleton structure of raw bamboo under pyrolysis temperatures of 300—500℃. While as the pyrolysis temperature continues to rise, the skeleton structure of BPC was destroyed and resulted in fracture and collapse. The specific surface area and pore volume reached the maximum at pyrolysis temperature of 700℃, which were 2.53m²/g and 0.67cm³/g, respectively. Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were applied to analyze the surface chemical structure of BPC. The results showed that higher pyrolysis temperature was favored for dehydrogenation, decarboxylation and aromatization reactions, and thus promoted the polymerization and transition of small aromatic ring system into large aromatic ring structure in BPC. TG-FTIR analysis showed that the prominent volatile components produced during the bamboo pyrolysis process were CO₂, alkanes, phenols, aldehydes, ketones, organic acids and aromatic hydrocarbons, etc. The combustion process BPC samples basically only showed a fixed carbon combustion stage, indicating the bamboo was fully carbonized during two-stages pyrolysis process.

Based on the preparation of high microporous sargassum-based activated carbon by KOH activation, and the reaction kinetics of carbon dioxide and carbon, sargassum-based activated carbon is modified by carbon dioxide, the pore structure and electrochemical properties of sargassum-based activated carbon modified are studied. The results show that: the specific surface area of the modified sargassum-based activated carbon decreases significantly from 3155m²/g to 2776m²/g, but the mesoporous specific surface area of modified activated carbon increases significantly from 181m²/g to 538m²/g, and the mesoporous content of activated carbon with pore size between 2—8nm increases significantly, the decrease of specific surface area is due to the decrease of microporous specific surface area. After modification, the microporous content of activated carbon decreases, and the microporous structure with pore size between 0.4—0.6nm basically disappears, but the microporous structure with pore size between 0.6—1nm increases, and the average pore size of activated carbon increases. The specific capacitance and rate performance of modified sargassum-based activated carbon are improved significantly. After carbon dioxide modification, the pore structure and electrochemical properties of sargassum-based activated carbon are synergistically optimized.

With the continuous advancement of society, people pay more and more attention to the protection of the ecological environment. The green composite materials that can coexist harmoniously with the environment and benefit human health have received continuous attention from the scientific community. In this paper, the waste coffee husks powder was used as raw material. In order to avoid the decrease of the reinforcing effect caused by the agglomeration of the nanocellulose mixture, the urea ball milling system was innovatively used to prepare the submicron cellulose mixture (including hemicellulose and lignin) and compared with the preparation of nano-scale cellulose mixture (containing a small amount of hemicellulose and lignin). The effects of different scales of cellulose mixture on polyethylene reinforced wood powder wood-plastic composites were discussed. It showed that both the nano-scale cellulose mixture (CSNC) and the sub-micron cellulose mixture (CCMC) increased the viscosity of the wood-plastic composite at room temperature, improving the heat resistance and creep resistance of the composite. For the properties of the material, the flexural modulus of the composite increased by 35% after adding 4% PE quality CSNC, but the bending strength and impact strength decreased and the brittleness of the material increased. After adding 4% PE quality CCMC, the flexural modulus of the wood-plastic composite material was unchanged, the impact strength and bending strength were both increased by 7%, and the material strength was enhanced. In terms of water absorption, CSNC significantly increased the water absorption of the material, and the addition of CCMC had little effect on the water absorption of the material. Submicron cellulose blends were superior in improving the properties of wood-plastic composites, making preparation easier and more convenient.

Polyimide(PI) fibers have many potential problems in application. The low surface activity of polyimide fibers makes the wettability of the interface poor. It is easy to agglomerate in the aqueous phase, with poor dispersibility. In view of the above problems, this work proposed to modify the surface of polyimide short chopped fibers after alkali treatment with nanocrystalline cellulose (CNC) under the combined catalytic action of Lewis acid and crosslinker. The dispersity of PI fibers in aqueous solution before and after CNC modification and the contact angle of PI fiber paper were measured. The results showed that the wettability of PI fibers was improved. In addition, the structure and properties of PI fibers before and after CNC treatment were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and thermogravimetric analyzer (TG). The pore size distribution of the PI fiber paper was measured by porous material pore size analyzer. Compared with the original PI fibers, the oxygen content of the fiber surface increased after the CNC treatment for the esterification reaction and cross-linking occurred on the fiber surface. The increase in oxygen-containing polar groups and surface roughness on the PI fibers contributed to improved wetting behavior. The contact angle of PI fiber paper with deionized water was reduced by 14.9o, the contact angle with ethanol was reduced by 4.8°, and the fiber dispersion was increased by 45%. These results indicated that the hydrophilicity of the fiber was remarkably improved, and the dispersion property of the fiber in the aqueous phase system was improved. This investigation showed that the method developed herein was an effective technique to prepare high performance organic fibers and corresponding composite materials.

The separation of small organic molecules by co-crystallization technology, especially the separation of some high-purity APIs that cannot be salted, is the frontier of crystal engineering applications. The principle is to form cocrystal by intermolecular recognition, and to change the lattice energy or solubility characteristics of the target molecule, thereby achieving separation. Aiming at the application of cocrystallization in separation, this paper systematically reviews the examples of co-crystallization in separation and purification of achiral molecules and chiral APIs and intermediates from the thermodynamic principle of cocrystal separation. Separation examples are analyzed from different perspectives such as molecular structure, intermolecular interaction force, solubility product constant, solvent system, etc. For the existing problems of this technology, such as the lack of regularity in the choice of cocrystal formation, the complexity of the actual API purification system, the feasibility of recycling eutectic formation, it is pointed out that establishing the cocrystal formation selection method of the system and in-depth study of thermodynamic behavior are the main research directions in the future.

Sludge anaerobic digestion technology has attracted much attention due to its characteristics of harmlessness, resource utilization and stabilization. Sludge anaerobic digestion involves various processes such as hydrolysis fermentation, hydrogen production, acetic acid production and methanogenesis, and exerts different functions. We introduced the bacteria (phylum level) and archaea (genus level) communities commonly found in sludge anaerobic digestion systems, such as Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Chloroflexi, Spirochaetes (bacteria) and Methanobacterium, Methanosarcina, Methanobrevibacter, Methanosaeta (archaea) and so on in this paper. Factors affecting microbial community structure in anaerobic systems such as pH, nutrients, temperature, ammonia nitrogen and toxic and hazardous substances are also reviewed. Finally, application of molecular biotechnology such as stable isotope labeling, metagenomics and proteomics in exploring microbial functions are prospected. Aim of this paper is to provide technical support for further analysis of unidentified functional microorganisms in anaerobic systems.

Glycosylation is an important modification of natural products, which is mainly catalyzed by UDP-glycosyltransferase. UDP-sugar regeneration system has been constructed in recent years to reduce the costs. This paper focused on the invitro glycosylation of natural products and explained the effect of glycosylation on the function of natural products. The current methods of glycosylation modification were discussed. The biocatalytic process based on UDP-glycosyltransferase has great industrial application potential. Then, the regeneration of UDP-sugar based on UDP recycling system mediated by sucrose synthase or trehalose synthase was described. Importantly, the UDP recycling system has been applied to the invitro glycosylation of terpenoids, flavonoids and other compounds to efficiently synthesize high value-added natural product glycoside compounds. This paper pointed out that the UDP recycling system coupled with sucrose synthase and UDP-glycosyltransferase would be an important method for the glycosylation of natural products in the future.

In order to investigate the effects of surfactants and ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium phosphate ([EMIM]DEP) on the activity of β-glucosidase of Paenibacillus sp. LLZ1, a certain concentration of surfactants and [EMIM]DEP were added to the enzyme activity assay system. The results showed that the addition of 5% [EMIM]DEP enhanced the activity of β-glucosidase by 12.00%, and the further addition of 0.1% rhamnolipid, Span20, PEG4000 and Tween80 increased by 21.85%, 12.07%, 8.57% and 5.25%, respectively, while Triton X-100 and SDS reduced β-glucosidase activity by 4.59% and 10.63%. The kinetic curves and kinetic parameters indicated that with the increase of the β-glucosidase activity within the 0.1% surfactants and 5% [EMIM]DEP, the Michaelis constant K_m decreased. Circular dichroism spectroscopy showed that the α-helix of β-glucosidase increased by 1.00%, 0.78%, 0.72%, and 0.80% after treatment with 0.1% rhamnolipid, Span20, PEG4000, and Tween80, respectively. Adding SDS resulted in a sharp decrease in the α-helix content by 5.72%. Fluorescence spectroscopy indicated that the maximum emission wavelength of β-glucosidase was altered in the presence of surfactants and 5% [EMIM]DEP. Differential scanning calorimetry showed that 0.1% hamnolipid and 5% [EMIM]DEP changed the midpoint temperature and the average unfolding enthalpy of β-glrucosidase. When the hydrolysis of cellobiose was carried out using 0.1% rhamnolipid in combination with 5% [EMIM]DEP, the conversion rate was improved by 21.93%.

In order to reduce the loss of pesticides, a foliar affinity sustained-release microcapsules was designed. Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) was used to modify carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), and then avermectin (AVM) was coated by self-assembly to form drug-loaded microcapsules (CMC-g-PMMA@AVM). The dopamine coating was then used to form affinity microcapsules (DA/CMC-g-PMMA@AVM). The structure and morphology were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. The drug loading, leaf surface wetting and pH-responsive drug release properties were studied. The results showed that DA/CMC-g-PMMA@AVM was a spherical particle with an average particle size of 126nm. The coating of dopamine can effectively improve the drug loading performance of the microsphere and increase the encapsulation efficiency to 88.56%. The leaf affinity of AVM was enhanced and the leaf retention was increased by 30.56% relative to the emulsion of avermectin. The residual rate of AVM in AVM emulsion was only 14.03% after strong ultraviolet irradiation for 60min, while up to 59.55% in DA/CMC-g-PMMA@AVM. The drug release in the microcapsules had a pH response, and a burst release phenomenon occurred at pH=5. The release process conformd to the Weibull model and was controlled by Fick diffusion.

Nano-cellulose whiskers were prepared from coconut shell fibers as raw material. The modified nano-cellulose whiskers were modified by silane coupling agent and dispersed in the mixture of chitosan and polyvinyl alcohol. The modified nano-cellulose whiskers-chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol composite membranes were prepared by solution casting method. The structure, thermal properties, crystallization behavior and morphology of the modified nano-cellulose whisker-chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol composite membrane were characterized and analyzed by FTIR, DSC, TG, XRD and SEM. The mechanical properties and dynamic water contact angle of the composite membrane were tested. The in vitro biocompatibility of the composite membrane was evaluated in this study using L929 fibroblasts. The results showed that the thermal properties, crystallization behavior and mechanical properties of chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol composite membranes were improved by adding modified cellulose whiskers. Fibroblasts had better adhesion and growth on the composite membranes. The nano-cellulose whisker-chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol composite membranes had good comprehensive properties and cell compatibility.

α-hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone (Irgacure184) is a type of high-efficiency photoinitiator, which is widely applied in electronics, coatings, printing, etc. This paper classifies its synthesis methods according to different starting materials and summarizes the characteristics of each method. Meanwhile, this paper mainly introduces the process of using cyclohexyl phenyl ketone as raw material and other routes to synthesize α-hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone. At present, the Friedel-Crafts acylation method for synthesizing α-hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone is most commonly used. However, because of the wastes and the strong toxicity, this method does not meet the requirements of green chemistry and will gradually be eliminated. Among all the synthesis routes, using the Grignard reaction to obtain α-hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone is expected to be one of the most considerable directions owing to its high yield and environmental benign nature. At the end, the trend of researches on synthesizing α-hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone is pointed out.

Low temperature environment is inevitably encountered in the wastewater treatment system operation. Low temperature decreases the activities of nitrifying bacteria and denitrifying bacteria. How to improve the biological nitrogen removal effect in the wastewater treatment system under low temperature is one of the urgent tasks in the wastewater treatment research. The mechanisms of cold adapted microorganism's resistance to low temperature found in recent years are discussed in this paper. The function of extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) and polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) are proposed. Several functional bacteria which have been proved to be capable of denitrification at low temperature and some new technologies/processes which can improve the denitrification effect of low temperature wastewater are introduced (including the use of new fillers, change of carbon sources supplement pattern and add specific heavy metals). The problems encountered in the present research are described: lack of engineering application, treating water quality and strains are relatively simple. There is still a gap between the research conclusion and the actual application. The fixation and use of specific functional bacteria, Bio-Dopp and engineering application can be combined to reduce operating costs and improve the biological nitrogen removal effect of low temperature wastewater in the future.

Organic pollutants, which migrated in the urban sewage treatment process and enriched in the sludge, have high stability. They are difficult to degrade, and have high ecological risks, which have become the main factors restricting the utilization of sludge land. Considering the engineering limitations of physicochemical treatment of sludge organic pollutants, the sources, properties and hazards of three representative organic pollutants, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzo(a)pyrene and mineral oil, in municipal sludge were introduced in this paper. Based on the anaerobic digestion of sludge, aerobic composting and the combined action mechanism of the two, the degradation and transformation of organic pollutants in the sludge treatment process were discussed. The causes of degradation of organic pollutants were analyzed. It was pointed out that the bioavailability of organic pollutants was the key factor affecting the degradation effect. The stability of sludge microbial cell wall and organic pollutant structure hindered the full contact of organic pollutants with microorganisms as well as affected the biodegradation rate. To this end, the effects of pyrolysis, ultrasonic method, ozone method, four auxiliary means of adding exogenous substances and the effect of enhanced degradation were analyzed. Through summarizing and summarizing, the process combination of sludge organic pollutant degradation and the direction of process optimization were clarified.

Experiments were carried out to examine the ash depositon characteristics in a bench-scale circulating fluidized bed (CFB). The influence of ash particle sizes, flue gas temperatures and heat exchange tube surfaces temperature (500℃, 550℃, 600℃ and 650℃) on ash deposit formation rate was investigated. The results indicated that with the increase of particle size, the content of CaO and SO₃ in the loose-like fouling ash gradually decreased, while the content of SiO₂ and Al₂O₃ increased gradually. The contents of the alkali metals Na and K and the halogen Cl were the highest in the ash with a smaller particle size. The ash deposition is mainly rich in elements such as Ca, S, Si and Al. The content of CaO and SO₃ in the ash is higher than that in the fouling ash, while the content of Al₂O₃ and SiO₂ is lower. The deposition mass increases as the temperature of the flue gas increases, and decrease as the particle size range of the fly ash increases. The effect of particle size on ash deposition is significant. Large-size ash particles are difficult to deposit while small-size ash particles are easy to deposit. The deposition mass achieve a minimum at the probe surface temperature of 600℃. The content of CaO and SO₃ decreases as the probe surface increases, while the content of refractory Al₂O₃ and SiO₂ increases as the wall temperature increases.

According to gasification behavior of coal chair in high temperature flue gas, high temperature reaction characteristics of coal char in high temperature flue gas, using FactSage 6.1 was calculated and gasification behavior was analyzed using thermogravimetric analyzer. Dynamic precipitation characteristics of gas products under different temperatures, gas ratios and particle sizes were further studied by conducting the settling furnace experiments. At the same time the evaluation indexes, including α, β and LHV values were calculated as well. The results showed that with the increase of temperature, the contents of gas products H₂ and CO increase, the values of β, α and LHVincrease, and the contents of CH₄ and CO₂ decrease. At a constant temperature of 1200℃, the values of β and α increased from 10.80% and 5.21% at a CO₂/CO ratio of 10∶70 to 24.71% and 41.06% at a CO₂/CO ratio of 50∶30, respectively. Moreover, with the increase of CO₂/CO ratio, the inhibition of the coal char gasification reaction was weakened by high temperature flue gas. By comparing the effects of reaction temperature and particle size of coal char on gasification, it can be concluded that the effect of reaction temperature on gasification reaction in coal char is much larger than the size of coal char. The feasibility of preparing high-quality flammable gas by spraying coke into high temperature flue gas was verified by experiments.

Non-thermal plasma technology was used to purify benzene with benzene removal efficiency as the evaluation indicator. According to the single factor experiments, the range of specific energy density, initial concentration and oxygen content was determined. The influence of interaction and interaction on the removal efficiency of benzene was investigated by Design-Expert response surface method. The composition of by-products was analyzed by Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy(FTIR), gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and scanning electron microscopy(SEM). According to the simulation of the quadratic polynomial model, the individual variables, the interaction of the specific energy density and the oxygen content had a significant effects on the removal efficiency of benzene. The results showed that the optimal parameters were determined as the specific energy density of 5.98kJ/L, initial concentration of 452.08mg/m³ and the oxygen volume fraction of 1.66%. The removal efficiency model-predicted was 96.63%, the average value measured was 95.23% and the relative error between the two results was 1.40%, which indicated that the quadratic polynomial model was reliable. The solid phase by-products mainly contained long-chain alkanes, long-chain olefins, phenols, esters, ketones and amides. The overall morphology was cluster-like with obvious spherical morphology. The undegraded benzene, ethylene oxide, benzonitrile, 4-cyanopyridine were detected in the liquid phase product. In addition to the CO₂ produced by mineralization and undegraded benzene, the gas phase product also had benzonitrile and ester.

Peroxymonosulfate (PMS) and peroxydisulfate (PDS) are widely used in environmental remediation, because they can produce oxidizing radical ·\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{4}}^{\text{-}} through activation to better oxidize organic pollutants. This article compared typical activation methods of PMS and PDS, discussed possible activation mechanisms and reaction kinetics. The latest progresses on PMS and PDS activation methods were summarized. The influence of inorganic anionic (Cl^-、\mathrm{H}\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{3}}^{\text{-}}\text{/}\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{3}}^{\mathrm{2}\text{-}}、\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{3}}^{\text{-}}、\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{2}}^{\text{-}}、\mathrm{H}\mathrm{P}{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{4}}^{\mathrm{2}\text{-}}、{\mathrm{H}}_{\mathrm{2}}\mathrm{P}{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{4}}^{\text{-}}) on degradation reactions of organic pollutants due to competitive consumption on free radicals were also reviewed. Finally, advantages and disadvantages of various activation methods were briefly discussed, and further research areas were put forward. It is concluded that different activation methods provide a variety of options for the remediation of contaminated land. The coupling of activation methods for persulfate as an economical and high-efficiency method should be received more attentions in future. As some inorganic anions have a strong ability to scavenge free radicals, activation methods should be selected cautiously for remediation of contaminated land with high-salt contents and organics.