This article states that the post-petroleum era will come along with the peak of the world petroleum output. The author sums up the different views about when the world petroleum output will reach its peak. The exploration and development data analyzed in this article indicate that the world petroleum output will peak soon. The soaring oil price，which has already impeded the world economic growth，has alarmed the forthcoming post-petroleum era which will contribute to further price rise. The countermeasures listed in the article include：
1. Formulate Proactive pricing and tax policies to guide rational oil consumption;
2. Promote the research，development and application of oil-saving technologies;
3. Increase upstream investment and adopt new technologies to find more resources;
4. Develop new oil Processing technologies to find new petrochemical feedstocks;
5. Expedite the development of bio-fuel technologies and realize commercial scale production;
6. Develop and utilize non-conventional petroleum resources;
7. Develop and commercialize the coal-to-liquid (CTL) technologies.

With depleting fossil fuel resources，energy consumption will be changed to renewable energy. Methanol fuel as a highly-efficient and clean alternative fuel，can be used not only to fuel internal combustion engine vehicles in order to replace gasoline and diesel today，but also to fuel fuel-cell vehicles in the future，and methanol as an important feedstock can be used to synthesize gasoline，dimethyl ether (DME)，hydrogen，etc. There is a variety of feedstocks to synthesize methanol commercially，such as natural gas，coal，heavy oil，naphtha in the fossil energy age，and biomass，H2 and CO2 in the renewable energy age. The commercial technology to produce methanol fuel is mature and the large scale production equipment has been established all around the world. Methanol fuel is an ideal energy carrier to meet the demand of sustainable development of energy consumption from fossil energy to renewable energy. With abundant coal resources in China，it is strategically significant to choose methanol fuel as its alternative fuel.

Several methods of characterizing the macroscopic size of heavy oil fractions are introduced. These methods mainly include hydrodynamic properties correlation method，small-angle scattering method and electron microscopy imaging method. The hydrodynamic properties correlation method is mainly used to compute the molecular size of heavy oil fractions，but the size and shape of asphaltene colloid particle are characterized by the small-angle scattering method and electron microscopy imaging method. The basic principle，condition of application and problem of these methods are also analyzed and summarized. Based on the analysis，the characterization methods of size，shape and distribution of asphaltene colloid particle are relatively mature，and the viscosity-diffusion coefficient combination method that investigates the hydrodynamic properties of heavy oil fractions in extremely dilute solution is a good way to characterize the molecular shape and size of heavy oil fractions，especially asphaltene.

Raceme resolution is the main route to get pure enantiomer．Among all kinds of the resolution methods，membrane resolution methods are considered as the most promising ones because of their special advantages，such as low energy consumption，continuous operation mode　and convenient　up-scaling and so on．In this paper，we consider membrane as two parts：liquid membranes and solid membranes，and introduce their development in chiral resolution respectively．The advantages and disadvantages of each method are also summarized．Moreover，the problems which need to be resolved and the trend of development are discussed．

Dehumidification is a very important issue in daily life and production. The traditional dehumidification technologies，such as refrigeration，liquid desiccant，are widely used，but have many shortcomings. This paper reviews the recent development of some novel dehumidification technologies，including membrane dehumidification，heat pump dehumidification，heating，ventilating，air conditioning (HVAC) dehumidification，thermoelectric cooling and electrochemical dehumidification. Their operational principles，advantages and disadvantages，and equipment are introduced. Besides，their future development directions are presented.

Activated sludge in enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) has a high content of phosphorus and can release phosphate under anaerobic conditions. Phosphate recovery from EBPR excess sludge has great potential，so the vital problem focuses on the optimization of the parameters that affect anaerobic phosphate release of EBPR sludge in order to maximize the release of phosphate. The recent advances in phosphate release from EBPR sludge are analyzed and summarized in this paper. Although plenty of research in this field has been done and some results are obtained，many disputed and unanswered questions still exist and further study is needed.

The quality and quantity of dyeing and printing wastewater have changed significantly because of the development of dyeing and printing industry. The current situation of dyeing and printing wastewater in China is analyzed. The improvement of biotechnology，such as aerobic biotechnology，anaerobic biotechnology and anaerobic-aerobic biotechnology for dyeing and printing wastewater treatment is presented. The progress of new biotechnology，such as bio-augmented and immobilized microorganism is reviewed.

Gas-inducing reactors (GIRs) have been widely used in industry. The investigation of GIRs is important for their design and scale-up. The characteristics of gas-inducing impellers are compared with the traditional equipment. The gas-inducing impeller are classified on the basis of flow pattern and the basic principles of operation are introduced. The operation characteristics，the hydrodynamics and mass transfer performance of GIRs，including the critical impeller speed for the onset of gas induction，rate of gas induction，power consumption，gas holdup and mass-transfer coefficient are discussed. The future research on GIRs is prospected.

In this paper the studies on the solvation effect of the ionic liquid in supported ionic liquid catalysts (SILCs), especially，as a solvent of catalytic active sites and modifying the hydrophobic property of micro-environments around active sites are reviewed. The questions and trends in the future application of SILCs are also presented.

Hydrogels are widely used in the fields of pharmacology and tissue engineering. In this article，the hydrogels design methods based on chemical and physical crosslinking are reviewed. Chemically crosslinked hydrogels are formed by radical polymerization，chemical reaction of complementary groups，high energy irradiation and enzymatic reactions，and physically crosslinked hydrogels are formed by ionic interactions，crystallization，hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions.

Hydrogels can respond to the environmental changes by recognizing and then self-working under slight stimulation of physical and chemical environment，such as temperature，pH degree，ionic strength，electric field，magnetic field，light，pressure，etc. So it is called “smart gel”，“soft mechanism”. Electric field enjoys many obvious advantages，such as operating easily and regulating conveniently，which makes the electric-field-sensitive hydrogels have a broad prospect and potential application. In this paper，the recent researches on several typical electric-field-sensitive hydrogels are reviewed. The response mechanism about electrostatic field and osmolality as well as the applications in artificial worm，chemical valve and bionic actuator are also introduced.

The progress of viscose rayon and Lyocell fibers used as tobacco filter materials are reviewed. The perspective technical parameters，such as brightness，curling，elastic modulus，and residual sulfur etc. for viscose rayon fibers are recommended.

Porous materials are used widely both in chemical industry and high technology fields，and much attention has been paid to their surface modification. In the last decade，non-thermal plasma （NTP）has been developed rapidly as a technology for surface modification of materials，and has demonstrated great potential in improving physical and chemical properties of the materials without damaging or changing the materials matrix. This paper reviews the research status of the surface modification of porous materials by NTP，and discusses the principles involved in the process. The progress and future directions of surface modification by NTP are also pointed out.

Different preparation methods for nanoparticle silver are introduced，including aqueous chemical reduction，electrochemical reduction，photochemical reduction and molecular self-assemby. The theories and processes of preparation of these methods are described in detail. The applications of nanoparticle silver in chemical reactions，optics and antibacterial materials are reviewed.

Silver vanadium oxide (SVO) cathode material has been widely used in implantable cardiac defibrillator (ICD) power system，and is a cathode material of high value in research and development. In this paper，the electrochemical reduction mechanism of the SVO material is introduced. The research progress and characteristics of the synthesis methods for SVO，such as solid-state reaction，sol-gel method，hydrothermal method and microwave method are summarized. Finally，the research and development trend is discussed.

Biodiesel，a renewable，biodegradable，nontoxic and clean fuel，is made from plant oil or animal oil，and is expected to be a substitute for conventional diesel fuel. Biodiesel has the advantages of resolving energy shortage and reducing the emission of greenhouse gas. In this paper，the research progress of the activity and selectivity of lipase，immoblization of lipase，different reaction systems，operation conditions，the effect of different acyl acceptors and so on during enzymatic synthesis of biodiesel by lipase is presented.

In this paper，the study on the adsorption，gas stripping，liquid-liquid extraction and pervaporation for separating acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) from fermentaton broth in recent years is reviewed，and the merits and demerits of various processes are presented. By comparing these separation methods，the prospect of coupling of acetone/butanol fermentation with separation is presented.

γ- Polyglutamic acid（γ-PGA），which can be produced by microbial fermentation，is a homopolymer of glutamic acid. γ-Polyglutamic acid (γ-PGA) shows water solubility，biodegradation，edibility and non-toxicity to human and environment，which makes it widely applicable in many fields，such as food，cosmetics，medicine，agriculture and so on .The chemical constitution，properties，production and application of γ-PGA are reviewed.

The key process of synthesis of azithromycin is the reduction of erythromycin iminoether. The article analyzes the main problem of catalytic reduction and chemical reduction，proposes the idea for further study and summarizes qualitative and quantitative analysis of the products.

Alkylation of benzene with ethanol was investigated over Ti ion exchanged modified HZSM-5 molecular sieves catalyst. The catalysts were characterized by XRD，BET，NH3-TPD，Py-IR and ICP. The pore diameter，BET surface area and micropore volume of the modified catalyst decreased after modification. The ratio of B acid and L acid of the modified catalyst increased. The Ti loading amount was 8.56%. According to the results from reaction tests，the ethylbenzene selectivity of the modified catalyst decreased a little，the benzene conversion and ethanol utilization increased. The effects of temperature，feed ratio，WHSV were also investigated. The appropriate temperature was 360－460 ℃，the mol ratio of benzene and ethanol was 3－5 and WHSV was 3－6 h-1. The regenerated catalyst maintained high activity and its acid property did not change much. The catalyst had good prospect of industrial application.

A new post-transition metal complex [ArN=C(R)C(R)=NAr]NiCl2 (R,R=1,8-naphth-diyl，Ar=x-C6H4，x=p-CH3) was designed and synthesized. The propylene oligomerization catalyzed by this complex with MAO as cocatalyst was studied. The effects of reaction temperature，Al/Ni molar ratio，reaction pressure on the catalytic activity and oligomer distribution were investigated. The results indicated that novel catalyst system had high activity for propylene oligomerization. The products were mainly tetramer and pentamer.

Catalytic hydrolyzation of ethylene carbonate (EC) with NY-2 catalyst was studied，which was the second step of the two-step process for ethylene glycol (EG). The optimal conditions were as follows：temperature 160－180 ℃，mole ratio of H2O to EC 2.0－4.0，NY-2 catalyst mass fraction about 2.0%，reaction pressure 3.0－4.0 MPa. Under the above conditions，when there was EG (EG/EC molar ratio 0.5－1.0) in the raw material，conversion of EC and selectivity to EG can still reach 100% and above 98%，respectively.

Coal pitch powder as filler was added to polyurethane in order to prepare a waterproof material. The mechanical properties，waterproof performance and cryogenic flexibility were determined and the influence of such factors as coal pitch powder’s content and particle size on the waterproof material properties was investigated. Additionally，the interaction mechanism between coal pitch powder and polyurethane was investigated by studying the micro-morphology of the water-proof material with SEM. The measurements of the heat-resistance and Tg temperature of the waterproof material were carried out respectively by TG and DSC. The result indicated that the properties of the waterproof material can satisfy all the requirements of Chinese National Standards for polyurethane waterproof material. When the content of coal pitch powder varied from 10% to 15%, the smaller the coal pitch particle size，the better the mechanical performance；meanwhile good heat-resistance and cold-resistance were also observed.

Ultrasonic degradation of chlorinated polypropylene in toluene solution obeyed the kinetic equation：1/(Mt－Mlim)－1/(M0－Mlim)=kt. It was discovered that viscosities of chlorinated polypropylene in dilute solution（1%—5%） decreased with time and finally reached a stable value. Nevertheless，in strong solution（10%—20%），viscosities decreased with time at the initial period and then approached its lowest value. After this lowest value，viscosities increased gradually. The reason why viscosity increased may be that strong solutions became irreversible rheopectic fluids under ultrasonic irradiation. Through determination of infrared spectrum and chlorine content，it was also discovered that the structure and chlorine content of chlorinated polypropylene had no change after ultrasonic irradiation. This indicated that the rupture position of chlorinated polypropylene molecular chain Loated C—C bond.

The phenol in the wastewater from fluorobenzene production was recovered by replacement extraction with TBP as extractant and NaOH aqueous as reverse extractant. Both the influence of concentration of the extractant，extraction time，pH and phase ratio on the extraction rate and the influence of phase ratio，extraction time and concentration of NaOH on the reverse extraction rate were studied. After three-stage extraction and two-stage reverse extraction，the recovery of phenol was 98%，and the concentration of phenol in wastewater decreased to 19.7 mg/L. The method is simple，and the operating cost is low. Moreover，it can be easily commercialized.

Membranes of ZSM-5 zeolite were obtained by one step in situ hydrothermal synthesis. XRD and SEM micrographs were used to characterize these membranes. The membranes were used for the separation of ethanethiol from n-hexane. It was shown from the result that：the desulfurizing effect decreased with increasing permeation rate；and the rejection performance was enhanced after the membranes were loaded with Cu2+. However，high concentration of Cu2+ decreased the permeation rate. It was also found that at a higher operation temperature，the permeation rate increased while the desulfurizing effect decreased.

Unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters were separated from waste oils biodiesel by the urea adduct methed，using 95% alcohol solution as adduction solvent. The effects of the urea-to-biodiesel ratio (Ru)，the solvent-to-biodiesel ratio (Rs)，adduction time (t) and adduction temperature (T) on the separation were studied. The results showed that the optimum conditions were Ru = 1.4～1.7，Rs = 4.6～6.0，T = 10 ℃ and t = 18 h. Under the optimum conditions，the unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters recovery was 55.80 %，and their content was 93.48 %.

SnO2 nanoparticles with rutile structure were prepared by the homogeneous precipitation method in the submerged circulating impinging stream reactor，using SnCl4·5H2O and urea as the raw materials，and the SnO2 powder was characterized by means of XRD and TEM. The effects of reaction temperature，ratio of reactants，reaction time，calcination time and rotating speed of propellers on the yield of the product were investigated. The results showed that reaction time was the main factor that affected the yield of SnO2，while the reaction temperature and the rotatng speed of propellers were the minor factors. The particles with average size of 20 nm，fine dispersion and narrow size distribution were obtained under optimal conditions.

A new method of modification for alginate-chitosan microcapsules with gold nanoparticles was reported. The gold-alginate-chitosan microcapsules were prepared with gold nanoparticles solutions. The optimum conditions of reactions and the particle size distributions of the gold-alginate-chitosan microcapsules were investigated. The value of pH=5.0 and reaction time of 120 minutes for reaction were chosen. The average diameters of the gold-alginate-chitosan microcapsules prepared respectively with citrate-stabilised gold nanoparticles and acrylate-stabilised gold ones were 216.686mm and 196.850 mm.

Vacuum cavitation extraction technique was used to extract the alkaloids from Catharanthus roseus and the extraction yields of the main three alkaloids vinblastine，vindoline and catharanthine were used to estimate the extraction results. The effects of different solvents，pH value，acid，extraction time，solid-liquid ratio and extraction time on extraction yields were studied. The optimum parameters of extraction process by vacuum cavitation were as follows：extraction solvent was 50% methanol in sulfuric acid solution；pH value of extraction solvent was 1.5；solid-liquid ratio was 1∶10；C. roseus was extracted 3 times with each 25min by vacuum cavitation. The results showed that vacuum cavitation extraction technique was better than other extraction methods for low-concentration and high-value vinblastine with extraction yield up to 0.082‰.

Clindamycin phosphate as an antibiotic medicine is the third generation product of Lincomycin. It is widely used in clinical applications. Some compounds with similar structures in clindamycin phosphate raw material make the purification difficult．Nowadays，cooling combined with dilute crystallization is the most important technique to purify and obtain good crystalline quality of clindamycin phosphate. In this work，the solvent composition，cooling method and rate，stirring rate were investigated to disclose their influence on the quality including：purity，crystal size distribution，crystal size，content of residual solvent. The optimum operation conditions were provided.

The fraction above 220℃ separated by rectification from the by-product C9 aromatic hydrocarbon fraction of ethylene cracking blends was mixed with solvent oil at a prescribed ratio，and dark petroleum resin can be produced by free radical polymerization reaction at a specific temperature and pressure. Reaction temperature，reaction pressure，and modifying agent content affected the softening point，viscosity and n-heptane value of the resulting resin and the process conditions of temperature，pressure and constant temperature time of thermal polymerization for producing dark petroleum resin were determined.