This paper summarizes the study of the modeling and simulation of ethanol fermentation，and presents the characteristics of the models and the difficulty of simulation. The Monod equation could describe the competitive inhibitory actions well. The key problem of simulation is to optimize and solve the Monod equation. The Monod equation is converted into S system equations for optimization. The model here includes a mass transfer model. The difficulty of simulation is how to choose a proper overall transfer coefficient to simplify the solving process. And this simulation may perform the calculation of unstable equilibrium equations. Using cellulose as the substrate to produce ethanol is a new way to obtain ethanol at a low price. The mathematical model of the fermentation process should include the influences of polysaccharide decomposition and the inhibitory actions of the intermediate products. To simulate and optimize the ethanol fermentation process is helpful to decreasing ethanol production cost，and promoting commercial production. The direction of future study is to simulate the critical technique of cellulose fermentation and to compile application software，which is beneficial to optimization and automatic control.

The preparation techniques of activated carbon monolith in China and overseas are summarized in this paper，and the advantages and disadvantages of these techniques are also compared．The results show that the monolith with higher surface area and better mechanical properties could be prepared by molding the mixture of powdered activated carbon and the organic binder．Furthermore，the factors affecting the properties of as-prepared activated carbon monolith, including binder，the surface properties of powdered activated carbon，additives，and the process of molding，are discussed in detail．

Pyrolysis of organic matter using microwave heating technique has shown obvious advantages. This review introduces the application of microwave heating in the pyrolysis of organic matter in China and overseas，and describes the microwave pyrolysis by analyzing the influences of physical characteristics，operation conditions，with and without adding microwave absorber on the process and products of pyrolysis. The perspectives of microwave heating technique in organic matter pyrolysis are presented，and the issues which need further study are also presented.

The studies in the catalysts for obtaining pyromellitic dianhyride by catalytic gaseous phase oxidation are reviewed in this paper．The research and application of active constituents and preparation of such catalysts are presented．The directions of research on supported catalysts are also suggested．

The residual transition-metal catalyst in atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) system may cause process and environment issues，that will restrict its commercialization. In this paper，several immobilized catalyst systems，including silica or quartz，cross-linked polystyrene or other polymers used as the immobilized catalysts of ATRP are summarized. They can solve part of the residual catalyst problem，but these approaches have some limitations. An immobilized/soluble hybrid ATRP system was developed to overcome this difficulty，and no noticeable differences between hybrid and conventional homogeneous catalyst were observed. This result indicates that immobilized/soluble hybrid catalyst system can be applicable to various ATRP systems.

The reduction of nitro-aromatic compound is an important reaction in chemical industry. This review outlines the reduction methods of nitro-aromatic compounds，including catalytic hydrogenation reduction，hydrazine hydrate reduction，and carbon monoxide reduction. The environment friendly methods will prevail in the future.

The structures, electrochemical performance, reaction mechanisms and preparation methods of Sn-Co alloys and Sn-Co-C ternary composites for Li-ion batteries are summarized. According to the current literature, cycle performance of Sn-based materials could be improved by diversification by adding other elements; reducing the size of grains or changing into amorphous state. At present, the problem could not be solved successfully by a single approach. In order to satisfy the demands of cycle performance in commercialization, applying a comprehensive approach has become a development tendency.

The mechanism，evolution of centrifugal pellet dryer and the wide application in drying polymer pellet in granulation are reviewed. Two typical dryer structures，the Gala model and Carter Day model are compared. The industrial dryer incorporates two functions of dewatering and drying in one machine exhibiting compactness，short drying period and high output. Power consumption is low and operation is simple and continuous. However，there are no quantitative relations of output and drying index with structure size and operational variables. Thus，theoretical research is urgent for choosing appropriate type and size of dryer and developing more effective machines for wider engineering use.

The synthesis of hectorite by hydrothermal crystallization is introduced at first, followed by summarizing the current situation of experimental means, adsorption mechanisms as well as behavior of reactions with regard to hectorite modified by organic compounds. The modification is performed mainly by the in-situ method and adsorption method. For the former, many organic compounds play the role of template in the process of crystallization, and microcrystals gradually gather and age in spherical networks. For the latter, organic cations are integrated with hectorite by means of ion exchange and partition. The modes of non-ionic organic substances compounded with hectorite involve physical adsorption, partition, hydrogen bond and so on. After modification by organic compounds, the properties of hectorite, such as adsorption abilities, dispersivity and specific surface are improved. This technique is rapidly developing towards preparation of functional supra-molecular materials.

Experimental and theoretical studies about mass transfer enhancement under electric field，magnetic field and electromagnetic field are reviewed，and the differences between the three ways of mass transfer enhancement are analyzed. The application of mass transfer enhancement under electromagnetic field is more extensive; the mass transfer enhancement mechanism can be explained as：the electromagnetic field changes the molecule’s mobility，reduces the activation energy of mass transfer process，and consequently，enhances the diffusion process. In the end，the research progress of the microwave non-thermal effect is presented. The results show that some chemical reaction，ceramic sintering and extraction process are enhanced by the microwave non-thermal effect.

This paper reviews the development of inorganic and organic oxygen-nitrogen separation membranes. The progress of organic-inorganic mixed membranes is introduced. The problems and solutions of the mixed membranes are presented. The Maxwell model and the modified Maxwell model for predicting permeation properties of the mixed membranes are given. Finally，the development trend of mixed membranes is proposed.

The preparation of nanofluids has been researched by many scholars for its excellent performance in heat and mass transfer. This paper reviews the preparation of nanofluids，summarizes the current methods of preparation，and analyzes the influence factors in the preparation. It is considered that the preparation method of using ultrasonic dispersion supplemented with dispersant is the more practical and workable solution in experimental study. pH value，the type and amount of dispersant are the main factors impacting the stability of dispersion. The development direction of the preparation of nanofluids and the factors to be considered in ultrasonic dispersion are proposed.

The nitrogen poisoning mechanism of FCC catalysts and the catalytic conversion of nitrogen-containing compounds are summarized. Based on this, the deleterious effects of nitrogen-containing compounds on catalytic cracking are analyzed and various technologies for direct catalytic cracking of high-nitrogen hydrocarbon feedstocks are reviewed.

The progress of solid-state polymerization is reviewed. Solid-state polymerization can be performed by heat initiation, high energy/UV irradiation, and electrode excitation. Because it has the features of lower activation energy, high purity, and controllabel structure during polymerization, it is widely applied in the fields of plastics, medicine and health care, molecule imprinting and micro-patterning. The prospect of its development is also predicted.

Polyaniline/inorganics nanocomposites is a kind of novel material. The recent research progress of polyaniline/inorganic nanocomposites is reviewed，including preparation methods，characterizations，properties and applications. The future development directions and potential applications of this material are also presented.

As a kind of natural macromolecule polymer，chitosan is readily available，nonpoisonous，and biodegradable. It is used in wastewater treatment increasingly and new methods and techniques have been developed. In this paper，the application and development of chitosan and its derivatives in treating wasterwater of printing and dyeing，food processing，and water containing heavy metal ions or phenols treatment are discussed.

Agricultural use is one of the most attractive disposal options of sewage sludge. However，it is limited by the presence of the toxic dioxin-like compounds in sludge. The concentrations and characters of these compounds are reviewed in this paper in order to provide the scientific basis of drawing up and perfecting the control standards for dioxin-like compounds in sludge from agricultural use.

Guide vane is the important part in the classification zone of classifier，a L-shape guide vane with groove facing the rotor is designed，and the classification zone composed of guide vanes and rotor is taken as the air-solid two-phase turbulent theoretical model. Reynolds Stress Model (RSM) and Eulerian- Lagrangian Particle Trace Model are used to do numerical simulation. The results show that the L-shape guide vane can achieve rapid classification，and reduce particle agglomeration. Influenced by greater centrifugal force，coarse particles are thrown to the lee side of the guide vane and lose their momentum，then drop to the grit funnel rapidly by gravity force，greatly avoiding particle back mixing generally observed in traditional flat guide vane，and reducing the interference of the following particles by coarse particles already classified，thus assuring the stabilization of classification process. According to numerical simulation and experience，the installing radial obliquity of L-shape guide vane of 55º is appropriate. The experiment results indicate that L-shape guide vane is helpful to improving classification precision and efficiency.

Experimental investigations on combustion oscillation in boiler furnace were performed. The results showed that pulsating oscillation intensity of smoke in boiler furnace was in proportion to environmental disturbances, such as unstable blower airflow and variety of fuel-air ratio. Oscillation frequency of smoke was mainly less than 10 Hz, belonging to low frequency range. The experiments also showed that combustion oscillation would occur when the measured Re numbers went beyond a specific Re number. A criterion explaining combustion stability （critical Re）, was presented, and the expression of critical Re was also given. Improving critical Re numbers will enhance combustion stability, and so eliminate or weaken combustion oscillation. This paper can be useful in improving boiler furnace design.

It is of great significance to grow the strain into the appropriate pellet form for the industrial fermentation of filamentous fungi. The morphology control in the seed culture process of Rhizopus oryzae in the 5L stirring bioreactor was investigated. The optimal conditions for the pellet formation were as follows：the spore concentration in the fermentor should be controlled in the range of （5×104）～（8.3×104）/mL, the best agitation speed was 350r/min, the best pH in the medium was maintained at 2.80, and by using residual glucose concentration of 20g/L as an empirical value the best seed age was determined at 52h. In this way, the smooth compact pellets with the diameter around 1mm were obtained. Fermentation results showed that the pellet morphology was more beneficial to the fumaric acid production than the filamentous morphology.

The oxidation degradation of acrylic fibers wastewater was studied with different catalysis ozonation systems (O3，UV/O3 and Fe2+/UV/O3). The Fe2+/UV catalysis ozonation system showed strong oxidation capacity. The influence on oxidation capacity was discussed，such as pH，Fe2+ concentration，gas phase ozone concentration and light intensity. The result showed that the initial solution pH had no effect on oxidation capacity，but other factors had significant effect. With optimal Fe2+ concentration 70～80mg/L，gas phase ozone concentration 20~30mg/L，photon flux density 8.62×10-12 Einstein，catalysis performance was the best，and COD removal rate was the highest (70%~80% COD removal). According to infrared spectrometry analysis，organic components became weak or disappeared by the Fe2+/UV catalysis ozonation system，and biological degradability of acrylic fiber wastewater was improved greatly.

Jatropha Curcas oil was used as feedstock for producing biodiesel by transesterification，and adding sodium hydroxide，potassium hydroxide or sodium methoxide as catalyst respectively. The optimal conditions were obtained：molar ratio of methanol to oil 6∶1，reaction temperature 60 ℃，reaction time 80 min，mixing intensity 600 r/min，catalyst concentration for NaOH，KOH，or CH3ONa 1.2% of oil weight，The yield of biodiesel was above 97% . The physico-chemical indices of the biodiesel obtained met the quality standard ASTM of USA and DIN V of Germany. Through the preliminary analysis of economic benefits，by using non-edible Jatropha Curcas oil as raw material based on the whole industrial chain of the cultivation of Jatropha Curcas，the raw material cost is low，and the economic benefits are significant. It has also the advantage of not contending for land with grain.

In this paper，three kinds of potassium titanates，namely K4Ti3O8，K2Ti2O5·0.5H2O and KTiO2(OH) were synthesized through a new method of KOH sub-molten salts. Based on the experimental results，a formation diagram was constructed for the products synthesized in the TiO2-KOH-H2O system under atmospheric pressure with KOH mass fraction ranging from 55% to 80% and temperature ranging from 100 ℃ to 280 ℃. Furthermore，the phase transformation of the three kinds of potassium titanates at a high temperature was also studied by thermogravimetry (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)，and the results showed that single phase K2Ti2O5 could be obtained by thermal treatment of the synthesized potassium titanates at an appropriate temperature.

In order to study the operation stability of solid oxide fuel cell with methane as fuel，10%CuO-Ce0.15Zr0.85O2 was prepared by the co-precipitation method and citric acid sol-gel method，respectively. YSZ electrolyte support planar SOFC with LSM cathode was made with 10%CuO-Ce0.15Zr0.85O2 and NiO/YSZ anode，respectively. XRD and SEM were used to characterize the anode materials and the structure of anode and cathode. The electrical performance of the cell with different anode materials were measured with methane as fuel. The performance to prevent carbon deposition of two Cu-Ce-Zr-O anode materials prepared by different methods were compared with methane as fuel. The anode structure and the electrical performance of citric acid sol-gel Cu-Ce-Zr-O anode was better than co-precipitation one. The long-term stability of two anodes prepared by two different Cu-Ce-Zr-O anode materials were better than conventional Ni-YSZ anode.

Chitosan microspheres were prepared by the inverse phase suspension method. The chitosan was modified by reducing Schiff’s bases formed from the reaction of α-ketoglutaric acid and chitosan. The structure of microspheres was characterized by FTIR，SEM and XRD. The effects of adsorption time，pH，temperature，concentrations of albumin bovine and sodium chloride on the adsorption efficiency of albumin bovine were studied. The experimental results indicated that microspheres were insoluble in acidic and basic solutions. The modified chitosan microspheres adsorbed albumin bovine very well and at pH 5.0 adsorption reached equilibrium in 1 h. The adsorption data was fitted to the Langmuir relationship and the Lagergren second-order adsorption kinetics.

A novel thin-film composite (TFC) charged mosaic membrane (CMM) was fabricated by using interfacial polymerization (IP) techniques to deposit a thin film composite(TFC) onto a polyethersulfone (PES) porous support membrane. The poly(epichlorohydrin-amine) (PECH-amine) and 2,5-Diamino- benzene sulphonic acid (DIA) mixture solution was chosen as aqueous phase，and trimesoyl chloride (TMC) hexane solution as organic phase. The performance of CMM was optimized by studying the preparation parameters，such as the concentration of reactive monomers and the reaction time of polymerization. The orthogonal design experiment showed that the concentration of TMC had the greatest influence on the performance of CMM，IP time was the second，and the PECH-amine and DIA concentration had the least influence. The CMM properties of the optimized TFC membrane were tested by examining various salts. The experimental results showed that under 0.4MPa operating pressure，the retentions to the charged mosaic membrane prepared under the optimal conditions were low (less than 40%). Since the CMM can be permeable to salts but meanwhile not to low-molecular-weight organics，the CMM can be used in separating low-molecular-weight organics and salts mixture solution.

：In order to reduce the production cost of fuel and reduce the consumption of fuel oil，conversion of coal to liquid fuel was studied as early as in the 1980s. Coal oil mixture (COM) and coal water mixture (CWM) are two practical methods. Because CWM has a low heating value and is difficult to ignite，COM fuel is mainly used. The key to making COM fuel is development of stabilizer. A copolymer of maleic anhydride and butyl acrylate was as stabilizer of COM fuel in this study. When molar rate of maleic anhydride and butyl acrylate was 1∶5 and using pyridine as neutralizing agent，the time for a glass rod to fall from top to bottom in a graduated cylinder is still less than two seconds after the prepared COM fuel was kept for three weeks. The maximum coal loading of 59.4% in COM can be reached. Because the quantity of stabilizer added in COM fuel is small，COM fuel using this stabilizer is low cost and has good future in application.

PEG(polyethylene glycol)-PET(polyester) was prepared by both grafting PEG to PET chemically and blending physically. Such phase change materials (PCM) have extensive application in energy storage and temperature control. In order to meet the requirements for different products，synthesis methods，the molecular weight of PEG，weight percentage of PEG/PET and co-crystallization of different molecular weight of PEG. synergy of PEGs with different molecular weights，and crosslinking system are the factors used to regulate the phase change behavior of the phase change material.

Through analysis of experiment results，the primary and secondary relationships of the type，dosage，adsorption mode，temperature and adsorption time of clay with the chroma and turbidity of lubricating oil prepared by clay adsorption were obtained. The dosage and type of clay were the main influence factors of the chroma and turbidity of the lubricating oil. Based on the orthogonal tests，the influence of the operation parameters on the quality of the lubricating oil was studied through single factor experiment. All these studies form a test basis for the industrial production of the clay adsorption process.

Hazard and operability (HAZOP) analysis is widely used and recognized as the preferred safety analysis approach in the chemical process systems. Compare with the manual HAZOP analysis，the computer aided HAZOP analysis has many advantages，such as good maturity，time saving，effort saving，and so on．However，the report of the computer aided HAZOP analysis has a huge number of HAZOP results and the important issues can not be separated from the general ones. The computer aided HAZOP analysis based on AHP was studied. The formation mechanism of disaster in process systems，the general formation of disaster in complex process systems，and the principles of fault and accident diagnosis，forecast and disasters prevention in complex process systems were investigated. Dangerous paths were sequenced according to their objective evaluation weights. The system provides a scientific basis for suggestions about preventing important potential danger and adopting programmed control system，interlock mechanism，or linkage. The analysis of nitrobenzene prefractionator by the SDG-HAZOP program based on AHP was taken as an example to formulate the actual application of the computer aided HAZOP analysis technology based on AHP.

An improved mixed genetic simulated annealing algorithm (MGASA) was presented，which combined the advantages of GA and SA，and avoided the problem of combination explosion. A new category style was adopted，and the stability and integrity of molecule can be judged easily. That resolved the problem of molecular combination. The results of an example showed that the fitness values were larger than those in literature. The CAMD method in this paper has a high level of accuracy and can be used in practical chemical processes.