Pickering emulsion refers to an emulsion which is stabilized by ultrafine solid particles or solid colloidal particles instead of traditional surfactants. It is widely applied in many fields involving petroleum, water treatment, cosmetics, food, pharmacy and materials industries due to its advantages such as excellent stability, convenient regulation, environment protection and low cost. In view of preparation and stability of Pickering emulsions, the preparation methods of Pickering emulsions were reviewed systematically. Then, the pattern and research progress of solid emulsifier particles were sketched. Besides, the stability mechanism of Pickering emulsions were revealed. Furthermore, the influencing factors on stability of Pickering emulsions were analyzed. And then, the existing problems of Pickering emulsions were discussed. Finally, the development trends of Pickering emulsions were outlooked. In future, the progress of Pickering emulsion were mainly shown in the following three aspects. ① The cheap, environment-friendly and reused Pickering emulsions with unmodified or modified natural solid nanoparticles were realized. ② The intelligent responsive Pickering emulsions (temperature, pH, magnetic and other response types) were applied in preparation of materials, slowly release or recovery of substance, catalytic reaction and so on. ③ The structure of solid emulsifier particles and emulsions were accurately controlled, and the systemized theory of emulsions preparation was established through deeply investigating the stability mechanism of Pickering emulsions.

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are organic porous materials with periodic network structure formed by the orderly connection of C, B, N, O, etc. light elements through strong covalent bonds. They have the advantages of large specific surface area, low density, ordered pore structure and easy to modify, diverse structure and good stability, which have been widely used in many fields. This review introduced the structure of COFs, mainly summarized the progress of boric acid polycondensation, C-C coupling, Schiff base, cyano self-polymerization and aryl ether polymerization for the synthesis of COFs, and introduced the main preparation methods of COFs, such as solvothermal, microwave, ion-thermal, mechanical grinding, interfacial synthesis, microfluidics and post-synthetic modification methods. At the same time, it also discussed the characterization of the structure of COFs. In addition, the application of COFs in gas adsorption and separation, photocatalysis, electrocatalysis, asymmetric catalytic synthesis and chiral separation and electrochemical energy storage was also summarized and discussed. Finally, the opportunities and challenges of the synthesis and application of COFs were prospected. It was hoped to provide useful reference and inspiration for the further in-depth study of COFs.

As an emerging pollutant, microplastics are ubiquitous in various environments, including water, soil and atmosphere, and pose a potential threat to ecological safety and human health. In this paper, the pollution characteristics of typical microplastics, including polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) are summarized. The microbial degradation pathways of microplastics are reviewed, and the degradation mechanisms are analyzed along with the influencing factors. Microplastics in environmental media can be degraded by bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes through microbial colonization, biofilm interception and enzyme degradation. The degradation efficiency of microplastics is closely related to microbial models and microplastic physicochemical properties, and is affected by various environmental factors, such as illumination, temperature and pH. This paper systematically summarizes the research progress of microbiome-mediated degradation of microplastics, which provides theoretical guidance and technical support for the effective control of microplastics.

Direct air capture (DAC) of carbon dioxide technology is a kind of negative carbon technology. As one of the important technologies to help achieving the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals, DAC technology has great development prospects. The development history of DAC and the operation and development of existing DAC projects were briefly described, and some liquid DAC technologies and solid DAC technologies were introduced. The liquid DAC technologies included aqueous hydroxide sorbents, aqueous basic solutions, aqueous amino acids/BIGs and alkalinity concentration swing technologies. The solid DAC technologies included solid alkali carbonates, solid-supported amine materials, MOFs materials,moisture swing technology and so on. The technological process and related equipment of various DAC technology were summarized. The principle of various DAC technologies, carbon dioxide capture methods and adsorbent/absorbent regeneration methods were described in detail. The advantages and disadvantages of each DAC technology in terms of adsorbent/absorbent performance, regeneration temperature, regeneration energy consumption and cycle stability were analyzed. It was pointed out that it was necessary to further develop DAC adsorbents/absorbents with low cost, high adsorption/absorption performance and good cycle stability, optimize and develop adsorbent/absorbent regeneration process, and develop process strengthening technology suitable for DAC technology, so as to lay a foundation for the subsequent large-scale and commercial application of DAC.

Inspired by natural phenomena such as the lotus leaf and rose petal, superhydrophobic coatings have found widespread applications in areas such as self-cleaning, oil-water separation and anti-icing. However, traditional superhydrophobic coatings rely on surface microscale roughness and specialized coating materials, resulting in complex fabrication processes, poor durability and inadequate corrosion resistance. In contrast, superhydrophobic nano-coatings, due to their unique morphology and functionality, offer multifunctionality, universality, durability and high efficiency. This article provided an overview of the design and fabrication of superhydrophobic nano-coatings using various nanomaterials in recent years. It evaluated the strengths and weaknesses of different superhydrophobic nano-coatings and briefly outlined their potential applications in various fields, such as antimicrobial surfaces, sensors, microfluidics, catalysis and more. Finally, the article presented the latest developments and future trends in the use of nanotechnology for superhydrophobic coatings. By exploring innovative fabrication strategies and investigating the unique properties of these coatings, this review aimed to provide researchers in the field with valuable theoretical and technical insights, promoting the widespread application of superhydrophobic nano-coatings across multiple domains.

Metal-organic framework (MOF), which has the advantages of high specific surface area, abundant porosity and adjustable pore size, has received attention from many scholars and is considered as an ideal adsorbent for adsorption and separation. However, in practical applications, most microporous MOF materials are severely limited in their intrinsic mass transfer rates during adsorption, and methods for constructing hierarchically pores are not universally applicable. In this paper, the methods for constructing hierarchical pores MOF such as moderator strategy, template strategy and post-processing strategy were introduced. The hierarchically pores materials with both mesopores and macropores were prepared, and the advantages and disadvantages of each method with application scenarios to obtain a universal strategy for constructing hierarchical pores MOF with adjustable pore size under relatively mild conditions were evaluated. To address the application of hierarchically porous MOF materials in the field of gas adsorption and separation, this paper focused on the case of constructing hierarchical pores MOF to enhance the adsorption of CO₂ gas. It was found that the construction of hierarchically porous increased the pore size, improved the specific surface area of MOF, and provided additional pore channels to enhance the adsorption capacity and mass transfer rate of gas molecules. The results showed that the hierarchically pores MOF had excellent performance in gas adsorption and separation. Finally, the problems of hierarchical pores MOF synthesis and application were discussed, and the challenges faced by hierarchical pores MOF such as green reproducibility of the synthesis process were prospected.

Biomass pyrolysis can produce high-grade energy products such as biochar, biogas and bio-oil, which has the advantages of high efficiency and multi-product utilization. However, the products obtained from direct pyrolysis with poor quality are inconducive to realizing high-value utilization. It is urgent to regulate and optimize the process of biomass pyrolysis. Starting from the optimization strategies for pyrolysis reactions, this review systematically outlined the influences of feedstock selection, pretreatment, pyrolysis parameters, reactor types, catalysts, and auxiliary techniques on the pyrolysis conversion process. Additionally, the methods for pyrolysis reaction optimization and product regulation were comprehensively summarized. To realize the green, low-carbon and value-added utilization of biomass, the regulation of pyrolysis products was reviewed from three parts: directional preparation of hydrogen-rich syngas, selective tuning of hydrocarbon liquid fuel, biochar structure tailoring and high-value utilization. Finally, the challenges and development prospects of biomass pyrolysis were summarized. The introduction of mhachine learning methods to accelerate the development of pyrolysis was also discussed, providing an important reference for the efficient pyrolysis conversion of biomass.

The polyamic acid (PAA) was synthesized by pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA) and 4,4'-diaminodiphenyl ether (ODA), followed by polymerization with a polyurethane prepolymer constructed by isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), polytetramethylene tetramethylene ether glycol (PTMG) and 1,4'-butanediol (BDO) to prepare a block copolymer poly(amide-urethane) (PAA-PU). Subsequently, the PAA-PU evolved to final poly(imide-urethane) (PI-PU) by thermal imidization by a plate vulcanizer. The chemical structure and performance of aforementioned copolymers were characterized by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), mechanical property testing, dynamic thermomechanical analysis (DMA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). As a result, the tensile strength was enhanced to 63.7MPa for PAA-PU and 86.4MPa for PI-PU, compared to 28.3MPa for polyurethane (PU). Besides, the temperature of maximum degradation rate of copolymer reached to 352.6℃ and the residual retention was increased. In addition, the glass transformation temperature of copolymer was improved from 37.2℃ to 91.6℃ as polyimide segments incorporated and further elevated to 128.5℃ due to additional content of polyimide segments. Meanwhile, the increases of storage modulus, reduction of loss modulus and widened rubber platform of PI-PU copolymer were also displayed in respect to PU.

Lignin can be used to obtain many kinds of fuels, chemicals and materials through rational processing and conversion. Extracting lignin by gentle method is the premise of realizing the high value utilization of lignin. In this paper, the separation methods and research progress of lignin in recent years are reviewed, with emphasis on the separation mechanism of various separation methods and the composition and structure characteristics of lignin. The advantages and disadvantages, applicability and industrial application of different separation methods are summarized. Acid method promotes the hydrolysis of ether bond in polysaccharide polymer to depolymerize hemicellulose and cellulose. Alkali method mainly cracks the ether and ester bond between lignin and carbohydrate. Acid method and alkali method are mature as traditional lignin separation methods, but they are easy to cause the self-polymerization of lignin. Organic solvent method mainly destroys the β-aryl ether bond, and its separation condition is mild, which can better retain the original structure and reactivity of lignin. New green solvent systems such as ionic liquid and deep eutectic solvent have dual functions of solvent and reaction medium, and have received extensive attention. The coupling of separation methods and the assistance of physical, chemical or biological technology will play an important role in optimizing the separation process of lignin and exploring the high-value utilization of lignin.

Self-healing hydrogel is a type of intelligent hydrogels that can repair its structure and function after being damaged by the surroundings. Self-healing hydrogels also have self-healing properties, high safety, fatigue resistance and long service life based on retaining the water absorption and retention properties of traditional hydrogels. In this paper, the self-healing hydrogels in recent years were reviewed, focusing on the combination of physical, chemical crosslinking and multiple action mechanisms, and partial application in wearable electronic products, 3D printing, biomedicine and petrochemical fields. Physical crosslinking included noncovalent interactions such as hydrogen bond, hydrophobic interaction and host guest interaction. Chemical crosslinking included dynamic covalent bonds such as acylhydrazone bond, imine bond and disulfide bond. Multiaction mechanism crosslinking introduced two or more physical and chemical crosslinking simultaneously introduce hydrogel. On the basis of the above research, this review pointed out that the current self-healing hydrogels had many deficiencies, such as complicated preparation methods, single function, inability to respond to multiple stimuli and lack of multi-directional analysis of self-healing mechanisms. Hence, the future research and development of self-healing hydrogels should focus on the research and development of multi-mechanism and multi-functional self-healing hydrogels, explore the mechanism of hydrogel healing process from multiple perspectives and multidisciplinary integration, and accelerate its application in many emerging fields.

CCS/CCUS is an effective way to alleviate the increasing serious environmental problems and CO₂ capture is an important part of CCS/CCUS. Through decades of sustained development, the chemical amine carbon capture technologies represented by MEA, and the subsequent developed polyamino amines, steric hindrance amines and ionic liquids technologies are gradually maturing, and many of them have been carried out or are undergoing large scale pilot test or industrial demonstration. The research institutions have achieved the key node validation of Technical Review (TR) and accumulated rich experiences. In this review, the pre-combustion, the Oxy-combustion, the chemical looping combustion and the post-combustion capture technologies were briefly introduced with some specific cases, and the main problems with different technologies were analyzed. High capture energy consumption, high equipment investment and maintenance spends, and large amount of wastes were the main factors influencing the capture cost. Moreover, the captured CO₂ was mainly used for enhanced oil recovery or sequestration, and the immature CO₂ conversion technologies still cannot produce competitive products in the market.

The ammonia industry has made outstanding contributions to human food security and economic and social development, while also causing a large amount of carbon dioxide emissions in the production process. Green ammonia produced using renewable energy has the characteristic of “zero carbon” and significant carbon reduction effects throughout its lifecycle. It has become one of the hotspots for low-carbon industry development worldwide. this paper introduces the policies of the green ammonia industry, the current development status and progress of the green ammonia industry, and analyzes the market competitiveness of green ammonia in four downstream applications such as vehicle and ship fuel, hydrogen storage carriers, fuel power generation, and chemical raw materials. It is considered that the major global ship engine technology companies and ship manufacturers are developing ammonia fuel engines and ammonia powered ships which are gradually conducting operational tests. And the ammonia fuel engines for vehicles have achieved breakthroughs in related technologies in China. It is believed that ocean shipping is the first breakthrough area for green ammonia, and when the price of green electricity drops to around 0.20CNY/kWh with the advancement of new energy technology, global green ammonia vehicle and ship fuel will usher in significant development. Green ammonia will become increasingly cost competitive in the heavy-duty truck and ocean shipping industries. At the same time, ammonia has great potential for development as a hydrogen storage carrier. The cost of liquid ammonia synthesis and dehydrogenation accounts for over 85% of the total cost, and it is not sensitive to transportation distance. In the future, it will become one of the main forms of global long-distance transportation of bulk hydrogen. The sustainable development of the green ammonia industry requires support from technological innovation, industrial policies, and standard formulation.

As the vision of building a green hydrogen society, the demand for hydrogen energy will grow massively on a large scale as well, but the storage and transportation will also be the bottleneck that restricts the scale of the industrial development. Liquid organic hydrogen carries (LOHCs) have advantages over conventional high-pressure hydrogen storage methods in terms of low cost and safety for the large-scale storage and long-distance transportation of hydrogen energy. However, this technology is still at the early stage of development, and the related reports are limited. This paper reviews the main liquid organic hydrogen materials, aromatic such as aromatic hydrocarbons and aza-aromatic hydrocarbons, and analyses their hydrogen storage properties, advantages, problems and development status. Furthermore, various metal catalysts involved in hydrogenation and dehydrogenation processes are described. Finally, based on the current research, the prospects for liquid organic hydrogen storage technology are presented and the feasibility of liquid organic hydrogen storage technology in various fields and its high economic values are pointed out. However, for large-scale application, it's necessary to select the optimal liquid organic hydrogen materials, develop new catalysts with high selectivity, high catalytic activity and low cost, and further optimize hydrogenation and dehydrogenation technologies.

The production of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) via electrochemical two-electron (2e^-) oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is a green, safe and efficient technical route, showing broad development prospects as an alternative to the industrial anthraquinone process. However, this route at present is limited by the sluggish ORR kinetics and the competitive four-electron (4e^-) reaction, and thus it is critically desired to develop efficient catalysts with high ORR activity and selectivity. Currently, carbon-based materials are the most widely studied catalysts for electrosynthesis of H₂O₂via 2e^- ORR and great progress has been made due to their abundance in earth, low cost and tunable catalytic properties. This review summarizes the recent advances in carbon-based electrocatalysts for 2e^- ORR to H₂O₂. Fundamental principles of the ORR and general methods of electrocatalyst evaluation are first introduced and the basic design guidelines for constructing highly-efficient electrocatalyst is also pointed out. Next, with a focus on the non-metal carbon-based materials and transition-metal carbon-based materials, the active site optimization strategies of catalysts including heteroatom doping, defect engineering, pore engineering and single-atom site local environment regulation are in depth discussed. Finally, the challenges and future development trend in the field of H₂O₂^{electrosynthesis by 2e- ORR are proposed in terms of H₂O₂ production medium, catalyst structure-performance relationship and steady production under industrial current densities.}

With the vigorous development of the electric vehicle industry, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), as the core components of electric vehicles, have received extensive attention based on their environmental impact and sustainability. Under the background of dual-carbon policy, the carbon footprint evaluation of LIBs based on the full life cycle has become a key problem to solve the sustainable development of LIBs battery. Different studies have different research results due to differences in LIBs materials and recycling technologies. This paper summarizes the research progress of the full life cycle carbon footprint of LIBs, with the perspective "from the cradle to the grave" (full life cycle), "from the gate to the gate" (production stage), and "from the cradle to the cradle" (recovery stage), focusing on the production stage and the recovery stage. It is found that the carbon footprint of lithium iron phosphate batteries in the production stage is low. The benefit of hydrometallurgical recovery of lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide battery is the best in the recovery stage. It is also found that the research and development of new technologies and the development and use of green energy can effectively reduce the carbon footprint of LIBs in the production, use and recycling stages of the full life cycle. Finally, this study looks forward to the future of multiple factors affecting the carbon footprint of LIBs and provides a basis for the sustainable development of LIBs and the realization of dual-carbon goals.

All-solid-state batteries using solid-state electrolytes instead of organic liquid electrolytes have the advantages of high safety and high energy density, providing a promising solution for next-generation energy storage devices. Although there is a general consensus in the industry on the trend of all-solid-state battery development, the industrialization of all-solid-state batteries is still facing many challenges, such as poor water-oxygen stability of the sulfide electrolytes and the interface between the cathode and the solid-state electrolyte, high interfacial impedance and poor processing performance of oxide electrolytes, as well as low ion conductivity at room temperature and narrow electrochemical windows of polymer electrolytes, which have not been solved yet, restricting the large-scale application of all-solid-state lithium batteries. Through investigation and research, this paper summarized the current status of all-solid-state lithium batteries technology development at home and abroad, analysed and proposed technical difficulties and solutions for all-solid-state lithium batteries, and finally looked forward to the future research directions of all-solid-state lithium batteries.

Incineration is the primary method of municipal solid waste disposal in China, and the resulting fly ash contains dioxins and heavy metals, classifying it as hazardous waste. The treatment methods are relatively limited, but the demand for effective disposal is substantial. Promoting the development of technologies for the harmless disposal and resource utilization of municipal solid waste incineration fly ash, actively addressing the shortcomings in municipal solid waste treatment facilities, all align with the national requirements for energy conservation, emission reduction, and green development. This study systematically analyzed the basic characteristics of municipal solid waste incineration fly ash in typical regions of China, focusing on the generation of dioxins and heavy metals. It provided an overview of the main technologies for treating dioxins in fly ash, including sintering, melting/vitrification, cement kiln co-treatment, low-temperature pyrolysis, and mechanochemical techniques. The major methods for treating heavy metals in fly ash were compared, encompassing solidification/stabilization, thermal treatment, and heavy metal extraction technologies. The study gave a summary and outlook on the application of fly ash treatment technologies, aiming to guide the development of reduction, harmlessness, and resource utilization technologies for municipal solid waste incineration fly ash in China.

The green and efficient recycling of cobalt, nickel, lithium and other rare metals in spent lithium batteries has gradually become the focus of research at home and abroad. Traditional acid leaching owns the advantages of low energy cost, high purity of metal recovery and high efficiency. However, traditional acid leaching uses caustic acids and expensive extracts, takes a long time and produces secondary waste such as waste acids, sludge and highly saline solutions. Therefore, this paper focused on the application of green leaching agent and reducing agent in traditional acid-leaching and two novel green solvents of deep eutectic solvent (DES) and supercritical fluid (SCF) in the green and efficient recovery of cathode materials of lithium batteries. The important effects of selective leaching technology on simplifying recovery procedures and assisted means like microwave or ultrasonic on improving leaching conditions were reviewed. The application of supercritical water (SCW) and supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO₂) to degrade organic pollutants, recover rare metals, and improve the synthesis of cathode materials was emphasized, which provided important reference value for efficient, green and low-cost recovery of valuable metals from spent lithium batteries.

Modelling of porous carbon materials serves as prerequisite and foundation for the characterization, structure-performance relationship investigation and adsorption simulation study. In this article, a critical literature survey was conducted on the strategy, application and merits/demerits of approaches to modelling of porous carbon materials based on molecular simulation, and the applicability of various modelling methods was analyzed in demand oriented for screening activated carbon for the purification of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The results showed that early models constructed by either fragment, basic structural units (BSUs) or basic buildings elements (BBEs) can exhibit some apparent properties of porous carbon materials. Meanwhile, they were incapable of providing guidance for the elucidation of adsorption performance and mechanism of porous carbons. Various modelling methods of porous carbon material can be classified into two groups according to their construction strategy, the mimetic and the reconstructive. The former was suitable for studying the microstructure evolution, but had disadvantages in requirement of high computing power. The latter constructed models via "reconstructing" porous carbon materials by fitting experimental and characterizing data under certain constraint conditions. Among the reconstructive methods, modelling by random packing that can intentionally regulate the pore structure and decorate functional groups of the model, was a promising approach to screening suitable activated carbon matching for purification of specific VOCs even to setting targeted goals for directional preparation of activated carbon. Reasonably, structural model with regulable pore structure and surface chemistry of porous carbons was helpful in adsorption simulation for structure-performance relationships studies. However, it was obvious that the reconstructive modelling methods (including by random packing) can provide guidance for the practical applications of porous carbon materials only till the time, when the pore structure and surface functional groups of porous carbon models could be quantitatively regulated, as well as multi-scale models capable of conducting multi-parameter structure-performance relationship studies would have been developed.

With the rapid development of new energy vehicles, power battery ushered in the "decommissioning tide". In order to realize the recycling of spent power batteries in the context of dual-carbon, China has gradually released relevant policies to solve the technical and management problems. However, the current policy system is still in the exploratory stage, which makes the national and local policies different with each other in many aspects. In this research, the current status of national and local policies on the recycling process of spent power batteries in China was summarized with the policies analyzed in terms of year, region, and focus angle. At the same time, the impacts of the parameters on the policies, such as the current state of the market, technology, resources and energy structure, were explored under different degrees. The study revealed that the changes of policies in different years clarified their stages, and regions had significant gaps in the number and direction of policies. Besides, the study on market scale and related enterprises found that the recycling market of ternary lithium battery and lithium iron phosphate battery lacked governmental guidance. The progress and utilization of recycling technology could be used for policy update and optimization. The distribution, supply and energy structure of the resources played a warning role, forcing the country to improve the requirements for power battery recycling. Based on the above analysis, the "4C" policy principle was proposed. It provided a reference basis for the policy formulation and optimization of waste power battery recycling in the context of circular economy.

In response to the challenge of carbon neutrality, scholars in China have proposed the emerging discipline of “Engineering Thermochemistry”. Coal pyrolysis is an important industrial thermochemical reaction, which is an important research content in the field of engineering thermochemistry. In the face of increasing energy demand and deteriorating world environment, the clean and efficient utilization of coal has become a major strategic need in China. A comprehensive understanding of the coal pyrolysis process, improvement of coal pyrolysis theory and accurate description of the kinetic mechanism of coal pyrolysis are the basis for the development of efficient pyrolysis of coal. This paper firstly introduced the concept, classification and pyrolysis process of coal pyrolysis, and then summarized the research progress of coal pyrolysis mechanism, and conducted a detailed analysis of the ReaxFF MD molecular dynamics as well as thermal analysis kinetics of coal pyrolysis. The main reactions occurring in the pyrolysis process, the influencing factors of the reactions, and the effects of the reactions of minerals and heteroatoms in the process of thermal action were described. Finally, the development history and demonstration application of coal pyrolysis process were summarized.

In order to meet the operational requirements of high-heat-flux data centers, liquid cooling technology has gotten more and more attention and research efforts from scholars worldwide. Indirect liquid cooling is regarded as more efficient and energy-saving compared to traditional air cooling methods. However, its heat exchange capabilities are somewhat diminished in comparison to direct liquid contact methods, making the heat transfer enhancement a focal point of research in the realm of indirect liquid cooling. Additionally, indirect liquid cooling presents safety and cost-related challenges, such as liquid leakage and system complexity. Therefore, the integration of different technologies based on their respective strengths and weaknesses has become a meaningful research direction for current data center cooling systems. In this article, a comprehensive review of these key aspects is conducted. The current status and research advancements in the application of single-phase, two-phase, and heat pipe cooling in chip-level data center cooling are thoroughly analyzed. The pathways for enhancing heat transfer in chip-level indirect liquid cooling are outlined from three aspects: fluid dynamics, medium materials, and channel design optimization. Furthermore, the coupling of different technologies for chip-level data center cooling methods has also been organized, primarily including single-phase cooling and heat pipe cooling, along with the use of phase-change materials in conjunction with these methods to enhance energy efficiency and effectiveness. In the future, indirect liquid cooling in data centers still needs to be expanded in the direction of heat dissipation efficiency improvement and technology composite. This study provides a valuable reference for improving the cooling efficiency of high-temperature data centers and expanding the application of indirect liquid cooling technology.

Yellow phosphorus production is classified as a “high energy consumption” and “high pollution” industry. Currently, the electric furnace method stands as the sole industrialized approach for yellow phosphorus production. However, this method faces challenges such as excessive power consumption and the complexity of efficiently utilizing yellow phosphorus tail gas. Against the backdrop of the “peak carbon dioxide emissions” and “carbon neutrality” initiatives, it is an inevitable choice to fight the battle of pollution prevention and to realize the synergistic effect of pollution reduction and carbon reduction. Therefore, there is a pressing need for innovation in yellow phosphorus production technology. This paper summarizes the mechanism of phosphorus rock thermal reduction to produce yellow phosphorus and elucidates the influence of SiO₂, Al₂O₃, and MgO fluxes, as well as carbonaceous reductant activity, on phosphorus rock reduction. The technical principles, characteristics, and existing issues of the production of yellow phosphorus through blast furnace method, electric furnace method, fluidized bed method, molten electrolysis method, low-temperature carbon thermal reduction of phosphoric acid method, silicothermic process, and the phosphorus-coal coupled production of yellow phosphorus and carbon monoxide method are elucidated. It is emphasized that the overarching objective for future yellow phosphorus production technology is to achieve energy efficiency and optimize the utilization of carbon resources. Significantly, the advancement of technologies for utilizing low-grade phosphate rock and recovering phosphorus from waste with low phosphorus content holds immense importance in realizing the sustainable development and utilization of phosphorus resources.

Direct air capture (DAC) is a technology that can capture carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. This article introduces the development history, technical advantages and disadvantages, and development prospects of DAC technology. According to predictions, by 2050, the global annual demand for capturing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere will exceed 980 million tons. It reviewed the current status of policy support and funding for DAC technology. Countries and regions such as the United States, Canada, the European Union, and the United Kingdom have become pioneers in the research, development, demonstration, and deployment of DAC technology. The mainstream DAC technology routes and their progress in the industrialization process were analyzed. The current largest DAC plant had a capture capacity of 4000t/a, and there were plans to build million-ton commercial projects. It pointed out the research directions that DAC technology needs to focus on, suggesting that future efforts should focus on large-scale deployment of the technology, establishing carbon market mechanisms, and strengthening international cooperation. Further research and development of DAC equipment and systems are needed to reduce costs, improve efficiency, and develop mechanisms such as carbon pricing, carbon trading, and carbon offsetting to provide economic incentives for DAC projects, promote investment and market participation, and strengthen international cooperation, thus accelerating the rapid development of this technology.

As a representative of third-generation emerging solar cells, perovskite solar cells have rapidly developed since their inception, with small-area device efficiencies reaching a high level of 26.7%. This review systematically examines the latest research progress of perovskite solar cells, covering the latest developments in both single-junction and tandem structures, as well as their potential for commercialization and space applications. Firstly, the review introduces the different bandgap characteristics of single-junction perovskite solar cells, including conventional, wide, and narrow bandgap perovskite materials, analyzing their advantages and challenges in light absorption and energy conversion efficiency. Secondly, it explores various designs of perovskite-based tandem solar cells, including perovskite-silicon tandem cells and all-perovskite tandem cells, emphasizing the potential of tandem structures to enhance photovoltaic conversion efficiency and broaden application ranges. In terms of commercialization, the article analyzes the developments in photovoltaic performance and fabrication technologies of large-area perovskite solar modules, showcasing the commercialization progress in this field and the technological and market challenges it faces. Additionally, the review addresses the prospects of perovskite solar cells in space applications, highlighting their reliability and efficiency under extreme environmental conditions. Finally, the article summarizes the current achievements and future outlook of perovskite solar cells, emphasizing the importance of ongoing research and technological breakthroughs to advance this field. With continuous technological progress, perovskite solar cells are expected to play a larger role in the renewable energy sector, contributing to the global energy transition.

In order to degrade the highly toxic phenol-containing industrial wastewater, this paper combined micro-nano bubbles with ozone oxidation to investigate the effects of treatment temperature, solution pH, initial phenol concentration and ozone concentration on phenol degradation. The results showed that the rupture of micro-nanobubbles could induce the generation of more ·OH, which could make up for the shortcomings of low mass transfer efficiency and insufficient oxidizability of ozone, so that the redox potential of the reaction system could be significantly increased and played a major role in phenol degradation. Compared with ozone oxidation, the phenol degradation effect was significantly improved. The increase of ozone concentration, the increase of solution pH and the decrease of initial phenol concentration could promote the generation of more ·OH in the reaction system, which could enhance the phenol removal rate. The intermediate products of phenol degradation were detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and the possible pathways of phenol degradation were speculated. Overall, the combination of micro-nano bubbles with ozone oxidation was a potential phenol removal technology, and the results of this study were of great significance in guiding the application and popularization of this technology in the degradation of industrial wastewater.

In order to clarify the treatment target for high-risk and pungent odor substances, the odor threshold (OT) and the lowest concentration of interest (LCI) data were measured and collected, and the odor activity value (OAV) and risk value (R) were calculated and evaluated, based on the systematic analysis of odor substances in fiberboards. The results showed that benzene series, terpenes, acetic acid, hexaldehydes and other small molecules were the most odor substances released in fiberboards. Although acetic acid (strong, pungent, similar smell to vinegar ), propionic acid ( spicy vinegar odor), styrene (pungent, similar smell to rubber), p-, m-xylene ( irritating aromatic odor ), 1-butanol ( alcohol spicy odor ), o-xylene ( irritating aromatic odor ), benzaldehyde ( bitter almond odor ), and furfural (similar smell to benzaldehyde ) had irritating odor, the main odor substances (OAV>1) werealdehydes such as hexanal, nonanal, pentanal, and heptanal, and terpenes such as longifolene and \alpha-\mathrm{p}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{e}. The reduction of aldehydes and terpenes was the main way to reduce the pungent odor of fiberboards. The risk value of odor substances was related to both the amount of release and the LCI value. Although fiberboards contained low and medium toxic substances such as 2-methylnaphthalene and xylene, the risk values of these substances were far less than 1.

Methanol, as a stable liquid-phase hydrogen storage medium at room temperature and pressure, has the advantages of high hydrogen to carbon ratio, low price, and convenient storage and transportation. Replacing the traditional catalytic hydrocarbon reforming process by methanol reforming is an important means to realize the green production and efficient storage and transportation of hydrogen energy. In this review, we firstly introduce the mechanism and characteristics of methanol reforming for hydrogen generation. Then, the structural optimization strategies of metal active sites were reviewed from the aspects of monometallic, bimetallic and metal valence regulations. Subsequently, we elaborate the structure modulation methods of the metal-support interface such as the doping effect of support, defective site modulation, and support crystalline phase control. Furthermore, the strategy for reconstructing active sites was discussed from the aspects of support induced activation and metal site sustained release. Finally, the preparation strategies for developing high-performance catalysts in the future and the characterization techniques and theoretical calculation methods used to reveal the structure-activity relationship were discussed.

Biomass is a kind of renewable resource with great application potential, which has the characteristics of wide source, abundant reserves and low price. The preparation of biomass activated carbon is an important route to promote the resource utilization of biomass materials. In this paper, the preparation of activated carbon from biomass and the regulation of preparation conditions for its microstructural characteristics including specific surface area, pore structure and surface properties are reviewed. The effects of biomass composition, carbonization and activation conditions (such as carbonization method, activator type, activator dosage, and reaction residence time) on the microstructure characteristics of activated carbon are emphatically expounded. The regulation mechanism of pore structure and surface properties by common activators (such as water vapor, CO₂, ZnCl₂, H₃PO₄, KOH, etc.) is discussed in detail. Finally, this paper summarizes the applications of activated carbon with different microstructure characteristics.

Battery-grade iron phosphate was synthesized by liquid-phase precipitation using ferric sulphate as the source of iron, which was obtained from purification of by-product ferrous sulfate of titanium dioxide. The effects of iron to phosphorus feed ratio (Fe/P feed ratio), reaction temperature, pH, CTAB addition on Fe/P, grain size and yield of iron phosphate were investigated. The optimal synthesis conditions for high-yield iron phosphate obtained by response surface methodology were Fe/P feed ratio of 1.33, 80℃, pH of 1.6 and CTAB addition of 2%. Through the response surface optimization experiment, the feed ratio of raw materials was reduced and the cost of materials decreased while ensuring the high yield of 90.98%. The product obtained was determined to be amorphous iron phosphate dehydrate, which was transformed into α-quartz type after calcination. The primary particle size of iron phosphate dihydrate was about 100nm and the average particle size D₅₀ of secondary particles was 8.4μm. The formation mechanism of amorphous iron phosphate was analyzed according to the theory of crystal nucleus formation and crystal growth. The nucleation rate of iron phosphate was much higher than its growth rate and a large number of micro-nuclei were formed in the system. These micro-nuclei were irregularly aggregated because their radius was less than the critical nucleus radius and then amorphous iron phosphate was formed. The element content of the product (FePO₄·2H₂O) was determined to meet the technical index of battery grade iron phosphate.

China's carbon peaking and carbon neutrality strategy has made electric vehicles and energy storage crucial tools for its implementation. Lithium-ion batteries have emerged as a core technology for electric vehicles and energy storage, exhibiting significant progress in recent years. Current lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) predominantly use liquid electrolytes, which encounter safety and energy density bottlenecks, posing challenges to meet the application demand for electric vehicles and energy storage. Sulfide all-solid-state lithium batteries (ASSLBs) incorporate an inorganic sulfide solid-state electrolyte in place of the commonly used liquid electrolyte, presenting a solution to the flammable and explosive safety concerns associated with the latter. Meanwhile, based on the high ionic conductivity of the sulfide electrolyte, the sulfide electrolyte based ASSLB has exhibited excellent rate performance. In this review, the history of their development was introduced before the classification and structure of sulfide electrolytes. Then, it was followed by a discussion of the structural features, ion transport mechanisms and electrochemical properties of both glassy and crystalline sulfide electrolytes. Three different synthesis methods and the corresponding electrochemical properties of the resulting sulfide electrolytes were then presented. Finally, key properties such as air stability and interfacial stability that determined their industrial applications were summarized. It was suggested in conclusion to offer recommendations for the future research path of sulfide electrolyte, which could boost the industrial usage of ASSLBs and contribute to the fulfilment of China's "dual carbon goals".

At present, most of the oilfields in China are in middle and late stages of development and it is necessary to improve the oil recovery by tertiary enhanced oil recovery technology. Deep and ultra-deep reservoirs, due to the high temperature and high salt characteristics, make it difficult for a single oil displacement system to meet the needs of current oilfield exploitation. Based on this phenomenon, the research progress and application status of various types of temperature and salt resistant oil displacement systems at home and abroad were reviewed in this paper, including surfactant flooding, polymer flooding, foam flooding and nanofluid flooding. By expounding the structure and performance of these oil displacement systems, analyzing the action mechanism and oil displacement effect, and combining with the actual application effect in the field, the temperature and salt resistant oil displacement systems in deep and ultra-deep reservoirs were summarized in detail, which laid the foundation for the key research direction in the future. The results showed that for deep and ultra-deep reservoirs, the research on temperature and salt-resistant oil displacement systems can effectively improve the oil recovery in the later stage of reservoir development and ensure the comprehensive production of residual oil. The future research directions for temperature and salt resistant oil displacement systems should focus on the following aspects. Firstly, it can reduce the interfacial tension to a greater extent. Secondly, it was to reduce the cost and use the lowest cost to achieve better production efficiency to the greatest extent. Thirdly, it was to study the synergistic performance between different types of oil displacement agents.

In this paper, the development process of iron and steel metallurgy technology and discipline is sorted out, and its development process is divided into five main periods. In the new era, the iron and steel metallurgical industry will change from the pursuit of efficiency priority to the direction of energy conservation and environmental protection, this paper summarizes the green and low-carbon development path of the iron and steel industry, and focuses on the development direction of hydrogen-based low-carbon ironmaking technology. Hydrogen-rich blast furnace technology represented by COURSE50, ULCOS, and tkH₂Steel can be used as the preferred direction for blast furnace process improvement at this stage. In terms of non-blast furnace processes, this paper introduces the development of hydrogen-based shaft furnace direct reduction ironmaking processes such as MIDREX and HYL/ENERGIRON, and also introduces the hydrogen-based direct reduction ironmaking processes of iron ore powder using fluidized beds, such as H-Iron, FIOR, Circored and HyREX. In the new era, China's iron and steel industry should make full use of low-carbon energy sources such as coke oven gas, coal-to-gas, natural gas and green hydrogen while developing traditional energy-saving and emission reduction technologies, so as to reduce carbon consumption and CO₂ emissions.

The review summarizes the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)’s fund applications, grants and success rates, regarding the discipline of chemical engineering & industrial chemistry (B08) in 2024. Fund applications and grants under the 16 secondary application codes/sub-directions of B08 were outlined, and statistics for typical funded programs were specified, so as to provide suggestions for proposal applications in the next year.

The conversion of carbon dioxide (CO₂) to valuable syngas (CO/H₂) by electrocatalytic carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CRR) has attracted widespread attention. The development of electrocatalysts for CRR is crucial for efficient and accurate synthesis of syngas. This article reviews the research progress on the reaction process, reaction mechanism, and the electrocatalysts of CRR to syngas. The types, advantages, existing problems, and development directions of existing CRR catalysts were introduced. The influence of the types and proportions of doping elements in catalysts on the reaction intermediates were analyzed in detail. The effects of the edge and active site of the metal atom doped with non-metallic elements on CRR were pointed out. The precise regulation CO and H₂ by catalyst design and reaction condition adjustment were discussed. The article also discusses the ways to promote CRR and regulate the hydrocarbon ratio of syngas such as increasing reaction active sites and reducing the reaction energy barrier of intermediates. Furthermore, it was concluded that the efficiency of CRR to syngas could be improved through multi-stage regulation of catalyst morphology, multi-active site design, and the coupling of CO₂ reduction and anodic reaction. Finally, the challenges and issues in future industrial production of syngas through CRR were discussed.

As an important carrier of acid-catalyzed thermal reaction, zeolite has the advantages of controllable acidity, strong thermal stability and shape selectivity, but its special rigid pore structure and internal charge distribution make it have a limiting effect, which will affect the zeolite’s acidic characterization and catalytic reaction performance. Since the catalytic role of zeolite is mainly the Brønsted acid site, the formation mechanism of the Brønsted acid site and the confinement effect is introduced, the influence of the restriction effect on the acid strength and acid density characterization of the Brønsted acid site is briefly described, and the influence of spatial constraint and local electric field on the catalytic reaction performance in the restriction effect is reviewed. It is pointed out that in the acidic characterization, spatial constraints limit the accessibility of probe molecules to acid sites, which further affects the measurement of acid density. The local electric field affects the adsorption and desorption of probe molecules, which in turn directly affects the acid intensity. Therefore, in the acidic characterization of zeolites, probe molecules with similar size and structure to reactants should be selected to measure the acid density and acid strength that can be acquired as the actual results close to the Brønsted acid site. In catalytically dominated thermochemical reactions, spatial constraints make zeolites shape-selective, and the reaction process, intermediate-transition-state product and final product distribution of thermochemical reactions can be selected by controlling the pore size of zeolite. At the same time, since the local electric field affects the apparent acid intensity, the catalytic performance of zeolite is related to the apparent acid intensity. The smaller the pore size of the zeolite, the greater the van der Waals interaction of the reaction molecules, which affects the formation of the transition state of the reaction and then changes the activation energy of the reaction, thereby affecting the catalytic thermochemical reaction efficacy. Comprehensive analysis shows that only a zeolite with appropriate acid strength and an accessible pore size similar to that of the reactant molecule is an ideal acid carrier for catalyzing the thermal reaction.

Ethyl acetate, ethanol and water can form a system with three binary and one ternary azeotropes. The aim of this study is to use ionic liquid (IL) as the extractant to break these azeotropes for effectively separating the ternary system. Based on the COSMO-RS model and the viscosity prediction model, selectivities, capacities and viscosities of 65 ILs were calculated. It was found that 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([BMIM][Ac]) was barged to the forefront as the extractant among 65 ILs. The vapor liquid equilibrium (VLE) experiments of ethyl acetate (1)+ethanol (2)+water (3)+selected IL (4) system were conducted. It was confirmed that the [BMIM][Ac] can effectively influence and break all the azeotropes in this system, proving the screening result. Correlation accuracies of the VLE data by the NRTL and UNIQUAC models were 1.69% and 2.20% of RMSDs, respectively. The slight errors emphasized the reliability of correlation results. The mechanism of separation for this ternary system with IL was qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed by quantum chemical calculations. It was showed that the [BMIM][Ac] formed weak hydrogen bond interactions with ethyl acetate (-8.22kcal/mol, 1kcal≈4.186kJ) and strong hydrogen bond interactions with ethanol and water (-15.83kcal/mol and -16.14kcal/mol, respectively). Based on the correlated model parameters, an extraction distillation process was simulated and optimized for separating the ethyl acetate+ethanol+water system with the selected IL as the extractant. It was achieved that the mass fractions of ethyl acetate, ethanol and water can all reach 0.999. The research result demonstrated the industrial feasibility of separating this ternary azeotropic system with [BMIM][Ac] as the extractant.

Under the “carbon peaking and carbon neutrality” goals, process intensification is one of the key technologies for achieving green production. Cyclic distillation, a new distillation technology based on the process intensification theory, utilizes specific tower internals and control schemes to change the flow mode of gas and liquid phase in the traditional distillation column and achieves periodic separate phase movement (SPM) of gas and liquid phases, offering advantages such as high processing capacity, low energy consumption, and excellent separation performance. Compared with traditional distillation operations, the Murphree efficiency of cyclic distillation technology can be increased to 140%—300%, and energy consumption can be reduced by 20%—30%. This article provided a brief overview of the research of background, working principle, industrial applications, and two special trays (Maleta tray and COPS tray) of cyclic distillation technology. The paper summarized the control methods and tower internals of cyclic distillation columns and proposed the prospective development of cyclic distillation technology.

With the rapid development of China's aerospace and electronics industries, high-performance pitch-based carbon fibers have attracted more and more attention because of its excellent properties such as high modulus and excellent thermal conductivity. Among these steps, the preparation of mesophase asphalt is the first step in the preparation of high-performance pitch-based carbon fibers. However, due to the complex structure of pitch and more heteroatoms, the properties of mesophase pitch products are not uniform. These facts lead to the situation that the industrial-scale production of spinning grade mesophase pitch has not yet been achieved in China, and thus seriously restricts the development of related industries. In this paper, the formation process and properties of mesophase pitch were reviewed. The composition and molecular structure of coal, petroleum and naphthalene were compared. The effects of complex components in raw pitch on the formation process of mesophase pitch and the common pretreatment methods were described, and the advantages and disadvantages of pretreatment methods were compared. The preparation process, advantages and disadvantages of direct thermal polycondensation, solvent separation, hydrogenation modification, catalytic modification, co-carbon method and other methods were analyzed, and the influencing factors in the formation of mesophase pitch were summarized. Finally, the development prospect of mesophase pitch was prospected, and suggestions were proposed to the current bottleneck problems. Researchers should start from the source of pitch raw materials to explore the influencing rules of their molecular structure and process conditions on the structure of mesophase pitch, and illuminate the proposed mechanism.

Ionic conductive hydrogels are polymeric materials with high water content, stretchability and good biocompatibility. The presence of free ions in polymer networks enable them to exhibit ionic conductivity very similar to human skin, showing great potential in applications such as wearable sensing devices, energy storage devices, and biomedical applications. In this review, the research background and progress of ionic conductive hydrogels were briefly introduced, and the preparation methods of ionic conductive hydrogels were discussed. The research progress of ionic conductive hydrogels in functional properties such as conductivity, flexibility, anti-freezing, water retention, self-healing, adhesion and biocompatibility was introduced, and the related application research progress of ionic conductive hydrogels was analyzed and described. Finally, the existing problems and challenges in stability, environmental suitability and synergetic compatibility between various functions of ionic conductive hydrogels were summarized, and the development trend and prospect of ionic conductive hydrogels were forecasted. It was pointed out that the development of functionally adjustable ionic conductive hydrogels with high conductivity, superior stability in an extreme environment, perfect self-healing properties and desirable biodegradability would be the focus of further research. In addition, it would also become an important research direction to develop a wearable sensing system with wireless sensing and self-powered function based on ionic conductive hydrogels.

Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) have been identified by the World Health Organization (WHO) as one of the serious health problems, and the contamination of ARGs in the environment can lead to the emergence of“superbugs”, which poses a great threat to the health of human beings and organisms. Therefore, this paper systematically described the hazards of ARGs and their diffusion mechanism in the environment, and summarized the contamination of ARGs in surface water, groundwater, soil and the current situation of wastewater treatment. The analysis showed that horizontal gene transfer played a key role in the spreading mechanism of ARGs. The pollution of ARGs in surface water was more serious than that of other water resources, and further caused the pollution of ARGs in soil and jeopardized the health of human beings. The current status of wastewater treatment system was analyzed, and although the advanced oxidation process is the best process for the removal of ARGs, the membrane bio-reactor (MBR) is more effective for removing the ARGs by virtue of its lower cost and good economic effect. Although the best removal effect of ARGs is the advanced oxidation process, the MBR has a better application prospect by virtue of its lower cost, good economic effect, and better treatment effect than the traditional activated sludge process. Therefore, combining the existing process and constructing a combined process has become the direction of future upgrading of wastewater treatment plants.

The corrosion and perforation risk of metal pipes in oil and gas fields is becoming more and more serious, and pipeline leakage accidents often occur. Non-metallic pipes such as glass steel pipe, steel skeleton reinforced polyethylene composite pipe and flexible composite pipe are gradually favored in oil and gas field development and production system for their good corrosion resistance and applicability. However, due to the aging effects of internal and external pressure load and medium corrosion during the long-term service of the pipe, various failure problems such as matrix cracking, pipe body brittle, fiber/matrix interfacial debonding, interlayer separation and so on need to be solved urgently. Based on this situation, this paper summarized the characteristics, application and failure causes of non-metallic pipelines commonly used in oil and gas fields, as well as the detection and positioning, non-destructive testing technology, risk assessment and life prediction methods of non-metallic pipelines, and put forward relevant suggestions on the prevention of non-metallic pipeline damage and failure in pipeline manufacturing, construction, operation, application, maintenance and key technologies. The paper also prospected the key issues of non-metallic pipeline failure prevention technology to provide effective support for the relevant research of non-metallic pipeline failure prediction methods and prevention and control technologies.

Lithium-ion battery capacity will reduce to a certain extent after used for 6—8 years and a large amount of waste are generated. The graphite anode accounts for 12%—21% of battery and its recycling is beneficial to the environment protection and economic development. In this paper, the regenerating methods of spent graphite anode into battery-grade graphite are summarized, which include the combination of leaching and calcination, graphite surface coating, preparation of composite materials and heteroatom doping. A brief comparison of these methods is also presented in terms of energy consumption and electrochemical performance. At present, direct regeneration for lithium-ion batteries is considered as the most suitable method for the regeneration of anode materials. In the future, more efficient and eco-friendly leaching agents and the multi-path low-temperature calcination methods should be investigated. In addition, high-capacity anode materials should be studied to composite with spent graphite, as well as the development of low-cost coating on the surface of graphite. Furthermore, the doping mechanism of heteroatoms in graphite is a direction worthy of research.

Sustainable development is facing two major challenges: environmental pollution and energy crisis. Solar energy is a sustainable, clean and inexpensive green energy source. Therefore, the efficient use and conversion of solar energy have attracted widespread attention. Metal-organic frameworks (MOF) have gained extensive explorations as a highly versatile platform for functional applications in many research fields. Moreover, Heterostructured MOF-on-MOF composites are recently becoming a research hotspot, which are assembled by two or more different MOF with various structures and morphologies. Compared with single MOF, MOF-on-MOF composites display unprecedented tunability, richer active sites and synergistic effects, which exhibit great application potential in photocatalysis. Therefore, the article mainly reviewed the research progress on the preparation and photocatalytic performance of MOF-on-MOF composites from three aspects: photocatalytic CO₂ reduction, photocatalytic water splitting, photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants and photocatalytic organic transformation. The synthesis strategies of MOF-on-MOF composites were summarized, including epitaxial growth, surfactant assistant growth, ligand/metal ion exchange and nucleation kinetic guided growth. The characteristics of various strategies were discussed. The advantages of MOF-on-MOF composites were analyzed in photocatalysis. It was pointed out that it was necessary to further improve the precise control and manipulation of MOF-on-MOF with high complexity, explore the clear photocatalytic reaction path and mechanism of MOF-on-MOF, expand the photocatalytic application field of MOF-on-MOF and lay a foundation for the industrial application of MOF-on-MOF.

Supported amine adsorbents are a prominent subject of research within the realm of solid adsorption techniques for CO₂ capture, representing an area of considerable interest and applicability in the field of flue gas carbon capture and direct air capture technologies, and have received extensive attention. Nevertheless, there exists substantial room for improvement regarding the adsorption-desorption performance and thermochemical stability of supported amine adsorbents. This review focused on the study of the performance improvement of supported amine adsorbents through introducing additives. It provided a review of recent research on enhancing the adsorption performance of supported amine adsorbents through the utilization of additives, encompassing surfactants, amine-based additives and inorganic additives. Additionally, it delved into the achievements of research efforts aimed at enhancing the thermochemical stability of supported amine adsorbents through the application of epoxides, chelators and sulfur-containing additives. Furthermore, this review elucidated the underlying mechanisms governing the performance improvement of supported amine adsorbents via various categories of additives and summarized the performance improvement characteristics of distinct types of additives for supported amine adsorbents under different carbon capture conditions. Despite some progress in research, the performance improvement of supported amine adsorbents through additives still faced challenges. Presently, research had not fully achieved the dual objectives of enhancing the adsorption performance and thermochemical stability of supported amine adsorbents. Moreover, given the significant variation in gas composition under different carbon capture conditions, future research needed to clarify the impact of additives on the thermodynamics, kinetics and thermochemical stability of supported amine adsorbents under different carbon capture scenarios, and design additive modification strategies accordingly.

Solid electrolyte interface (SEI) is a passivation layer on the surface of the electrode that is formed at the solid/liquid interface between the electrolyte and the electrode after electrochemical reactions. It typically forms during the formation stage of the battery and is characterized by its ability to conduct ions and insulate electrons. High-quality SEI film is crucial for improving the cycling life and safety of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The morphology and structure of the SEI film could be varied in different electrolyte systems, and they have different degrees of impact on the performance of LIBs. Therefore, it is crucial to have a thorough analysis of the structure-property relationship between the morphology and structure of the SEI film and battery performance. This article provides an overview of the factors influencing the structure and properties of SEI film, main in-situ/ex-situ characterization methods, especially a novel electrochemical impedance characterization technique, and the impact of SEI film structure on lithium ion transport, lithium deposition, and interface desolvation. This article summarizes the relationship between SEI film structure and LIBs performance, aiming to provide insights for enhancing the performance of LIBs through the targeted control of SEI film structure.

2,2-Dimethyl-1,3-propylene glycol (neopentyl glycol) shows a unique structure and excellent chemical properties and is widely used in medicine, textiles, coatings, petroleum and other fields. In this paper, the methods for the preparation of neopentyl glycol were briefly described, including the halogenated alcohol process, the formaldehyde disproportionation and the condensation hydrogenation of iso-butyraldehyde, and the catalyst and process system for the synthesis of the intermediate hydroxy-pivalaldehyde and neopentyl glycol in the condensation hydrogenation of iso-butyraldehyde were described in detail. By comparison of the performance of different catalysts and the catalytic hydrogenation process, the development direction of the neopentyl glycol synthesis process was proposed. Firstly, a solid basic catalyst with appropriate alkalinity, phase transfer function and reusability was required in the aldol condensation. Secondly, the hydrogenation of hydroxy-pivalaldehyde to neopentyl glycol required a pollution-free solid catalyst that could tolerate impurities and water and showed the ability to hydrogenate 3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethylpropyl 3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethylpropionate. Thirdly, the intensified device should be designed in the catalytic hydrogenation process to improve the mass and heat transfer rate of the reaction and the total yield of neopentyl glycol. Fourthly, a formate recovery device was installed to improve economic benefits.

Hydrogen-induced damage or hydrogen embrittlement is one of the major challenges faced by structural materials used in hydrogen energy applications. This paper reviews the latest research progress and challenges on the behavior and underlying mechanisms of hydrogen-induced damage, testing and characterization techniques, as well as the hydrogen-tolerant materials design approaches. Although significant progress has been made in recent years in understanding hydrogen-induced damage mechanisms using developed characterization techniques, the inherent complexity of this phenomenon continues to pose numerous challenges for reliability assessment of structural components and the associated engineering applications. In the future, it is still necessary to unravel the nature of hydrogen-induced damage with different boundary conditions, in order to scientifically assess the hydrogen embrittlement sensitivity of components throughout their entire lifecycle as well as to push engineering applications for hydrogen-tolerant design. These efforts will provide technical support for the safe development of the hydrogen energy industry.

The product synthetic gas compositions in methane combined reforming are governed by thermodynamic equilibrium and the relevant coke deposition reactions are also dependent on operation conditions. Hence, quantitative thermodynamic analysis of the influences of operation conditions (feedstock composition, temperature, pressure) on product compositions and coke formation reactions are desirable for process design. In this contribution, the RGibbs reactor in Aspen Plus software was used to calculate Gibbs free energies at varied temperatures, the influence of feeding compositions, temperature and pressure on the compositions of equilibrated reaction mixtures by taking into consideration all relevant reactions. Both methane and carbon dioxide conversions increased as a consequence of temperature increase or pressure decrease, as reflected by the endothermic nature of the volume expansion reaction. When stoichiometric feed [CH₄∶(CO₂+H₂O)=1∶1] was adopted, the influence of different conditions on the composition of reaction products was explored by changing the reaction temperature, pressure and feed composition and the equilibrium conversion of CH₄ and CO₂ increased with increasing temperature and tended to the limit with increasing temperature for all stoichiometric ratios. Meanwhile, methane conversion increased and the carbon deposition increased with increasing carbon dioxide to methane ratios, while methane conversion elevation and suppression of carbon deposition could be achieved by increasing the proportion of steam, even under pressurized operations. The H₂/CO ratios in the product syngas could be manipulated to meet the required low concentrations for unconverted methane. With respect to specified downstream use of syngas, to generated methanol, ethanal, acetic acid and Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, the optimized operation conditions was identified. These calculations provided a thermodynamic basis for selection of bi-reforming conditions, process and catalyst design.

The ZIF-8 membrane represents a novel class of metal-organic framework (MOF) materials characterized by nanoporous structure. Due to its distinctive honeycomb-like porous structure and remarkable thermal and chemical stability, ZIF-8 membranes have gained significant traction in the field of gas separation in recent years. The pore size of ZIF-8 membranes lies between the kinetic diameters of hydrogen and other gases (e.g., N₂, CH₄, etc.), rendering them particularly suited for the separation of hydrogen. This paper reviewed the preparation methods of continuous ZIF-8 membranes with a focus on the in-situ growth method, the secondary crystal seeding method, the surface modification method and some special preparation methods that were represented in the last decade. This review presented a comparative analysis of the hydrogen separation performance of continuous ZIF-8 membranes prepared by the aforementioned methods along with an evaluation of the advantages and disadvantages associated with each method. In parallel, the synthesis mechanisms of the in-situ growth method, the secondary crystal seeding method and the surface modification method were presented in detail. Furthermore, prospective avenues for future research and the associated challenges are briefly outlined.