A new aldehyde-functionalized glycomonomer，1,2:3,4-Di-O-isopropylidene-6-O-(2’- formyl-4’-vinyl phenyl)-D-galactopyranose（IVDG），was designed and prepared by the reaction of 1,2:3,4-di-O-isopropylidene-6-O-(p-toluenesulfonyl)-D-galactopyranose（ITDG）with 2-hydroxy-5- vinylbenzaldehyde，and its structure was confirmed via elemental analysis，MS，and NMR spectroscopy. The radical polymerization of IVDG was successfully achieved using AIBN as initiator at 60 ℃ in THF. Removal of the protective isopropylidene group from the sugar residue in polyIVDG was carried out quantitatively using 88% formic acid at room temperature，yielding a novel polymer containing both galactopyranose and aldehyde functionalities. These amphiphilic polymers self-assembled into well-defined aldehydes-bearing polymeric micelles in aqueous solution without recourse to any surfactant. The hydrodynamic radius（Rh）of the micelles was 450nm by DLS in CONTIN algorithm. The micelles could be observed directly under TEM. The prepared nanospheres can potentially be applied in medicine and biotechnology.

Rheological property of konjac oligo-glucomannan（KOGM）with various molecular weights in the presence of alkali（sodium carbonate）was studied by dynamic viscoelastic measurements. Molecular weight and other molecular parameters of KOGM were determined by SEC-MALS. The results show that radius of gyration（R_g）decreases and the relative stiffness parameter（β）increases from 0.38 to 0.80 with the decrease of molecular weight（M_w），which means KOGM chains become short and stiff. The storage shear modulus G' and the loss shear modulus G'' increase and loss factor tand decrease with the increasing of KOGM M_w，KOGM concentration and alkali concentration，which indicates that the gels get more elastic and stable.

The purified microbial flocculant MBFA₁ was obtained by centrifugation，ethanol precipitation，dialysis，gel permeation chromatography（GPC）and freezing-drying. The composition，content，molecular weight and structure of the microbial flocculant were analyzed by UV，IR，GPC and GC-MS. The results demonstrated that purified MBFA₁ was lemon yellow solid mainly composed of polysaccharides. The content of polysaccharides was 91.2% and protein was 0.59%. The elemental analysis showed that 33.41% of carbon，7.69% of hydrogen，9.63% of nitrogen and 0.39% of sulphur were present in MBFA₁. The mean molecular weight of MBFA₁ was about 1.38×10⁴ determined by GPC. Ultraviolet spectrum revealed that the absorption peak appeared at 199nm in MBFA₁，which may be characteristic of polysaccharides. IR showed that functional groups，such as hydroxyl，amino，carboxyl，hydrogen bond and sulfate，which were beneficial to flocculation，were contained in the structure of MBFA₁. GC-MS indicated that D-glucose dominated the monosaccharide composition，and a small amount of D-arabinose and D-mannose were also present in it with a molar ratio of about 100.7∶1∶8.2.

Foam Ni/TiO₂ nano composite coatings were prepared by composite electrodepositon from Watts bath containing nanosized TiO₂ particles. The surface morphologies of the composite coatings were characterized by scanning electronic microscopy（SEM）. The composition of the coatings was analyzed by energy dispersive spectroscopy（EDS）. The effect of adding surfactant in the plating solution on the composite coatings was also studied. The photocatalytic activity of the foam Ni/TiO₂ nano composite coatings on colibacillus and chlorella was discussed. The results showed that the appearance of coatings was fine and the amount of weight percentage of Ti in the coatings reached 5.97%. The foam Ni/TiO₂ nano composite coatings with added anionic surfactant were finely dispered. The inactivation ratio of the aqueous sample containing colibacillus by the composite coatings reached 60.1% and 99.9% after 30 min and 60 min respectively. When the aqueous sample containing chlorella was treated with the composite coatings，the content of chlorophyll-a decreased from 98.2 mg/m³ to 38.2 mg/m³ within 3 h. The coatings exhibited excellent photocatalytic activity.

Orthogonal test was used to study the osmium removal from ruthenium absorption liquid in RPBR（rotating packed bed reactor）via oxidation and vacuum degassing. Effects of reaction temperature，H2O2 dosage，rate of liquid flow and RPBR rotating speed for the oxidation and degassing of osmium were investigated. Results showed that these factors are in the order of H2O2 dosage，reaction temperature，rate of liquid flow and RPBR rotating speed. These results provided a theoretical basis for the preparation of ruthenium hydrochloric acid solution with osmium in ppm using RPBR via oxidation and vacuum degassing.

A novel synthesis route and technique of 5-amino-2,4-dinitrophenol（ADNP）as key intermediate for poly（p-phenylene-2-benzoimidazol-6-oxazole）（PBIO）were studied systematically. ADNP was economically prepared by a two-step reaction from 4,6-dinitro-1,3-dichlorobenzene（DCDNB）with 73.6% total yield and 98.5% purity. In the first  step，5-chloro-2,4-dinitrophenol（CDNP）was obtained with high yield by the selective hydrolysis of DCDNB at 100 ℃ with aqueous NaOH. In the second step，CDNP was ammonolyzed under pressure at 150 ℃ using dioxane as solvent yielding the target product. The prepared ADNP was identified by FTIR，¹H NMR，¹³C NMR and MS. This process for ADNP synthesis has advantages of simple operation procedure，lower organic pollution，excellent product quality，good economy and easy industrialization etc.，which provides convenience for further development of PBIO high-preformance materials.

Positron lifetime technique is one of a few methods sensitive to voids on the mono-atomic scale. The photocatalytic activity of BiVO4 was studied when the degradation of 2,4-dinitrophenol was used as a probe reaction. The effect of calcination temperature on the photocatalytic activity of BiVO4 was analyzed by positron annihilation spectrum. The results showed that the amount of surface defects and the microstructure of photocatalyst changed with the calcination temperature. More surface defects，amount of photo produced electrons-hole，heterogeneity and the electronic density of defect sites were found on BiVO4 calcined at 900 ℃ than other temperatures，which increased the photocatalytic oxidation activity of BiVO4，that is，the degradation rate of 2,4-dinitrophenol was increased.

Rosin-based waterborne polyurethanes（RWPU）were prepared from fumaropimaric acid polyester polyol（FAPP），polyether glycol（N-210）and toluene diisocyanate. Effects of the amount of dimethylol propionic acid（DMPA），R values and the amount of FAPP on properties of emulsions and RWPU films were studied. Properties of the products were characterized by FTIR spectra，specular gloss，pendulum hardness，tensile strength，impact strength，elongation at break and water-resistance. RWPU with excellent comprehensive properties was obtained when the amount of DMPA was 5%，R was 1.2，and the amount of FAPP was 35%，respectively.

K2MnAl11O19 catalysts were prepared by co-precipitation or hydrolysis of metal alkoxide. The effects of preparation methods on crystal structure and properties of the catalysts were investigated by means of XRD,BET,SEM,TG-DTA and activity evaluation for methane combustion. The results showed that the catalyst with good crystallinity was obtained after calcination at 1200 ℃ for 4 h by these two methods. At the same time the catalysts had high catalytic activity and stability. The catalyst prepared by hydrolysis of metal alkoxide maintained high surface area and had higher catalytic activity for methane combustion.

A long-term continuous experiment of simulated wastewater was carried out using A²/O process and effect of influent loading and reflux ratio on the removal efficiency of nitrification was investigated at low MLSS of （1500±200） mg/L. The results show that the influent loading increases gradually from 5.03 gCOD/（gMLSS·d）to 10.05 gCOD/（gMLSS·d）and removal efficiency of COD is higher than 95% when influent loading is changed by adjusting influent flow rate. Removal efficiency of NH₄⁺-N increases from 69.59% to 95% and removal efficiency of TN increases from 53.53% to 80%，respectively. Furthermore，when influent loading is enhanced to 20.31 gCOD/(gMLSS·d)，removal efficiencies of NH₄⁺-N and TN decrease to 50% and 40%，respectively. The influent loading increases from 10.05 gCOD/(gMLSS·d) to 124.11 gCOD/(gMLSS·d) when influent loading is changed by adjusting influent COD. Removal efficiencies of COD and NH₄⁺-N are all higher than 90% and removal efficiency of TN increases gradually from 70% to 80%，respectively. When the reflux ratio of mixture is 300%，200% and 100%，respectively，removal efficiencies of COD and NH₄⁺-N are less affected by reflux ratio. Removal efficiencies of COD and NH₄⁺-N are higher than 90% and 95%，respectively. And meantime，removal efficiency of TN drops with the increasing reflux ratio，which is greatly influenced by reflux ratio. When the internal reflux ratio is 100%，removal efficiency of TN reaches the highest and it is higher than 80%.

Pyrolysis and gasification process of municipal solid waste was briefly clarified in this paper starting with various ways of municipal solid waste thermal conversion. The advantages and drawbacks of pyrolysis and gasification reactors were discussed. The research progress in municipal solid waste pyrolysis and gasification and the pilot test of pyrolysis and gasification technology together with their application status were all introduced. The effects of pyrolysis temperature and heating process on the yields and distribution of pyrolysis products，the effects of gasification temperature and oxygen equivalence ratio （RO） on the oxygen gasification reaction and the effects of gasification temperature，water vapor and the municipal solid waste mass ratio （S/M） on the steam gasification reaction were all illustrated clearly by comparing various experimental studies. It was found that the research on municipal solid waste pyrolysis and gasification focused on optimizing control parameters，improving reaction rate，promoting high-value target product and inhibiting the formation of other products and contaminants. Finally the research direction of municipal solid waste pyrolysis and gasification technology in the future was propsed that current research on municipal solid waste pyrolysis and gasification involved few research on the migration of pollutants during pyrolysis and gasification process and lagging study of the mechanisms of pyrolysis and gasification.

Levothyroxine sodium was synthesized from L-tyrosine as raw material by six-step reactions. The catalyst in the key step of coupling reaction was improved. Some factors of coupling reaction were analyzed including the effect of amount catalyst，solvent amount，reaction temperature and reaction time. Under the optimal reaction conditions，the yield of coupling reaction could reached up to 60.5%，which was about 18.5% higher than before，the total yield of levothyroxine sodium could reached up to 22.5%，which was about 11.1% higher than before.

Forward osmosis（FO）is a concentration-driven membrane process，in which water transports across a semi-permeable membrane from a dilute feed solution into a concentrated draw solution. The basic factors of FO（driving force，draw solution and membrane materials）are introduced. The major hindrance to permeate water flux performance is the prevalence of concentration polarization on both sides of the membrane. Flux models that account for the presence of both internal and external concentration polarization for the two possible membrane orientations are presented. Internal concentration polarization is found to play a significant role in the reduction of driving force. This article comments the effect of membrane material，feed solution concentration，and draw solution concentration on FO and pressure-retarded osmosis（PRO）water flux performance. In addition，membrane fouling as well as energy consumption of FO is evaluated.

The influence of reaction conditions on the performance of a unit cell of unitized regenerative fuel cell（URFC）was reported. The cycling performance and polarization curves of the unit cell of URFC in the hydrogen and oxygen fuel cell and water electrolysis modes were tested. The unit cell of URFC exhibited excellent performance and stability in cycling test during URFC operation. The results showed that the optimum reaction temperature was from 60 ℃ to 70 ℃ in both fuel cell and water electrolysis modes. In fuel cell mode，increasing oxygen pressure would improve remarkably the performance of URFC. At hydrogen relative humidity of 100%，oxygen relative humidity had less influence on the performance of URFC in fuel cell mode. The performance of the unit cell by oxygen without humidifying was identical to that of the unit cell by oxygen relative humidity of 100% in fuel cell mode when current density was greater than 500 mA/cm².

Applications of ferriferrous oxide nanomaterials in magnetic materials，multifunctional materials，catalysts and medical field are described in this paper. Preparation methods of ferriferrous oxide nanometerials，including precipitation method，sol-gel method，micro-emulsion method，hydrothermal and solvothermal method，thermal decomposition method and electrospinning method，are introduced. Applied fields of ferriferrous oxide nanomaterials with various morphologies，such as nanoparticles，nanorods，nanowire，nanofilm，hybrid and core-shell nanomaterials are discussed. In this paper the advances of these methods are summarized. The advantages and disadvantages of these methods are discussed. Moreover，combining with our work on the preparation of ferriferrous oxide nanomaterials，the development trends of these fabrication methods are also proposed：the preparation of ferriferrous oxide nanometerials with special morphologies，the decrease of agglomeration and the oxidation of ferriferrous oxide nanometerials，the combination of several preparation methods and a way to realize industrial production.

Pickering emulsion refers to an emulsion which is stabilized by ultrafine solid particles or solid colloidal particles instead of traditional surfactants. It is widely applied in many fields involving petroleum, water treatment, cosmetics, food, pharmacy and materials industries due to its advantages such as excellent stability, convenient regulation, environment protection and low cost. In view of preparation and stability of Pickering emulsions, the preparation methods of Pickering emulsions were reviewed systematically. Then, the pattern and research progress of solid emulsifier particles were sketched. Besides, the stability mechanism of Pickering emulsions were revealed. Furthermore, the influencing factors on stability of Pickering emulsions were analyzed. And then, the existing problems of Pickering emulsions were discussed. Finally, the development trends of Pickering emulsions were outlooked. In future, the progress of Pickering emulsion were mainly shown in the following three aspects. ① The cheap, environment-friendly and reused Pickering emulsions with unmodified or modified natural solid nanoparticles were realized. ② The intelligent responsive Pickering emulsions (temperature, pH, magnetic and other response types) were applied in preparation of materials, slowly release or recovery of substance, catalytic reaction and so on. ③ The structure of solid emulsifier particles and emulsions were accurately controlled, and the systemized theory of emulsions preparation was established through deeply investigating the stability mechanism of Pickering emulsions.

Biochar，a kind of multifunctional materials，has drawn much attention in recent years. In this paper，the main organic waste as feedstock and the main process for biochar production were reviewed. The physicochemical properties of biochar such as the element content，alkalinity，surface characterization and the microscopic pore structure were introduced. Also，the potential application of biochar in the field of agriculture and environment was summarized，such as the utilization of soil conditioner for improving fertility，enhancing carbon fixation and reducing greenhouse gas emission，and as an effective adsorbent for removing heavy metals and organic pollutants from wastewater. Finally，the future research direction of biochar was forecasted，which indicated that more studies should be focused on large-scale，efficient and low-cost production of biochar as soon as possible. Also，the specific surface area of biochar as the alternative of activated carbon should be enhanced in the field of material and process. Moreover，further investigation on the mechanism of improvement and restoration of soil，the promotion of growth and production of crops as well as the greenhouse gas reduction by the biochar is highly desirable，so as to provide the data support from the large amount and long-term experiments.

A novel phosphorus-containing flame retardant，resorcinol bis[di(2,6,7-trioxa-1- phosphabicyclo [2.2.2]-octane-1-oxo-4-hydroxymethyl)] phosphate（RBPP）was synthesized from pentaerythritol，phosphorus oxychloride and resorcinol. The title compound was characterized by elemental analysis，FTIR，and ¹H NMR. The results showed that the structure of the title compound was consistent with expectation. Thermogravimetry（T_g）investigation on thermal stability of RBPP showed that mass loss of 5% was at about 350 ℃ and residue at 600 ℃ was as high as 57.4%. The limiting oxygen index（LOI）value coulds reach 31.8% and flame retardancy was UL-94 V-0 when mass fraction in E-51 epoxy resin was 15.2%.

Batch extractive distillation for ether-isopropanol-water mixture was studied by using glycol as the extractant. The influence of solvent feeding rate，reflux ratio and solvent feeding temperature was investigated. Under the optimal operation conditions：solvent feeding location at the column top，reflux ratio was 2，solvent feeding rate 11.4g/min in the step of isopropyl ether collection and 8.08 g/min in the step of isopropanol collection，solvent feeding temperature 70.0 ℃ in the step of isopropyl ether collection and 100.0 ℃ in the step of isopropanol collection，the mass fraction of isopropyl ether at the column top could reach 0.95 and its yield was 0.985，the mass fraction of isopropanol at the column top could reach 0.97 and its yield was 0.968.

Researches on the precipitation of calcium and magnesium from seawater have been carried out using CO₂. The precipitation in the seawater，Mg-free seawater and Ca-free seawater system have been studied at pH value between 8.0 and 9.0. It was found that the removal rate of calcium can reach 90% when the pH value is between 8.0 and 9.0. Meanwhile，the removal rate of magnesium can reach 10% to 60%. In the Mg-free seawater system，the removal rate of calcium can reach 99% when the pH value is between 8.0 and 9.0. In the Ca-free seawater system，there is no precipitation between pH 8.0 and 8.3. The removal rate of magnesium can reach 60% when the pH value is between 8.5 and 9.0. The precipitated solids were characterized using X ray diffraction（XRD）analysis. The results show that they consist of CaCO₃·H₂O at pH 8.0，of CaCO₃·H₂O and MgCO₃·3H₂O between pH 8.3 and 9.0 in the seawater system. In the Mg-free seawater system，the precipitated solids consist of CaCO₃. In the Ca-free seawater system，the precipitated solids consist of MgCO₃·3H₂O.

The H₂S adsorption breakthrough time and breakthrough capacity of industrial activated carbons which were untreated，modified by NaOH，Na₂CO₃，Fe(NO₃)₃，Cu(AC)₂ impregnant respectively，and treated by oxidation sulfur bacteria biofilm were compared under the same condition. The results indicated that the activated carbon modified by NaOH was significantly better than any other modifier under the same condition. Compared with the modifier at different concentration of NaOH，the activated carbon modified by 20% NaOH had the best effect on the removal of hydrogen sulfide. The breakthrough time and the breakthrough capacity were 78.25 mg/g and 2000 min above respectively. After the oxidation sulfur bacteria biofilm was formed on the modified activated carbon，which had certain effect on the removal of hydrogen sulfide. The saturated activated carbon modified by NaOH can be regenerated by oxidation sulfur bacteria biofilm，and achieve 100% on the removal of hydrogen sulfide. The activated carbon treated by oxidation sulfur bacteria biofilm has a good effect on the removal of hydrogen sulfide.

Determination of perfluoroisobutylene (PFIB) in fluorine chemicals production is reviewed. The difficulties of determination of PFIB are analyzed. Also，the preparation of PFIB standard，chromatography column (packed column and capillary column)，detector are reviewed. PFIB gas chromatography operational condition is given for reference. Finally，requirement for determination of PFIB at different concentrations and the probable trend of PFIB determination are presented.

Click chemistry has already received extensive attention owing to its obvious characteristics，such as readily available starting materials，moderate reaction conditions，high yields and selectivity. Thiol-yne coupling reaction has been recently demonstrated as a novel click reaction，owning to the features of simplicity，high efficiency and versatility，moderate reaction conditions，and a single product. Herein，the definition，characteristics，history as well as applications of click chemistry are reviewed. The mechanism of thiol-yne reaction and the advance in the preparation of functional polymers and surface modification based on this reaction are discussed，including not only synthesis of dendrimers，hyperbranched polymers，networks，functional materials，biomolecules and supramolecules，but also surface modification of materials. The prospects of thiol-yne reaction are also presented.

Methionine has been used in many industrial fields，such as organism，medication，feedstuff and foodstuff，and shows a promising market demanding and a potential application prospect. This paper briefly reviews its domestic and foreign advance in production process，including enzymatic decomposition，microbial fermentation，and chemical synthesis. Chemical synthesis，including amino lactone method，malonic ester method，catalytic alkylation by solid-liquid phase transfer and hydantoin method，is emphasized，the key manufacture technique for hydantoin hydrolysis and methionine crystallization is especially intensively described. In the end，the development direction and application perspective in the domestic market are also prospected，which suggest that modern enterprise for methionine production should be built up as soon as possible using petrochemical byproducts.

Pyrolysis，as a new kind of thermochemical treatment in the field of waste treatment，can convert the material into stable and transportable form of energy. In this article，the fundamental principle，classification and kinetics of sewage sludge pyrolysis are introduced. Characteristics，development and state-of-art of different kinds of sewage sludge pyrolysis processes are also described according to phases of their target products，along with their possible effective usages. Additionally，Hybrid pyrolysis processes and future trends of pyrolysis process in sewage sludge treatment are discussed.

Driven by inferior crude oil supply and strict product specifications，residuum hydroprocess is gradually becoming a major upgrading process and being quickly developed. The development status，its application characteristics and its development trend are discussed. It is believed from the application viewpoint that the fix bed process will still be the major selection by the industry，but how to process more inferior feedstock and extend its on-through time are the technical problems to be resolved. The ebullated bed process has very good application future and can be a good combination method with fix bed process if its high investment and operating difficulties can be resolved. The slurry bed process has its unique advantages while treating the ultra heavy crude.

Supported nickel（Ni/AC）was prepared by reduction of NiCl₂ with NaBH₄ in the presence of activated carbon. The catalyst（Ni/C）was characterized by SEM，TEM，and XRD. The effects of preparation and catalytic reaction conditions on catalytic activity were evaluated by using reductive amination of glucose with methylamine as a model reaction. The reaction product was analyzed by NMR. The glucose reacted with methylamine to form cyclo-methylamino-glucose，then was reduced under the action of the catalyst to form N-methyl-D-glucamine. The NaCl formed in the reduction preparation of the catalyst inhibited the catalytic reductive amination. The catalyst performance could be improved by adding triethylamine. The yield of N-methyl-D-glucamine was up to 98% at reaction temperature of 80 ℃，H₂ pressure of 5.0 MPa，molar ratio of glucose to Ni，glucose to MeNH₂ and glucose to Et₃N 9∶1；1∶1.8 and 1∶2.5，respectively.

Numerical simulation for selective catalytic reduction（SCR）system of power plant is of economic，efficient and practical advantages. Based on literature investigation，the application of numerical simulation technology in flue gas denitration is reviewed. The development of mathematical models for SCR reaction is summarized，including kinetics and rate order based models. The numerical simulation for SCR system and catalyst channels is discussed. The coupling of three-dimensional turbulent flow and SCR reaction is proposed as an important development direction for SCR simulation.

In this paper the fermentation process of glycolic acid from ethylene glycol by Gluconobacter oxydans is studied. The results showed that the optimal fermentation condition was as follows：the ethylene glycol concentration was 80 g/L，adding 40 g/L of sorbitol to the medium as supplement carbon source in order to promote cell growth，1.0mol/L of sodium hydroxide and ammonia mixture was the neutralizer used in the fermentation process to maintain pH of 5.5. After 40hrs fermentation，the production of glycolic acid was 97.4 g/L，the yield was 96.8%. The method established the foundation for the biological production of glycolic acid.

Proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) has been considered as one of the most promising next-generation power sources for clean automobiles because of their advantages in efficiency, power density, environmental friendliness, low temperature start ability, etc.. However, the gap between the durability and cost of PEMFC and those of commercialization requirements is still large. To overcome the above-mentioned two major problems, joint efforts and progress of the entire fuel cell process chain are required. In this paper, the recent research progress of the entire PEMFC process chain, from catalysts, membrane electrode assemblies (MEA), fuel cell stacks to fuel cell engines, are analyzed and classified reviewed, and research hotspots such as single-atom catalysts, non-noble metal catalysts, special morphology catalysts, ordered catalyst layers, high-temperature proton exchange membranes, MEA interlayer interface optimization, integrated porous bipolar plates, hydrogen circulation, are introduced. This paper points out that low/non-platinum catalyst layers, ultra-thin proton exchange membranes, gradient/ordered MEA, high-temperature operation and self-humidification of fuel cells are the future development trends, of which further innovation and breakthrough are urgently needed.

As important chemical raw materials，lactic acid and its derivatives have been widely used in food，pharmacy，textile and other chemical related industries. In recent years，simultaneous saccharification and fermentation（SSF）has been gradually applied to the lactic acid fermentation process. In this paper，the effect of such factors as raw materials，strains，glucoamylase and temperature on the productivity of SSF are reviewed，these factors and their interactions are discussed and development of the lactic acid production by SSF is prospected. Compared with traditional fermentation，SSF has the advantage of shortening the production cycle，saving equipment investment，increasing productivity，and reducing energy consumption.

The high voltage discharge can produce low-temperature plasma and induce both physical and chemical processes. The processing technology has the comprehensive action of high-energy electron，ultraviolet light，ozone etc. The technology that integrates light，electronic and chemical oxidation into one process has a good development prospect in wastewater treatment. In this paper，the degradation processes and mechanism of organic wastewater by low temperature plasma technology are introduced. The research status and development trend of pulsed corona discharge，dielectric barrier discharge，glow discharge and gliding arc discharge plasma for organic wastewater treatment at home and abroad are summarized. The current main existing problems include single treatment object orientedand high processing cost. In the future，the study about this technique should be focused on the optimization process，the reduction of the processing cost and energy consumption，so that this technology can be applied to practical wastewater treatment as soon as possible.

Polyhydroxyalkanoate（PHA）is a type of polymer which can be synthesized by a variety of microbes. This new kind of material can be used as a substitute for the traditional petrochemical plastics because of its complete bio-degradability. PHA biosynthesis paths in different microbes have been studied widely and extensively to these days. In order to reduce PHA price and realize industrialisation，many researches have been focused on screening high-productivity strain and using cheap carbon source to synthesis PHA. This review introduces the PHA biosynthesis pathways and advance in biosynthesis of PHA.

Anion exchange membrane is the key of alkaline direct methanol fuel cell (ADMFC). A series of quarternized hydroxyethylcellulose（QHEC）and quaternized poly (vinyl alcohol)(QPVA) blend anion exchange membranes were produced by mixing QPVA and QHEC at different ratios，hot crosslinked and characterized. The morphology of the blend membranes showed that its structure was compact and uniform.TG-DSC showed that the blend membranes were stable below 300 ℃. The conductivity of the composite membrane increased with the content increasing of quaternized poly（vinyl alcohol）and temperature. It was between 2.0×10－2 s/cm and 7.8×10－2 s/cm. The QHEC membrane has good impediment effect to the methanol and the lowest methanol permeability of QHEC membrane was 2.49×10－6 cm2/s at 20 ℃. With the increase of QPVA contents，the methanol permeability of blend membranes would increase slightly.

The technology using methanol-toluene binary solvent mixtures to recover urea and fatty acids from urea inclusion compounds was chosen as the best method through comparative experiments among five kinds of processes. The recovered yields of fatty acids and urea were 99.12% and 99.46% respectively，when the ratio of urea inclusion compounds - methanol - toluene was 1∶3∶3（g∶mL∶mL）. Recovered fatty acids was analyzed using FT-IR，GPC and GC-MS. FT-IR spectroscopy identified the structure of recovery material，finding that both saturated and unsaturated fatty acids were contained. Relative molecular weight of recovery fatty acids was 443 with a content of 93.92%. Six kinds of fatty acids were identified and content of UFAs（93.96%）were detected in recovery fatty acids via GC-MS. In recovered urea，long needle-like cylindrical crystal structure was observed using SEM，with a better crystallinity. Recovered urea reused for isolating PUFAs were investigated six times. The contents and yields of PUFAs purified by recovery urea were among 81%～89% and 60%～72% respectively，and the purity of UFAs was 100%.

Through static simulation test，three kinds of submerged plant including Elodea densa（Planch.）Casp．，Ceratophyllum demersum L，Cabomba Fanwort were studied. They were highly efficient in removing total nitrogen（TN），total phosphor（TP）. The change of the biomass at the different nutritional levels was also investigated. The nutritional levels were described by mesotrophic concentration，eutrophic concentration，hyperbolic concentration and stress concentration. The research results indicate that three kinds of submerged hydrophytes are capable of removing nitrogen and phosphorus effectively at the different nutritional levels in the water. At mesotrophic concentration，eutrophic concentration and hyperbolic concentration，Ceratophyllum demersum L showed well TN removal efficiency in the water，Elodea densa（Planch.）Casp．showed well removal efficiency on both TN and TP in the water at the different nutritional levels. At hyperbolic concentration and stress concentration nutritional levels，the removal efficiency of Elodea densa（Planch.）Casp．is higher than Ceratophyllum demersum L，and Cabomba Fanwort.