Microbial degradation of typical microplastics in environment: Degradation pathways and molecular mechanisms

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2023-1007

Abstract

Abstract:

As an emerging pollutant, microplastics are ubiquitous in various environments, including water, soil and atmosphere, and pose a potential threat to ecological safety and human health. In this paper, the pollution characteristics of typical microplastics, including polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) are summarized. The microbial degradation pathways of microplastics are reviewed, and the degradation mechanisms are analyzed along with the influencing factors. Microplastics in environmental media can be degraded by bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes through microbial colonization, biofilm interception and enzyme degradation. The degradation efficiency of microplastics is closely related to microbial models and microplastic physicochemical properties, and is affected by various environmental factors, such as illumination, temperature and pH. This paper systematically summarizes the research progress of microbiome-mediated degradation of microplastics, which provides theoretical guidance and technical support for the effective control of microplastics.

Key words: microplastics, microbial degradation, degradation pathway, molecular mechanism, influencing factor

摘要：

微塑料作为一类新污染物，其广泛存在于水体、土壤和大气等环境介质中，并对生态安全和人体健康造成潜在威胁。本文归纳总结了环境介质中典型微塑料（PE、PP、PS、PVC、PET）的污染特征，系统阐述了微塑料的微生物降解途径，深入剖析了微生物介导微塑料降解的分子机理和影响因素。环境介质中微塑料可通过细菌、真菌和放线菌等微生物进行降解（包括微生物定殖、生物膜截留和生物酶降解等过程），其降解效率与微生物模型和微塑料特性密切相关，并受到典型环境因子（如光照、温度、pH等）的影响。本论文系统总结了微生物介导降解微塑料的研究进展，以期为基于微生物技术控制微塑料提供理论指导和技术支撑。

关键词: 微塑料, 微生物降解, 降解途径, 分子机制, 影响因素

CLC Number:

X506

LIU Jun, XU Zhixiang, ZHU Chunyou, YUE Zhongqiu, PAN Xuejun. Microbial degradation of typical microplastics in environment: Degradation pathways and molecular mechanisms[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2024, 43(7): 4059-4071.

刘君, 胥志祥, 朱春游, 岳中秋, 潘学军. 典型环境微塑料的微生物降解途径及分子机制[J]. 化工进展, 2024, 43(7): 4059-4071.

Figures/Tables 6

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样品来源	环境介质	类型	形态分布	尺寸/mm	颜色	丰度	分析方法	参考文献
北极淡水湖	沉积物	PET、PES	纤维>碎片>薄膜>涂片>细丝	<0.3、0.3~0.5、0.5~1、1~2、2~5、>5	蓝色、红色	^②1680±440items/m²	MR、 ATR-FTIR	[40]
南极特别保护区	溪流	PA、PES、 PTFE	纤维>薄膜	长度(400~3546)×10^-3、宽度(10~1026)×10^-3	透明、红色、黑色	^①(0.47~1.43)×10^-6	MR、 ATR-FTIR	[41]
喜马拉雅山（印度西北部）	表层水、沉积物	PA（96%）、 PET（1.4%）、 PS（1.4%）、 PVC（0.9%）、 PP（0.7%）	纤维>碎片>薄膜>微球	0.1~1、1~2、2、>5	绿色、红色、蓝色、白色、黄色、黑色	^②600±360	MR、 ATR-FTIR	[42]
青藏高原（中国）	湖滨沉积物	PE、PP、PET、PVC、PS	薄片、纤维、碎片、泡沫	<0.5、0.5～1、1~5	—	^②8±14~563±1219items/m²	RS、SEM	[43]
三峡水库（中国）	表层水、沉积物	PS（38.5%）、 PP（29.4%）、 PE（21.0%）	纤维>薄膜>碎片>微球	<1	白色、蓝色、红色	^①(1597~12611)×10^-3，^②25~300	MR、RS	[44]
中国长江中下游（湖泊、河流、河口）	地表水、沉积物、蛤蚌	PES（33%）、 PP（19%）、 PE（9%）	纤维>碎片>薄膜>微球	0.021~4.83 （0.25~1）	白色、黑色、蓝色、绿色、黄色、红色	^①0.5~3.1，^②15~160，^③0.3~4.9	MR、 ATR-FTIR	[45]
中国珠江（河口、城市水体）	地表水	PAM（26.2%）、 Cellophane（23.1%）、 PP（13.1%）、 PE（10.0%）	薄膜>碎片>纤维	<0.5（80%）、0.5~5	蓝色、白色、绿色、红色	^①(7850~10950)×10^-3， ^①(8725~53250)×10^-3	RS、SEM	[46]
西贡河（越南）	地表水	PE（79%）、 PE/PP（15%）、 PP（2%）、 PET（4%）	纤维>碎片	0.05～0.2	蓝色	^①(172000~519000)×10^-3， ^①(10~223)×10^-3	MR、 ATR-FTIR	[47]
易北河（德国）	表层水沉积物	表层水： PE（47.5%）、 PP（45.0%）沉积物： PE（34.4%）、 PP（12.5%）、 PS（18.5%）	表层水：纤维>碎片>微球>薄片沉积物：微球>碎片>纤维>薄片	0.125～5	—	^①(5.57±4.33)×10^-3，^②(3.35±6.60)×10⁶items/m³	MR、 ATR-FTIR、 pyr-GC-MS	[48]
莱茵河（瑞士）	河流	PS（29.7%）、 PP（16.9%）、 PA（9.3%）、 PE（5.1%）、 PVC（1.7%）	不透明微球（45.2%）、碎片（37.5%）、透明微球（13.2%）、纤维（2.5%）	0.3～5	—	^①892,777items/km²	RS、SEM	[49]
阿托亚克河（墨西哥）	河流沉积物	—	薄膜（25.9%）、碎片（22.2%）、纤维（14.8%）	—	彩色（51%）、白色（49%）	^②4500±702.23	SEM、EDX	[50]
太湖（中国）	表层水、沉积物、蛤蚌	PET、PEST、PP	纤维（48%～84%）	0.1～1	蓝色（50%~63%）、白色/透明（29%~44%）	^①3.40～25.8 ^②11.0～234.6 ^③0.2～12.5	MR、 FTIR、SEM、EDX	[51]
鄱阳湖（中国）	表层水、沉积物、鲫鱼	PP（37%）、 PE（30%）、 PA（15%）、 PVC（8%）	纤维>薄膜>碎片>微球	<0.1、0.1～0.5、0.5~1、1～5、>5 表层水：<0.5（73.1%）、沉积物： <0.5（57.1%）	透明>彩色>黑色>白色	^①5～34^②54～506 ^③0～18	MR、RS	[52]
洞庭湖（中国）	表层水、沉积物	PE（28.2%）、 PP（17.9%）、PET（12.8%）、PVC（10.3%）、PS（7.7%）、 PA（7.7%）、 PL（5.1%）	纤维（50%～91%）、微球（5.67%～33.33%）、碎片（2.63%～20.00%）	表层水：0.333～0.9 沉积物：<0.1	透明>绿色>红色>蓝色>白色	^①0.62～4.31 ^②210～520 ^③0～18	MR、FTIR	[53]
青海湖（中国）	湖泊沉积物	PA、PE、PP、PET、PS、PVC	纤维>碎片>微球>薄膜	0.05～0.1、0.1～0.2、0.2～0.3、0.3～0.5、0.5～1、1～2、2～5	透明、蓝色、红色、黑色、绿色、黄色、白色	^②393±457	MR、ATR-FTIR	[54]
维多利亚湖（乌干达）	湖泊表层水	PE（60.5%）、PP、PS、PES	碎片（36.7%）、薄膜（25.0%）、薄片（23.0%）、细丝（15.0%）、泡（0.3%）	0.3～0.9、1.0～1.9、2.0～2.9、3.0～3.9、4.0～4.9	透明、蓝色、绿色、黑色、黄色、紫色、红色	^①0.02±2.19	MR、ATR-FTIR	[55]
渤海（中国）	海水（春>夏/冬>秋）	PE（43%）、PP（34%）、PS（19%）、PET（13%）	细线（38%）、碎片（5%）、泡沫（13%）、纤维（12%）	<0.33	白色、绿色	^①(0.35±0.13)×10^-3	MR、FTIR	[56]
莱州湾（中国）	海水、沉积物	PET	碎片>纤维	海水： (336.2～4997.7)×10^-3 沉积物： (28.3～4933.0)×10^-3	蓝色、白色	^a0.1±6.7,^②193±1053	MR、FTIR	[57]
中国（17省）	农业土壤	—	薄膜	20～40土层	—	^②80.3±49.3， ^②308±138.1，^②1075.6±346.8	—	[30]
珠江三角洲（PRE）、中国南海（SCS）、东印度洋（EIO）	大气	PET（50.00%）、PP（22.22%）	纤维（88.89%）、碎片（11.11%）	(851.09±578.30)×10^-3	黑色、白色、红色、黄色、棕色、蓝色	^④(4.2±2.5)×10^-2， ^④(0.8±1.3)×10^-2， ^④(0.4±0.6)×10^-2	MR	[58]
汉堡市（德国）	大气降尘	PE（48.8%）	碎片（95%）、纤维（5%）	<0.063、0.063～0.3、 >0.3		^④136.5~512.0items/(m²·d)	FM、RS	[73]

样品来源	环境介质	类型	形态分布	尺寸/mm	颜色	丰度	分析方法	参考文献
北极淡水湖	沉积物	PET、PES	纤维>碎片>薄膜>涂片>细丝	<0.3、0.3~0.5、0.5~1、1~2、2~5、>5	蓝色、红色	^②1680±440items/m²	MR、 ATR-FTIR	[40]
南极特别保护区	溪流	PA、PES、 PTFE	纤维>薄膜	长度(400~3546)×10^-3、宽度(10~1026)×10^-3	透明、红色、黑色	^①(0.47~1.43)×10^-6	MR、 ATR-FTIR	[41]
喜马拉雅山（印度西北部）	表层水、沉积物	PA（96%）、 PET（1.4%）、 PS（1.4%）、 PVC（0.9%）、 PP（0.7%）	纤维>碎片>薄膜>微球	0.1~1、1~2、2、>5	绿色、红色、蓝色、白色、黄色、黑色	^②600±360	MR、 ATR-FTIR	[42]
青藏高原（中国）	湖滨沉积物	PE、PP、PET、PVC、PS	薄片、纤维、碎片、泡沫	<0.5、0.5～1、1~5	—	^②8±14~563±1219items/m²	RS、SEM	[43]
三峡水库（中国）	表层水、沉积物	PS（38.5%）、 PP（29.4%）、 PE（21.0%）	纤维>薄膜>碎片>微球	<1	白色、蓝色、红色	^①(1597~12611)×10^-3，^②25~300	MR、RS	[44]
中国长江中下游（湖泊、河流、河口）	地表水、沉积物、蛤蚌	PES（33%）、 PP（19%）、 PE（9%）	纤维>碎片>薄膜>微球	0.021~4.83 （0.25~1）	白色、黑色、蓝色、绿色、黄色、红色	^①0.5~3.1，^②15~160，^③0.3~4.9	MR、 ATR-FTIR	[45]
中国珠江（河口、城市水体）	地表水	PAM（26.2%）、 Cellophane（23.1%）、 PP（13.1%）、 PE（10.0%）	薄膜>碎片>纤维	<0.5（80%）、0.5~5	蓝色、白色、绿色、红色	^①(7850~10950)×10^-3， ^①(8725~53250)×10^-3	RS、SEM	[46]
西贡河（越南）	地表水	PE（79%）、 PE/PP（15%）、 PP（2%）、 PET（4%）	纤维>碎片	0.05～0.2	蓝色	^①(172000~519000)×10^-3， ^①(10~223)×10^-3	MR、 ATR-FTIR	[47]
易北河（德国）	表层水沉积物	表层水： PE（47.5%）、 PP（45.0%）沉积物： PE（34.4%）、 PP（12.5%）、 PS（18.5%）	表层水：纤维>碎片>微球>薄片沉积物：微球>碎片>纤维>薄片	0.125～5	—	^①(5.57±4.33)×10^-3，^②(3.35±6.60)×10⁶items/m³	MR、 ATR-FTIR、 pyr-GC-MS	[48]
莱茵河（瑞士）	河流	PS（29.7%）、 PP（16.9%）、 PA（9.3%）、 PE（5.1%）、 PVC（1.7%）	不透明微球（45.2%）、碎片（37.5%）、透明微球（13.2%）、纤维（2.5%）	0.3～5	—	^①892,777items/km²	RS、SEM	[49]
阿托亚克河（墨西哥）	河流沉积物	—	薄膜（25.9%）、碎片（22.2%）、纤维（14.8%）	—	彩色（51%）、白色（49%）	^②4500±702.23	SEM、EDX	[50]
太湖（中国）	表层水、沉积物、蛤蚌	PET、PEST、PP	纤维（48%～84%）	0.1～1	蓝色（50%~63%）、白色/透明（29%~44%）	^①3.40～25.8 ^②11.0～234.6 ^③0.2～12.5	MR、 FTIR、SEM、EDX	[51]
鄱阳湖（中国）	表层水、沉积物、鲫鱼	PP（37%）、 PE（30%）、 PA（15%）、 PVC（8%）	纤维>薄膜>碎片>微球	<0.1、0.1～0.5、0.5~1、1～5、>5 表层水：<0.5（73.1%）、沉积物： <0.5（57.1%）	透明>彩色>黑色>白色	^①5～34^②54～506 ^③0～18	MR、RS	[52]
洞庭湖（中国）	表层水、沉积物	PE（28.2%）、 PP（17.9%）、PET（12.8%）、PVC（10.3%）、PS（7.7%）、 PA（7.7%）、 PL（5.1%）	纤维（50%～91%）、微球（5.67%～33.33%）、碎片（2.63%～20.00%）	表层水：0.333～0.9 沉积物：<0.1	透明>绿色>红色>蓝色>白色	^①0.62～4.31 ^②210～520 ^③0～18	MR、FTIR	[53]
青海湖（中国）	湖泊沉积物	PA、PE、PP、PET、PS、PVC	纤维>碎片>微球>薄膜	0.05～0.1、0.1～0.2、0.2～0.3、0.3～0.5、0.5～1、1～2、2～5	透明、蓝色、红色、黑色、绿色、黄色、白色	^②393±457	MR、ATR-FTIR	[54]
维多利亚湖（乌干达）	湖泊表层水	PE（60.5%）、PP、PS、PES	碎片（36.7%）、薄膜（25.0%）、薄片（23.0%）、细丝（15.0%）、泡（0.3%）	0.3～0.9、1.0～1.9、2.0～2.9、3.0～3.9、4.0～4.9	透明、蓝色、绿色、黑色、黄色、紫色、红色	^①0.02±2.19	MR、ATR-FTIR	[55]
渤海（中国）	海水（春>夏/冬>秋）	PE（43%）、PP（34%）、PS（19%）、PET（13%）	细线（38%）、碎片（5%）、泡沫（13%）、纤维（12%）	<0.33	白色、绿色	^①(0.35±0.13)×10^-3	MR、FTIR	[56]
莱州湾（中国）	海水、沉积物	PET	碎片>纤维	海水： (336.2～4997.7)×10^-3 沉积物： (28.3～4933.0)×10^-3	蓝色、白色	^a0.1±6.7,^②193±1053	MR、FTIR	[57]
中国（17省）	农业土壤	—	薄膜	20～40土层	—	^②80.3±49.3， ^②308±138.1，^②1075.6±346.8	—	[30]
珠江三角洲（PRE）、中国南海（SCS）、东印度洋（EIO）	大气	PET（50.00%）、PP（22.22%）	纤维（88.89%）、碎片（11.11%）	(851.09±578.30)×10^-3	黑色、白色、红色、黄色、棕色、蓝色	^④(4.2±2.5)×10^-2， ^④(0.8±1.3)×10^-2， ^④(0.4±0.6)×10^-2	MR	[58]
汉堡市（德国）	大气降尘	PE（48.8%）	碎片（95%）、纤维（5%）	<0.063、0.063～0.3、 >0.3		^④136.5~512.0items/(m²·d)	FM、RS	[73]

微塑料	生物酶	酶类型	微生物	菌类型	参考文献
HDPE	漆类多铜氧化酶（LMCOs）	漆酶	Aspergillus flavus PEDX3	真菌	[76]
PE	锰过氧化物酶（manganese peroxidase）	过氧化物酶	Pestalotiopsis microspora	真菌	[77]
PE	酯酶（esterase）	水解酶	Rhodococcus ruber	放线菌	[103]
PET	PETase、MHETase	水解酶	Ideonella sakaiensis 201-F6	细菌	[23]
PET	角质酶（cutinase）	水解酶	Humicola insolensc	真菌	[88]
PET	脂肪酶（lipase）	水解酶	Candida antarctica	真菌	[88]
PS	丝氨酸水解酶（serine hydrolase）	水解酶	Pseudomonas sp. DSM 50071	细菌	[83]
PU	酯酶（esterase）、脲酶（urease）	水解酶	Cladosporium pseudocladosporioides T1.PL.1	细菌	[104]
PU	脂肪酶（lipase）	水解酶	Pseudomonas fluorescens, Serratia marcescens	细菌	[105]
PU	脲酶（urease）	水解酶	Trichoderma sp.	真菌	[77]
PU	丝氨酸水解酶（serine hydrolase）	水解酶	Pestalotiopsis microspora	真菌	[55]
PLA	解聚酶（depolymerase）	水解酶	Amycolatopsis sp.	细菌	[106]

微塑料	生物酶	酶类型	微生物	菌类型	参考文献
HDPE	漆类多铜氧化酶（LMCOs）	漆酶	Aspergillus flavus PEDX3	真菌	[76]
PE	锰过氧化物酶（manganese peroxidase）	过氧化物酶	Pestalotiopsis microspora	真菌	[77]
PE	酯酶（esterase）	水解酶	Rhodococcus ruber	放线菌	[103]
PET	PETase、MHETase	水解酶	Ideonella sakaiensis 201-F6	细菌	[23]
PET	角质酶（cutinase）	水解酶	Humicola insolensc	真菌	[88]
PET	脂肪酶（lipase）	水解酶	Candida antarctica	真菌	[88]
PS	丝氨酸水解酶（serine hydrolase）	水解酶	Pseudomonas sp. DSM 50071	细菌	[83]
PU	酯酶（esterase）、脲酶（urease）	水解酶	Cladosporium pseudocladosporioides T1.PL.1	细菌	[104]
PU	脂肪酶（lipase）	水解酶	Pseudomonas fluorescens, Serratia marcescens	细菌	[105]
PU	脲酶（urease）	水解酶	Trichoderma sp.	真菌	[77]
PU	丝氨酸水解酶（serine hydrolase）	水解酶	Pestalotiopsis microspora	真菌	[55]
PLA	解聚酶（depolymerase）	水解酶	Amycolatopsis sp.	细菌	[106]

微塑料	降解菌	类群	来源	时间	降解效果（质量损失）	参考文献
LDPE	不动杆菌（Acinetobacterpitti IRN19）	细菌-变形菌门	垃圾填埋场	4周	(26.8±3.04)%	[75]
PE	假单胞菌（Pseudomonasknackmussii N1-2、Pseudomonasaeruginosa RD1-3）	细菌-变形菌门	污水处理厂污泥	8周	(5.95±0.03)%、(3.62±0.32)%	[81]
LDPE、PET、PS	食碱菌（Alcanivorax borkumensis）	细菌-变形菌门	海洋塑料垃圾	80天	(3.5±0.34)%	[109]
PE	芽孢杆菌（Bacillus sp.）类芽孢杆菌（Paenibacillus sp.）	细菌-厚壁菌门	城市垃圾填埋场	60天	14.7%（混合菌）	[82]
LDPE	鞘氨醇杆菌（Sphingobacteriummoltivourum IRN11）	细菌-拟杆菌门	垃圾填埋场	4周	约18.0%	[75]
PET	Ideonella sakaiensis 201-F6	细菌-变形菌门(β-变形菌纲)	土壤	6周	100%	[23]
PP	芽孢杆菌（Bacillus sp. 27）	细菌-厚壁菌门	红树林沉积物	40天	4.0%	[84]
PS	假单胞菌（Pseudomonas sp. DSM 50071）	细菌-变形菌门	大麦虫肠道	21天	2g→0.22g	[83]
PS	不动杆菌（Acinetobacter sp. AnTc⁃1）	细菌-变形菌门	赤拟谷盗幼虫肠道	60天	12.14%	[110]
PS	芽孢杆菌（Geobacillus stearothermophilus FAFU011）	细菌-厚壁菌门	高温堆肥熟料	56天	4.2%	[98]
LDPE	曲霉菌（Aspergillus oryzae A5,1、Aspergillus fumigatus B2,2、Aspergillus nidulans E1,2、 Aspergillus nidulans E4,1）镰孢菌（Fusarium sp. AF4）	真菌-子囊菌门	城市垃圾处理厂土壤	16周	5%～9%	[92]
HDPE	黄曲霉菌（Aspergillus flavus PEDX3）	真菌-子囊菌门	蜡螟肠道	28天	(3.9025±1.18)%	[76]
PU	芽枝霉菌（Cladosporium pseudocladosporioides T1.PL.1）	真菌-子囊菌门	矿场土壤	14天	65%	[104]
LDPE	链霉菌（Streptomyces sp. IR-SGS-T10、Streptomyces sp. IR-SGS-T4）红球菌（Rhodococcus sp. IR-SGS-T6）诺卡氏菌（Nocardia sp. IR-SGS-T3）	放线菌	塑料垃圾填埋场	60天	约1.0mg/(g·d) (最大1.58)	[93]
PP	红球菌（Rhodococcus sp. 36）	放线菌	红树林沉积物	40天	6.4%	[84]