Effect and mechanisms of microplastics on anaerobic digestion of sludge

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2021-2246

Abstract

Abstract:

The anaerobic digestion of sludge to produce methane is of great significance to the realization of "carbon reduction" in wastewater treatment plants, however, its efficiency of methane production and the stability of process are easily affected by many factors. Microplastics, as an emerging pollutant, are treated by wastewater treatment, and about 99% are enriched in the sludge, which has an impact on the anaerobic digestion process of sludge. Therefore, in this article, the sources and properties of microplastics in wastewater and their destination in wastewater treatment processes were overviewed. Simultaneously, the effects of common microplastics such as polystyrene (PS), polyamide 6 (PA6), and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) on the solubilization, hydrolysis, acidification and methanogenesis stages of sludge were elaborated. Furthermore, the mechanism of microplastics affecting anaerobic digestion was summarized from the perspectives of cell structure, microorganisms and enzyme activities. Finally, on the basis of the current research, it was proposed that the systematic engineering researches (pretreatment technologies, operating conditions, reactor type, etc.), the suppression mechanism of microplastics and their extracts (interactions of microplastics with extracellular polymer substance and cell membrane, iconic coenzymes and cofactors, and characteristic microorganisms), and the synergy/inhibition mechanism between microplastics and other components in the sludge should be carried out in-depth, providing theoretical basis and technical support for the utilization of sludge resources.

Key words: microplastics, sludge, anaerobic digestion, enzyme activity, microorganisms

摘要：

污泥厌氧消化对实现污水处理厂“碳减排”具有重要意义，然其产甲烷效率和工艺稳定性易受多种因素干扰。微塑料作为新兴污染物经污水处理后，约有99%富集在污泥中，对污泥厌氧消化过程产生影响。因此，本文重点总结了污水中微塑料的来源、性质及其在污水处理工艺中的归宿，详细阐述了聚苯乙烯（PS）、聚酰胺6（PA6）、聚氯乙烯（PVC）等常见微塑料对污泥增溶、水解、酸化和产甲烷阶段的影响，并从细胞结构、微生物群落、酶活性等角度进一步归纳了微塑料影响厌氧消化的机理。最后，在概括当前研究成果的基础上，提出应从系统工程研究（预处理技术、运行条件、反应器类型等）、微塑料及其浸出物的抑制机制（微塑料与胞外聚合物、细胞膜的作用、标志性辅酶和辅因子、特征微生物方面）、微塑料与污泥其他组分间的协同/抑制机理等方面开展深入研究，为污泥资源化利用提供理论基础和技术支持。

关键词: 微塑料, 剩余污泥, 厌氧消化, 酶活性, 微生物

CLC Number:

TQ150.9

LIU Yali, ZHANG Hongwei, KANG Xiaorong. Effect and mechanisms of microplastics on anaerobic digestion of sludge[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2022, 41(9): 5037-5046.

刘亚利, 张宏伟, 康晓荣. 微塑料对污泥厌氧消化的影响和机理[J]. 化工进展, 2022, 41(9): 5037-5046.

Figures/Tables 5

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国家/城市	污水处理程度	污泥类型	微塑料浓度 /颗粒·g^-1干污泥	参考文献
中国北京	三级处理	脱水污泥	2.933~5.333	［30］
中国南京	二级处理	初沉污泥脱水污泥	6.31~16.62 13.06~29.66	［31］
中国山东	二级处理	脱水污泥	30.7	［18］
中国云南	二级处理	剩余污泥	7.70	［18］
芬兰	三级处理	脱水污泥	1.867	［32］
爱尔兰	二级处理	厌氧消化污泥	4.0	［33］
爱尔兰	二级处理	脱水污泥	4.196~15.385	［33］
意大利	二级处理	回流污泥	22.7	［34］
瑞典	—	脱水污泥	16.7±1.96	［35］
德国	—	脱水污泥	1~24	［36］
挪威	—	脱水污泥	1.701~19.837	［37］
加拿大温哥华	—	初沉污泥二沉污泥	14.9 4.4	［28］

国家/城市	污水处理程度	污泥类型	微塑料浓度 /颗粒·g^-1干污泥	参考文献
中国北京	三级处理	脱水污泥	2.933~5.333	［30］
中国南京	二级处理	初沉污泥脱水污泥	6.31~16.62 13.06~29.66	［31］
中国山东	二级处理	脱水污泥	30.7	［18］
中国云南	二级处理	剩余污泥	7.70	［18］
芬兰	三级处理	脱水污泥	1.867	［32］
爱尔兰	二级处理	厌氧消化污泥	4.0	［33］
爱尔兰	二级处理	脱水污泥	4.196~15.385	［33］
意大利	二级处理	回流污泥	22.7	［34］
瑞典	—	脱水污泥	16.7±1.96	［35］
德国	—	脱水污泥	1~24	［36］
挪威	—	脱水污泥	1.701~19.837	［37］
加拿大温哥华	—	初沉污泥二沉污泥	14.9 4.4	［28］

微塑料			温度 /℃	厌氧消化过程				试验方法	文献
种类	粒径	浓度	温度 /℃	溶胞	水解	酸化	产甲烷	试验方法	文献
PVC	1mm	10颗粒/gTS	37	↑	—	↑	↑（5.9%±0.1%）	批次	［41］
PVC	1mm	20~60颗粒/gTS	37	↑	↓	↓	↓（90.6%~75.8%）	批次	［41］
PVC		30mg/gTS、cPAM	35±1	—	↑	↑	↑（抑制从15.6%恢复至5.8%）	BMP、半连续	［60］
PE	40µm	10~60颗粒/gTS	37	—	—	—	—	批次	［42］
PE	40µm	100~200颗粒/gTS	37	—	↓ （15%）	↓	↓ （12.4%~27.5%）	批次	［42］
PE	40µm	200颗粒/gTS	37				↓（28.8%）	连续试验
PS	80nm	0.05~0.2g/L	35			—	—	批次	［53］
PS	80nm	0.25g/L	35			↓	↓（17.9%）	批次
PS	5µm	0.05~0.2g/L	35					批次
PS	5µm	0.25g/L	35			↓	↓（19.3%）	批次
PS	54.8nm	0.05~0.2g/L	37				↓（4.7%~14.4%）	批次	［61］
PS	（50±6）nm	0~1000g/L				↓			［51］
PP		5~50颗粒/gTS					↓（58%）	UASB连续试验	［62］
PP	50μm	0.002~0.2g/gVS； 0.2g时	37±1			乙酸提高15.2%	累积甲烷产量提高148.2%	批次	［55］
PA6	0.5~1.0mm	5~10颗粒/gTS	37	—	—	↑（23.5%）	↑（4.84%~39.5%）	生化甲烷产量（BMP）测试	［44］
PES	200µm	1~200颗粒/gTS （10颗粒/gTS最低）		—	↓	—	↓（11.5%~4.9%）	批次	［63］
污水厂（PE、PET、PS 和PP）		24颗粒/gTS、25颗粒/gTS、7颗粒/gTS和5颗粒/gTS	21±1		↓（蛋白11.2%，糖8%）	↓（21.5%）	碱调控抑制产甲烷	批次	［57］
直接添加PE、PET、PS 和PP		24颗粒/gTS、25颗粒/gTS、7颗粒/gTS和5颗粒/gTS	21±1		↓（蛋白18.9%，糖15.1%）			批次	［57］

微塑料			温度 /℃	厌氧消化过程				试验方法	文献
种类	粒径	浓度	温度 /℃	溶胞	水解	酸化	产甲烷	试验方法	文献
PVC	1mm	10颗粒/gTS	37	↑	—	↑	↑（5.9%±0.1%）	批次	［41］
PVC	1mm	20~60颗粒/gTS	37	↑	↓	↓	↓（90.6%~75.8%）	批次	［41］
PVC		30mg/gTS、cPAM	35±1	—	↑	↑	↑（抑制从15.6%恢复至5.8%）	BMP、半连续	［60］
PE	40µm	10~60颗粒/gTS	37	—	—	—	—	批次	［42］
PE	40µm	100~200颗粒/gTS	37	—	↓ （15%）	↓	↓ （12.4%~27.5%）	批次	［42］
PE	40µm	200颗粒/gTS	37				↓（28.8%）	连续试验
PS	80nm	0.05~0.2g/L	35			—	—	批次	［53］
PS	80nm	0.25g/L	35			↓	↓（17.9%）	批次
PS	5µm	0.05~0.2g/L	35					批次
PS	5µm	0.25g/L	35			↓	↓（19.3%）	批次
PS	54.8nm	0.05~0.2g/L	37				↓（4.7%~14.4%）	批次	［61］
PS	（50±6）nm	0~1000g/L				↓			［51］
PP		5~50颗粒/gTS					↓（58%）	UASB连续试验	［62］
PP	50μm	0.002~0.2g/gVS； 0.2g时	37±1			乙酸提高15.2%	累积甲烷产量提高148.2%	批次	［55］
PA6	0.5~1.0mm	5~10颗粒/gTS	37	—	—	↑（23.5%）	↑（4.84%~39.5%）	生化甲烷产量（BMP）测试	［44］
PES	200µm	1~200颗粒/gTS （10颗粒/gTS最低）		—	↓	—	↓（11.5%~4.9%）	批次	［63］
污水厂（PE、PET、PS 和PP）		24颗粒/gTS、25颗粒/gTS、7颗粒/gTS和5颗粒/gTS	21±1		↓（蛋白11.2%，糖8%）	↓（21.5%）	碱调控抑制产甲烷	批次	［57］
直接添加PE、PET、PS 和PP		24颗粒/gTS、25颗粒/gTS、7颗粒/gTS和5颗粒/gTS	21±1		↓（蛋白18.9%，糖15.1%）			批次	［57］

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