Development status and prospect of low iridium catalysts for hydrogen production by PEM electrolysis

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2024-0014

Abstract

Abstract:

With the rapid development of green renewable energy, proton exchange membrane (PEM) hydroelectrolysis technology has attracted much attention as a key link between renewable energy and hydrogen energy. In this paper, the working principle and technical status of anodes in PEM electrolyzers and the research progress of low iridium catalysts are reviewed. Even though PEM electrolysis technology has broad prospects, but the scarcity and the high price of iridium using in anode catalyst restrict the popularization of PEM electrolysis technology. The research of low iridium oxygen evolution (OER) catalysts with high activity and stability becomes much more important for the development of PEM electrolysis technology. At present, the low iridium catalysts mainly focus on the doped and supported catalysts. These two types of low iridium catalysts show higher catalytic activity than iridium oxides. Several low iridium catalysts reported recently, such as double perovskite, GD-doped IrO₂, IrNiO _x with core-shell structure, IrO _x /ATO etc., are described in this paper. The main challenges for increasing the activity and stability of low iridium catalysts are summarized, such as the crystal phase instability of doped catalysts and the utilization of Ir in supported catalysts. Finally, some suggestions and prospects are summarized in order to promote the activity and stability of low iridium catalysts supporting the future development of PEM electrolysis technology

Key words: electrochemistry, electrolytic water, proton exchange membrane electrolysis, oxygen evolution reaction, low iridium catalyst

摘要：

随着绿色可再生能源的快速发展，质子交换膜（PEM）水电解制氢技术作为连接可再生能源和氢能的关键环节而备受关注。本文综述了PEM电解槽阳极的工作原理、技术现状及低铱催化剂的研究进展。PEM电解技术前景广阔，但铱资源稀缺且价格高，制约了PEM电解技术的推广。开发低铱、高活性且稳定的析氧反应（OER）催化剂成为了PEM电解技术发展的关键。目前低铱催化剂主要集中在掺杂型和负载型两类催化剂。这两类低铱催化剂相较铱氧化物表现出更高催化活性。本文阐述了最近报道的几种低铱催化剂，如双钙钛矿、Gd掺杂IrO₂、IrNiO _x 核壳结构、IrO _x /ATO等。并总结了现阶段低铱催化剂在活性和稳定性方面的主要挑战，如掺杂型催化剂存在晶相不稳定的问题，负载型催化剂的Ir利用率有待进一步提高等。最后，本文总结并展望如何进一步推动高活性、高稳定性的低铱催化剂研发，以期为PEM水电解技术的未来发展提供强有力的支持。

关键词: 电化学, 水电解, 质子交换膜电解法, 析氧反应, 低铱催化剂

CLC Number:

TQ151.1

HONG Siqi, GU Fangwei, ZHENG Jinyu. Development status and prospect of low iridium catalysts for hydrogen production by PEM electrolysis[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2025, 44(1): 158-168.

洪思琦, 顾方伟, 郑金玉. PEM水电解制氢低铱催化剂发展现状及展望[J]. 化工进展, 2025, 44(1): 158-168.

Figures/Tables 9

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制氢技术	阴阳极隔膜	工作温度/℃	电流密度/A·cm^-2	能耗/kW·h·m^-3	优点	缺点	商业化程度
ALK	PPS	70~100	0.2~0.5	4.5~5.5	不使用贵金属催化剂、成本低	效率较低、碱液腐蚀设备、压力-液位控制困难	充分商业化
PEM	质子交换膜	60~90	1~6	3.6~4.4	负荷波动可调节幅度大、安全性高、启停速度快	价格高、单槽规模小	商业化初期
AEM	阴离子交换膜	60~90	0.3~0.8	4.8	体积小、安全性高，不使用贵金属催化剂	规模小、阴离子交换膜技术不成熟	实验室研发阶段
SOEC	氧化物导电体	600~1000	0.3	2.23~2.27	无需使用贵金属催化剂、效率高	启停速度慢，材料衰减快	实验室研发阶段

制氢技术	阴阳极隔膜	工作温度/℃	电流密度/A·cm^-2	能耗/kW·h·m^-3	优点	缺点	商业化程度
ALK	PPS	70~100	0.2~0.5	4.5~5.5	不使用贵金属催化剂、成本低	效率较低、碱液腐蚀设备、压力-液位控制困难	充分商业化
PEM	质子交换膜	60~90	1~6	3.6~4.4	负荷波动可调节幅度大、安全性高、启停速度快	价格高、单槽规模小	商业化初期
AEM	阴离子交换膜	60~90	0.3~0.8	4.8	体积小、安全性高，不使用贵金属催化剂	规模小、阴离子交换膜技术不成熟	实验室研发阶段
SOEC	氧化物导电体	600~1000	0.3	2.23~2.27	无需使用贵金属催化剂、效率高	启停速度慢，材料衰减快	实验室研发阶段

样品	Ir³⁺		Ir⁴⁺
样品	位置/eV	强度/%	位置/eV	强度/%
plrO₂	62.3	53.5	63.9	46.5
3%-Gd-pIrO₂	62.1	44.2	63.5	55.8
5%-Gd-pIrO₂	62.2	43.5	63.6	56.5
7%-Gd-pIrO₂	62.2	52.6	63.8	47.4
10%-Gd-pIrO₂	62.2	58.4	63.7	41.6

样品	Ir³⁺		Ir⁴⁺
样品	位置/eV	强度/%	位置/eV	强度/%
plrO₂	62.3	53.5	63.9	46.5
3%-Gd-pIrO₂	62.1	44.2	63.5	55.8
5%-Gd-pIrO₂	62.2	43.5	63.6	56.5
7%-Gd-pIrO₂	62.2	52.6	63.8	47.4
10%-Gd-pIrO₂	62.2	58.4	63.7	41.6

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