路用复合相变材料及相变改性沥青性能评价

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2024-0620

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

沥青路面在极端温度下会产生高温车辙、低温开裂等问题，发展复合相变材料对提高沥青的调温性能具有重要意义。为进一步推进沥青路面调温技术的发展，延长相变材料在沥青中的生命周期。首先，本文对路用复合相变材料的组成成分进行介绍。其次，对复合相变材料的制备工艺进行对比。在此基础上，主要从沥青路面的调温性能以及复合相变材料掺入对沥青路面造成的影响展开讨论。梳理发现，载体是决定复合相变材料导热能力和耐久性的关键因素。因此，确定复合相变材料载体后针对不同的载体材料选择相应的制备方法至关重要。在载体中使用具有高导热性的碳基材料，不仅可以提高复合相变材料的抗渗漏性能，还能提高复合相变材料的导热能力。目前，复合相变材料在沥青中虽具有一定的调温性能，但仍然存在储热能力低和抗渗漏性能不足的缺点，未来研究可以在明确复合相变材料与沥青相容的基础上，研发更具有针对性的路用复合相变材料，进而制定统一的相变评价标准和方法。

关键词: 复合材料, 绿色道路, 相变材料, 制备工艺, 沥青路面

Abstract:

Asphalt pavement will produce high-temperature rutting, low-temperature cracking and other diseases in the extreme temperature environment, and the development of composite phase change materials is of great significance to improve the temperature regulation performance of asphalt, to further advance the development of thermoregulation technology for asphalt pavements and to improve the life cycle of phase change materials in asphalt. First, the composition of composite phase change materials for road use was introduced. Second, the preparation process of composite phase change materials was compared. On this basis, the discussion was mainly based on the temperature-regulating performance of asphalt pavement and the influence caused by the blending of composite phase change materials on asphalt pavement. It was sorted out that the carrier was a key factor in determining the thermal conductivity and durability of composite phase change materials. Therefore, after determining the composite phase change materials carrier, it was crucial to choose the appropriate preparation method for different carrier materials. The use of carbon-based materials with high thermal conductivity in the carrier can not only improve the leakage resistance of composite phase change materials, but also improve the thermal conductivity of composite phase change materials. At present, although composite phase change materials had certain temperature regulation performance in asphalt, they still had the shortcomings of low heat storage capacity and insufficient leakage resistance. In the future, on the basis of clarifying the compatibility of composite phase change materials with asphalt, more targeted composite phase change materials for road use can be developed, and then a unified phase transformation evaluation standard and method can be formulated.

Key words: composites, green roads, phase change materials, preparation process, asphalt pavements

中图分类号:

U414

杜小聪, 辛春福, 赵钰. 路用复合相变材料及相变改性沥青性能评价[J]. 化工进展, 2024, 43(S1): 419-430.

DU Xiaocong, XIN Chunfu, ZHAO Yu. Performance evaluation of composite phase change materials and phase change modified asphalt for road use[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2024, 43(S1): 419-430.

图/表 9

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名称	相变温度/℃	相变焓值 /J·g^-1	参考文献
低温聚氨酯相变材料	-3.2	35.0	[19]
聚乙二醇基聚氨酯（PU-5）	48.3/36.0	93.5	[22]
聚氨酯相变材料	43.9	146.6	[23]
癸酸（CA）	31.4	149.1	[24]
肉豆蔻酸（MA）	52.3	184.5	[25]
硬脂酸（SA）	67.2	199.1	[25]
棕榈酸（PA）	62.0	198.4	[24]
月桂酸（LA）	45.6	185.7	[26]
聚乙二醇（PEG）	54.0	112.3	[27]

名称	相变温度/℃	相变焓值 /J·g^-1	参考文献
低温聚氨酯相变材料	-3.2	35.0	[19]
聚乙二醇基聚氨酯（PU-5）	48.3/36.0	93.5	[22]
聚氨酯相变材料	43.9	146.6	[23]
癸酸（CA）	31.4	149.1	[24]
肉豆蔻酸（MA）	52.3	184.5	[25]
硬脂酸（SA）	67.2	199.1	[25]
棕榈酸（PA）	62.0	198.4	[24]
月桂酸（LA）	45.6	185.7	[26]
聚乙二醇（PEG）	54.0	112.3	[27]

载体类型	特点	名称	制备方法	结论	参考文献
高分子聚合物	具有不生锈、易于生产、导热性好、成本低且密度低等特点^[40]	正十四烷/密胺树脂	原位聚合法	相变微胶囊具有良好的相变潜热和热稳定性，可用于沥青路面并进行研究	[41]
		正十四烷、二甲苯/环氧树脂	界面聚合法	随着芯材和载体质量比的增加，储热能力增加，热裂解温度降低	[42]
		硬脂酸丁酯/聚脲、聚氨酯	界面聚合法	双层载体相比单层载体，致密性和稳定性得到显著提高	[43]
碳基材料	高导热性和良好的密度	PA、SA/碳纳米管	—	碳纳米管能够降低熔融温度、提高凝固温度	[44]
碳基材料	高导热性和良好的密度	相变蜡/天然石墨改性聚乙烯	—	石墨的加入可以抵抗石蜡的软化作用	[45]
黏土矿物	具有较高的热导率和良好的吸附性能，可以很好地弥补液体PCMs渗漏的缺陷^[46]	PEG/多巴胺改性膨胀蛭石	真空浸渍法	多巴胺对增强CPCMs的封装率、熔化和凝固过程中的潜热发挥着重要作用	[47]
黏土矿物	具有较高的热导率和良好的吸附性能，可以很好地弥补液体PCMs渗漏的缺陷^[46]	SA/三维蒙脱土骨架	真空浸渍法	具有显著的相变潜热和良好的传热能力，可实现太阳能的直接转化、储存和利用	[48]
光催化材料	热导率高、形状稳定、无腐蚀性等，制备的温度及成本要求较高^[1,49-50]	月桂酸/TiO₂	溶胶-凝胶法	在200℃以内的高温环境下，CPCMs不会发生热分解且具有良好的热稳定性	[51]

载体类型	特点	名称	制备方法	结论	参考文献
高分子聚合物	具有不生锈、易于生产、导热性好、成本低且密度低等特点^[40]	正十四烷/密胺树脂	原位聚合法	相变微胶囊具有良好的相变潜热和热稳定性，可用于沥青路面并进行研究	[41]
		正十四烷、二甲苯/环氧树脂	界面聚合法	随着芯材和载体质量比的增加，储热能力增加，热裂解温度降低	[42]
		硬脂酸丁酯/聚脲、聚氨酯	界面聚合法	双层载体相比单层载体，致密性和稳定性得到显著提高	[43]
碳基材料	高导热性和良好的密度	PA、SA/碳纳米管	—	碳纳米管能够降低熔融温度、提高凝固温度	[44]
碳基材料	高导热性和良好的密度	相变蜡/天然石墨改性聚乙烯	—	石墨的加入可以抵抗石蜡的软化作用	[45]
黏土矿物	具有较高的热导率和良好的吸附性能，可以很好地弥补液体PCMs渗漏的缺陷^[46]	PEG/多巴胺改性膨胀蛭石	真空浸渍法	多巴胺对增强CPCMs的封装率、熔化和凝固过程中的潜热发挥着重要作用	[47]
黏土矿物	具有较高的热导率和良好的吸附性能，可以很好地弥补液体PCMs渗漏的缺陷^[46]	SA/三维蒙脱土骨架	真空浸渍法	具有显著的相变潜热和良好的传热能力，可实现太阳能的直接转化、储存和利用	[48]
光催化材料	热导率高、形状稳定、无腐蚀性等，制备的温度及成本要求较高^[1,49-50]	月桂酸/TiO₂	溶胶-凝胶法	在200℃以内的高温环境下，CPCMs不会发生热分解且具有良好的热稳定性	[51]

制备方法	芯材	载体	相变温度 /℃	相变焓 /J·g^-1	特点	参考文献
真空浸渍法	月桂酸	膨胀蛭石	41.88	126.8	主要通过毛细管力和表面张力进行吸附，能有效防泄漏	[60]
	相变石蜡	膨胀珍珠岩	24.52	88.31		[72]
	硬脂酸棕榈酸	硅藻土	52.93	106.70		[73]
熔融共混法	棕榈酸硬脂酸	碳纳米管	53.95	177.70	适用于两种熔点相差较大的材料	[44]
原位聚合法	十四烷	脲醛树脂	-4.40	100.30	致密性好性能可控	[74]
原位聚合法	十四烷	改性密胺树脂	-4.08	140.60	致密性好性能可控	[75]
溶胶-凝胶法	聚乙二醇	SiO₂	—	113.80	操作简单、反应温度低、制备纯度高、成本高、易脆裂	[65]
溶胶-凝胶法	硬脂酸	SiO₂	54.90	90.30	操作简单、反应温度低、制备纯度高、成本高、易脆裂	[76]
界面聚合法	硬脂酸丁酯	聚氨酯/聚脲双壁	24.10	85.00	操作简单、反应时间短，但利用成本低、制备成本高	[42]