低温条件下基于相变材料的锂离子电池保温特性分析

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2023-1185

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

低温环境会较大地限制锂离子电池的容量及输出功率。为维持低温条件下电池在适宜的温度范围内工作，本文利用GPU加速的基于焓法的多松弛时间格子玻尔兹曼方法（MRT-LBM）模拟研究了-20℃、-10℃和0℃的环境温度下，五次充-放电循环过程中不同相变温度的相变材料（PCM）对电池的保温效果。结果表明，当环境温度为0℃、相变温度为26~30℃范围内的PCM能使电池在第2次循环后处于20.0~45.0℃的最佳温度范围内工作，且令电池温差小于4.6℃。当环境温度为-10℃，使用相变温度为22~28℃的PCM使电池在30min后达到0℃，且整个过程电池温差小于4.3℃。此外，经历3次充放电循环后，电池平均温度在20.0~28.9℃区间内，相同相变温度下最高温度的波动幅度小于1.0℃。当环境温度为-20℃时，仅依靠PCM保温作用，电池组在运行140min后工作温度才能达到0℃，故需要结合其他预热系统使电池在短时间内达到适宜工作温度。

关键词: 相变材料, 锂离子电池, 低温环境, 保温, 数值模拟

Abstract:

The low temperature condition can greatly limit the capacity and output power of lithium-ion batteries. In order to maintain the batteries in the suitable temperature range under low-temperature conditions, the GPU-accelerated multi-relaxation time lattice Boltzmann method (MRT-LBM) was adopted to investigate the effect of phase change temperatures of PCM on the battery during five charge-discharge cycles at ambient temperatures of -20℃, -10℃and 0℃. The results showed that when the ambient temperature was 0℃, the PCM with phase change temperature in the range of 26—30℃ could enable the battery to operate in the optimal temperature range of 20—45℃ after the second cycle, and the temperature difference of the battery was less than 4.6℃. When the ambient temperature was -10℃, the battery reached 0℃ after 30 minutes with a PCM in the phase change temperature range of 22—28℃, and the temperature difference between the batteries was less than 4.3℃ throughout the process. In addition, after three charge-discharge cycles, the average battery temperature was in the range of 20.0—28.9℃, and the fluctuation of the highest temperature under the same phase change temperature was less than 1.0℃. When the ambient temperature was -20℃, the battery pack could reach 0℃ after 140 minutes only by PCM insulation, and thus it was necessary to combine with other preheating systems to make the battery reach the appropriate operating temperature within a short period of time.

Key words: phase change material, lithium ion battery, low-temperature environment, thermal insulation, numerical simulation

中图分类号:

TB34

潘涵婷, 徐洪涛, 许多, 罗祝清. 低温条件下基于相变材料的锂离子电池保温特性分析[J]. 化工进展, 2024, 43(8): 4333-4341.

PAN Hanting, XU Hongtao, XU Duo, LUO Zhuqing. Analysis of thermal insulation characteristics of lithium-ion batteries based on phase change materials under low temperature[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2024, 43(8): 4333-4341.

图/表 13

表1 锂离子电池性能参数

性能参数	数值	性能参数	数值
直径×高/mm	18×65	标称容量/Ah	2.9
密度/kg·m^-3	2870	热导率/W·m^-1·K^-1	3
比热容/kJ·kg^-1·K^-1	0.7	适宜工作温度/℃	0~50
内阻/mΩ	40	最佳工作温度/℃	20~45

图1 电池包的物理模型以及沿长度方向和宽度方向的截面

表2 各种材料的热物性参数

参数	聚氨酯保温材料	铝	石蜡
密度/kg·m^-3	50	2719	770
比热容/J·kg^-1·K^-1	1460	871	2460
热导率/W·m^-1·K^-1	0.025	202.4	0.15
相变温度/℃	—	—	18~32

图2 不同截面方向上电池温度分布

表3 不同放电速率下的发热量

放电速率/C	发热功率/W·m^-3
0.5	6062.82
1.0	22294.63
2.0	85265.21
3.0	188911.75

图3 单体电池升温验证

图4 网格无关性以及时间步长验证

图5 Tair=0℃时填充不同相变温度的PCM时电池平均温度及PCM液化率

图6 五次充电结束时电池包内温度分布云图

图7 Tair=0℃时，填充不同相变温度的PCM时电池组温差

图8 Tair=-10℃填充不同相变温度的PCM时电池平均温度及液化率

图9 Tair=-10℃填充不同相变温度PCM时电池温差

图10 Tair=-20℃时填充不同相变温度PCM时电池平均温度及电池组温差

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