废弃有机物用于混合菌群合成PHA的利用现状与挑战

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2023-2103

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

聚羟基脂肪酸酯（polyhydroxyalkanoates, PHA）是一种可完全生物降解材料，具有与传统塑料相似的机械性能，有望替代石油基塑料从源头上解决塑料危机。混合菌群利用廉价的废弃有机物合成PHA，对降低PHA的生产成本，实现废弃有机物的减量化和资源化具有重要意义。底物多样化是混合菌群PHA合成工艺的鲜明特点。本文首先剖析了混合菌群PHA合成系统中底物类型的重要性，进而综述了混合菌群利用不同类型废弃有机物合成PHA的现状，指出废弃有机物基质复杂易造成代谢偏移、产品产量及性能难以精准调控等关键问题。并对混合菌群利用废弃有机物合成PHA的研究进行了展望，需在明晰废弃有机物基质组分基础上，针对性优化底物水解酸化工艺、开发PHA产物性能调控技术和绿色低损耗的产物提纯工艺，最终构建高效能的PHA混合菌群工艺系统。

关键词: 聚羟基脂肪酸酯, 生物合成, 废弃有机物, 混合菌群, 底物类型

Abstract:

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) is a fully biodegradable material with similar mechanical properties to traditional plastics, which is expected to replace petroleum-based plastics to solve the plastic crisis from the source. The mixed culture PHA production using cheap waste organic matters is of great significance to reduce the production cost of PHA and realize the reduction and recycling of waste organic matters. Substrate diversity is a distinctive feature of mixed culture PHA production. In this paper, the importance of substrate types in the mixed culture system was analyzed. Then the current status of mixed culture using different types of waste organic matters to synthesize PHA was reviewed. Key issues were pointed out, such as the complex waste organic matrix was easy to cause metabolic deviation, and it was difficult to accurately control product yield and performance. Based on a clear clarification of waste organic matrix, future research on the mixed culture PHA production using waste organic matters requires, targeted optimization of substrate hydrolysis acidification technology, PHA performance regulation technology, and development of green and low-loss purification technology to finally construct a high-efficiency PHA mixed culture system.

Key words: polyhydroxyalkanoates, biosynthesis, waste organic matter, mixed culture, substrate type

中图分类号:

X172

吕青檐, 高汉文, 谢昆谕, 范冬青, 黄龙, 陈志强. 废弃有机物用于混合菌群合成PHA的利用现状与挑战[J]. 化工进展, 2024, 43(6): 3374-3385.

LYU Qingyan, GAO Hanwen, XIE Kunyu, FAN Dongqing, HUANG Long, CHEN Zhiqiang. Current situation and challenges of mixed culture polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) production using waste organics[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2024, 43(6): 3374-3385.

图/表 5

图1 不同碳源的代谢途径和PHA核心合成途径

图2 F-F模式下生态压力产生机制示意图

表1 不同VFA合成PHA前体物质的化学计量式[28]

底物摄取过程	化学计量式（以Cmol计）
乙酸 $→$ 乙酰辅酶A	CH₂O+ATP $→$ CHO_0.5+0.5H₂O
丙酸 $→$ 丙酰辅酶A	CH₂O_2/3+0.67ATP $→$ CH_4/3O_1/3+0.33H₂O
丁酸 $→$ 乙酰辅酶A	CH₂O_0.5+0.5ATP $→$ CHO_0.5+0.5NADH₂
戊酸 $→$ 乙酰辅酶A+丙酰辅酶A	CH₂O_2/5+0.4ATP $→$ 0.4CHO_0.5+0.6CH_4/3O_1/3+0.4NADH₂

表1 不同VFA合成PHA前体物质的化学计量式[28]

底物摄取过程	化学计量式（以Cmol计）
乙酸 $→$ 乙酰辅酶A	CH₂O+ATP $→$ CHO_0.5+0.5H₂O
丙酸 $→$ 丙酰辅酶A	CH₂O_2/3+0.67ATP $→$ CH_4/3O_1/3+0.33H₂O
丁酸 $→$ 乙酰辅酶A	CH₂O_0.5+0.5ATP $→$ CHO_0.5+0.5NADH₂
戊酸 $→$ 乙酰辅酶A+丙酰辅酶A	CH₂O_2/5+0.4ATP $→$ 0.4CHO_0.5+0.6CH_4/3O_1/3+0.4NADH₂

图3 三段式和两段式混合菌群PHA合成工艺

表2 混合菌群利用废弃有机物合成PHA的研究

底物类型	有效底物组分	产PHA优势菌	合成PHA类型	底物转化效率	最大PHA 合成能力	PHA产量	PHA转化率	参考文献
废弃奶牛粪便	蛋白质、糖、脂肪、粗纤维（需发酵）	混合菌群（甲基杆菌科属、动胶菌属）	PHB、PHV	—	90.70%	—	1.12Cmmol /Cmmol	[34]
废弃奶酪乳清	乳糖、脂肪、蛋白质（需发酵）	混合菌群（未明确组成）	HB（70.00%）、HV（30.00%）	—	60.00%	7.80g/L	—	[35]
废弃奶酪乳清	乳糖、脂肪、蛋白质（需发酵）	混合菌群（未明确组成）	HB（89.00%）、HV（11.00%）	0.72gCOD /gCOD	43.00%	—	0.85Cmol/Cmol	[36]
废弃奶酪乳清	乳糖、脂肪、蛋白质（需发酵）	混合菌群（未明确组成）	HB（60.00%）、HV（40.00%）	0.60Cmmol /Cmmol	81.40%±0.57%	0.42mgCOD /mgCOD	0.80Cmmol /Cmmol	[37]
废弃奶酪乳清	乳糖、脂肪、蛋白质（需发酵）	混合菌群（钩虫贪铜菌）	3HB（94.00%）、HV（6.00%）	0.85g/g	71.00%	—	0.60g/g	[38]
废弃糖蜜	糖（需发酵）	混合菌群（陶厄氏菌、固氮弓菌属）	PHBV	0.70Cmol /Cmol	57.50%	0.76Cmol /Cmol	0.65~0.71Cmol /Cmol	[39]
含糖废水	葡萄糖（需发酵）	混合菌群（肠杆菌、假单胞菌）	PHBV	—	56.00%	5.20g/L	—	[40]
工业糖果发酵废水	糖（需发酵）	混合菌群（变形球菌）	3HB	—	59.10%±0.60%	0.93Cmol /Cmol	—	[41]
工业糖果发酵废水	糖（需发酵）	混合菌群（酸性假单胞菌、球菌）	PHB、PHV	0.64gCOD /gCOD	70.00%	0.37g/g	—	[42]
热水解杨树	木质素（需发酵）	混合菌群（球菌、芽孢杆菌）	PHBV	530.30mg/g	—	637.56mg/L	375.04mg/g	[43]
碱性发酵pH10 条件下发酵污泥	蛋白质、脂肪、多糖（需发酵）	混合菌群（未明确组成）	PHB（98.30% ）、PHV（1.70%）	61.80%	60.30%	—	—	[44]
剩余活性污泥	蛋白质、脂肪、多糖（需发酵）	混合菌群（未明确组成）	PHB、PHV	—	51.00%	—	0.52Cmol/Cmol	[45]
剩余活性污泥	蛋白质、脂肪、多糖（需发酵）	混合菌群（副球菌属、潜水杆菌属、微小菌属）	PHB、PHV	—	42.84%	—	—	[46]
剩余活性污泥	蛋白质、脂肪、多糖（需发酵）	混合菌群（代尔夫特菌属、赖氨酸芽胞杆菌、短波单孢杆菌）	3HB、3HV、 3H2MV	35.17%	42.34%	1.30g/L	—	[47]
纸浆工业副产品（硬木亚硫酸盐废液物）	木糖、乙酸（直接利用）	混合菌群（ɑ-变形菌门、β-变形菌门、γ-变形菌门）	P（3HB）	—	67.60%	0.77g/g	—	[48]
工业废鱼油	油酸、亚油酸（直接利用）	混合菌群（未明确组成）	PHB	—	82.30%	0.80Cmmol /Cmmol	—	[49]
粗甘油	甘油、游离脂肪酸、脂肪酸甲酯（直接利用）	混合菌群（未明确组成）	PHB	—	59.00%	0.44g/g	—	[50]
粗甘油	甘油、游离脂肪酸、脂肪酸甲酯（直接利用）	混合菌群	HB、HV	—	27.02%	—	1.75gCOD/gCOD	[51]
粗甘油	甘油、游离脂肪酸、脂肪酸甲酯（直接利用）	混合菌群（黄杆菌属、红球菌属、副球菌属）	HB、HV、HP	—	—	0.42Cmol /Cmol	0.24Cmol/Cmol	[52]
粗甘油	甘油（直接利用）	混合菌群（硫杆菌属、副球菌属、索氏菌属）	PHB	—	27.00%	—	1.75mg/mg	[13]
粗甘油	甘油（直接利用）	混合菌群（未明确组成）	PHB	—	21.80%	373.70mg/L	0.22g/g	[53]
甲烷	甲烷（直接利用）	混合菌群（甲基胞囊菌属）	PHB	—	34.60%±2.50%	—	—	[54]
甲烷	甲烷（直接利用）	混合菌群（甲基胞囊菌属）	P3HB	—	32.00%	—	—	[55]
甲烷	甲烷（直接利用）	混合菌群（甲基囊菌）	PHB	—	35.10%±0.40%	—	0.22g/g	[56]
甲烷	甲烷（直接利用）	混合菌群（甲基囊孢菌、甲基杆菌）	PHB	—	12.60%	—	—	[57]
甲烷	甲烷（直接利用）	混合菌群（甲基杆菌、甲基单胞菌）	PHB	—	44.00%	—	—	[58]
甲烷	甲烷（直接利用）	混合菌群（甲基孢囊菌属、甲基杆菌属）	PHB	—	13.60%±5.60%	—	—	[59]

表2 混合菌群利用废弃有机物合成PHA的研究

底物类型	有效底物组分	产PHA优势菌	合成PHA类型	底物转化效率	最大PHA 合成能力	PHA产量	PHA转化率	参考文献
废弃奶牛粪便	蛋白质、糖、脂肪、粗纤维（需发酵）	混合菌群（甲基杆菌科属、动胶菌属）	PHB、PHV	—	90.70%	—	1.12Cmmol /Cmmol	[34]
废弃奶酪乳清	乳糖、脂肪、蛋白质（需发酵）	混合菌群（未明确组成）	HB（70.00%）、HV（30.00%）	—	60.00%	7.80g/L	—	[35]
废弃奶酪乳清	乳糖、脂肪、蛋白质（需发酵）	混合菌群（未明确组成）	HB（89.00%）、HV（11.00%）	0.72gCOD /gCOD	43.00%	—	0.85Cmol/Cmol	[36]
废弃奶酪乳清	乳糖、脂肪、蛋白质（需发酵）	混合菌群（未明确组成）	HB（60.00%）、HV（40.00%）	0.60Cmmol /Cmmol	81.40%±0.57%	0.42mgCOD /mgCOD	0.80Cmmol /Cmmol	[37]
废弃奶酪乳清	乳糖、脂肪、蛋白质（需发酵）	混合菌群（钩虫贪铜菌）	3HB（94.00%）、HV（6.00%）	0.85g/g	71.00%	—	0.60g/g	[38]
废弃糖蜜	糖（需发酵）	混合菌群（陶厄氏菌、固氮弓菌属）	PHBV	0.70Cmol /Cmol	57.50%	0.76Cmol /Cmol	0.65~0.71Cmol /Cmol	[39]
含糖废水	葡萄糖（需发酵）	混合菌群（肠杆菌、假单胞菌）	PHBV	—	56.00%	5.20g/L	—	[40]
工业糖果发酵废水	糖（需发酵）	混合菌群（变形球菌）	3HB	—	59.10%±0.60%	0.93Cmol /Cmol	—	[41]
工业糖果发酵废水	糖（需发酵）	混合菌群（酸性假单胞菌、球菌）	PHB、PHV	0.64gCOD /gCOD	70.00%	0.37g/g	—	[42]
热水解杨树	木质素（需发酵）	混合菌群（球菌、芽孢杆菌）	PHBV	530.30mg/g	—	637.56mg/L	375.04mg/g	[43]
碱性发酵pH10 条件下发酵污泥	蛋白质、脂肪、多糖（需发酵）	混合菌群（未明确组成）	PHB（98.30% ）、PHV（1.70%）	61.80%	60.30%	—	—	[44]
剩余活性污泥	蛋白质、脂肪、多糖（需发酵）	混合菌群（未明确组成）	PHB、PHV	—	51.00%	—	0.52Cmol/Cmol	[45]
剩余活性污泥	蛋白质、脂肪、多糖（需发酵）	混合菌群（副球菌属、潜水杆菌属、微小菌属）	PHB、PHV	—	42.84%	—	—	[46]
剩余活性污泥	蛋白质、脂肪、多糖（需发酵）	混合菌群（代尔夫特菌属、赖氨酸芽胞杆菌、短波单孢杆菌）	3HB、3HV、 3H2MV	35.17%	42.34%	1.30g/L	—	[47]
纸浆工业副产品（硬木亚硫酸盐废液物）	木糖、乙酸（直接利用）	混合菌群（ɑ-变形菌门、β-变形菌门、γ-变形菌门）	P（3HB）	—	67.60%	0.77g/g	—	[48]
工业废鱼油	油酸、亚油酸（直接利用）	混合菌群（未明确组成）	PHB	—	82.30%	0.80Cmmol /Cmmol	—	[49]
粗甘油	甘油、游离脂肪酸、脂肪酸甲酯（直接利用）	混合菌群（未明确组成）	PHB	—	59.00%	0.44g/g	—	[50]
粗甘油	甘油、游离脂肪酸、脂肪酸甲酯（直接利用）	混合菌群	HB、HV	—	27.02%	—	1.75gCOD/gCOD	[51]
粗甘油	甘油、游离脂肪酸、脂肪酸甲酯（直接利用）	混合菌群（黄杆菌属、红球菌属、副球菌属）	HB、HV、HP	—	—	0.42Cmol /Cmol	0.24Cmol/Cmol	[52]
粗甘油	甘油（直接利用）	混合菌群（硫杆菌属、副球菌属、索氏菌属）	PHB	—	27.00%	—	1.75mg/mg	[13]
粗甘油	甘油（直接利用）	混合菌群（未明确组成）	PHB	—	21.80%	373.70mg/L	0.22g/g	[53]
甲烷	甲烷（直接利用）	混合菌群（甲基胞囊菌属）	PHB	—	34.60%±2.50%	—	—	[54]
甲烷	甲烷（直接利用）	混合菌群（甲基胞囊菌属）	P3HB	—	32.00%	—	—	[55]
甲烷	甲烷（直接利用）	混合菌群（甲基囊菌）	PHB	—	35.10%±0.40%	—	0.22g/g	[56]
甲烷	甲烷（直接利用）	混合菌群（甲基囊孢菌、甲基杆菌）	PHB	—	12.60%	—	—	[57]
甲烷	甲烷（直接利用）	混合菌群（甲基杆菌、甲基单胞菌）	PHB	—	44.00%	—	—	[58]
甲烷	甲烷（直接利用）	混合菌群（甲基孢囊菌属、甲基杆菌属）	PHB	—	13.60%±5.60%	—	—	[59]

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