基于相变材料的锂离子电池热管理性能

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2021-2553

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

锂离子电池（lithium-ion battery，LIB）作为目前应用最广泛的储能电池之一，在电动汽车等行业发挥着至关重要的作用。电池的温度是影响LIB性能及安全性的重要因素，因此电池热管理（battery thermal management，BTM）至关重要。目前，利用相变材料（phase change material，PCM）进行相变冷却的热管理方式因其潜热高、不需消耗额外能量的优点已成为一种很有前途的方法。本文针对8节并联18650LIB的电池组性能进行了数值模拟及实验研究，探究了石蜡基复合相变材料（composite phase change material，CPCM）物性参数（包括热导率、熔点、相变潜热和材料厚度）对本文设计的电池组热管理性能的影响。结果表明，纯石蜡用于BTM可将3C放电下的电池最高温度降低28.0%，向石蜡中添加膨胀石墨后可使CPCM的热管理性能进一步提升，CPCM的热导率为2.0W/(m·K)时可将3C放电下的电池最高温度进一步降低5.42℃，继续增大CPCM热导率对热管理性能的提升较小。在综合考虑电池组的最高温度和温度均匀性的情况下，为得到在本文所设计的锂离子电池组最佳热管理性能，CPCM的热导率为2.0W/(m·K)、熔点应在36~38℃之间、相变潜热在212J/g左右、CPCM的厚度为4mm时最优。

关键词: 电池热管理, 复合相变材料, 热物性, 热传导, 对流, 数值分析

Abstract:

As one of the most widely used power batteries, lithium-ion battery (LIB) plays an important role in electric vehicles and other industries. Temperature is an important factor affecting LIB performance and safety, and thus battery thermal management (BTM) is very important. At present, phase change material (PCM) has become a research hotspot because of high latent heat and no additional power consumption. In this study, the performance of 8 parallel 18650 LIB pack was numerically simulated, and the temperature variation characteristics of LIB was experimentally studied. The LIB heat generation model was established, and the temperature change of single LIB during the discharge process was tested. The influence of thermophysical parameters of composite phase change material (CPCM), such as thermal conductivity, melting point, latent heat and thickness, on the BTM characteristics of LIB pack designed in this paper were studied. The results showed that pure paraffin used in BTM can reduce the maximum battery temperature under 3C discharge by 28.0%. Adding expanded graphite to paraffin can further improve the thermal management performance of CPCM. When the thermal conductivity of CPCM was 2.0W/(m·K), the maximum temperature of battery under 3C discharge can be further reduced by 5.42℃, and the increase of the thermal conductivity of CPCM had little effect on the improvement of thermal management performance. Considering the maximum temperature and temperature uniformity of the battery pack, in order to obtain the best thermal management performance of the lithium-ion battery pack designed in this paper, the thermal conductivity of CPCM should be 2.0W/(m·K), the melting point of CPCM should be between 36—38℃, the latent heat of phase transition was about 212J/g, and the thickness of CPCM was 4mm.

Key words: battery thermal management, composite phase change material, thermophysical properties, heat conduction, convection, numerical analysis

中图分类号:

TK124

尹少武, 康鹏, 韩嘉维, 张朝, 王立, 童莉葛. 基于相变材料的锂离子电池热管理性能[J]. 化工进展, 2022, 41(10): 5518-5529.

YIN Shaowu, KANG Peng, HAN Jiawei, ZHANG Chao, WANG Li, TONG Lige. Thermal management performance of lithium-ion battery based on phase change materials[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2022, 41(10): 5518-5529.

图/表 20

图1 圆柱形BTM装置图

表1 电池热物性参数

参数	数值
半径/mm	9
高度/mm	65
标称容量/mAh	3200
额定电压/V	3.7
满电电压/V	4.2
内阻/mΩ	25
质量/g	46
密度/kg·m^-3	2720
比热容/J·kg^-1·K^-1	300
热导率/W·m^-1·K^-1	3

表2 石蜡热物性参数

参数	数值
密度/kg·m^-3	910
比热容/J·kg^-1·K^-1	2250
热导率/W·m^-1·K^-1	0.2
熔点/℃	44
相变潜热/J·g^-1	232

表3 CPCM热物性参数

膨胀石墨质量分数/ %	相变潜热/ J·g^-1	热导率/W·m^-1·K^-1
0	232.0	0.21
5	221.5	2.15
10	209.2	3.83
15	196.1	5.47
20	187.6	7.14

图2 实验装置示意图

图3 3C放电下电池最高温度实验模拟对比

图4 不同倍率、不同热导率下电池最高温度随时间变化曲线

图5 不同倍率、不同热导率下电池最大温差随时间变化曲线

图6 PCM不同热导率下电池组3C倍率放电温度分布

图7 电池最高温度随热导率变化曲线

图8 不同倍率、不同熔点下电池最高温度随时间变化曲线

图9 不同倍率、不同熔点下电池最大温差随时间变化曲线

图10 3C放电下电池放电终了温差随熔点变化曲线

图11 不同倍率、不同相变潜热下电池最高温度随时间变化曲线

图12 不同倍率、不同相变潜热下电池最大温差随时间变化曲线

图13 3C放电下电池最高温度随相变潜热变化

图14 不同倍率、不同材料厚度下电池最高温度随时间的变化

图15 不同倍率、不同材料厚度下电池最大温差随时间变化

图16 3C放电不同材料厚度下电池组温度分布

图17 3C放电不同材料厚度下PCM液体体积分数分布

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