Owing to its high refueling efficiency, the battery-swapping mode for new-energy heavy-duty trucks is rapidly becoming a key pathway for the low-carbon transformation of road freight transport. This paper systematically reviewed the current research on scheduling optimization for battery swapping focusing on modeling techniques and solution approaches. Studies showed that optimization models must balance economic benefits, swapping efficiency or power stability while accommodating multiple constraints such as physical resources, spatiotemporal matching, operational protocols and demand fluctuations. Dynamic aspects, including queue-length reduction, peak-load shifting and time-of-use pricing, were handled via rolling-horizon optimization, dynamic charging-power adjustment and demand-response mechanisms. Regarding solution methodologies, exact mathematical programming exceled in optimality yet suffered from computational complexity; heuristic algorithms scaled well for large-scale problems but lacked optimality guarantees; reinforcement learning demonstrates promised in dynamic settings through sequential decision-making, although safety constraints still required reinforcement. In practice, hybrid algorithms tailored to the problem's characteristics were recommended.

The engine nozzle seal operates under extreme conditions characterized by high temperature, high pressure and vibration working conditions. Improper design may result in seal failure, which influences the operating performance and safety of the entire engine. In order to study the sealing performance of nozzle seal, a finite element model of nozzle seal structure was established. The effects of medium pressure, axial float and radial polarization on the sealing performance of nozzle were analyzed. The leakage rate of nozzle seal under dynamic and static conditions was tested. The results showed that the contact area of the main seal C-O ring presented a five-stage ladder distribution, and the structure had good self-tightening and stable fit, which could ensure reliable operation under high pressure medium. Under the conditions of axial float and radial polarization, the main seal C-O ring still had good dynamic follow-up performance, and the radial polarization was more likely to cause leakage than the axialfloat, which provided the suggest for the design and use of the nozzle seal. The leakage rate of the nozzle seal was less than 1mL/s under various high parameter working conditions, which showed good sealing performance of the nozzle seal.

Sulfur hexafluoride (SF₆) is a strong greenhouse gas. To reduce its emission, this study proposed recovering SF₆ from mixed insulating gas (with 85% SF₆ and 15% N₂ mole fractions) using temperature swing adsorption (TSA) cycle. Numerical simulation was employed to establish the physical and mathematical models of the cycle, and the reliability of the model was verified through comparison with the experimental data in the literature. Three performance evaluation indices (purity, recovery and specific energy consumption) were used to investigate the effects of different adsorbent materials, geometric dimensions of adsorption bed and operating conditions on TSA cycle performance. The results showed that Mg-MOF-74 exhibited the best cycle performance, followed by AC, UIO-66 and 13X. For adsorption beds with equivalent length-to-diameter ratios ranging from 6.9 to 23.6, the cycle performance improved with increasing ratio, achieving maximum purity and recovery rates of 69.31% and 62.90%, respectively, and a minimum specific energy consumption of 1.89MJ/kg. Lower adsorption temperatures and higher desorption temperatures increased the SF₆ cyclic working capacity of adsorbents, thereby enhancing SF₆ recovery from mixed insulating gas.

Taste perception analysis plays a vital role in food science, directly affecting food consumption, nutrition, and health. Traditional sensory evaluation methods for flavor are highly subjective and time-consuming, making them inadequate for the rapid screening and optimization of flavor molecules. To overcome this limitation, we integrated multiple open-source databases and constructed a standardized dataset comprising 17633 taste-related molecules, covering five categories: sweet, bitter, umami, sour, and other less common tastes (e.g., salty, spicy, astringent, numbing, etc.). Based on this dataset, we developed a high-accuracy multi-flavor prediction model by combining the Uni-Mol2 pre-trained molecular model with fine-tuning strategies. Furthermore, we employed integrated gradients and atomic contribution analysis to interpret the predictive mechanisms of the model. Experimental results showed that the proposed model achieved accurate predictions across all taste categories, with an overall accuracy of 95.2%, thereby validating the effectiveness of multi-database integration and fine-tuning strategies for taste molecule prediction and providing a new technical pathway for the rapid screening and functional analysis of flavor molecules.

To solve the problems such as low suction superheat of the evaporator, droplet entrained in the sight glass and insufficient cooling capacity caused by the maldistribution flow of R507A refrigerant on the tube side of the dry evaporator in the ultra-low temperature screw chiller unit, based on the refrigeration cycle system process flow, the spatiotemporal evolution mechanism of gas-liquid flow in the evaporator tube side was constructed and elaborated. Based on the gas-liquid flow mechanism model, the spatial distribution of refrigerant in the pre-optimization evaporator were assessed via computational fluid dynamics (CFD), clearly revealing that the centrifugal effect at the inlet diversion elbow and the swirling effect inside the branch pipes were key factors leading to refrigerant flow maldistribution in the heat exchange tubes. Based on these diagnostic findings, three improved inlet piping structure schemes incorporating T-shaped inlet diversion pipe were proposed. Numerical simulation analysis demonstrated that the T-shaped structure effectively mitigated refrigerant maldistribution within the tubes, and the scheme 3 was identified as the optimal configuration. Based on this, the effect of different flow directions, different inlet branch pipe spacings, and boundary conditions (maximum load, minimum load, maximum pressure difference, minimum pressure difference) on the uniformity of refrigerant distribution in scheme 3 was further studied. Analysis revealed that flow direction had a minimal effect on the degree of maldistribution in scheme 3, whereas inlet branch pipe spacings exerted a more significant effect on refrigerant maldistribution at the tube bundle ends compared to the middle region. After optimization, the degree of maldistribution of scheme 3 was significantly reduced by 50.01% compared with that before optimization, and the unevenness under the boundary conditions was much lower than that of the model before optimization. This optimization scheme had been verified through unit rectification and experimental tests: under nominal operating conditions, the optimized dry evaporator achieved an approximate 6.95% increase in cooling capacity, a 7.23℃ rise in suction superheat, a 8.11% improvement in coefficient of performance (COP). The tests were conducted under the boundary conditions, and no abnormal phenomena were observed, which effectively solved droplet entrained problem at the evaporator outlet. This scheme offers a valuable engineering insight for optimizing evaporator performance and resolving critical issues like droplet entrained.

The research progress of simulating the upward movement of bubbles in bubble towers by direct numerical simulation methods was reviewed. The optimization of the grid density in the open source software Basilisk and the limitations of the traditional isolated bubble assumption in accurately describing the behavior of multiple bubbles were introduced. The specific settings of Basilisk in gas-liquid interface reconstruction and grid encryption were detailed, achieving a real-time grid with grid densities above 30 grids per bubble diameter. Based on the existing isolated bubble model, a multi-bubble model was constructed. Three-dimensional direct numerical simulation of the dynamic interactions of multiple bubbles from a single nozzle and multiple nozzles was studied by using this model. The results showed that with increases in inlet gas velocities, the zigzag swings of the bubble became less dramatic, the oscillation amplitude of decreases, while the frequency of bubble coalescence increased. Some bubbles that had not been accelerated sufficiently were caught up with the newly generated bubbles. A critical nozzle spacing for the interaction of multiple bubbles was about 3 times the nozzle diameter. The arrangement effects of multiple nozzle on the bubble interactions were insignificant, with reduced bubble swings and decreased oscillation amplitude compared to a single nozzle. Bubble rising velocities were primarily influenced by bubble sizes, with little effect from nozzle spacing or arrangement. Affected by liquid-phase turbulence, the resistance coefficient of multiple bubbles rising was greater than that of isolated bubbles rising.

The mechanical seal device of the reaction vessel operates under dry friction conditions without liquid lubrication and cooling, which poses a challenge to the wear resistance of the materials. The temperature rise and deformation of the end face significantly affect the sealing performance. A well-performing end face pair can effectively reduce the friction coefficient and extend the service life. Based on the mechanical seal structure and sealing ring materials of the reaction vessel, the tribological properties of six types of graphite, namely, antimony-impregnated graphite M106D, resin-impregnated graphite M106K, EK60, EK2200, MAT4000, and MoS₂-modified graphite MAT240, when paired with silicon carbide were evaluated using a friction and wear testing machine system. Based on the average friction coefficients obtained from the tests, a thermal-mechanical coupling simulation model was constructed using simulation analysis software to explore the temperature variation and deformation patterns of the end faces of different graphite materials. Combining the test and simulation results, EK2200 graphite was selected as the optimal soft ring material for dry friction conditions. The temperature rise process of the EK2200 graphite-SiC friction pair was tested on a self-designed test bench and compared with the simulation results. The research results showed that EK2200 graphite had the lowest average friction coefficient, the lowest wear rate, and the best surface morphology, making it the most suitable for dry friction. Compared with other graphite materials, the maximum temperature and deformation of the end face of EK2200 graphite decreased by 39.81% and 56.42%, respectively. The maximum deviation between the highest temperature values obtained from experiments and simulations was only 6.37%, which strongly validated the rationality and accuracy of the finite element model. Graphite EK2200 material had the best dry friction adaptability and effectively reduced the temperature rise and thermal deformation of the end face, thereby improving the sealing performance and extending the service life. This provided an important reference for the design and application of mechanical seals for vessels under dry friction conditions.

¹⁰B is an extremely important stable isotope with a strong ability to absorb neutrons, and thus is widely used in the nuclear power field. The chemical exchange method is commonly used in industry to produce ¹⁰B, but this method has problems such as low output, high toxicity of complexing agents, and severe equipment corrosion. In contrast, the low-temperature distillation method has the technical advantages of high output, no pollution, and stable operation. To meet the large demand for high-abundance ¹⁰B products in nuclear power development, the research and development of the low-temperature distillation method for producing ¹⁰B can increase output while reducing equipment corrosion, which has considerable economic value. This paper, in combination with the pilot-scale test of boron isotope separation by low-temperature distillation at the China Institute of Atomic Energy, used the classic chemical engineering simulation software Aspen Plus to simulate the process of separating ¹⁰BF₃ and ¹¹BF₃ isotopes in a two-column cascade low-temperature distillation tower. Through calculation, the physical property parameters of BF₃ isotopic compounds were obtained, and a process model for boron isotope separation was established. Two physical property methods, IDEAL and PR, were used for simulation. Among them, the PR equation of state method corrected the non-ideality of the gas phase and the interaction in the liquid phase, and its simulation results (error 3.04%) were significantly better than the ideal model (8.99%). The simulation results showed that reducing the operating pressure, decreasing the feed rate, increasing the reflux ratio and the number of theoretical plates could all increase the abundance of the bottom product, among which increasing the number of theoretical plates had a more significant effect on the abundance improvement. The research results of this paper could provide theoretical guidance for the subsequent industrial production of ¹⁰B isotopes.

The boiling heat transfer phenomenon significantly influences heat exchanger efficienc. In this study, the pseudo-potential lattice Boltzmann model was used to simulate the pool boiling heat transfer, and the results were compared with the experimental results to verify its feasibility. A pseudo-potential lattice Boltzmann model with improved velocity boundary conditions was adopted to numerically simulate convective heat transfer on solid-liquid heat exchange surfaces. The full-period evolution laws of nucleate boiling, transition boiling, and film boiling were analyzed. The mechanisms by which imposed flow velocities influence bubble dynamics and heat transfer characteristics at the solid-liquid interface were also explored. Multiscale coupled simulations of gas-liquid two-phase flow in a two-dimensional rectangular cross-section were successfully conducted. The results showed that the pseudo-potential lattice Boltzmann model provided an effective approach for pool boiling simulations. The applied flow rate would shorten the nucleate boiling and transition boiling stages and prolong the film boiling stage to varying degrees. Compared with no flow rate, during the nucleate boiling stage, imposing flow velocities in the range of 0.005m/s<R<0.050m/s shortened the departure time of the initial boiling bubble by approximately 12%—35%, the peak value of critical heat flux was 6102.0W/m², which was increased by 5.5%. Additionally, the heat transfer coefficient reached a maximum of \mathrm{56.9}—\mathrm{58.0}\mathrm{W}/({\mathrm{m}}^{\mathrm{2}}·\mathrm{K}),which was increased by 1.5%—10.5%; During the transition boiling stage, imposing a flow velocity greater than \mathrm{0.050}\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}resulted the bubbles gradually merge into a gas film and spread rapidly horizontally, triggering the onset of film boiling earlier. In the film boiling stage, the flow reduced the film thickness, and the heat flux density curve formed a periodic heat flux peak of 920\mathrm{W}/{\mathrm{m}}^{\mathrm{2}}. But imposed flow velocity deteriorated heat transfer performance.

This study investigated factors influencing carbon emissions of coal-fired combined heat and power (CHP) units, taking as the research object a 50MW condensing-extraction steam turbine generator set equipped with a 440t/h circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boiler at a certain enterprise. A systematic analysis was conducted on the effects of variations in boiler fuel composition, boiler thermal efficiency, and overall unit thermal efficiency on carbon emissions and on changes in the unit's specific operating costs. The results indicated that actual unit carbon emissions were directly proportional to the proportion of petroleum coke blended in the boiler and inversely proportional to the proportion of gas blended; as boiler thermal efficiency or overall unit thermal efficiency increased, the deficit in the unit's carbon emission allowances gradually diminished until a surplus was achieved; and with rising carbon allowance trading prices, the impact of optimizing boiler fuel composition and enhancing both boiler and overall unit thermal efficiencies on reducing the unit's specific operating costs became significantly stronger. Under varying overall unit thermal efficiencies and operating loads, the influence of adjusting external heat supply versus power generation on the unit's specific operating costs exhibited a threshold characteristic: increasing power generation beyond the unit's operational equilibrium condition yielded greater cost advantages, and this equilibrium point shifted toward lower efficiency regions as carbon allowance trading prices rise. This research provided a reference for enterprises to optimize unit operations, dynamically implement carbon reduction measures, and enhance the economic performance of unit operation.

Multi-source gas safe-mixing thermal storage oxidation waste heat utilization technology is an emerging method for energy recovery and utilization. It achieves efficient recovery and utilization of waste heat through the safe mixing and thermal storage oxidation process of multiple gas sources. Currently, this technology is still in its developmental stage, and this article provides an overview of its research progress and application status. Firstly, the sources and characteristics of coal mine gas, and its impact on safety management are introduced, and the biological and thermal origins, as well as their physical and chemical properties, are analyzed. Subsequently, the theoretical basis of multi-source gas safe-mixing thermal storage oxidation technology is explored, with a focus on thermodynamic and chemical kinetic principles. Finally, the key technical aspects of this technology are explained, including the selection of thermal storage materials, reactor design, and optimization of control systems. The future development direction of this technology should focus on further enhancing the stability of thermal storage technology, strengthening the application of intelligent management and control technology, and achieving interdisciplinary integration to improve the utilization rate of gas, reduce safety hazards, provide solid guarantees for coal mine safety production, and significantly improve economic benefits.

Under the pressing “dual-carbon” goals and the green transition of energy structures, hydrogen energy has garnered widespread attention due to its abundant sources, high combustion calorific value, green and low-carbon properties, and broad applicability. As an emerging solid-state hydrogen storage technology, hydrogen storage via hydrates demonstrates significant advantages in safety and high storage density, showing immense developmental prospects and application value. However, the advancement of hydrate-based hydrogen storage technology is currently hindered by critical challenges, including stringent formation conditions, slow growth rates, and unstable hydrogen storage density. The root cause of these bottlenecks lies in the unclear molecular dynamics behaviors and mechanisms governing the interactions among hydrogen molecules, water molecules, and promoter molecules during the hydrogen storage process. To address these issues, this study focuses on the molecular dynamics behaviors and mechanisms in hydrogen storage hydrates. Specifically, it comprehensively reviews the kinetic growth mechanisms of hydrogen hydrates under the influence of promoters, elucidating the stable filling of hydrate cages and the inter-cage diffusion behavior of molecules within promoter-enhanced systems. The findings provide molecular-level insights to support the refinement of thermodynamic and kinetic theoretical frameworks for hydrogen hydrate formation facilitated by promoters. This research aims to advance the efficient hydrogen storage in cage-like hydrates with promoter assistance, thereby accelerating the development and practical application of hydrate-based hydrogen storage technologies.

To address the issue of low energy production in sulfur recovery units of natural gas purification plants, this research proposed an optimization method that combined process simulation with statistical data analysis. Initially, the Plackett-Burman (PB) experimental design was employed to identify the key factors that significantly affected the energy production of sulfur recovery unit. Subsequently, the Box-Behnken design (BBD) response surface methodology was used to optimize the sulfur recovery process. Finally, the effectiveness of the BBD optimization method was validated through simulation analysis. The results showed that acid gas flow rate, H₂S content in acid gas, and split ratio were the most significant factors affecting the energy production of sulfur recovery unit, and the order of significance of these factors was as follows: H₂S content in acid gas>acid gas flow rate>split ratio. The optimal process conditions determined were acid gas flow rate of 90kmol/h, H₂S content in acid gas of 42%, and split ratio of 0.1. Under the optimized conditions, the energy production of sulfur recovery unit could be increased by 25.11%. The relative error between the software simulation value and the model prediction value was only 0.01%, confirming the accuracy and reliability of the established energy production model for the sulfur recovery unit. The results of the optimal process parameters after being used by on-site equipment showed that the sulfur recovery rate was 99.94% and the energy production reached 2051.14kW. In conclusion, through the optimization of process parameters, the energy production of the sulfur recovery unit has been significantly improved.

Crude oil freezing point and rheological properties are key indicators of pipeline transportation safety. Fluctuations in these values not only impact transportation energy consumption but may also trigger safety hazards such as pipeline blockages. Therefore, research into crude oil properties and modification effects holds significant engineering importance. To systematically understand the transport compatibility of wax-containing crude oil from the Changqing field, through indoor experiments, we studied the physical properties and thermal treatment effects of eight types of crude oil from five oil production plants in the Changqing Oilfield, focusing on analyzing the changes in the pour point of wax-containing crude oil from Changqing at different thermal treatment temperatures. The results showed that Changqing crude oil had a low pour point, low wax content, and was rich in light components, with low asphaltic and gum content, resulting in low viscosity and yield stress. Additionally, the study investigated the effects of thermal treatment on the crude oil and its influencing factors, finding that the pour point of thermally sensitive crude oil could be reduced by up to 14℃. Using correlation analysis, the key influencing factors for changes in the pour point of thermally sensitive crude oil were determined to be the difference between the thermal treatment temperature and the wax precipitation point. A predictive model for the pour point of thermally sensitive crude oil after thermal treatment was established, with the average absolute temperature deviation between the model's predicted values and experimental measurements being 1.84℃. This model provided a theoretical basis for optimizing the thermal treatment parameters of crude oil in the Changqing Oilfield, and offered practical and effective data support for ensuring the safe and efficient operation of surface gathering pipelines.

Alkyl naphthalenes, as important organic chemical intermediates and high-performance materials, are primarily synthesized through alkylation reactions. Conventional liquid acid catalysts are limited by their strong corrosiveness and environmental pollution. In contrast, solid acid catalysts like zeolites have become research hotspots due to their environmental-friendliness and recyclability. This paper reviews the research progress of alkyl naphthalene synthesis catalysts, focusing on zeolite catalysts and their performance regulation. Comparisons of different catalysts’ adaptability to reaction conditions reveal that reactions catalyzed by liquid acids and ionic liquids require milder conditions, while those by solid acids usually need higher temperatures and longer reaction times. For zeolites, acid treatment improves mass transfer and modulates acidity, while high-temperature water vapor treatment enhances mass transfer and coke-resistance and metal modification enables synergistic regulation of acidity and pore structure. Future research should focus on developing low-cost, high-activity, and long-life zeolite catalysts, and solving their regeneration problems to promote green alkyl naphthalene synthesis.

TiO₂ photocatalysts exhibit strong oxidation capacity and chemical stability with structural design crucial for performance enhancement. Heterojunction construction serves as an effective strategy for optimizing TiO₂ photocatalytic performance. The charge transfer mechanisms in type-Ⅱ, p-n, Z-scheme, S-scheme and Schottky heterojunctions are analyzed with emphasis on TiO₂ nanomaterials exhibiting superior photocatalytic activity. Preparation methods and applications in organic pollutant degradation, harmful gas treatment, hydrogen production and biomedicine are summarized. Finally, an analysis of the construction of TiO₂ heterojunctions is conducted, proposing effective research directions to enhance the photocatalytic performance of TiO₂, and future prospects are discussed.

The effects of reduction-carbonization temperature and reactor inlet CO concentration on the activity and selectivity of a self-developed industrial Fe-based Fischer-Tropsch synthesis catalyst (CNFT-1) were investigated under near-industrial conditions in a tail-gas recycle continuous stirred tank reactor. The results indicated that within the temperature range of 240℃ to 290℃, the hydrogenation activity of the catalyst improved with increasing reduction temperature. The selectivity toward light hydrocarbons (C₂—C₄) increased from 2.9% to 4.8%, while the selectivity for heavy hydrocarbons (C{}_{\mathrm{5}}^{+}) decreased from 94.9% to 92.0%, demonstrating a shift in hydrocarbon product distribution toward lighter components. Regarding catalytic activity, an optimal reduction temperature of 270℃ was identified. Both lower reduction temperature (240℃ and 250℃) and higher temperature (290℃) resulted in an inferior catalytic activity. The reduction process of the precipitated iron catalyst and Fischer-Tropsch reaction of syngas on the reduced active sites proceeded simultaneously. Maintaining a lower CO concentration (≤2.6%) at the reactor inlet yielded superior catalyst performance, characterized by high CO conversion (≥94.9%) and low byproduct selectivity (CO₂ + CH₄ selectivity within the range of 20.3%—22.0%).

Biomass-based@CuNiOS composite catalysts with easy recyclability, efficient water separability, and biodegradability were prepared via a hydrothermal synthesis method. The catalytic performance and reusability of the catalyst were evaluated using methylene blue (MB) and rhodamine B (RhB) as model pollutants. The results showed that the NZ@CuNiOS, NP@CuNiOS, and NB@CuNiOS completely reduced MB within 8min, 16min, and 12min, respectively, and RhB within 26min, 34min, and 32min. In contrast, delignification significantly enhanced the catalytic efficiency. DZ@CuNiOS, DP@CuNiOS, and DB@CuNiOS required only 4min, 8min, and 6min for the complete reduction of MB and 18min, 26min, and 24min for RhB reduction, demonstrating excellent catalytic activity. Moreover, the biomass-based@CuNiOS composite catalysts retained over 84% reduction efficiency after multiple cycles, indicating excellent reusability. The catalysts, featuring environmental friendliness, rapid recovery, high catalytic efficiency and biodegradability, offer a promising strategy for sustainable pollution remediation.

ZSM-5 zeolite modified by acid and phosphorus composite (xSPZ5-H) was prepared and characterized by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), N₂ physical adsorption desorption (BET), ammonia programmed temperature desorption (NH₃-TPD), Al solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (Al MAS NMR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Its performance was investigated by catalytic cracking of n-heptane. The results showed that the cracking performance of xSPZ5-H was significantly better than that of the ZSM-5 molecular sieve modified with phosphorus (PZ5-H). This was because the microporous specific surface area and average pore size of xSPZ5-H were significantly larger than those of PZ5-H, which promoted the diffusion of phosphorus species into the pore channels of the molecular sieve during the hydrothermal process, enhanced the coordination ability between phosphorus and framework aluminum, and thereby increased the acidity and hydrothermal stability of the molecular sieve. Compared with PZ5-H zeolite, 1.0SPZ5-H zeolite gave an increased conversion rate from 73.70% to 86.38%, yield of liquefied gas increased from 47.25% to 53.24% and yield of diene increased from 29.49% to 38.08%, demonstrating excellent catalytic performance.

The efficient utilization of C₄ by-product from methanol-to-olefins (MTO) plants is crucial for enhancing their competitiveness. In this study the performance of regenerated catalysts was optimized by C₄ pre-carbonization, and SAPO-34 molecular sieves were used as the core catalyst. The C₄ cracking reaction pathway, diene selectivity, and catalyst stability were systematically investigated at different temperatures. Industrial-grade regenerated catalysts were used in the experiment, and the C₄ pre-carbonization process was simulated using a fixed fluidized bed reactor. Combined with multi-scale characterization methods such as SEM, XRD, N₂ adsorption/desorption, and TGA, the synergistic mechanism of temperature regulation and pore modification was explored. The results showed that 600℃ was the optimal pre-carbonization temperature, with a C₄ catalytic cracking conversion rate exceeding 80% and a diene selectivity of 40.5%. The shape-selective catalysis of SAPO-34 preferentially cracked straight-chain C₄ components (1-butene, cis/trans-2-butene) while inhibiting the formation of branched hydrocarbons, demonstrating significantly superior performance compared to that in the thermal cracking pathway (with a 11.24% lower diene selectivity). The pre-carbonized species partially filled the micropores and formed secondary mesoporous channels, optimizing mass transfer efficiency through the "pore modification" mechanism. Although the lifespan of the pre-carbonized catalyst was slightly decreased, C₄ pre-carbonization had shortened the methanol reaction induction period, maintained high diene yield, retained the integrity of the molecular sieve crystal form and CHA topology, and exhibited excellent hydrothermal stability.

The pore structure and acid properties of four alumina substrates were analyzed by XRD, N₂ adsorption-desorption method and NH₃-TPD, and the adsorption, diffusion and cracking properties of the samples were investigated by gratings (IGA), zero-length column (ZLC) and catalytic cracking reaction performance evaluation experiments. The results showed that the four samples all possessed abundant mesoporous structures, and had close acid content. In adsorption and diffusion experiments, the adsorption capacity of toluene increased with the gradual increase of pore volume and pore size, while the increase of mesoporous structure promoted the diffusion of 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene in the samples, and the presence of micropores limited the molecular diffusion. The performance evaluation results of catalytic cracking reaction showed that the side chain breaking reaction of aromatic hydrocarbons was the main reaction of 1,3,5-triisopropylbenzene on alumina matrix, and the addition of more mesoporous promoted the cracking reaction of 1,3,5-triisopropylbenzene molecules in the channel, which was beneficial to the production of more light hydrocarbon products and to the catalytic cracking performance of the matrix.

A series of metal-supported catalysts were prepared via an impregnation method, and their catalytic activities for the hydrodeoxygenation of 1,2-butanediol to 1-butanol were investigated in a batch reactor, among which the Cu/SiO₂-Al₂O₃ catalyst exhibited the highest catalytic activity with both high conversion of 1,2-butanediol and high selectivity to 1-butanol. The effects of metal loading, reaction temperature, H₂ pressure, and reaction time were further studied. Under the reaction conditions of 250℃ and 5MPa H₂ pressure, the Cu/SiO₂-Al₂O₃ catalyst achieved a 75.9% selectivity to 1-butanol and a 50.7% conversion of 1,2-butanediol within only 15 minutes. After 3 hours of reaction, 1,2-butanediol was completely converted, and the selectivity to 1-butanol increased to 88.9%. Additionally, the Cu/SiO₂-Al₂O₃ catalyst exhibited a good stability, as no significant deactivation was observed after five recycle runs.

The RuO _x -doped VWTi catalyst (RVWTi), supported by TiO₂, has emerged as a promising industrial low-temperature denitration catalyst due to its excellent low-temperature denitration activity and resistance to water and sulfur poisoning. However, the particle size of the TiO₂ support significantly impacts the catalytic performance, leading to challenges in ensuring performance stability. In this study, RVWTi catalysts were prepared using TiO₂ supports with particle sizes of 5nm, 20nm, 30nm, and 50nm. Their denitration activity, physicochemical properties, and resistance to water and sulfur poisoning were systematically evaluated. Under conditions of [NO]=[NH₃]=550μL/L, [O₂]=16%, GHSV=28000h⁻¹, and a reaction temperature of 150℃, the catalyst supported on 30nm TiO₂ exhibited the best denitration performance, achieving an NO _x conversion rate of 85.7%. This superior performance was attributed to its higher surface chemisorbed oxygen content and greater proportion of V⁴⁺ species. The catalyst supported on 5nm TiO₂ exhibited the worst performance, with an NO _{xconversion rate of only 56.9%, due to the high degree of agglomeration and reduced specific surface area. The resistance to water and sulfur poisoning tests showed that the catalyst prepared with 30nm TiO2 support exhibited the best performance under conditions of 10% water vapor and 35mg/m³ SO2. This was primarily attributed to its larger specific surface area, higher surface NH₃ adsorption capacity, and inhibitory effect on the formation of ammonium sulfate salts. This study elucidates the influence of TiO2 support particle size on the performance of the catalyst, revealing its effects on catalytic activity and anti-poisoning mechanisms. Furthermore, it provides technical support for optimizing catalyst formulations.}

To address the issue of poor kinetic stability of traditional catalyst-supported electrodes, this study proposed an effective method for preparing an alloy electrode for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) through mixed electroplating of ruthenium, iridium, and strontium. Experiments revealed that the active metal elements of the OER electrodes electroplated with ruthenium, strontium, or iridium alone were continuously oxidized and consumed during the reaction, resulting in a rapid decline in electrode activity with an increase in the number of reactions. By electroplating a mixture of ruthenium, strontium, and iridium, the durability of the metal coating was significantly enhanced. The experiments demonstrated that the maximum catalytic efficiency was achieved after 60 minutes of electroplating. The onset potential of the OER of the electrode decreased from 0.6—0.8V to 0.6V, and the limiting current increased from 0.04—0.18mA to 3.19mA. The mean value of the acid-base mass transfer control signal from multiple measurements reached 3.19mA, with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 0.72%. The activity and kinetic stability of the OER were significantly enhanced. The mixed-plated electrode was proven to be reliable in the detection of acid-base mass transfer control signals, and the detected control signals were consistent with the theoretical ones. Therefore, this study developed a method for rapidly constructing an OER alloy electrode based on the electroplating of ruthenium, strontium, and iridium, which significantly improved the activity and stability of the OER and enabled the stable determination of acid-base mass transfer control signals, providing a reliable electrode preparation strategy for the construction and development of the sensors of this signal.

Cycloolefin polymers, including cycloolefin copolymers (COC) and cycloolefin homopolymers (COP), possess excellent properties such as high heat resistance, UV resistance and corrosion resistance, making them widely applicable in fields such as healthcare and electronic devices.This study conducted a comprehensive analysis of the global patent landscape for cycloolefin polymer technology through patent retrieval and examination, focusing on application trends, geographical distribution, key applicants and their patent portfolios. The research revealed that since the introduction of metallocene catalysts in 1980, the technology had experienced rapid development with a substantial increase in patent filings. However, Japanese applicants maintain dominant control, holding most core patents. In terms of technical categories, application patents constituted the largest share, followed by catalyst and process technologies, while equipment-related patents received relatively less attention. Geographically, Japan served as the primary hub for patent activities, followed by the United States and China. Based on these findings, it was recommended that domestic enterprises adopted differentiated strategies by focusing on modification technologies, non-metallocene catalyst systems and specialized application areas to circumvent existing foreign monopolies while aligning with their core business competencies for market expansion.

Helium (He), owing to its unique physicochemical properties, plays an indispensable role in fields such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), semiconductor manufacturing and aerospace. Membrane separation technology has emerged as a research hotspot for helium purification due to its advantages of room-temperature operation without phase change. This review systematically summarized recent advances in high-performance polymeric membranes for helium separation from natural gas with a focus on the permeation mechanisms, structural designs and separation performances of cellulose acetate, polycarbonate, polyimide, polybenzimidazole and fluorinated polymer membranes for He/CH₄ and He/N₂ separation. By analyzing the effects of polymer chain architectures, free volume modulation and chemical modifications (e.g., fluorination, thermal rearrangement and incorporation of rigid groups) on separation performance, key strategies to enhance selectivity and permeability were elucidated. The study revealed that polyimide membranes incorporating intrinsic microporous structures surpassed the Robeson upper bound for He permeability. Fluorinated polymers demonstrated exceptional sieving capabilities attributed to their high free volume and chain-hindrance effects. Thermally rearranged membranes achieved a remarkable He/CH₄ selectivity (up to 324) by forming interconnected micropores through high-temperature structural reorganization. Furthermore, this review highlighted the role of asymmetric membrane fabrication techniques (e.g., interfacial polymerization and phase inversion) in reducing membrane thickness and enhancing flux. Challenges such as plasticization resistance, industrial processability and long-term stability were identified as critical areas for future research. This work provided theoretical insights and technical pathways for developing efficient and cost-effective helium-selective membranes, offering significant implications for addressing helium resource scarcity.

Paraffin wax, as a typical phase change material, has outstanding advantages such as high latent heat value, good stability and low cost. It can absorb or release heat during the phase change process to maintain the temperature of the energy storage system and improve the energy efficiency of the system, and can be applied in many scenarios. However, its inherent defects such as low thermal conductivity and easy leakage during the phase change process seriously restrict the reliability of paraffin wax in large-scale industrial applications and limit its promotion in practical applications. Compositing with functional materials is an effective way to optimize the performance of paraffin wax. This paper introduced four common types of paraffin-based composite phase change materials: Porous paraffin composite phase change materials, paraffin nanoparticle composite phase change materials, paraffin phase change microcapsule composite phase change materials and paraffin multi-component composite phase change materials. It systematically reviewed the modification principles of various functional materials and the performance parameters of the modified composite materials, and elaborated on the research and application of paraffin-based composite phase change materials in various energy storage fields as well as the role of artificial intelligence in the research of phase change materials. The analysis showed that different functional materials had their own advantages in inhibiting leakage, enhancing thermal conductivity and strengthening cycle stability, but it was still difficult to balance cost and latent heat issues. In the future, it was urgent to develop paraffin-based composite phase change materials with low leakage, high thermal conductivity, environmental friendliness, economic adaptability and environmental suitability to meet the diverse market demands.

The continuous expansion of global renewable energy investments is driving technological and material innovations, making renewable energy the most economically competitive energy form. Renewable energy not only possesses energy attributes, enabling cross-seasonal energy storage and multi-energy complementarity, but also exhibits material attributes, which can promote the potential application of "green carbon materials" during the transformation of the power sector. This paper focused on the material attributes of renewable energy, specifically selecting typical and abundant carbon-based materials with an emphasis on biomass-derived nanoscale carbon materials. It reviewed and discussed their application potential in key technologies such as hydrogen production through water electrolysis and electrochemical energy storage, which were coupled due to the fluctuating demands of electricity. These included applications for hydrogen consumption in "hydrogen-based energy systems" and electrochemical devices in "new power systems" for energy storage. The study covered the sources, preparation, regulation and modification of biomass-derived nanocarbon materials. By integrating theoretical calculations, experimental research and industrial case studies, it analyzed their relevant applications and impacts on hydrogen consumption and electrochemical energy storage. Furthermore, it explored the opportunities and challenges in scaling up these processes, providing theoretical support and innovative integration for the application of green carbon materials in the low-carbon transition.

Sodium-ion battery (SIB) hold great promise for large-scale energy storage applications, primarily attributed to the abundant availability of sodium resources and their relatively low cost. Nevertheless, the performance of anode materials in SIB has emerged as a significant bottleneck, impeding their widespread development. Pitch, as a carbon-based precursor for anode materials, offers several notable advantages, including low raw material costs, high carbon yields and the ability to tailor its structure. These characteristics have propelled pitch to the forefront of current research endeavors. This review comprehensively examined the optimization strategies and recent advancements in pitch-based SIB anode materials. Particular emphasis was placed on key techniques such as the modification of pitch molecules, the design of pore structures, the incorporation of heteroatoms and the regulation of the electrode-electrolyte interface. Findings suggested that through the coordinated efforts of molecular crosslinking, closed-pore formation and interface engineering across multiple scales, it was possible to simultaneously enhance the reversible capacity and initial coulombic efficiency of SIB. However, the current research landscape was not without its challenges. These included the significant variability in pitch composition, the high environmental impact of traditional modification processes, ongoing debates regarding the sodium storage mechanism within closed pores and the lack of compatibility in full-cell configurations. Looking ahead, future research should prioritize the development of environmentally friendly preparation methods, the exploration of novel approaches for precisely controlling pitch molecules, the establishment of "structure-performance" predictive models through machine learning and the in-depth investigation of multi-scale interface regulation mechanisms. Simultaneously, there was an urgent need to facilitate the large-scale production of pitch-based SIB anodes and validate their integration in full-cell systems. Addressing engineering challenges such as electrode compaction density and electrolyte wettability would be crucial in providing the necessary technical underpinnings for the realization of high-performance and cost-effective SIB energy storage systems.

Efficient solid-state hydrogen storage materials serve as a crucial material foundation for the safe storage and transportation of hydrogen energy. They also represent a key technological bottleneck for the large-scale application of hydrogen energy, holding significant importance for achieving the dual carbon goals and high-quality development. Metal organic frameworks (MOFs) have developed rapidly in recent years due to their large specific surface area, high stability, diverse structures and customizability, and have become a research focus in the international hydrogen storage field. Although MOFs perform well at low temperatures, room temperature hydrogen storage is still not idea mainly due to weak binding between hydrogen and MOFs. Therefore, it is crucial to conduct research on the design, construction and performance regulation of efficient hydrogen storage MOFs based on a deep understanding of the microstructure of MOFs and their interactions with hydrogen molecules. This article reviewed the current research status of the design, construction and performance regulation of MOFs for hydrogen storage, and provided prospects for their future development directions. A systematic summary was conducted on the selection and assembly of metal centers and organic ligands, the topological structure and regulatory mechanism of MOFs and the research progress and applications of hydrogen storage in MOFs under low and room temperature conditions. Research analysis showed that the pore structure of MOFs was the core feature of hydrogen storage. The electronic properties of metal centers and organic ligands had a significant impact on the adsorption of hydrogen molecules by MOFs. Accurate regulation of pore structure, pore size design, metal centers and their organic ligands was a key pathway for the design and construction of MOFs for efficient hydrogen storage. In addition, by introducing open metal sites, functionalized organic ligands and nanoparticle composites, the interaction force between MOFs and hydrogen molecules can be significantly enhanced, thereby improving hydrogen storage performance. Regarding the application prospects and future development of hydrogen storage research using MOFs, it was recommended to continue basic research and technological development in areas such as artificial intelligence driven hydrogen storage MOFs material design, improvement of hydrogen storage performance indicators, low-cost material scale preparation and expansion of MOFs hydrogen storage applications. This review can provide theoretical support and guidance for the efficient construction of MOFs materials for hydrogen storage, and assist in the efficient and safe storage and transportation of hydrogen energy.

Biomass-derived hard charcoal has emerged as a research hotspot as an anode material for sodium-ion batteries due to its renewability, tunable structure and excellent sodium storage performance. This review systematically examined its primary sodium storage mechanisms and analyzed the physicochemical properties of hard charcoal materials. It also discussed the impact of various biomass precursors (agricultural, forestry, and industrial waste), pretreatment methods (chemical and physical) and carbonization conditions (temperature, heating rate, gas flow and carbonization techniques) on the structure and performance of hard charcoal. Furthermore, it explored future research directions, providing theoretical insights and technical support for the rational design of biomass hard charcoal and the optimization of sodium-ion battery performance.

This review surveyed the development and operating principles of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC), introduced the role of electrolyte redox couples in dye regeneration and electrochemical circuit closure, and analyzed their influence on the open-circuit voltage (V_OC), short-circuit current density (J_SC) and fill factor (FF). The energetic and kinetic design rules were elucidated, i.e., regeneration and injection driving forces were rationalized by aligning the dyes' frontier molecular orbitals with the redox potential and the TiO₂ conduction band, while current generation and FF were further governed by mediator diffusion and the catalytic activity of the counter electrode. The recent I⁻/I{}_{\mathrm{3}}^{-}, Co(Ⅲ)/Co(Ⅱ), Cu(Ⅰ)/Cu(Ⅱ), TEMPO/TEMPO⁺, hydroquinone/benzoquinone (HQ/BQ) and Br₃⁻/Br⁻ systems were comparatively examined with respect to formal potential windows, visible-light self-absorption, diffusivity/viscosity and stability. The analysis showed that non-iodide mediators were, in general, more favorable for achieving higher V_OC with reduced spectral competition. Cu-based and Co-based shuttles operated under low-overpotential and fast-regeneration conditions exhibited pronounced advantages for indoor energy harvesting. Relative to iodide, the key merits included electronically tunable potentials with balanced diffusion/selectivity, synergistic compatibility with high-activity counter electrodes that lowered interfacial impedance and robust efficiencies under AM 1.5G and 1000lx illumination. Finally, the prospects of DSSC indoor photovoltaics for sustainable Internet-of-Things (IoT) power supplies were outlined.

Lightweight carbon fiber/phenolic composite materials, using phenolic aerogel as the matrix and carbon fiber as the reinforcement, have good application prospects in the field of thermal protection systems for aerospace vehicles due to their low thermal conductivity, high mechanical strength and ablation resistance. However, problems such as long preparation cycle, poor oxidation resistance and high brittleness limit the wider development and application of lightweight carbon fiber/phenolic composite materials. Therefore, further modification and optimization of composite materials have become a hot topic in current research field. In this paper, preparation process and structure characteristics of lightweight carbon fiber/phenolic composite materials were briefly described. The research achievements and progress of lightweight carbon fiber/phenolic composite materials were analyzed. Meanwhile, the thermal protection mechanism of an integrated ablation/thermal insulation system was introduced. Finally, the future research and challenges of lightweight carbon fiber/phenolic composite materials were summarized and prospected, indicating that the green and low-carbon development of preparation processes, synergistic enhancement of material properties and multi-functional integration were the main research directions.

Phase change material (PCM) is an effective choice for thermal energy storage and heat dissipation in thermal devices. However, their lower thermal conductivity reduces the rate of heat storage and dissipation. In this study, copper foam was used to improve the thermal properties of paraffin wax, its melting heat transfer characteristics under a non-uniform heat flow boundary were investigated by means of numerical simulation with Ansys Fluent software, and a visualization experimental setup was established to study the melting behavior of copper foam-paraffin composites. The effects of porosity on the melting heat transfer process, including the solid-liquid interface movement and temperature distribution, under the non-uniform thermal boundary at the bottom were discussed. The results showed that the non-uniform thermal boundary would exacerbate the temperature inhomogeneity, and the maximum temperature difference between different locations could reach 166℃. After adding copper foam, the temperature difference between different locations in the same plane perpendicular to the direction of heat transfer could be significantly reduced to improve the homogeneity of the overall structure, and with the reduction of the porosity, this effect was more and more obvious, with the temperature difference reduced from 35℃ at porosity 0.98 to 13℃ at 0.85, which greatly improved the temperature uniformity of the heat transfer process and the stability of the heat storage system. This study supplemented the melting heat transfer properties of metal foam composite phase change materials under non-uniform thermal boundary, which had certain practical significance.

Synthetic ester-based lubricants, owing to their excellent lubricating performance and biodegradability, align with the requirements of energy conservation and environmental protection, serving as a critical alternative to mineral oils. To adapt to practical operating conditions, the development of specialized lubricant additives for ester-based oils is essential. This work focused on molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂), a typical two-dimensional nanomaterial with remarkable lubrication properties. Through a novel strategy combining tannic acid-iron ion (TA-Fe³⁺) complexation followed by annealing, an oleylamine-modified carbon-coated MoS₂ composite (MoS₂@C) was fabricated. The carbon coating served as a protective barrier to prevent the inherent oxidation-induced degradation of MoS₂, while the long-chain alkyl groups of oleylamine (OAm) were grafted onto the MoS₂@C surface via chemisorption or coordination bonding. The resultant OAm-MoS₂@C additive demonstrated stable dispersion in the ester-based oil trimethylolpropane trioleate (TMPTO) over 30 days. The material's structure was characterized using multiple characterization techniques. Notably, with the addition of 0.3% OAm-MoS₂@C-300, the average friction coefficient and average wear scar diameter were reduced by 33.0% and 14.4%, respectively, compared to the base oil under a load of 392N. Furthermore, the maximum non-seizure load (P_B) and sintering load (P_D) were enhanced by 94.9% and 25%, respectively. Finally, the tribological surface was characterized using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Raman spectroscopy, revealing a lubrication mechanism characterized by optimized film formation and synergistic lubrication effects. This approach showed promise for applications in cutting fluids, where it could effectively reduce friction and wear.

Hydrogen, as a carbon-neutral energy carrier with diverse production pathways and application scenarios, requires efficient purification from industrial by-product gas streams containing CO, CO₂, CH₄ and N₂ impurities. Particularly, CO removal is critical to meet the <5μL/L purity standard for hydrogen fuel cells. Among purification technologies, adsorption separation stands out for its cost-effectiveness and scalability. This study developed copper-modified activated carbon adsorbents through an innovative "load-first-then-reduce" impregnation method using CuCl₂‧2H₂O precursors. The CO adsorption performance was systematically evaluated through a custom-built gas separation system complemented by comprehensive characterization via BET surface area analysis, XRD crystallography and UV-vis spectroscopy. The gas adsorption isotherms (CO, CO₂, CH₄, N₂, H₂) of the modified activated carbon at 300K all met the Langmuir (R²=0.99) and Freundlich (R²=0.999) models. The adsorption capacities for the five gases were as follows: CO 20.06cm³/g and CO₂ 41.12cm³/g, which were much higher than those for CH₄ 14.20cm³/g, N₂ 3.86cm³/g and H₂ 0.57cm³/g. Modified activated carbon (AC) had significantly increased CO adsorption compared to the original AC, and was extremely selective to other gases (CO, CO₂, CH₄, N₂) and hydrogen. Cyclic adsorption-desorption tests confirmed >86% capacity retention after 10 cycles, indicating superior reversibility for industrial applications. This work provided a viable strategy for tailoring adsorbents to specific hydrogen-rich feed gas compositions, bridging the gap between low-cost purification and fuel cell-grade hydrogen production.

Fucoxanthin is a pigment found in plants and animals such as algae, marine plankton and aquatic shellfish, exhibiting remarkable bio-active effects including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, anti-obesity and anti-angiogenesis properties. These findings render it a promising candidate for applications in various fields. This review introduced a series of methodologies including pretreatment techniques, traditional, novel and auxiliary extraction technologies and the solvent selection, provided a detailed description of the purification process technology and preparative process, and addressed the industrial potential and development prospects of fucoxanthin. Presently, the industrial production of fucoxanthin was constrained by economic and environmental concerns. Despite the paucity of related research in recent years, there had been a gradual increase in researches focused on the exploration of fucoxanthin properties, and this growing body of research signified a significant potential for the advancement and industrialization of fucoxanthin. In light of the aforementioned background, this review posited that fucoxanthin was a promising material for development, and it provided a comprehensive overview of the extraction technology and current applications of fucoxanthin. In principle, this review aimed to provide insights for the future scale-up of fucoxanthin for industrialization and upgrading.

Methyl p-methoxybenzoate, a critical intermediate in fragrance and anticancer drug synthesis, has attracted significant attention for its efficient and green preparation. To address the limitations of conventional multi-step methods, such as the use of corrosive strong acids and the generation of multiple byproducts, this study developed a novel visible-light-driven one-step synthesis protocol. Utilizing an acridinium salt as the photocatalyst and methanol as both the solvent and nucleophilic reagent, the target product was efficiently synthesized via a photoinduced radical relay mechanism under aerobic conditions. Experimental results demonstrated a 90% yield after 3h of reaction at room temperature with the yield remaining above 78% in gram-scale amplification experiments. Comparative analysis highlighted the superior advantages of this approach: a one-step esterification process that eliminated traditional separation procedures; a mild reaction system free from strong acids and noble metals, ensuring excellent equipment compatibility; significantly enhanced atom economy and aligning with environmentally friendly catalytic principles. This strategy was extendable to the synthesis of various substituted aromatic esters, offering an efficient and scalable green methodology for the production of fragrance and anticancer drug intermediates.

The fracturing flowback fluids in oil and gas fields contain a large number of refractory pollutants. Traditional physical, chemical and biological treatment technologies have their own advantages and disadvantages, but there are limitations such as inappropriate practical application conditions and incomplete removal of organic matter. The advanced oxidation processes can efficiently degrade pollutants and improve the water quality adaptability of the subsequent process. The domestic and foreign scholars have carried out a lot of researches and made great progress, but the treatment of the fracturing flowback fluids are rarely systematically summarized. Therefore, based on the analysis of the composition and pollution sources of the fracturing flowback fluids, this paper listed and compared the research progress of chemical agent oxidation, electrochemical oxidation, photocatalytic oxidation, catalytic wet air oxidation and other advanced oxidation processes in dealing with the reaction conditions and effects of typical fracturing flowback fluids, and put forward a series of development needs and directions in this field, such as the integration of technological innovation and engineering, the development of low-cost heterogeneous catalysts, combined with intelligent control, the realization of deep oxidation-membrane separation and other multi-technology coupling treatment modes, in order to provide reference for the follow-up research and practice in this field.

Emerging contaminants (ECs), characterized by environmental persistence, bioaccumulation, and biotoxicity, are widely distributed in the environment, with increasing impacts on the environment, and have become a potential threat to ecological security and human health. For the emerging contaminants in wastewater and sludge, the research progress of related treatment processes has also received more attention. Hydrolysis acidification process, as a mature anaerobic biological treatment technology, has excellent performance in the treatment of difficult-to-degrade substances, and also shows good application prospects in the handling of wastewater and sludge containing emerging contaminants. Based on the current research and application of hydrolysis acidification process, this study explored the characteristics and removal mechanisms of several typical environmental emerging contaminants—non-obsolete persistent organic pollutants (POPs), endocrine disruptors, antibiotics, and microplastics in hydrolysis acidification system, summarizing the known means of enhancing the treatment performance and the progress of the practical application. Finally, the limitations of the existing studies on the influencing factors, mechanisms and engineering exploration of the hydrolysis acidification process on the removal of emerging contaminants are summarized and discussed, with an outlook on its future development trend.

With the rapid development of carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) technology, the scale of CO₂ pipeline transportation has been continuously expanding, and the risk of pipeline leakage has also attracted much attention. To ensure the safe operation and management of CO₂ pipelines and provide more powerful support for the safe implementation of global CCUS projects, this paper systematically reviews the current research status in aspects such as the hazards of CO₂ pipeline leakage, exposure concentration regulations, pipeline failure probability, leakage diffusion concentration and distance, and pipeline leakage risk assessment methods. The current research status indicates that there is a lack of research on low-temperature frostbite, noise pollution and impurity hazards caused by CO₂ pipeline leakage. The safety threshold for the diffusion concentration of CO₂ leakage caused by CO₂ pipeline leakage is not uniformly stipulated. When calculating the failure probability of CO₂ pipelines, the failure probability of natural gas pipelines is mostly adopted, and the failure probability is not corrected according to the actual situation of the pipelines. At present, there is insufficient experimental research on industrial-scale CO₂ pipelines, and it is difficult to integrate and analyze the risk consequences caused by CO₂ pipeline leakage under different experimental environments. The research on the concentration of CO₂ leakage and diffusion is mainly based on commercial software simulation, which can be used for the analysis of concentration risk consequences, but the applicability and accuracy of the software need to be improved. The research on the CO₂ leakage and diffusion concentration model based on theoretical model analysis is insufficient. The risk assessment of CO₂ pipeline leakage mainly adopts the quantitative risk assessment (QRA) method, which is relatively single. The introduction of machine learning can bring new vitality and higher accuracy to the risk assessment of CO₂ pipeline leakage.

The traditional gas-solid phase high-temperature catalytic oxidation method for the treatment of industrial organic waste gas (VOCs) is greatly hindered by its poor safety, high energy consumption and easy deactivation of catalysts. As an emerging low-temperature VOCs treatment method in recent years, aqueous phase-coupled advanced oxidation technology (AOPs) has attracted wide attention because of its advantages of high safety, mild conditions, low cost and wide applicability. In this paper, the research results of some common advanced oxidation technologies (AOPs) for the treatment of VOCs (such as wet-photocatalytic oxidation, Fenton reaction, persulfate oxidation, and wet-catalytic ozone oxidation) are summarized, the reaction and absorption mechanisms, as well as the influence of reaction conditions in the purification of advanced oxidation technologies, are systematically analyze, and the advantages and disadvantages of various AOPs technologies are analyzed and compared. In this article, we hope that the development of high-efficiency catalysts will help solve these problems.

The purification of copper electrolyte is crucial for ensuring the quality of cathode copper and the efficient recovery of valuable metal resources. However, existing impurity removal technologies generally suffer from issues such as high energy consumption, tendency to cause secondary pollution and insufficient separation efficiency. This review systematically summarized the principles and application status of mainstream purification methods including electrowinning, precipitation, ion exchange, adsorption, solvent extraction and membrane separation, while providing a comparative analysis of their advantages and limitations in industrial applications. Analysis indicated that the cyclic electrowinning process was the most widely used impurity removal method in large-scale cathode copper production enterprises worldwide owing to its ability to treat high concentrations of copper and impurity ions and its low risk of releasing highly toxic AsH₃ gas. Nevertheless, there remained room for optimization in terms of energy consumption and process integration for this method. The adoption of mechanical vapor recompression (MVR) technology could significantly reduce steam consumption, and the establishment of online monitoring and artificial intelligence (AI) optimization systems enabled precise control of key technical parameters. Other impurity removal technologies could serve as auxiliary purification means combined with the electrowinning method to form integrated multi-technology processes. Future efforts should focus on developing high-performance functional materials for impurity removal and advancing efficient recycling systems for waste acid and valuable metals, ultimately achieving the goal of deep purification of copper electrolyte with high efficiency, low consumption and environmental sustainability.

Iron-based autotrophic biological nitrogen removal technology is an emerging wastewater treatment strategy, showing good nitrogen removal potential in a low carbon-nitrogen ratio environment. This paper systematically reviewed the core research progress of nitrate-dependent ferrous oxidation (NDFO) and iron ammonia oxidation (Feammox). The NDFO process uses Fe(Ⅱ) as an electron donor to reduce nitrate, which has the advantages of low sludge production and no secondary pollution. The functional microorganisms are mainly autotrophic and mixed nutrient flora, but the inhibition of microbial activity caused by iron compound precipitation restricts the long-term stability of the system. The Feammox process uses Fe(Ⅲ) as an electron acceptor to directly oxidize ammonia nitrogen and relies on iron-reducing bacteria to drive the reaction. However, the limited nitrogen removal efficiency and the lack of Fe(Ⅲ) regeneration need to be broken through. The synergistic denitrification system realizes the coupling of NDFO and Feammox through the Fe(Ⅱ)/Fe(Ⅲ) cycle: the ferrous iron generated by Feammox is used for the reduction of nitrate by NDFO, and the trivalent iron regenerated by NDFO is reused for ammonia oxidation to form a denitrification cycle and reduce the dependence of exogenous iron source. Further coupling anaerobic ammonia oxidation (Anammox) to construct a composite process can synergistically treat multi-form pollutants such as ammonia nitrogen and nitrate, and expand the adaptability to complex water quality. The current bottleneck is still focused on the imbalance of iron cycle sustainability and the inhibition of microbial activity by iron precipitation. In the future, it is necessary to deeply analyze the interaction network and electron transfer mechanism of functional bacteria, develop iron precipitation control strategy, optimize system operation parameters, and promote engineering verification to accelerate the application of technology.

The treatment process of coking wastewater often uses membrane technology to improve the quality of the effluent, meet the recycling standards, and achieve near-zero emissions. However, membrane fouling often leads to problems such as reduced membrane flux and damaged membrane components, thus increasing the cost of membrane process operation and maintenance. In order to deeply understand the membrane fouling in coking plant in Wuhai City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, this study explored the water quality of the inlet and outlet water of the membrane treatment process and the composition of the membrane fouling layer. The results found that the membrane fouling was mainly caused by inorganic pollution, organic pollution and the combined pollution, and accompanied by biological pollution. The biofilm formed in the early stage had a high potential. The inorganic pollution was mainly composed of calcium sulfate, calcium fluoride and silicon scale. The organic pollution contained aromatic organic matter and humic acid as the main contributor. The formation of organic-inorganic pollution mainly involved cationic electrostatic shielding effect, the bridge effect of calcium ion and aluminum ion, hydrogen bonding between silica and humic acid. Finally, this study put forward targeted suggestions, which had guiding significance for the stable operation of the coking wastewater membrane process and the reduction of maintenance costs.

High-nickel cathode material LiNi_0.6Co_0.2Mn_0.2O₂ has a higher electrochemical capacity and has begun to be applied in electric vehicle power batteries. The recycling and utilization of its scrap has received extensive attention. This paper adopted methods such as TG-DSC, XRD, XPS, SEM-EDS, thermodynamic analysis and ICP-OES to systematically study the chemical changes and metal recovery of the spent high-nickel cathode material LiNi_0.6Co_0.2Mn_0.2O₂ during sulfation roasting. The results showed that under high temperature, NaHSO₄·H₂O underwent thermal decomposition to produce gas SO₃ and H₂O, which changed the gas phase composition of the roasting process. The presence of SO₃ and H₂O in the gas phase was conducive to the chemical transformation of LiNi_0.6Co_0.2Mn_0.2O₂ and promoted the corresponding reactions of Li, Ni, Co, and Mn elements to form hydroxides, oxides and sulfates with metal sulfates being the thermodynamically most stable products. The amount of NaHSO₄·H₂O used had a significant effect on the composition of the roasting products. As the amount of NaHSO₄·H₂O used increased, the amount of LiNi_0.6Co_0.2Mn_0.2O₂ in the roasting products decreased until it disappeared. When the mixing ratio reached 1∶1.97, the phase composition was LiNaSO₄, Ni₆MnO₈, MnCo₂O₄, NiO, Na₂Ni(SO₄)₂, Na₂Mn(SO₄)₂ and Na₂Co(SO₄)₂. Under the conditions of a mixing ratio of 1∶1.97, roasting at 600℃ for 0.5h, water leaching at 60℃ for 0.5h and a liquid-to-solid ratio of 25∶1(mL/g), the leaching rates of Li, Ni, Co and Mn reached 97.13%, 16.72%, 6.3% and 19.38%, respectively, and most of the Li in LiNi_0.6Co_0.2Mn_0.2O₂ in the waste high-nickel cathode material was transferred to the water leaching solution. Roasting spent LiNi_0.6Co_0.2Mn_0.2O₂ and water leaching the roasting products to achieve the recovery of valuable metals was feasible.

To investigate the mechanism of deposition salts in waste incinerators on high-temperature corrosion, 20G and T91 steels were selected as research subjects for corrosion dynamics experiments. The study aimed to reveal the corrosion mechanisms under NaCl, Na₂SO₄ and 70% Na₂SO₄+30% NaCl deposition salt conditions with thermodynamic methods employed to validate the corrosion mechanisms. The results revealed that 20G steel exhibited slower corrosion rates than T91 steel in NaCl environments but faster rates in Na₂SO₄ environments. When the 70% Na₂SO₄+30% NaCl salt mixture was molten, it exerted a partially protective effect on 20G steel, whereas it significantly accelerated corrosion in T91 steel. Under NaCl environments, the corrosion rate of 20G steel followed the order: H₂S>HCl>air. However, in Na₂SO₄ and molten salt environments, the differences in corrosion rates across varying atmospheres were less pronounced. The primary corrosion products in 20G steel across NaCl, Na₂SO₄ and molten salt conditions were iron oxide films with maximum thicknesses of 300μm (NaCl), 420μm (Na₂SO₄) and 1400μm (molten salt), respectively. Notably, the oxide films in Na₂SO₄ and molten salt conditions exhibited distinct inner and outer layers. In Na₂SO₄ environments, sulfur enrichment was observed in the inner oxide layer, while in molten salt environments, migration phenomena of Fe and Mo elements occurred between the inner and outer oxide layers.

The carbon dioxide (CO₂) capture technology using traditional absorbent of organic amine aqueous solution from flue gas is well-established and has significant potential for large-scale application. However, the post-absorption solution exhibits corrosive properties, which can severely reduce the service life of equipment and pipelines. Non-aqueous absorbents containing amines not only have the same advantages of faster CO₂ absorption rate and higher capacity as the traditional organic amine aqueous solution, but also have a minimal corrosivity toward metal equipment. But in fact, water vapor absorbed during the CO₂ capture process from flue gas can alter corrosion characteristics of non-aqueous absorbent. Thus, this study investigated the influence of varying water content in the monoethanolamine-N,N-dimethylformamide (MEA-DMF) non-aqueous absorbent on the corrosion behavior of carbon steel during CO₂ capture process from flue gas, and proposed effective corrosion inhibition strategies. The results showed that MEA-DMF non-aqueous absorbent was non-corrosive to carbon steel. With the number of absorption-desorption cycles increased, the water content in the absorbent gradually rose, leading to the enhancement of corrosion towards carbon steel. EDS analysis confirmed that the corrosion mechanism was consistent with that of wet CO₂ and amine solution. Additionally, the corrosiveness intensified with increasing temperature and CO₂ load once water was present in the absorbent. In order to alleviate the corrosiveness, it was necessary to reducing the water content or adding >0.2g/L 2-mercaptobenzimidazole (MBI) corrosion inhibitor in absorbent, which could greatly mitigate the corrosivity of the MEA-DMF absorbent towards carbon steel during the wet flue gas CO₂ capture process.

Currently, wastewater treatment plants in low temperature areas are still facing the risk and dilemma of sludge bulking. In this study, three SBR were operated at 8℃ with exogenous addition of 40μg/L of C4-HSL, C6-HSL and C8-HSL, respectively, and the original bulking sludge of the wastewater treatment plants was used as a control to investigate the effects of quorum sensing (QS) mediated by signal molecules on the sludge settling performance, EPS secretion, microbial activity, and microbial community composition under low temperature. The results indicated that for the sludge that had already undergone sludge bulking at low temperatures, compared with C6-HSL and C8-HSL, C4-HSL-mediated QS exhibited a more significant inhibitory effect on sludge bulking. After 42 cycles of operation, the SVI of the C4-HSL, C6-HSL and C8-HSL groups decreased by 38.19%, 30.90% and 33.68%, respectively. Exogenous C4-HSL increased the EPS content in favor of microorganisms below the unfavorable effects of low temperature and enhanced sludge settling performance. In addition, the QS mediated by C4-HSL could promote bacterial energy synthesis, which increased microbial activity in varying degrees. At 8℃, C4-HSL reduced the abundance of bacteria that caused sludge bulking while elevated the abundance of functional bacterial genera, and significantly changed the community structure, thus effectively controlling sludge bulking. The results indicated that C4-HSL-mediated QS was a promising wastewater treatment technology, which was of positive and important practical significance for improving the sludge traits and enhancing the wastewater treatment effect and load of wastewater treatment plants in low temperature areas.