Research progress of biomass hard charcoal as an anode material for sodium-ion batteries

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2025-0597

Abstract

Abstract:

Biomass-derived hard charcoal has emerged as a research hotspot as an anode material for sodium-ion batteries due to its renewability, tunable structure and excellent sodium storage performance. This review systematically examined its primary sodium storage mechanisms and analyzed the physicochemical properties of hard charcoal materials. It also discussed the impact of various biomass precursors (agricultural, forestry, and industrial waste), pretreatment methods (chemical and physical) and carbonization conditions (temperature, heating rate, gas flow and carbonization techniques) on the structure and performance of hard charcoal. Furthermore, it explored future research directions, providing theoretical insights and technical support for the rational design of biomass hard charcoal and the optimization of sodium-ion battery performance.

Key words: biomass, pyrolysis, hard charcoal, sodium ion battery, anode material, sodium storage mechanism

摘要：

生物质硬炭作为钠离子电池负极材料，凭借其可再生性、结构可调性及优异的储钠性能成为研究热点。本文系统综述其主要储钠机制，在此基础上分析硬炭材料的物理化学性质，并概述不同类型的生物质前体（农业废弃物、林业废弃物、工业废弃物）、生物质预处理工艺（化学法和物理法预处理）及炭化条件（温度、升温速率、扫气流量、炭化工艺）对硬炭结构和性能的影响，进一步展望生物质硬炭的研究方向，从而为生物质硬炭的理性设计与钠离子电池性能优化提供理论依据与技术支撑。

关键词: 生物质, 热解, 硬炭, 钠离子电池, 负极材料, 储钠机制

CLC Number:

O646

HONG Kang, ZHANG Chong, MA Hongli, SUN Yongrong, JIANG Liqun, BAO Guirong. Research progress of biomass hard charcoal as an anode material for sodium-ion batteries[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2025, 44(S1): 340-349.

洪康, 张冲, 马宏莉, 孙雍荣, 蒋丽群, 包桂蓉. 生物质硬炭基钠离子电池负极材料研究进展[J]. 化工进展, 2025, 44(S1): 340-349.

Figures/Tables 4

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公司	前体	性能	产能情况
日本可乐丽	椰子壳	320~405mAh/g 首次库仑效率88%~90%	已量产，产品售价高于2×10⁵CNY/t
佰思格	葡萄糖、淀粉、果壳等	400mAh/g以上首次库仑效率≥92%	2025年总产能预期提升至30000t，较2024年增长200%；目前公司已建成8条自动化产线
中科海纳	无烟煤、酚醛树脂	245mAh/g 首次库仑效率>88%	2000t/a软炭负极材料产线已实现量产
贝特瑞	稻壳、果壳、树脂等	350mAh/g 首次库仑效率>88%	400t/a中试线用于技术验证和新品开发；3000t/a量产线实现稳定供货
杉杉科技	榛子壳、树脂、沥青等	480mAh/g 首次库仑效率85%	2023年硬炭产能达300t，2024年产能达1000t
圣泉集团	椰子壳、树脂	330mAh/g以上首次库仑效率≥88%	已建成万吨级硬炭负极产线，并实现量产；计划投资2.48×10⁹CNY建设年产1×10⁵t生物基硬炭负极材料项目
翔丰华	树脂、果壳、焦类、石墨等	400mAh/g 首次库仑效率>80%	产能8×10⁴t/a，正在推进“6×10⁴t人造石墨负极材料一体化生产基地”项目
元力股份	稻壳、椰子壳、毛竹等	330mAh/g 首次库仑效率87%	主业务是活性炭，目前与金龙鱼共同布局马来西亚3×10⁴t椰子壳转化为生物质硬炭的业务
多氟多	核桃壳	—	已完成2000t/a负极产线的投产，2025年规划产能提升至5GWh/a

公司	前体	性能	产能情况
日本可乐丽	椰子壳	320~405mAh/g 首次库仑效率88%~90%	已量产，产品售价高于2×10⁵CNY/t
佰思格	葡萄糖、淀粉、果壳等	400mAh/g以上首次库仑效率≥92%	2025年总产能预期提升至30000t，较2024年增长200%；目前公司已建成8条自动化产线
中科海纳	无烟煤、酚醛树脂	245mAh/g 首次库仑效率>88%	2000t/a软炭负极材料产线已实现量产
贝特瑞	稻壳、果壳、树脂等	350mAh/g 首次库仑效率>88%	400t/a中试线用于技术验证和新品开发；3000t/a量产线实现稳定供货
杉杉科技	榛子壳、树脂、沥青等	480mAh/g 首次库仑效率85%	2023年硬炭产能达300t，2024年产能达1000t
圣泉集团	椰子壳、树脂	330mAh/g以上首次库仑效率≥88%	已建成万吨级硬炭负极产线，并实现量产；计划投资2.48×10⁹CNY建设年产1×10⁵t生物基硬炭负极材料项目
翔丰华	树脂、果壳、焦类、石墨等	400mAh/g 首次库仑效率>80%	产能8×10⁴t/a，正在推进“6×10⁴t人造石墨负极材料一体化生产基地”项目
元力股份	稻壳、椰子壳、毛竹等	330mAh/g 首次库仑效率87%	主业务是活性炭，目前与金龙鱼共同布局马来西亚3×10⁴t椰子壳转化为生物质硬炭的业务
多氟多	核桃壳	—	已完成2000t/a负极产线的投产，2025年规划产能提升至5GWh/a

原料	预处理	炭化工艺	电化学性能	参考文献
榛子壳	酸洗	在氩气氛围下，加热至1400℃并保温3h	342mAh/g的可逆容量 91%的ICE	[41]
竹子	碱洗	在氩气氛围下，加热至1300℃并保温2h	303.8mAh/g的可逆容量 83.7%的ICE	[42]
Ti₃C₂Tₓ MXene	碱洗	—	313mAh/g的比容量 147mAh/g的可逆容量	[43]
甘蔗渣	碱洗	在氩气氛围下，加热至950℃并保温6h	212mAh/g的可逆放电容量 17%的初始衰减率	[44]
废弃橡树叶	水热预处理	在氮气氛围下，加热至1300℃并保温2h	378mAh/g的可逆容量 85%的ICE	[45]
纤维素	机械处理	在氩气氛围下，加热至350℃并保温3h，再以1℃/min加热至1300℃	斜坡区容量从178.3mAh/g增至342.3mAh/g	[46]
萘-2,6-二羧酸钠（Na-NDC）	高能辐射处理	—	250mAh/g的可逆容量 78%的ICE	[47]

原料	预处理	炭化工艺	电化学性能	参考文献
榛子壳	酸洗	在氩气氛围下，加热至1400℃并保温3h	342mAh/g的可逆容量 91%的ICE	[41]
竹子	碱洗	在氩气氛围下，加热至1300℃并保温2h	303.8mAh/g的可逆容量 83.7%的ICE	[42]
Ti₃C₂Tₓ MXene	碱洗	—	313mAh/g的比容量 147mAh/g的可逆容量	[43]
甘蔗渣	碱洗	在氩气氛围下，加热至950℃并保温6h	212mAh/g的可逆放电容量 17%的初始衰减率	[44]
废弃橡树叶	水热预处理	在氮气氛围下，加热至1300℃并保温2h	378mAh/g的可逆容量 85%的ICE	[45]
纤维素	机械处理	在氩气氛围下，加热至350℃并保温3h，再以1℃/min加热至1300℃	斜坡区容量从178.3mAh/g增至342.3mAh/g	[46]
萘-2,6-二羧酸钠（Na-NDC）	高能辐射处理	—	250mAh/g的可逆容量 78%的ICE	[47]