Two-dimensional nanomaterials are an important category of membrane additives or building blocks, and also a research hotspot of novel functional membranes for water treatment. It has been proved that two-dimensional nanomaterials can construct regular water channels by orderly stacking and self-assembly. The membranes based on two-dimensional nanomaterials are considered as next-generation membranes with tunable separation performance, having the potential of achieving breakthrough of the trade-off effect. Meanwhile, due to the high specific surface area, catalytic ability and modifiability of the two-dimensional nanomaterials, the membranes based on two-dimensional nanomaterials can obtain new functions, such as conductivity, photocatalytic/electrocatalytic properties and so on. In this paper, the research progress of functional membranes based on two-dimensional nanomaterials for water treatment in recent years was reviewed with emphasis on the preparation methods such as blending and self-assembly. The applications of these functional membranes in the fields of antifouling, flux recovery, enhanced pollutant removal, modulating salt rejection and sensing were also summarized. Finally, the development trend of functional membrane based on two-dimensional nanomaterials for water treatment was proposed.

The utilization of carbon dioxide (CO₂) is effective for reducing carbon emission and hence has become a hot topic for researchers both at home and abroad. As a typical supercritical fluid, supercritical CO₂ can be used not only as a safe and environmental friendly reaction medium, but also directly as a reactant to participate in the synthesis of chemical products, which has endowed it broad application prospect. This review introduces the properties and characteristics of supercritical CO₂, and the research progress of supercritical CO₂ as both solvent and reactant in reactions. Recent developments as reactant in hydrogenation reaction, Kolbe-Schmitt reaction, carbonation reaction and as solvent in selective hydrogenation reaction, carbonylation reaction and enzymatic reaction were introduced in detail. Finally, it is pointed out that more efficient catalysts should be developed to further improve the conversion and chemical utilization of CO₂ in the future.

In order to obtain the flame propagation characteristics during the dust release process under high activation pressure conditions, a 20L spherical explosive device was used to carry out the explosion research under the dust concentration of 400—900g/m³ and the activation pressure of (0.78—2.1)×10⁵Pa. The experimental results show that the flame release process is divided into five stages: ignition and film breaking, under-expanded jet flame, turbulent jet flame, turbulent combustion flame, and flame back-burning. The maximum flame width appears in the second stage, and the maximum flame length appears in the third stage. The length and propagation speed of the vent flame vary with time, which first increase and then decrease at different activation pressures. The variation range of the maximum width of the vent flame is 0.146—0.269m, and the variation range of the maximum length of the vent flame is 0.41—0.666m. The predicted maximum possible range of released flame was S_max1=0.179m². The possible maximum range of the release flame calculated by the MATLAB software was S_max2=0.122m², andthe flame area of S_max2was 68% S_max1.

Chemical looping technology is now limited by its insufficient fuel conversion and inefficient carbon capture. To solve such critical issues, a novel chemical-looping combustion (CLC) system for tower bubbling fluidized bed was designed. The whole loop system consisted of a tower fuel reactor (FR), an air reactor (AR), two loop-seals (LS), two cyclone separators, two risers and two down-comers. In cold model studies, methods of pressure measurement and outlet gas detection were applied to investigate the flow characteristics under different fluidization numbers, including pressure distribution, gas-solid distribution, solid circulation rate, and gas leakage. The results showed that the pressure balance in the system was guaranteed by the loop-seals. The FR fluidization number should be controlled between 3.5—4.0, which could guarantee a good gas-solid distribution in the FR, and lower the pressure loss between baffles. The solid circulation rate in the system was proportional to the pressure drop in the riser with a maximum of 0.013kg/s, and was mainly influenced by the fluidization number in reactors. The gas leakage from loop-seals to reactors was around 4%—8%, but there was no gas leakage between the FR and AR, which provided a good experimental basis for the design and operation of the thermal CLC system.

Studies on flow characteristics in open-cell metal foams have until now been limited to the analysis of local flow characteristics, while gas-liquid two-phase flow in large-scale (over 100cm²) metal foams requires more research. In order to deepen our understanding of the latter phenomenon, the optical flow visualization of gas-liquid and liquid-gas displacement in metal foam sheets has been carried out. Analysis was undertaken on the effects of the velocity of invading fluid and pore sizes of metal foam on two-phase flow. Results showed that for gas-liquid displacement, an increase in air velocity causes a change in the interface morphology of the gas-liquid phase from capillary to viscous fingering, while a decrease in foam pore size causes an increase in the partial drainage phenomenon. For liquid-gas displacement, it was observed that the gas-liquid interface is relatively regular and roughly tapered. An increase in displacement velocity increases the taper angle, reduces interface length. Partial drainage was noticeably observed only in metal foam with the smallest pore diameter and becomes more pronounced with a decrease in water velocity.

The equilibrium model and kinetic model of GE gasifier were established based on Aspen Plus, and the gas composition and carbon conversion were calculated. The model is divided into three stages: pyrolysis, gasification and gas-liquid separation. Among them, the gasification stage is divided into preliminary gasification and gasification reforming, so as to obtain the distribution of gasification products at a constant temperature. The Gibbs reactor RGIBBS is used in the gasification stage of the equilibrium model, and the gasification products in the system are calculated based on the Gibbs free energy minimization principle. The perfect mixing flow reactor RCSTR is used in the gasification stage of the kinetic model, and the gasification products in the system are calculated based on the kinetic mechanism of the coal gasification reaction. The model results are compared with the actual engineering data of GE gasifier, and the results show that the equilibrium model can reflect the change trend of gasification results to some extent, but the accuracy of the prediction results is not enough, while the kinetic model based on gasification reaction mechanism can well predict the gasification results of GE gasifier. The reaction time is set for the perfect mixing flow reactor in the kinetic model, which can provide some guidance for the production of GE gasifier. The results show that a good gasification effect can be achieved when the reaction residence time is 3.5s. Temperature is an important factor affecting the gasification reaction rate and product distribution. The influence of gasification temperature on gas composition and carbon conversion is simulated by the kinetic model of coal gasification. The results show that with the increase of gasification temperature, the CO content increases, the H₂ content is basically the same, the CO₂ content decreases, and the carbon conversion increases.

Micromixer is a common equipment used for fluid mixing. Tesla valve has the potentiality to develop into micromixer due to its simple, stable structure and the special flow mode. In this paper, a Tesla-type micromixer was designed and optimized on the basis of the Tesla valve and previous research by numerical simulation. The fluid dynamics software (Fluent) was used to study the mixing index under different angles (θ) and different Reynolds numbers. In addition, the mixing index of the structure was verified by flow field analysis and experiments. The results showed that the best geometric parameter of new Tesla-type micromixer is θ=30°. When Reynolds number is 52.5, the mixing length of two fluids is 50mm, the mixing index η is 0.9647 and pressure drop of the system is 330.45Pa. Compared to previous structures, the micromixer in this study has lower pressure drop, higher mixing index and shorter mixing length.

A two-step method was used to prepare Al₂O₃-TiO₂-Cu/water of ternary hybrid nanofluids at volume fraction from 0.005% to 1.0%, and the mixture ratio of nanoparticles was fixed at 40∶40∶20. In order to improve stability, a small amount of PVP surfactant was added. Moreover, the stability of nanofluids was characterized by XRD, TEM, UV-vis and sedimentation methods. The viscosity and thermal conductivity were measured at the temperature varying from 20℃ to 60℃, and the results were compared with the corresponding single nanofluids. Experimental results showed that due to the differences between nanoparticle size and surface energy, the space between large size of TiO₂ and Cu nanoparticles was filled with small size of Al₂O₃ nanoparticles. This special arrangement can form a dense solid-liquid interface layer, which makes higher thermal conductivity and relatively low viscosity compared to the corresponding single nanofluids. Compared with Al₂O₃/water nanofluids, the thermal conductivity increased by 5.5% while viscosity decreased by 2.6% at volume fraction of 1% and temperature of 60℃. Then, the thermal conductivity increased with enhancing volume fraction and temperature, while the viscosity decreased with an increase in the temperature and increased with increasing volume fraction. A good agreement was achieved with the properties of single nanofluids. Finally, correlations of the thermal conductivity and viscosity were fit by experimental data. The values of R² were 0.9835 and 0.982, respectively, which shows a good agreement with predicted data.

Flake alumina with high aspect ratio has attracted great attentions as a high-end pearlescent pigment flake substrate. However, the preparation technology is controlled by other countries so that it is essential to develop new preparation method for flake alumina. The molten salt method is an ideal method for the flake alumina production. However, the systematic research of the key parameters of the method has not been reported. Based on the formation mechanism of flake alumina, this article systematically studies the influence of TiO₂ additives, Na₃P₃O₉ additives, calcination temperatures and molten salt dosages on the preparation of flake alumina. The scanning electron microscope and X-ray diffractometer are used to analyze the morphology, particle size and phase composition of flake Al₂O₃. The results show that hexagonal flake alumina can be obtained with molten salt (Na₂SO₄-K₂SO₄) and NaCO₃ as gelling agent, 3.0% Na₃P₃O₉ and 2.0% TiO₂ as additives after calcination at 1200℃ for 5h. The final product possesses the average particle size of 4μm, the thickness of 50—200nm and the aspect ratio of 20—80.

The UNIQUAC thermodynamic model parameters of dimethyl carbonate (DMC) -water (H₂O) mixture was corrected by regressing the literature data with Aspen Plus software. Based on this model, the separation principle of the ternary mixture by extractive distillation with water as extractant was analyzed. The reverse extraction distillation process extractive distillation process was designed according to the triangular phase diagram and the material composition. The results showed that taking advantage of the partial miscibility of DMC-water, the ternary mixture of DMC-methanol-water could be separated by three-column distillation when using water as extractant, while avoiding the formation of DMC-methanol binary azeotrope. Although DMC had a higher boiling point than methanol, DMC and a small amount of water were distilled from the top of the column, while methanol and most of the water were obtained from the bottom of the column. And the pressure swing distillation process was designed under the same separation requirements for comparison. Through the simulation and optimization of the two distillation process parameters, it was found that the total condensing load and total heating load of the extractive distillation process were 888.7kW and 898.2kW, respectively, and its total energy consumption was saved by 47.2% compared with the pressure swing distillation process. The total annual cost (TAC) of the extractive distillation process was 48.8% lower than that of the pressure swing distillation process.

In order to study the dissolution process of methane (CH₄) in the crude oil system, the dissolution behavior of CH₄ in crude oil systems at different temperatures and pressures was systematically studied by means of CH₄ solubility test and molecular simulation. Taking n-heptane as the base oil, wax, colloid, and asphaltene content as influencing factors, the corresponding crude oil system was constructed according to L₁₆ (4³) orthogonal table. Two specific proportion crude oil systems of Shengli crude oil and Nanyang crude oil were constructed, with a total of 18 crude oil systems. The molecular dynamics method was used to simulate the dissolution of CH₄ in different crude oil systems. The reliability of the simulation was verified by experimental results. The results show that in the range of bubble point pressure, with the increase of dissolved gas pressure, the amount of CH₄ dissolved gradually increases, but the position of CH₄ dissolved may change. When the dissolved gas pressure is low, CH₄ molecules are more dispersed in the crude oil system, and with the increase of CH₄ dissolved amount, some CH₄ molecules will accumulate. The dissolution of CH₄ in crude oil system is a physical dissolution process, and the Van der Waals force is the main mechanical action in the process of CH₄ dissolution. The larger the free volume fraction of crude oil system is, the larger the dissolution space can be provided for CH₄. The influence of crude oil macromolecules on CH₄ dissolution is wax < colloid < asphaltene and the mechanical action mode of CH₄ dissolution is not changed by crude oil macromolecules. The linear relationship between the interaction energy and the volume change of crude oil system is revealed by mechanical model, which promotes the understanding on the dissolution of CH₄ in crude oil system molecular-level.

Chloraniline (CAN) is an important and widely used intermediate for fine chemical production. CAN is mainly synthesized by catalytic hydrogenation of chloronitrobenzene (CNB). However, extensive dechlorination can occur during this process. Therefore, improving the performance of the catalysts to increase the reaction selectivity has received widespread attention. This paper summarizes the research progress of such catalysts in recent years for heterogeneous catalytic systems and homogeneous catalytic systems. Modification methods commonly used in heterogeneous catalytic systems include modulating metal dispersion, adjusting the properties of the support, and adding metal additives. Among them, the single-atom catalysts obtained by modulating metal dispersion exhibit excellent catalytic performance due to their high atom utilization, but the stability still needs to be improved. Homogeneous catalysts include metal complex catalysts, metal colloidal catalysts. The modification methods mainly include adding metal ions/complexes. Homogeneous catalysts have high efficiency, but the general synthesis process is cumbersome and they are difficult to recycle, which still needs to be optimized. In addition, this paper also summarizes the influence of the reaction medium on the hydrogenation system. At last, this paper concludes the characteristics of the catalyst modification methods, and provides theoretical guidance for the future design and application of CNB selective hydrogenation catalysts. In addition, the effect of the reaction medium on the hydrogenation system is also discussed.

As a small organic molecule, TEMPO (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl radical) forms a catalytic alcohol oxidation reaction system with high efficiency, high selectivity and mild reaction conditions. It can solve the problems of harsh reaction conditions, high cost and large amount of pollutants in the traditional alcohol oxidation process, and therefore becomes one of the most promising alcohol oxidation technologies at present. This article reviews the research progress of TEMPO involved catalytic alcohol oxidation in recent years, focusing on the homogeneous TEMPO catalytic alcohol oxidation with and without transition metals, as well as the solid-supported heterogeneous TEMPO catalytic alcohol oxidation, and then compares the advantages and disadvantages of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis, from the aspects of catalytic reaction efficiency, oxidation cost, practical applicability and other factors. In addition, it is pointed out that the establishments of ionic liquid-TEMPO coupling system, low-cost transition metal-doped TEMPO system, and high-stability carbon-based material-supported TEMPO system are the goals and directions for optimal regulation of this type of catalyst.

Catalysts play vital roles in energy and chemical industries. Precise design and regulation of catalysts' structure could improve their catalytic performance. Atomic layer deposition (ALD) is a gas-solid reaction technique that follows the saturated self-limiting theory, which has been regarded as one of the most efficient methods in tuning the composition, size and location of the active phases. In this review, we present a comprehensive summary of ALD in regulating the sizes and the surface/interface of activity phases, and the design of multi-functional core-shell structural and porous materials. The advantages of ALD enable the effective regulations of the catalyst's activity, selectivity and stability. However, the mechanism of ALD for the supports with complex structure has not been studied systematically, which should be the key point in the following researches. Moreover, to design well-organized and versatile catalysts to improve the catalytic activity and to acquire the reaction mechanism are also the research directions in the future.

With the rapid development of industry and economy, the increasing emission of chlorine-containing volatile organic compounds (CVOCs) have caused serious harm to human health and environment. Catalytic combustion is one of the most effective and economical methods to treat CVOCs. Co_xTi_1-x composite oxides with different Ti loading were prepared by sol-gel method, their physical and chemical properties were characterized and the catalytic performance for 1,2-dichloroethane (1,2-DCE) degradation was investigated. The results showed that the Co_xTi_1-xcomposite oxides formed amorphous Co-O-Ti solid solution when Ti loading was less than 0.6. The addition of Ti increased the surface acid sites and the adsorbed oxygen content for the prepared Co_xTi_1-xcatalysts. Among them, Co_0.8Ti_0.2 had large specific surface area, good redox performance, abundant surface adsorbed oxygen and medium-strong acid sites, and hence showed high catalytic oxidation ability for 1,2-DCE. When the gas space-time velocity was 20000mL/(g·h) and the concentration of 1,2-DCE was 4060mg/m³, the temperature required for 90% conversion of 1,2-DCE was 318℃. Besides, Co_0.8Ti_0.2 also exhibited good stability at 380℃ in long-time runs.

The reuse and regeneration of HZSM-5 zeolite in the catalytic co-pyrolysis of corn stover/high-density polyethylene was investigated using a tube reactor. The effect of acid washing treatment of corn stover on the catalytic activities of HZSM-5 zeolite was studied. The composition of the obtained bio-oil was analyzed by GC-MS, and the properties of fresh, spent, and regenerated HZSM-5 catalysts were measured using TG, ICP-MS, SEM/EDS, BET, and NH₃-TPD, respectively. The results showed that aromatics were the main products for the catalytic co-pyrolysis of corn stover/high-density polyethylene with fresh HZSM-5. With the increase of HZSM-5 reuse times, the yield of aromatics decreased gradually, and the BET area, pore volume, and acidity of the catalyst decreased sharply, indicating the reduced catalytic activities of HZSM-5. The acid washing pretreatment of corn stover enhanced the formation of oxygen-containing intermediates, which accelerated the deactivation of HZSM-5 zeolite. The catalytic activity of the regenerated HZSM-5 over acid washing corn stover/high-density polyethylene was recovered, while the catalytic activity of the regenerated HZSM-5 over raw corn stover/high-density polyethylene was slightly lower than that of fresh HZSM-5. This was due to the fact that alkali/alkaline earth metals were significantly accumulated over the HZSM-5 catalyst, which couldn’t be removed by calcination and thus could deposit on the strong acid sites, causing the “poisoning” deactivation of the catalyst. The above results suggest that the deactivation of HZSM-5 caused by coke can be regenerated by calcination, while that caused by alkali/alkaline earth metals is difficult to recover. The acid-washing pretreatment can effectively eliminate the effect of alkali/alkaline earth metals, which is beneficial to prolong the lifetime of the catalyst.

In the present work, Ag₃PO₄/AgI nanocomposite was successfully synthesized and tested through the degradation of 2-amino-4-acetamidoanisole (AMA) as typical organic pollutant. X-ray diffraction (XRD) along with scanning electron microscope (SEM), ultraviolet visible spectrophotometer, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was employed to characterize the synthesized samples. The as-prepared nanocomposite showed great photocatalytic activity compared to single semiconductors. The semiconductor heterojunction led to effective separation of electron-hole pair, enhancing the photodegradation of 2-amino-4-acetamidoanisole (AMA). The addition of 30mg photocatalyst almost resulted in complete removal of AMA during 60 minute-irradiation. Free radical capture experiments proved that photo-generated holes (h⁺) were the main active species in the photocatalytic process. The nanocomposite showed high recyclability ability after 5 cycles of experiment. The findings of this study provided a new perspective for the fabrication of visible light photocatalysts and a new way to improve the photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants.

Carbon nanotube cement-based composites have multi-scale heterogeneity, and its macro-scale performance is the coupling mapping of its low-order nature. Therefore, it is very important to analyze the performance mechanism of carbon nanotube cement-based composites at multi-scale. In this work, the research progress of multi-scale experiment, mechanism and model of piezoresistive effect of carbon nanotube cement-based composites is reviewed from four scales of macro, meso, micro and nano scale. This paper summarizes the limitations or deficiencies of the existing research on aggregate, pore structure, interface transition zone, external environmental factors and theoretical model, and puts forward that the micro nano structure and theoretical model need to be further studied.

As one of the important 3D printing technologies, selective laser sintering (SLS) enables one can fabricate parts with desirable geometry shape that cannot be achieved by traditional polymer processing technologies, which is widely used in high-tech fields such as aerospace, defense equipment, medical apparatus and automobiles. In this paper, the processing principle and merits of SLS printing technology were introduced, and the type of materials used in SLS processing together with the preparation methods of polymer-based powder materials mainly including phase separation method, mechanical attrition method, solution-based method and spray drying method were reviewed and summarized. It was focused on the research progress of SLS printing technology towards fabrication of polymer-based piezoelectric composites and parts. Although the SLS printing technology faced the bottlenecks such as limited printable polymer materials, lack of functionality, high cost in the production of powder and only carried out to a small production, it would become an excellent manufacturing method in the field of multifunctional high-performance composite parts with large and complex geometry shape through further innovation and development.

Polysaccharide microspheres possess the advantages including biocompatibility, non-toxicity, and regeneration, and can be modified and/or combine with other functional components to give it more diversified functions. Together with their unique 3D porous spherical shape structure, polysaccharide microspheres can be applied as micro-reactors, micro-separators, micro-structure units, etc., and their applications involve all aspects of people’s lives. This review summarizes recent progress of polysaccharide microsphere functional materials. First, this review introduces the fabrication of polysaccharide microspheres by different methods. Then emphases are focuses on controllable fabrication of polysaccharide microspheres and their application in the four fields, including adsorption and separation, catalysis, tissue engineering and drug release, and energy conversion and storage. Finally, the key scientific issues that still need to be solved are discussed, including scaled preparation of uniform polysaccharide microspheres and controlled preparation of pore structure. This review provides valuable information for the development and application of high-performance polysaccharide microsphere-based materials.

Compared with traditional separation methods such as distillation and extraction which cause high energy consumption and environmental pollution, pervaporation has attracted tremendous attention recently due to its superiorities including low cost, high efficiency, energy saving, safe operation and eco-friendliness in the separation of azeotrope and mixture near boiling point. However, the most prominent problem to prepare the pervaporation membranes is to balance the flux and selectivity under the condition of high stability. Interfacial polymerization is widely used in the preparation of pervaporation membranes, which has the advantages of high reactivity, stable formation of membrane layer at room temperature and the dense active layer. In this paper, the preparation principle and advantages of interfacial polymerization in the preparation of pervaporation membrane were described. The selection and modification of the substrates and the condition optimization of interfacial polymerization were analyzed and summarized in detail. Furthermore, the application prospect of interfacial polymerization in pervaporation field was looked forward.

Bulk superhydrophobic materials are widely used in industrial rust prevention, pipeline transportation, photovoltaic materials, building materials, textiles and other fields due to their excellent hydrophobic properties, and become one of the current research hotspots of functional materials. This article first described the structural properties and reviewed the preparation methods of bulk superhydrophobic materials. Secondly, the application progress of bulk superhydrophobic materials in the field of air pollution detection and control such as the purification and detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), NO_x and sulfur dioxide (SO₂), and the capture and reduction of carbon dioxide (CO₂), etc. was summarized. Then, the characteristics and problems of typical gas pollutant control technologies and the advantages of the combination of bulk superhydrophobic materials and existing air pollution control technologies were explained. In view of the current shortcomings of superhydrophobic materials such as poor durability, complex preparation process, expensive preparation materials and high pollution, the improvement and application of bulk superhydrophobic materials were proposed as well.

Porous liquids are an emerging class of liquid material with permanent pores that combine the excellent properties of porous materials with the fluidity of liquids. The permanently porous structures of pore generators can be made from inorganic building blocks or from a combination of organic ligands and inorganic nodes or from organic building blocks. According to the structure of pore generators, this review focused on recent advancements on the use of inorganic hollow nanomaterials, metal organic framework and porous cages as pore generators of porous liquids. This new research direction toward porous liquids chemistry was still in its early stages, which faced many challenges but had great application potential. Porous liquids had been studied in gas absorption, identification of isomers and synthesis of porous liquid separation membrane now, and they were expected to be used in areas of gas capture and separation, catalysis and synthesis membrane material etc.

Covalent organic framework polymers (COFs) connected by covalent bonds are ordered porous organic crystals prepared by reversible thermodynamic polymerization. With the characteristics of large specific surface area, adjustable regular pore distribution and detachable structure, COFs functional membranes with two dimensions or three dimensions have been promising in gas separations, chemical sensors, catalysts, drug delivery, etc. The molecule compositions, micro-structures, and performances of COFs membranes are determined by their preparation methodology, which has been a research basis and a key technology for the application of COFs functional membranes. In this paper, recent developments and promising trends of preparing COFs functional membranes, including blending method of COF, in-situ polymerization method, exfoliation and assembly method and interfacial polymerization method, were reviewed and the merits and limitations of each preparation method were analyzed. The research direction and key technical points of each technology in fabricating COFs functional membranes were summarized, and the reasonable preparation methods from the molecule design, functional optimization and potential applications were proposed to promote the formation of preparation methods of high performance COFs membranes in the future.

Pd and Pt nanoparticle-decorated MoS₂ nanocomposites (Pt-Pd/MoS₂) were synthesized and applied to prepare acetylcholinesterase (AChE) biosensors for organophosphorus pesticide detection. The nanoparticles were characterized by SEM, TEM and XPS. The AChE biosensor showed high affinity to acetylthiocholine chloride (ATCl) with K_m of 883μmol/L. The prepared biosensors exhibited high sensitivity towards malathion and parathion methyl, with a linear range of 1×10^-14mol/L to 1× 10^-5mol/L and a detection limit of 4.69×10^-14mol/L (S/N=3) and a linear range of 1×10^-15mol/L to 1×10^-5mol/L and a detection limit of 5.23×10^-15mol/L (S/N=3), respectively. Moreover, the AChE/Pt-Pd/MoS₂/GCE was used to detect OPs in real samples with the recovery of 91.4%—103%. Due to the synergistic effect of the highly dispersed bimetallic nanoparticles and the MoS₂ nanosheets, the Pt-Pd/MoS₂ nanocomposites provide a potential electrode material for biosensor fabrication.

High performance supercapacitor electrode material (CC 700-Zn) was successfully prepared by using chestnut shell as carbon source (CC) and ZnCl₂ activation after carbonization of CC at 700℃. The morphology and performance of CC700-Zn electrode materials were tested. It was found that CC700-Zn had a 3D channel network structure with a specific surface area of 813.9m2/g, and the network structure formed by mesopores and micropores provided a channel for electronic transmission. In a three-electrode system, CC700-Zn showed a high specific capacitance of 506F/g at a current density of 1A/g and outstanding cycling stability of 91% capacitance retention after 10000 cycles. In a two-electrode system, a symmetrical capacitor was assembled with CC700-Zn. The symmetric capacitor had a specific capacitance of 118F/g at 1A/g, the scan rate of CV can be increased to 220mV/s, and the potential window width was 0~1.6V. When the power density was 900W/kg, the energy density was 53.1W·h/kg. When the power density was increased to 27000W/kg, the energy density can still be maintained at 27W·h/kg. The above results indicated that it was feasible to prepare symmetrical supercapacitor electrode materials using chestnut shell as carbon source.

We report a facile method for preparing the B/N co-doped 2D porous carbon nanosheets (BNH-X) via annealing the mixtures of ammonium humate and H₃BO₃ at 700℃ (BNHC-700) and 800℃(BNHC-800), respectively. The BNH-X possess high contents of nitrogen (6.04% and 6.01%), boron (3.97% and 4.18%) and oxygen (17.01% and 16.87%), as well as developed pore structure with high mesopore ratio (36.15% and 40.84%). Expectedly, BNHC-700 and BNHC-800 showed large specific capacitances of 114F/g and 118F/g at 0.05A/g, respectively, and BNHC-800 demonstrated superior rate capability with a capacitance retention of 75.21% at 5A/g. Moreover, BNHC-700 and BNHC-800 exhibited excellent cycle performance with high capacitance retentions of 99.84% and 98.57% after 10000 cycles at 2.5A/g.

In order to provide valuable data for further utilization of SiO₂ based on gasified rice husk carbon (RHC-SiO₂) from gasified rice husk carbon (RHC), this study used K₂CO₃ to extract RHC-SiO₂ from RHC, and then RHC-SiO₂/crystalline SiO₂ (C-SiO₂)/RHC-SiO₂ and C-SiO₂ mixed in equal proportion (RC-SiO₂) as the friction component, electrolytic copper powder as the matrix, graphite and molybdenum disulfide as the solid lubricant to prepare copper-based friction materials. The effect of the amount of RHC-SiO₂, C-SiO₂ and RC-SiO₂ added on the density and surface hardness of copper-based friction materials were investigated, as well as metallographic preparation by grinding and corrosion, observation and analysis of material distribution on the surface of materials. The results showed that the specific surface area of RHC-SiO₂ was 135.532m²/g and the mesopores around 5nm were significantly developed. After it sintered at 950℃ for 4h, the surface shrank and agglomerated, and a sinter neck appeared, which tended to crystallize. The density of copper-based friction materials gradually decreased as the amount of RHC-SiO₂, C-SiO₂, and RC-SiO₂ added increased. However, the reduction of RHC-SiO₂ was more significant than that of C-SiO₂. Its surface hardness (64.6HV) was significantly improved (43.33%) compared to the base material added by the frictionless component at the amount of RHC-SiO₂ of 10%. C-SiO₂ acted as a pinning friction pair in the material, preventing frictional movement and increasing the coefficient of friction, while RHC-SiO₂ acted as pinning.

Polyaniline (PANI) can regulate cell adhesion, proliferatio, and differentiation under the external electric field. However, the electrical activity of polyaniline based degradable nanofibers will be weakened because of PANI dedoped in the body physiological environment. Yet it could promote the cell adhesion, growth and proliferation. In this paper, tartaric acid was selected as the acid dopant in the in-situ polymerization of polyaniline on the surface of polylactic acid (PLA) nanofibers after plasma treatment. The effects of different morphologies of polyaniline/polylactic acid (PANI/PLA) composite nanofibers with the different molar ratio of tartaric acid to aniline at 1∶1, 1∶2 and 1∶4 were investigated. The morphology and chemical composition of polyaniline were characterized by SEM, TEM and FTIR. The wettability was evaluated by contact angle. The biocompatibility of PANI/PLA composite nanofibers was evaluated by MTT, ALP and immunofluorescence staining. The results showed that the morphology of polyaniline with the molar ratio of tartaric acid to aniline at 1∶1, 1∶2, and 1∶4 was nanoparticles, nanofiber and nano-hollow tubes, respectively. PANI attached to the surface of PLA nanofibers did not affect the porous structure of electrospinning. The surface wettability of PANI/PLA composite nanofibers was excellent, which was helpful for cell adhesion and growth. The biocompatibility of nanofiber polyaniline was better than that of nanoparticle polyaniline, and the effect of nano-hollow tubular polyaniline on biocompatibility was much better.

A new type of environment-friendly phosphate reactive emulsifier (LRP-10) was used to replace the traditional non-reactive emulsifier. VV-10 was a tertiary carbon monomer and the emulsion was prepared by semi continuous seed emulsion pre emulsification. The effects of emulsifier type, dosage and VV-10 dosage on the gel rate, water absorption, water resistance, calcium ion stability and adhesion of emulsion and coating were investigated. The structure and corrosion resistance of emulsion and coating were characterized by FTIR, TEM, particle size, contact angle and electrochemical test, and the mechanism of corrosion resistance was analyzed. The results showed that when the LRP-10 dosage was 2%, the distribution ratio was seed emulsion: the pre emulsion was 1.5∶0.5 and the dosage of VV-10 was 10%, the water absorption of the film decreased from 18.87% to 2.18%. After the water test 168h, the coating slightly whitened, but it quickly resumed. The contact angle of coating water increased from 50.5° to 85.5° and the coating impedance increased from 1.40069×10⁶Ω·cm² to 7.38137×10⁸Ω·cm². The minimum corrosion current density was 1.2268μA/cm² and the most positive corrosion potential was -0.19753V. The reactivity and passivation of LRP-10 and hydrophobic and barrier effects of VV-10 had synergistic effects, which greatly improved the anticorrosion performance of waterborne acrylic coatings.

Fluorinated amino silicone oil (FAS) was prepared by modifying amino silicone oil (AS) with tridecafluorooctyl methacrylate (TFM), and epoxy resin (EP) was modified with FAS. The effects of amino silicone oil and fluorinated amino silicone oil on the properties of epoxy coating were discussed. The modification results were characterized by FTIR. The flexibility, adhesion, hardness, impact resistance, heat resistance, hydrophobicity, weather resistance and corrosion resistance of the coating were evaluated by flexibility test, circle drawing adhesion test, pencil hardness test, impact resistance test, contact angle test, UV accelerated aging test and Tafel polarization curve test. The coating fracture surface was analyzed by SEM and the surface element of the coating was analyzed by EDS. When the epoxy resin was modified by fluorinated amino silicone oil with 15% fluorine content, compared with EP coating, EP modified by fluorosilicone coating’s hardness was increased from 2H to 3H and the adhesion was improved from grade 2 to grade 1. The flexibility was increased from 1mm to 0.5mm and the impact resistance was enhanced from 45cm to 50cm. The heat resistance was enhanced and the contact angle was increased from 70.5° to 123°. The UV aging resistance (432h) was increased from grade 3 to grade 1, while E_corr shifted positively from -0.6187V to -0.1720V and I_corr decreased from 1.9858×10^-8A/cm² to 3.7125×10^-10A/cm². The mechanical properties, weather resistance and corrosion resistance of the epoxy coating were significantly improved by the introduction of appropriate amount of fluorinated amino silicone oil.

The internal media of magnetorheological (MR) devices are faced with complex working conditions, such as thermo-magnetic coupling, frequent shearing and so on. Shear stability is an important indicator to evaluate the durable service of MR medium. In this work, an experimental study was conducted to investigate the change law and mechanism of the shear stability of the MR grease prepared in the laboratory under the thermo-magnetic coupling by analyzing the rheology and magnetic properties. The results showed that the rheological properties of MR grease changed significantly when the temperature and magnetic field intensity change. The results of thixotropy analysis and continuous shear indicated that MR grease maintained favorable shear stability under the thermo-magnetic coupling effect. The interaction of the soap fiber structure of carrier grease and magnetic linkage affected the shear stability of MR grease significantly. At relative low temperature and comparative weak magnetic field, the structure of soap fiber was the main factor affecting the rheological properties of MR grease. At higher temperature and stronger magnetic field strength, the entanglement degree of soap fiber decreased and the magnetic linkage became strengthened. The magnetic linkage structure played a dominant role in the rheological properties of MR grease. Besides, the MR grease represented favorable shear stability under above both conditions in this work. The shear stability of MR grease finally became weaken during the process of dominant factor converted from the soap fiber to the magnetic linkage for two reasons: the magnetic particles were released while the shear failure of soap fiber and they cannot be dispersed in time due to the influence of magnetic field.

The setting and hardening properties of gypsum materials are critical to its application. The effects of steel slag-phosphoric acid system on setting time, absolute dry compressive strength and flexural strength of phosphogypsum based building gypsum were investigated. A method of controlling the setting performance of gypsum by using the initial pH of gypsum slurry was proposed. It was found that when the initial pH of slurry was 1.5 with phosphoric acid and the content of steel slag was 3%, the initial setting time of phosphogypsum was increased from 9min to 119min, the loss of absolute dry flexural strength and the loss of absolute dry compressive strength was 12.68% and 22.97%, respectively. Compared with the system with citric acid or sodium polyphosphate, the loss of mechanical strength was smaller. The hydration characteristics of the modified gypsum system were obtained by investigating its hydration rate and hydration temperature rise. The hydration products of the modified gypsum system were analyzed by using XPS and XRD. The mechanism was obtained that calcium oxide in steel slag reacted with phosphoric acid to release Ca²⁺, which combined with HPO{}_{\mathrm{4}}^{\mathrm{2}-} to form dicalcium phosphate. The insoluble salts deposited on the surface of the crystal of calcium sulfate dihydrate, which blocked the formation and growth of the crystal nucleus of gypsum dihydrate and reduced the hydration rate of gypsum dihydrate. SEM analysis showed that the pores in the microstructure of hardened body of steel slag-phosphoric acid modified gypsum increased compared with the blank, and the crystal morphology was still needle bar shape, but the size was slightly smaller.

In order to investigate the law of behavior that liquid droplets impact on the surface of the lotus leaf, a high-speed camera was used to record water droplets and four kinds of polyethylene oxide (PEO) aqueous solution with different molecular weights vertically hitting the surface of the lotus leaf at a frame rate of 14000fps. During the dynamic process, the impact velocity ranged from 0.3m/s to 3m/s. The experimental results showed that the behavior of water droplets and PEO droplets with low molecular weight (50000) impacting the surface of the lotus leaf was similar. The two kinds of droplets both successively rebounded regularly, launched satellite droplets upward, rebounded irregularly (or partial rebounded), droplet breakage and liquid finger breakage to separate small droplets as the impact speed increased, but the contact time of water droplets was shorter and the maximum spreading coefficient was also smaller. The PEO droplets with medium relative molecular weights (300000) had an oscillating bounce mode and an oscillating mode when respectively impacted at low and high speeds, and its critical velocity was at 1.13m/s. The interaction between long polymer chains in PEO droplets with high molecular weight (1million, 4million) having strong viscosity and the surface was significantly enhanced. The rebound after impact was completely inhibited and all adhered and deposited on the surface of the lotus leaf. The critical Oh number for droplet deposition was 0.0544, and the larger the Oh number, the harder the droplet rebounded. When the speed was constant, the maximum spreading coefficients of the three kinds of PEO droplets with a relative molecular weight of more than 300000 were smaller than that of water droplets. The rising coefficients of the three kinds of PEO droplets first decreased with the increase of speed and then remained basically stable or slightly increase.

Epoxy resin is easy to produce micropore during the process of solvent evaporation, which can impact its corrosion resistance performance. In order to improve the corrosion resistance of epoxy resin, the closed oxidation method was applied to prepare grapheme oxide. Graphene oxide/epoxy resin anti-corrosion coatings were prepared by dispersing the grapheme oxide aqueous solution into epoxy resin using wet transfer method. The structure change of graphene oxide was characterized by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy (Raman). The anti-corrosion performance of graphene oxide/epoxy resin coating was analyzed by origination potential (OCP), water contact angle, corrosion morphology and gas permeation rate. The results showed that in comparison with EP coatings, the open circuit potential and water contact angle of GO/EP were 0.181V and 86.12°, which were increased by 0.066V and 10.5°, respectively. When GO/EP was immersed in 3.5% NaCl solution and corroded for 20 days, the surface only had roughness. The coating had good stability and strong barrier performance. Compared with EP coating, the O₂ and H₂O permeability of GO/EP coating were decreased by 51.2% and 65.5%, respectively.

Different polymorphs of the amino acid often show different physicochemical properties and medicinal effectiveness. Therefore, it is very important to obtain the target polymorphs by regulating the polymorphic crystallization process of amino acid in solution, in which the influence of additives is direct and effective. Thus, in this paper, the effects of various kinds of additives on the process of polymorphic crystallization of amino acid in solution were reviewed. First of all, taking the γ-glycine as an example which couldn’t be directly obtained from aqueous solution, the promoting effects of acid, alkali and inorganic salt on the nucleation of the crystal were elucidated, and the mechanism for the effectiveness of these additives on the growth of different polymorphs was analyzed on the perspective of charge compensation. Secondly, the influences of tailor-made additives on the crystal morphology and polymorph of amino acids were expounded. Specifically, the influence of tailor-made additives with different structures on polymorphic transformation was analyzed. Then, the selectivity effects of ethanol-water solvent on the polymorphic crystallization of different amino acids were introduced. Finally, based on the above analysis, the preparation of different target crystal forms by molecular design of additives was prospected.

With the development of the social economy and the application of waste incineration, municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly ash, a hazardous waste, is generated in large amounts. The harmless treatment for MSWI fly ash is in urgency, and hydrothermal treatment is one of the most promising harmless treatment technologies. Hydrothermal treatment for stabilization of heavy metals in MSWI fly ash was reviewed in this paper. The physical and chemical properties of MSWI fly ash were firstly described. Then the hydrothermal treatment for MSWI fly ash was systematically introduced and was divided into three categories: traditional hydrothermal method, additive-assisted hydrothermal method and microwave-assisted hydrothermal method .The factors that influence the stabilization of heavy metals were summarized, including reaction time and temperature, alkaline agent and its concentration, solid-liquid ratio, etc. Finally, the optimization approach of the hydrothermal method for heavy metal stabilization in MSWI fly ash, and proposes suggestions for future studies were discussed. It is of great potential to explore the synthesis of aluminosilicate minerals in the hydrothermal process and the fundamental mechanisms of heavy metal stabilization.

Nano zero-valent iron (nZVI) has strong reduction and adsorption capacity, and can effectively remove various types of pollutants. It has been paid much attention in the field of groundwater environmental remediation. However, due to its defects of easy agglomeration and passivation, there are still many problems in practical application. In this paper, different preparation and modification methods of nZVI were reviewed. The specific effects and problems that may occur in the properties of nZVI-based composites due to their modification were identified. Recent research progress of nZVI particles for groundwater remediation including organic and inorganic pollutions was also introduced, focusing on the removal mechanism, mobility and transport in porous media. It is suggested that the existing preparation methods should be improved and optimized to realize the mass production of nZVI, considering the biological toxicity of nZVI and material recycling. Appropriate modification and transport means of nZVI should be considered to improve the life-span of nZVI and the treatment effects on the target pollutants in the remediation of groundwater.

Alkanolamine-based chemical absorption is efficient and convenient for CO₂ capture. However, the practical application of this technology is limited by high energy requirement of regeneration. Two methods of regeneration were presented based on the reaction mechanisms and characteristics, namely thermal regeneration with non-aqueous solutions, solid acid catalysts and nanoparticles, and chemical regeneration with calcium ions. The analyses showed that different kinds of amine would give different products which were related to the free energy for regeneration. Therefore, it is a necessary to choose suitable amine or amine mixtures. Ethanol, a common nonaqueous solvent, is able to reduce the demand of heat of desorption through decreasing the sensible heat and heat of vaporization. Besides, the reaction time and temperature could be reduced by optimizing the Br?nsted acid sites and mesoporous surface area of solid acid catalysts. Furthermore, the use of nanoparticles is able to enhance heat and mass transfer of solutions, resulting in heat duty reductions during regeneration. But further research is needed to confirm the reinforcing effects for amine solutions. Chemical regeneration with calcium ions was found to reduce the cost of regeneration largely and showed promising potential in industrial application. Moreover, further decrease in the cost could be achieved by improving the homogeneity of fly ash.

Utilization of hot flue gas for desulfurization wastewater treatment has the advantage of simple process and high efficiency. However, the imprecision of mechanisms of evaporation commonly exists in evaporation treatment technology. In this paper, evaporation characteristics of desulfurization wastewater droplets (group) and existing problems were summarized. Evaporation behaviors of desulfurization wastewater droplets were firstly introduced, elucidating discrepancy between pure instances and wastewater during the evaporation process was owing to the vapor pressure depression of saline solution and precipitation of the salt. Spray scale experimental studies on evaporation treatment technology for desulfurization wastewater by flue gas were summarized. Important factors including gas temperature, velocity and wastewater characteristics were concluded. To inquire about the essential relevance between operation parameters and different characteristics of wastewater, numerical simulations and drying kinetic models were discussed. Additionally, single droplet drying (SDD) technologies and their applications were reviewed, which helps obtain specific drying history of wastewater droplet and construct drying kinetics of desulfurization wastewater. At last, CFD coupled with the reaction engineering approach (REA) was expected to delineate the evaporation process of desulfurization wastewater well. It is advisable to combine the information of macroscopic spray evaporation and the results of single droplet drying, which may reveal the internal mechanism of evaporation of desulphurization wastewater.

Particulate matter emitted from coal-fired power plants can be divided into filterable particulate matter (FPM) and condensable particulate matter (CPM). In the past, people paid little attention to CPM, but it is harmful to the environment and human body. In this paper, the detection methods of CPM were reviewed. The main methods are impingement condensation and dilution condensation. The development of on-line and small portable equipment is the development direction of CPM detection technology. The emission characteristics of CPM from coal-fired power plants were analyzed. CPM accounted for a high proportion of total particulate matter emissions from coal-fired power plants, and the proportion of CPM was further increased after ultra-low emission transformation, the composition of CPM emissions from coal-fired power plants varied greatly. According to the characteristics of CPM, the future research directions of CPM control technology are condensation, adsorption, wet electrostatic precipitation technology and so on. Finally, based on the current research status of CPM, it is suggested that the relevant departments of the state should formulate the detection standards of CPM emitted from fixed pollution sources such as coal-fired power plants, establish source emission inventory for coal-fired power plants with ultra-low emission transformation, and reasonably control the CPM emissions of newly built coal-fired power plants, those located in environmentally sensitive areas, and those with obvious colored plume.

As one of the main components of industrial wastewater, phenolic compounds are highly toxic to human beings and harmful to the environment. These compounds are internationally recognized as priority pollutants in water. Therefore, removal phenolic wastewater efficiently is an urgent and challenging problem to be solved. Metal organic frameworks (MOFs) and their derived materials are novel porous nanomaterials with large specific surface area, adjustable active sites and easy to be chemically modified, showing potential application prospects in many fields such as wastewater treatment. Based on the structural characteristics and physicochemical properties of phenolic compounds, the research progress on the adsorption of these compounds by MOFs and their derived materials in recent years was reviewed. The π-π interaction, acid-base interaction, electrostatic interaction, hydrogen bond, metal coordination and hydrophobic interaction were mainly introduced. Combined with the mechanisms that were mentioned above, the structure and characteristics of MOFs and their functional modified materials were analyzed and the influence of different phenolic compounds on the adsorption performances were discussed. In the last part, the future research focus of MOFs in the treatment of phenolic wastewater were also prospected.

Photocatalytic separation membrane has become a research hotspot in wastewater treatment due to its great potential for industrial application. The photocatalytic separation membrane combines membrane separation and photocatalysis in a single unit. Besides playing the role of membrane separation, the photocatalysts can efficiently degrade toxic and harmful pollutants in water and improve the anti-fouling performance and efficiency of the membrane. This paper reviews the recent progress of photocatalytic separation membranes based on four commonly used photocatalysts: TiO₂, ZnO, g-C₃N₄ and WO₃. The fabrication and performance of the photocatalytic membranes are elaborated. Photocatalytic separation membranes have bright prospects, and the preparation of efficient and stable visible light-responsive photocatalytic separation membranes will be the future trend.

In recent years, the water pollution caused by the abuse of antibiotics has become increasingly serious, so antibiotics residue and antibiotic resistance have become one of the most serious challenges today. With fast reaction rate and good treatment effect, advanced oxidation processes are increasingly used to treat wastewater containing antibiotics. This article firstly describes the current status of antibiotic pollution. Moreover, according to the classification of free radicals, the characteristics of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance bytraditional and persulfate advanced oxidation treatments were compared. Later, the basic characteristics and reaction mechanism of persulfate advanced oxidation were analyzed in depth. Meanwhile, the degradation effects and research progress of different activation methods for antibiotics and antibiotic resistance were reviewed and summarized, mainly focusing on thermal, ultraviolet, transition metal, and electrical activation, and the environmental impact factors and existing problems of advanced oxidation degradation of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance removal were comprehensively analyzed. Finally, the future development of advanced oxidation was prospected.

Soil contaminated by petroleum hydrocarbons has attracted great attention. Petroleum hydrocarbons have characteristics of high-toxicity and persistence, thereby severely threatening ecological environment and human health. This review summarized the recent research progress of remediation techniques for petroleum hydrocarbons contaminated soil, and the research status of microbial methods were systematically reviewed. The mechanisms and application prospect of microbially-mediated combined remediation techniques were critically discussed, including plant-microbial, electro-driven, surfactant-enhanced, chemical-oxidation, and animal-microbial remediation. Finally, the future research directions for microbial remediation of petroleum hydrocarbons contaminated soil were suggested.

Lignin is a kind of natural polymer with three-dimensional network structure, large amount of aromatic groups and high carbon content. It has great potential in the field of preparation of porous carbon materials. Porous carbon materials have a great application prospect in the field of catalyst and the energy storage. Industrial lignin, as a byproduct from the pulp and paper and biological refining industry, is used to prepare porous carbon and used in energy storage, adsorption, catalyst carrier and other field, which can realize the high-valued recycling utilization of industrial lignin. This paper summarized the current lignin commonly used preparation methods of porous carbon materials and micro channel structure adjustment methods, and summarized the main characteristics of the various preparation methods, as well as the key factors affecting on the structure and performance of lignin-derived porous carbon materials. It focused on the research on pore control of lignin-derived porous carbon materials in recent years and summarized the pore regulation methods. Taking supercapacitors, adsorbents and catalyst carriers as representatives, the application status of lignin porous carbon materials in the field of catalysis and energy storage materials was reviewed, and the microstructure characteristics of lignin-derived porous carbon materials were discussed. The opportunities and challenges of lignin in the preparation and application of porous carbon were summarized and prospected.

Environmental pollution caused by uranium and its decay products is a serious problem on the global scale, which not only leads to ecological risks, but also poses a threat to human health. Therefore, how to effectively solve uranium-contaminated soil and improve the uranium-contained soil remediation technology system is the key to achieve sustainable development of uranium mining and metallurgy. At present, there are mainly three types of remediation technologies for uranium-contaminated soil: physical-chemical remediation, biological remediation and combined remediation. Firstly, this review summarizes the morphology and hazards of uranium in soil, as well as the research status, advantages and disadvantages of various remediation technologies. Then the influencing of uranium contamination remediation are also described. Finally, the existing challenges of uranium contaminated soil remediation are summarized, and the future development of remediation technology in this field is prospected. The purpose of this study is to fully combine environmental factors and the applicability of various remediation methods in practical application, the appropriate remediation technology is selected to achieve the efficient removal of uranium from contaminated soil.

Multifunctional materials with high adsorption ability, remarkable photocatalytic property, and easy recycle have a great potential in organic wastewater treatment. In this study, a multifunctional composite, Co₃O₄/TiO₂/porous carbon, was prepared through a three-steps process. Firstly, the porous MOF NH₂-MIL-125(Ti) was synthesized. Secondly, Co²⁺ ions were introduced into the pores of NH₂-MIL-125(Ti). And finally, the Co²⁺ embedded MOFs was pyrolyzed to transform into the composites. The composites were characterized by different methods. Methyl orange (MO) was then used as model organic pollutant to investigate the adsorption ability, photocatalytic property and recyclability of Co₃O₄/TiO₂/porous carbon. The results showed that the adsorption of MO on the composite was fitted well with a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The equilibrium adsorption capacities of MO increased at first and then decreased with the increase of the amount of Co₃O₄ in the composites. The sample C120 exhibited the highest equilibrium adsorption capacities of MO (273.22mg/g_sample). Meanwhile, C120 exhibited strong photocatalytic ability, and can be easily separated from water by external magnetic field. This work provides a significant experimental basis for the development of new functional materials for organic wastewater treatment.

At present, there are more and more low-load operations of coal-fired units. The study on the deNO_x control technology of low-load operation can effectively reduce the NO_x emission of coal-fired units. The established real-time flue gas pollutant removal pilot test platform with 20000m³/h was used to analyze the performance indexes, in which the whole modules of the low-temperature denitration catalysts were installed into the SCR system. The NH₃ slip concentration and SO₂/SO₃ conversion rate were sampled on-site and analyzed, the NH₃ slip distribution characteristics were observed. The results show that when the low-temperature catalyst range is 290—250℃, the denitration efficiency is about 80%, and the NO_x at the SCR outlet can be controlled within 50mg/m³, even within 20mg/m³, meanwhile, the maximum NH₃ slip is 1.68mg/m³, which is less than 2.28mg/m³, required by the criterion. The maximum SO₂/SO₃ conversion rate is 0.73%, which is less than 1%, required by the criterion. All these indexes meet the operation requirements. The distribution of NH₃ slip along the pollution control process is further studied. The results show that the NH₃ slip concentration is continuously decreased along the way. The NH₃ slip concentration at ESP inlet is decreased by 32.2% and 65.5% at the ESP outlet, respectively.

For the purpose of resource utilization of copper smelting tailings from copper smelting slag, a non-ferrous metal company’s copper smelting slag tailings were selected as raw materials, and research methods such as conditional tests and orthogonal experiments were used as well as chemical analysis, atomic absorption, XRD, SEM. The fluidity and compressive activity indexes of the mortar and the test block were investigated through the multi-factor optimization test so that the activity index of the powder was determined, and the feasibility of preparing tailings powder from copper smelting slag was studied. The results showed that the surface area, activator, grinding aid and water reducer of copper-smelting slag tailings powder have a certain influence on the preparation of tailings powder, and the order of influence is specific surface area of ??tailings powder > activator (Na₂SO₄) > water reducer > grinding aid (triethanolamine). When the copper-smelting slag tailings powder content is 10%, it can meet the standard requirements of activity index more than 95% (S95). At this time, the activity indexes of 7 days and 28 days are 97.56% and 95.91% respectively; while the tailings powder content is at 20%—30%, it can meet the standard requirements of activity index more than 75% (S75). The addition of related additives increases the grinding efficiency of copper smelting slag tailings. The fine particles are beneficial to the occurrence of the alkali excitation process and make the mortar much dense. The leaching of heavy metals showed that the leaching amount of Cr and Cd has a small increase compared with cement, and Cu has a small increase, but the impact on the environment is small. The researches provide a new development path for the collaborative utilization of industrial solid waste resources.

Recently, more and more attention has been paid to simultaneously mineralize CO₂ and extraction of valuable components from titanium-bearing blast furnace slag by ammonium sulfate roasting. Calcium titanate is one of the main phases of titanium-bearing blast furnace slag. The study on the mechanism and kinetics of the reaction between titanium-bearing blast furnace slag and ammonium sulfate is helpful to understand the decomposition process of the slag. In this study, isothermal and non-isothermal kinetics research methods were adopted to study the roasting reaction of (NH₄)₂SO₄ and CaTiO₃. The kinetic parameter and control step of the roasting reaction were investigated. Isothermal kinetics research results showed that the roasting reaction was divided into two steps, i.e. the decomposition of (NH₄)₂SO₄ and reaction between NH₄HSO₄ and CaTiO₃. The former was the limited step controlled by chemical reaction. The decomposition activation energies of single (NH₄)₂SO₄ was calculated as 65.56kJ/mol, while it decreased to 50.15kJ/mol after adding CaTiO₃. The apparent activation energies of the roasting reaction were measured as 53.96kJ/mol, 76.67kJ/mol and 71.05kJ/mol by three non-isothermal kinetics research methods including Kissinger, FWO and KAS, respectively. The apparent activation energy gained by Kissinger method was consistent with that in isothermal kinetics research method, and the trend of the apparent activation energy gained by FWO and KAS verified the rate control steps measured by isothermal kinetics research method.

The release of potassium (K) in biomass thermal utilization can cause severe technical problems with deposition, slagging and corrosion on heat transfer surfaces. Char-associated organic K (char-K) is an important occurrence form of K in biomass char. In this study, the migration behavior of char-K during pyrolysis and oxidization of cellulose char was investigated. Under Ar pyrolysis atmosphere, obvious release of char-K can be observed at 800—1000℃. The release rate of char-K increased significantly with temperature. In the end, part of char-K stably remained in the cellulose char. Under reaction atmosphere, only a small amount of K was released at 800℃, and the release ratio of K increased significantly with temperature. The K release ratio first increased slowly and then rapidly with time. After the cellulose char was completely oxidized, there was still obvious K released from ash. Combined with the XRD analysis of ash residues, it was found that with the consumption of cellulose char matrix, char-K was first converted into K₂CO₃, and then was released to the gas phase at temperatures above 900℃.

Lithium/aluminum layered double hydroxides (Li/Al-LDHs) was an effective adsorbent with high lithium selectivity for lithium extraction from old brine with ultrahigh Mg²⁺/Li⁺ ratio and low Li⁺ grade. The effects of flow rate, temperature, and initial lithium concentration on the washing and desorption processes of lithium recovery with granulated lithium aluminum layered double hydroxides (GLDH) had been investigated in this study. A lower temperature, higher flow rate, and initial lithium concentration could increase the Li⁺ deintercalation resistance during washing, but be negative to the Li⁺ unloading from GLDH during desorption. The Li⁺ loss rate could be reduced to 17.8% when the initial Li⁺ concentration of 200mg/L had been applied with the flow rate of 12.0BV/h at 0℃. The Li⁺ desorption amount could reach to 3.76mg/g when the initial lithium concentration of 300mg/L went through the column at a flow rate of 2BV/h at 40℃ for 3BV. The average lithium concentration in collected strip solution was 590.83mg/L with an Mg/Li ratio of 0.13, which could perfectly achieve the separation of magnesium and lithium and the lithium concentration. The Li⁺ adsorption capacity of GLDH was immobile in 30 adsorption-washing-desorption cycles, proving the good adsorption performance stability.

Due to the well performance in oxidation, flocculation and disinfection, ferrate has raised increasing attention as a functional water treatment agent. H₂-receptor antagonists (HRAs) as recalcitrant pollutants have been widely detected in natural environment. In this study, the widely used HRAs in clinic, i.e., famotidine (FMTD), ranitidine (RNTD), roxatidine (RXTD), cimetidine (CMTD) and nizatidine (NZTD) were selected as the target compounds to investigate the degradation performance of HRAs. The experimental results indicated that K₂FeO₄ was prone to react with the HRAs with thioether and carboxyl in structure. Except for RXTD, HRAs showed high reactivity towards K₂FeO₄, which removal efficiency was up to 98.4% and followed second-order degradation kinetics. Due to the protonation of K₂FeO₄ and the variation of HRAs species, the second-order rate constants were highly dependent on pH. The water matrices, i.e., Cl^-、HCO{}_{\mathrm{3}}^{-} and humic acid (HA), would scavenge HRAs degradation and the scavenger effect was dependent on the concentration of water matrices. As the complexity of real water samples, the removal of HRAs by K₂FeO₄ was affected. However, the removal efficiency of RNTD in different water samples was up to 80% except for hospital wastewater, in which it was only 65%. After treated by K₂FeO₄, the toxicity of HRAs was reduced significantly.

The emergency response of the chemical industry park (CIP) has the spatial-temporal characteristics of dynamic and hierarchical emergency decision-making, conflict and synergy of the emergency rescue (ER), and the emergency evacuation (EE). In different emergency response stages, the road network of the CIP is in the state of synchronous heterogeneous activities, such as the ER Agent and the EE Agent. Therefore, a new method of route planning considers separate emergency response stages, is proposed in this study. Firstly, the four levels of emergency response are enhanced, and a hybrid intelligent decision-making system framework is proposed. Secondly, the temporal and spatial variation of multi-Agent emergency decision-making in the CIP is analyzed, and the multi-Agent intelligent decision-making models are established, respectively, for the emergency response stage inside the enterprises, the emergency response stage inside the CIP, and the collaborative emergency response stage both inside and outside the CIP. Finally, based on the hybrid MAS system and collaboration theory, the multi-agent information-sharing relationship and cooperation model based on three-tier emergency intelligent decision-making model in the CIP were constructed. The intelligent decision-making system for the whole process of emergency response can provide important theoretical basis and technical support for the emergency decision-making in the CIP.

Hazard and operability analysis (HAZOP) takes the form of brainstorming, and it relies too much on expert experience. It is hard to share and reuse for the discussion results which were recorded in paper documents. Under the guidance of international standard IEC 61882, the ontology rules were developed through the perspective of dangerous events, and the model layer construction was completed after that. Then, based on the existing HAZOP analysis data, the attention mechanism was introduced on the BiLSTM-CRF model, which realized the automatic extraction of key HAZOP information and graph database was used for data storage to complete the construction of the data layer. Taking the HAZOP analysis report of oil equipment as an example, the HAZOP knowledge graph was constructed to verify the effectiveness of the construction method. It was proved that HAZOP knowledge graph can clearly demonstrate the relationship between HAZOP knowledge, quickly provide existing HAZOP information, assist the development of manual HAZOP, reduce labor and time costs, provide knowledge support for the production and maintenance of later projects, and realize the sharing and reuse of HAZOP information.

Using biomass to produce the hydrogen energy could give the hydrogen energy a safer storage form, overcome the hydrogen energy-transportation cost issue, as well as make the hydrogen energy “greener”. Therefore, this is a fundamentally adaptable approach for hydrogen energy development. In this article, the significance of developing biomass green hydrogen energy was addressed first, from the perspectives of solving the constraints of hydrogen energy development, achieving the goal of carbon neutralization, and accelerating the utilization of biomass resources and energy. Secondly, based on the analysis of the policy environment and technology maturity of the hydrogen energy industry, the development status and existing problems of hydrogen energy production, storage, and transportation technology in China were analyzed. Several storage and transportation methods were compared here. The advance of using biomass as a hydrogen carrier was proposed. At last, the future development of biomass hydrogen storage carriers was discussed. The cost and industrialization prospect of several technical paths of hydrogen production was compared and analyzed. It is clear that using methane, methanol, and ethanol produced from biomass are expected to be the first hydrogen storage carrier to realize industrialization, In the future, it will become an economic and feasible way to realize the “greener” of the hydrogen fuel cell.