Hydrogen, as a clean and efficient secondary energy, is an important component of building a clean society in the future. To date, the hydrogen production industry in China is highly dependent on fossil energy. Therefore, the development of environment-friendly hydrogen production by water electrolysis has very important practical significance. The production of high-purity hydrogen through the electrolysis of water via renewable energy is one of the most potential green hydrogen route among many hydrogen production technologies. Based on the introduction of three water electrolysis technologies and core components, the progress of the research on electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) was reviewed, and the research status of transition metal-based electrocatalysts and single-atom catalysts were systematically discussed. Furthermore, the integration of renewable energy generation and water electrolysis hydrogen production technology was further discussed, and the development progress of domestic and foreign hydrogen production projects based on renewable energy was briefly described. With the reduction of electricity costs and the development of efficient, stable and economical hydrogen evolution catalysts, hydrogen production by electrolysis based on renewable energy will be an important way for our country to realize the transition from traditional energy to low-carbon clean energy, solve the problem of renewable energy consumption, and accelerate the industrialization of hydrogen energy.

Photocatalytic water splitting is an ideal way to obtain clean energy-hydrogen. The development of efficient photocatalysts has become a research hotspot in this field. Carbon dots have unique up-conversion properties, visible light response and tunable band gap, as well as good water solubility, no biological toxicity and excellent photoluminescence properties. Therefore, its application in the field of photocatalytic hydrogen production has attracted great attention. A variety of methods for synthesizing carbon dots have been studied, including top-down and bottom-up methods. Modification methods such as surface passivation, surface functionalization or element doping can improve the photoelectric performance and corrosion resistance of carbon dots. This paper reviews the literature on the preparation methods, modification methods and the application of carbon dots in the field of photocatalytic hydrogen production in recent years. It is concluded that carbon dots can play the roles of photocatalyst, co-catalyst, photosensitizer and electron transfer mediator of Z-scheme structure in the application of photocatalytic hydrogen production. At the same time, there exists the problems of unclear mechanism and low hydrogen production efficiency. Designing and large-scale producing of carbon dots with precise structures and specific functions as well as exploring the mechanism in the process of photocatalytic hydrogen production will be focused in the future.

As a type of environmentally friendly and renewable energy, hydrogen energy has gradually matured its production technology, and its cost has dropped significantly. It will usher in a period of opportunity for rapid development. The key to the widespread utilization of hydrogen energy is whether it can achieve efficient storage. This article focuses on four new types of hydrogen storage materials, metal complex hydride hydrogen storage materials, carbon nanotube hydrogen storage materials, zeolites, new types of zeolite materials, and organic liquid hydrogen storage materials. Metal complex hydride hydrogen storage materials has low storage pressure but poor cycle stability. Carbon nanotube hydrogen storage materials has a long history of development with high safety and easy dehydrogenation, but the current understanding of their hydrogen storage mechanism is not mature enough. Zeolite and new zeolite materials is cheap, but they have high requirements for reaction conditions. Organic liquid hydrogen storage materials is considered to be a viable option for large-scale storage and transportation, but their high cost and harsh reaction conditions limit their development. In the future, it is necessary to improve and develop hydrogen storage materials with higher storage capacity and economic value.

Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is a clean and efficient power generation device fed by hydrogen or hydrocarbon fuels. Liquid bio-fuel is a kind of renewable hydrocarbon fuel, which is produced by catalytic pyrolysis of biomass and further catalytic processing. It contains bio-methanol, bio-ethanol, bio-diesel and its by-product bio-glycerin, etc. It is portable, clean and efficient to use liquid bio-fuels for SOFC power generation. However, direct use of liquid bio-fuels will lead to the deactivation of SOFC anode carbon deposition. Thus, a reforming progress is necessary for long-term durability as well as high efficiency for power generation. The reforming progress of liquid bio-fuels was analyzed, including conversions and distributions of products for bio-methanol, bio-ethanol, bio-glycerin and bio-diesel, respectively. The research progress of liquid biomass fuel used in SOFC power generation was also summarized, and the future research direction of liquid biomass fuel used in SOFC was put forward, in order to improve the utilization efficiency and stability.

Compared to hydrogen, the liquid methanol shows numerous advantages, including convenient storage and transportation as well as high energy density. Hydrogen fuel is released via reforming methanol, then the reformed gas is employed as the fuel for high-temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell system. The integrated system with reforming methanol and high-temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell is the reforming methanol fuel cell, which transforms the chemical energy of methanol and oxygen to electricity with high efficiency. This work summarizes the implementation and development of the reforming methanol fuel cell systems with different configurations (external reforming and internal reforming) and introduces their current application status. It also points out their bottlenecks in technical research and application and provides future research guidelines. The effort to improve the performance of reforming methanol fuel cells in the future is to develop low-temperature methanol reforming catalyst with high conversion rate and efficiency, and stable high-temperature polymer electrolyte membrane and non-precious metal catalysts.

This paper reviews the principles and characteristics of the atomic force microscopy (AFM) technique and its applications in the research of surface/interface phenomena of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), elaborates the use of multiple modes of AFM to characterize the surface properties, interface structure, proton conduction mechanism and electrochemical activity of proton exchange membrane and catalyst layer. In addition, AFM can monitor the electrochemical reaction process in fuel cell working conditions and observe the electrochemical behavior of PEMFCs in real time. As a result, AFM is an effective technique for the study of the proton conduction mechanism and electrochemical activity in PEMFCs. AFM studies may have guiding significance for the synthesis and modification of proton exchange membranes, electrocatalysts and other key materials, showing bright prospects for the study and improvement of PEMFCs.

Electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction to synthesize ammonia under normal pressure exhibits low energy consumption and low CO₂ emissions, and is one of the most promising alternatives. In the electrocatalytic ammonia synthesizers, the electrolyte materials are mainly classified into solid oxide electrolytes, molten salt electrolytes, polymer membrane electrolytes, and liquid electrolytes, according to their working principles and compositions. The working temperature of these electrocatalytic ammonia synthesizers decreases little by little in the order listed above. In this article, the working principles of electrocatalytic ammonia synthesis, the materials of electrolytes and electrodes, the frontier theories of the Faraday efficiency and some application cases have been summarized. The current challenges have been pointed out such as the nitrogen electrocatalytic reduction, the insufficient proton conduction efficiency of the electrolyte, the low catalyst activity and stability, and the research trend of low temperature. The work has provided some theoretical supports and research directions for an in-depth exploration of the electrocatalytic ammonia synthesis process.

Porous carbon materials have played an indispensable role in electrochemical energy storage devices. This review introduced the physical and chemical properties as well as the common synthesis methods of oxygen-rich porous carbon materials. Besides, combining with the recent related progress in the fields of supercapacitors and lithium/sodium ion batteries, it discussed the action mechanism of oxygen functional groups during energy storage, and pointed out the mutual restriction of high specific capacity and high conductivity of oxygen-rich porous carbons when used in electrode materials. Moreover, it put forward that the reasonable design of types and amounts of oxygen functional groups in porous carbon materials could provide abundant redox active sites and enhance electrolyte affinity, and thus significantly promote energy density of porous carbon electrode materials, while maintaining original electrochemical stability. Finally, it proposed some important aspects for the future development of oxygen-rich porous carbon electrode materials mainly in the exploration of in situ characterization techniques and advanced structural and component design.

Non-thermal plasma (NTP) activated heterogeneous catalyst (i.e. NTP-catalysis) systems have many advantages, such as mild reaction conditions, faster response, and possible compact reactor configuration, presenting wide application foreground in the catalytic transformation of single-carbon (C₁) molecules [CO₂ hydrogenation, methane activation, water-gas shift (WGS) reaction, and methanol-reforming for hydrogen (H₂) production]. In detail, the high energy electron of plasma can quickly activate C₁ molecules in the gas-phase to generate reactive species, which will interact with the heterogeneous catalyst to ignite surface chemical reaction, and hence efficiently catalytic conversion of C₁ molecules under mild conditions. However, the synergic mechanism between plasma and catalyst, as well as relevant catalytic reaction mechanisms, are highly complex, which require further investigation. This review briefly presents the state-of-the-art of NTP-catalysis for catalytic conversion of C₁ molecules. Specific attention focuses on ①the design and development of bespoke heterogeneous catalysts for NTP-catalytic conversions of C₁ molecules and ② mechanistic investigations of catalytic conversions of C₁ molecules under NTP conditions using advanced in situ characterization methods. Additionally, future perspectives of NTP-catalysis are also proposed in this review including ① the design and development of tailor-made catalysts for NTP-catalysis, and study their structure-reactivity relationships, ② the development of advanced in situ characterization techniques for gaining further insights into the function mechanisms of active species and the catalytic reaction mechanisms, ③ the design and development of highly efficient plasma catalytic reactor, and the development of theoretical model and numerical simulation method for developed reactor, providing the scientific guidance of the design, optimization and scaling-up of plasma catalytic reactor.

Lithium sulfur (Li-S) battery is a kind of lithium secondary battery with high theoretical specific capacity (1675mA·h/g) and energy density (2600W·h/kg), which is considered as one of the most promising secondary battery systems with a high energy storage capability. However, the poor conductivity of sulfur and the shuttle effect of polysulfides hinder the practical application of Li-S batteries. This review focused on the development of Li-S batteries, introduced the challenges of Li-S batteries and potential solutions using MOF materials. In addition to the advantages like high porosity and abundant metal sites/ligands, the poor electric conductivity of MOF was also analyzed. The main context summarized the design and preparation of MOF materials, including self-supporting MOF materials, MOF/carbon composites, MOF/(conductive) polymer composites, MOF-derived carbon materials, MOF-derived metal/carbon composites. Also, the inhibition of Li anode dendrite formation by MOF materials was elucidated. In addition, the structure-performance relationship of MOF materials was explained in depth, which may enlighten the researchers in related fields and promote the progress of next-generation energy and materials.

The physical and chemical characteristics of circulating fluidized bed-derived fly ash, such as particle size distribution, micromorphology, chemical composition, phase composition, and chemical structure, were summarized in this review. Characteristics of CFB-derived fly ash and pulverized coal (PC) boiler-derived fly ash were discussed, and the uniqueness of CFB-derived ash was highlighted. The dissolution behaviors of valuable elements in CFB-derived ash via acid and alkali leaching and the effect of key factors on them were also discussed. The results show that the polymerization degree of silicon and aluminum in CFB-derived ash is lower than that in PC-derived ash. The contents of crystalline minerals in CFB-derived ash are only 20%—30%, and the others are amorphous aluminosilicates. Under the same conditions, the dissolution activities of valuable elements in CFB-derived ash during acid leaching are higher than those in PC-derived ash, which makes CFB-derived ash more advantageous in the extraction of valuable elements. However, the accumulation of residual Si on the particle surface hinders the further dissolution of Al in acid solution. Therefore, a comprehensive consideration of the mild extraction of valuable elements in the CFB-derived ash and the utilization of acid leaching residues can greatly improve technical and economic efficiency. Si and Al are the main dissolved elements in the alkali solutions. At present, there is still a lack of in-depth understanding of the dissolution behavior of Si and Al from CFB-derived ash in alkaline systems. The strengthening in this area can improve the understanding of the gelation mechanism during the alkali activation process, and thereby promoting the development of preparation of cementing materials using CFB-derived fly ash.

Membrane distillation (MD) is suitable for small scale production of fresh water in remote areas with the advantages of high salt rejection rate, nearly atmosphere operation, utilization of the solar energy and so on. However, membrane wetting affects the operation stability of MD device which is a major factor of restricting the application of MD desalination. The evaluation methods of MD membrane wetting, including the measurement of liquid entry pressure (LEP), critical membrane pore wetting depth and in-situ observation of membrane wetting process and so on, were introduced firstly. Then, the influenced factors on membrane wetting such as membrane fouling, MD operating variables, various MD configurations and distinct scaling behaviors were discussed in details. The inhibition measures of membrane wetting were analyzed from several aspects, such as anti-fouling, enhancing flux, suitable membrane cleaning period, physical methods and improving the performances of membrane. Finally, the behaviors of membrane wetting during the course of the long-term MD desalination operation were also introduced. It was pointed out that photocatalytic composite membrane with self-cleaning property, omniphobic membrane and Janus membranes were of great potential to prevent membrane wetting and probably applied in anti-wetting MD membrane. The studies in this paper will be helpful to predict and control MD membrane wetting during desalination.

Traditional rigid stirring reactor used in manganese ore leaching process has poor suspending effect of mineral powder, low manganese ore utilization and high iron content in leaching solution. The effects of impeller type, operating mode and frequency conversion interval on manganese ore leaching and power consumption were investigated experimentally, and the effect of variable frequency rigid-flexible impeller coupled with air jet in iron removal process was analyzed. The results showed that the flexible wire rope could disturb the fluid and the variable frequency operation could update the stable flow field, which increased the content of Mn²⁺ in the leaching solution. Meanwhile, due to the frequency change of the system frequency conversion operation, the power consumption was reduced. Mn²⁺ content in rigid-flexible stirred reactor increased by 10.8% than the regular stirred reactor in same power consumption. Power consumption in rigid-flexible stirred reactor increased by 25.4% than the regular stirred reactor in same stirring speed. When the frequency conversion interval was 30min, the Mn²⁺ content in variable frequency rigid-flexible stirred reactor decreased by 2.17% than the rigid-flexible stirred reactor. While the power consumption decreased by 28%. After adjusted the pH of the system, variable frequency rigid-flexible impeller coupling eccentric air jet could effectively reduce the Fe²⁺ content in the leaching solution. After 60min of aeration, the concentration of Fe²⁺ in the leached solution reached a low level, less than 0.15mg/L.

According to the analysis of water quality and scale deposits of distillation tower in the pretreatment process, the iron and calcium content exceed the standard, which leads to the accumulation of scale in water conveyance equipment and pipeline and the corrosion under the scale at the same time, which affects the normal operation of the produced water treatment equipment in the gas field. Considering that the majority of treatment plants only consider removing iron ions, but do not consider removing Ca²⁺, this paper combines the removal technology of iron and Ca²⁺ in the produced water pretreatment for the first time, and optimized addition sequence, reaction time, standing time by selecting suitable iron and calcium removal agents. The composite iron and calcium removal technology suitable for gas field produced water treatment has been developed. The results showed that the on-site dosage was H₂O₂ 500mg/L, NaOH 500mg/L, PAC 50mg/L, PAM 4mg/L, the molar ratio of calcium removal to Ca²⁺ was 1∶1. The order of the agents was Na₂CO₃→H₂O₂→NaOH→PAC→PAM. The reaction time was more than 7min. The standing time was more than 5h. The total iron ion content in the produced water of the gas field can be reduced from 153.24mg/L to 0.3338mg/L, Ca²⁺ from 5495mg/L to 520mg/L, of which iron ion decreases by 99.8%, Ca²⁺ decreases by 90.54%. Salinity substantial reduction can avoid blockage, thereby ensure the efficient operation of the gas field produced water treatment system.

In order to achieve recovery and reuse of waste heat in air separation purification system, a novel type of air separation purification system using latent heat storage unit was designed, and the corresponding design method for the latent heat storage unit was proposed. First of all, data collection was performed on the air separation purification system, and the characteristic functions of pollutant nitrogen parameters such as the temperature and flow rate were obtained by regression. Then, a dynamic mathematical model of the latent heat storage under the unsteady-state pollutant nitrogen heat source was established, and the general temperature expression of the phase change materials was derived. Subsequently, taking the maximum heat release capacity of latent heat storage unit in the whole cycle as the objective function, the differential evolution algorithm was used to optimize the key parameters such as the melting temperature and quality of phase change materials. At last, the relationship between the melting temperature and the waste heat utilization rate in the single-stage and double-stage latent heat storage units was calculated by exhaustion. The results showed that for the single-stage latent heat storage, the optimal melting temperature is about 59.67℃, and the maximum waste heat utilization rate is about 0.41. For double-stage latent heat storage, the optimal melting temperatures are 73.68℃ and 46.04℃, respectively, and the maximum waste heat utilization rate is about 0.52. This study provided theoretical guidance for improving the energy efficiency of air separation purification system.

To address the issues of excessive energy consumption caused by frequent feed fluctuation and retarded optimization response of desulfurization for reforming catalytic dry gas process, the flowsheet simulation was conducted through the Aspen HYSYS V11 package using Li-Mather physicochemical property calculation method. Screening the effective factors that had a significant influence on the target value was adopted according to Plackett-Burman design. The radial basis artificial neural network based on the PSO algorithm was utilized to train, validate, and test the prediction model. On the premise of satisfying the constraint of hydrogen sulfide content in purified dry gas, the deep optimization was carried out to minimize the energy consumption of the system. The results show that the flowrate and hydrogen sulfide content of reforming catalytic dry gas, the piperazine and N-methyl diethanolamine content in lean solution, circulation quantity of amine solution, the bottom temperature of T-3001, and the outlet temperature of a lean solution of E-3003 play a crucial role in energy consumption of the system. The prediction model of the 7-16-1 radial basis artificial neural network where the aforementioned factors were taken as the input signal and the system energy consumption as the network output evolves 4182 epochs. The mean square errors of training samples, verification samples, and test samples are 5.08×10^-6, 7.78×10^-6, and 9.56×10^-6 respectively, which are less than the allowable convergence error limit of 10^-5. A good correlation is presented as the determination coefficients reach 0.981, 0.975, and 0.969. When the radial basis artificial neural network with the PSO algorithm is used to optimize the energy consumption of the desulfurization system for reforming catalytic dry gas, the system energy consumption is reduced to be merely 0.0649kg_oe/h after 3198particle evolution iterations, which is 8.98% lower than 0.0713kg_oe/h before optimization, and the energy saving effect is significant.

In order to further understand the pyrolysis mechanism of tire rubber, the molecular dynamics method was used to simulate the pyrolysis process of tire rubber, and the reaction paths of gas-phase products were speculated by combining the simulation results and density function. The simulation results showed that the pyrolysis process was mainly divided into two stages: the low temperature pyrolysis stage where the main reaction was the long chain fracture of rubber to form monomers and the main products were isoprene, styrene and 1,3-butadiene, and the high temperature pyrolysis stage where the main reaction was that the monomers further generated small molecular gas in which CH₄, H₂ and C₂H₄ accounted for the majority with a small amount of C₂H₆ and C₃H₆. Among them, CH₃· attacking isoprene and styrene monomer to capture the H· at a specific position was the optimal path to generate CH₄, H· attacking styrene monomer to capture the H· at a specific position was the optimal path to generate H₂ and CH₂CH· attacking 1,3-butadiene monomer to capture the H· at a specific position was the optimal path to generate CH₂CH₂. The pyrolysis products were compared with those of natural rubber alone and natural rubber/butadiene styrene rubber co-pyrolysis. This would provide a theoretical basis for pyrolysis of waste tire rubber to obtain specific gaseous products and catalytic pyrolysis.

Lithium-ion batteries are widely used in electric vehicles because of their cleanliness, fast charge and discharge, and high energy density. Recently, fires and explosions of electric vehicles have caused people to worry about the safety of lithium-ion batteries. Aiming at the safety problems of lithium-ion battery electrolyte such as flammability, explosiveness, and leakage, the latest research progress and advantages and disadvantages of adding flame retardant phosphate, ionic liquid and hydrofluoroethers into the electrolyte are reviewed. If the battery is overcharged, it will cause heat accumulation, which will cause a series of side reactions inside the battery. Two measures, redox protection and electropolymerization protection, are summarized to avoid battery overcharging. Due to the internal heat accumulation process in the dangerous accident of lithium batteries and the difficulty of maintaining the mechanical properties of the separator as the internal temperature of the battery rises, this article describes response strategies of the internal heat accumulation of lithium ion batteries in recent years from the thermal response switch cathode material and safety separator, which is expected to point out the direction for finally solving the safety problem of lithium-ion batteries.

The development and utilization of low concentration coal-bed methane (LCCBM) resources are of great significance to alleviating energy shortage and irrational consumption structure in China. The present situation of utilization of LCCBM is introduced. Through comparing and analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of several purification technologies of CBM, hydrate purification technology is considered to have great potential. The method of hydrate purification of LCCBM has the advantages of environmental protection, safety, high gas storage rate and simple raw materials, etc. At the same time, key problems such as reducing hydrate formation conditions, shortening the hydrate induction time and improving the recovery rate of CH₄ still need to be solved. The development of the basic theory of thermodynamics and kinetics of LCCBM hydrate and the mechanism research of the technology of purifying LCCBM by hydration are summarized. The research progress of LCCBM purification technology by hydrate method is described in three aspects: surfactants, new coupling technology and hydration reactor. Finally, the industrialization of LCCBM purification technology by hydrate method is prospected, and the following specific research directions are proposed: exploring the high-quality additive combination and combining it with multi-stage separation methods to purify LCCBM, further exploring the technology of coupling the hydration method with other CBM purification methods, optimizing the reactor structure and improving the economic evaluation system, so as to promote its industrialization process.

Microwave pyrolysis is an efficient technology for biomass conversion and utilization, which has unique thermal and non-thermal effects and can transform biomass into liquid fuels and chemicals, effectively relieving energy pressure and reducing environmental pollution. This paper focused on the influence of biomass feedstock characteristics, microwave absorbers and catalysts on the preparation of high-quality liquid fuels and chemicals by microwave pyrolysis of biomass. The influence of raw material characteristics was discussed from three aspects: water content, ash content and H/C_eff of biomass and catalysts included metal salts, metal oxides, ZSM-5, microwave-driven catalysts and other catalysts, such as HY, MCM-41 and carbon-based catalysts. The pyrolysis characteristics, product composition and transformation mechanism of biomass were summarized. In addition, the existing problems such as complex pyrolysis mechanism, complex and unstable products, poor selectivity of target products, as well as easy coking, inactivation and poor repeatability of catalysts were analyzed, and the future development direction was prospected, so as to provide the basis for efficient conversion and utilization of biomass.

To solve the heat management problem of electric vehicle lithium battery, the heat dissipation components of automotive lithium battery were designed and the heat dissipation performance test was carried out in the practical environment based on the high coefficient heat transfer characteristics of pulsating heat pipe (TiO₂ nanofluid as working medium). The results showed that the optimal heat transfer performance of the closed loop pulsating heat pipe (TiO₂-CLPHP) can be achieved with 2% working medium concentration and 50% heat pipe filling rate. At the same time, TiO₂-CLPHP can ensure that under different discharge rate conditions (0.5C, 1C, 1.5C), the maximum temperature on the surface of the lithium battery did not exceed 35℃, and the maximum temperature difference was within 2.25℃, effectively improving the surface temperature uniformity (the improvement rate was up to 55%). Moreover, TiO₂-CLPHP can ensure that the heat dissipation performance of the lithium battery remained unchanged at the different road conditions.

The durability and reliability of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) stack are impacted significantly on its responses when it works under dynamic conditions. In this paper, output performances, voltage uniformities, and dynamic responses of a stack under dynamic conditions are investigated. The results show that the stack is operated well and the temperature difference between the inlet and the outlet coolants is less than 5℃. The stack voltage uniformity appears in a rush when the current has a step change. With an increase of the current, the stack voltage uniformity in the steady-state becomes worse. Under conditions of overload (200A), output differences among individual cells become large, the voltage uniformity turns worse continuously, and voltages of single cells in the middle and front of the stack decreases obviously. In addition, during the whole dynamic running process, the maximum amplitude of the voltage impulse when the current steps up are greater than those when the current steps down, but the output voltage can reach a relatively stable state within 10s (voltage fluctuation rate < 0.02). Hopefully, this work could be meaningful to those of practical operations and control optimizations of PEMFC stacks.

Three-dimensional ordered macroporous (3DOM) materials have attracted great interests because of their unique structure, adjustable composition, high stability, high electron transport capability, and high specific surface area. In present work, the applications of 3DOM perovskite catalysts or carriers in the catalytic combustion of soot, volatile organic compounds and methane are introduced. The relationship of preparation conditions and structural characteristics to catalytic performance is discussed. The results show that 3DOM perovskite materials have excellent catalytic combustion stability, high molecular adsorption and diffusion capacity and high oxygen mobility, allowing them to be good combustion catalyst. Moreover, they can significantly decrease the redox temperature and apparent activation energy. Therefore, more novel and cost-effective 3DOM materials should be developed. Additionally, the improvement of the surface properties and the catalytic combustion mechanism of 3DOM materials still need further study.

Amorphous silica alumina (ASA) with high surface area and modified Y zeolite (USY) were used to prepare the carrier of a series of Ni-W/Y-ASA catalysts, which were prepared by traditional impregnation method, aluminum sol impregnation method, USY powder impregnation method and ASA powder impregnation method. N₂ adsorption-desorption, SEM, NH₃-TPD, Py-IR and particle strength tester were used to explore the texture, morphology, acidity properties and mechanical strength of the catalysts prepared by different impregnation methods, and the prepared catalysts were applied to the hydrocracking reaction of n-decane. The Ni-W/Y-ASA catalyst prepared by ASA powder impregnation method retained more acidic sites on USY and had the maximum Br?nsted acid content, which enhanced the acid properties of the catalyst and thus improved its cracking activity.

To investigate the crystal plane effect of the support on the catalytic performance of Au nanoparticles, we synthesized two ZnO nanomaterials with different morphologies by a hydrothermal method, i.e. disc-like ZnO (ZnO-D) without any dominant facets and nanosheet-assembled flower-like ZnO (ZnO-F) exposing preferentially (100) nonpolar planes. Then, two different Au/ZnO catalysts were obtained via deposition-precipitation method with the as-prepared ZnO as support, characterized by ICP, XRD, SEM, TEM, XPS and BET, and evaluated with the CO oxidation reaction. The characterization results demonstrated that the Au nanoparticles deposited on ZnO with different shapes showed similar average size but different redox states. The percentage of Au^δ+ species in Au/ZnO-D and Au/ZnO-F were 34.8% and 67.4%, respectively, indicating stronger interaction between Au species and the flower-like ZnO. The Au/ZnO-F catalyst exhibited much higher activity than Au/ZnO-D, because of its excellent capability in adsorption and activation of O₂ molecular. This finding shows that the catalytic performance of Au-based catalysts can be enhanced by altering the interaction between Au and the support with specific crystal facets.

Nitrogen-doped activated carbon was prepared by modifying activated carbon with nitric acid and urea. The effects of pore structure, nitrogen content and nitrogen species (pyridine nitrogen, pyrrole nitrogen and quaternary nitrogen) on the catalytic performance of CO₂ reforming of CH₄ were investigated. The physicochemical properties of the catalysts before and after the reaction were characterized by BET, SEM, EA, FTIR, XPS, CO₂-TPD and TG. The types of the nitrogen-containing functional groups introduced on the surface of activated carbon and their roles in the reforming process were analyzed. Compared with the unmodified activated carbon, the nitrogen-doped activated carbon (AC-U.NA) simultaneously introduced more hydroxyl and nitrogen-containing functional groups. Especially, the content of pyridine nitrogen functional groups in AC-U.NA was significantly increased, which provided more active sites for CO₂ reforming of CH₄. The initial conversion of CH₄ and CO₂ was 55.94% and 66.46%, respectively. At the same time, the prepared AC-U.NA surface had polarity, which was conducive not only to the adsorption and activation of the acidic CO₂ molecules, but also to the carbon elimination reaction of CO₂, and hence reduced the carbon deposition, which is of great significance to the activity and anti-carbon deposition of the prepared metal-free reforming catalyst.

The activated carbon (AC) was chemically modified by K₂CO₃, and the specific surface area, pore volume and pore size of the AC after modification were investigated. As the mass ratio of K₂CO₃ to AC (alkali-carbon ratio) increased, the specific surface area of the modified AC showed a trend of increasing first and then decreasing. When the ratio of alkali to carbon was 6, the specific surface area of the modified AC increased from the initial 653.3m²/g to 1333.6m²/g. The modified AC was then used as the support to prepare an adsorption catalyst for arsenic removal, which exhibited excellent arsenic adsorption owing to the multi-level pore channels composed of micropore-mesopores. The micropore ensured the catalyst with a large specific surface area, so the active components can be efficiently dispersed on it, while the mesopore allowed the macromolecular arsenide to fully contact and react with the active metal components, and thus improved arsenic removal efficiency.

In recent years, the rapid development of lithium battery industry has attracted widespread attention to the development and utilization of lithium resources, especially the brine lithium resources. Ionic liquid (IL) as a new type of green organic solvent, which is composed of anions and cations, exhibits unique physical and chemical properties, and brings new opportunities for optimizing and upgrading traditional solvent extraction method to extract lithium from brine. In this paper, the development history of ionic liquid-based extraction systems for lithium separation from salt lake brine was briefly reviewed firstly. Then, the behavior and performance of lithium extraction with ionic liquid as diluent, extractant or co-extractant were reviewed and discussed. In addition, the extraction mechanisms are elaborated in detail. Other IL-based lithium recovery processes, such as nanofiltration and electrolysis with IL-based membrane, and co-extraction with IL-based bulky anion, were also summarized. Finally, the problems of ionic liquid-based extraction system were further analyzed. It was proposed that the in-depth study of lithium extraction mechanism, the development of new ionic liquid extractants and extraction systems, and the establishment of new extraction processes were the main development directions in the future. This review is expected to provide a reference for the green and efficient extraction of lithium from salt lake.

Adsorption is one of the most widely and effective wastewater treatment methods at home and abroad due to its high efficiency, low cost and easy operation. However, the composition of wastewater is complex and the existing background ions will affect the adsorption effect of organic compounds by changing the interaction between adsorbents and adsorbents, causing the problems such as difficult to confirm the main adsorption mechanism and optimize the adsorption conditions. Therefore, it is a significant way to study the effect of ionic strength on the adsorption performance of industrial wastewater. The paper classified the types of adsorbents and expounded the effects of sodium ion and chloride ion on adsorption of organic matter in wastewater under the most common conditions of sodium chloride. Meanwhile, the adsorption mechanism under ion presence condition was preliminarily explained via summarizing the research done by various researchers, and the application and development of adsorbent in wastewater treatment under the ion presence condition were prospected. The development of new, high-efficiency, economical, green and environmentally friendly adsorbents would definitely become the trend of future development.

Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) has become one of the most widely used hydrophilic membrane materials because of its good chemical stability, acid resistance, alkali resistance and organic solvent resistance, as well as excellent film-forming property and biological safety. However, the weak mechanical properties and poor water resistance of hydrophilic PVA membrane seriously limit its practical applications. In recent years, a lot of studies have been carried out to promote the properties of PVA membrane by blending, nanocomposite, heat treatment, chemical crosslinking and synergistic modifications, which have achieved great success. In this paper, the characteristics and existing problems of different PVA membrane modification methods were summarized, and the research status of excellent fillers in improving the mechanical properties of PVA membrane by nano-composite was emphasized. Also, the effects of blending, heat treatment and chemical crosslinking for the modification of PVA membrane were briefly introduced, and the significance of synergistic modification to improve the comprehensive properties of PVA membrane was stressed. This paper would provide a novel perspective for the design and preparation of high-performance PVA membrane. The modified PVA membrane had a good application prospect in the fields of water treatment and food packaging.

There has been an increasing demand from the national economy and high-tech industries on polymer foams with high-strength and high/low temperature-resistance, non-toxic and smoke-free, intrinsic flame retardant and ease of processing. Common polymer foams such as polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS) cannot meet the requirements in some fields. Therefore, the research of polyether imide (PEI), polyimide (PI), polyether sulfone (PES), polyaryl sulfone (PPSU), polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), polyether ether ketone (PEEK) and other high-performance polymer foam materials have become hotspots. This paper focused on the foaming principle of supercritical fluids and supercritical fluid foaming technologies. The research and applications on high-performance thermoplastic foams by using supercritical foaming technologies like batch foaming, injection foaming, extrusion foaming and bead foaming were summarized to propose prospects for the research and applications of high-performance polymeric foams. At last, the foaming technologies featured simple operation and accurate size of foaming products were prospected.

The porous composite photocatalyst combines the adsorption ability and photocatalytic activity of porous materials, so that the antibiotics of low concentration can be adsorbed and then degraded on the surface of the photocatalytic active sites, after which the adsorption ability of these composites can be regenerated in situ. By regulating the structure of the photocatalytic active site and the carrier, the prepared photocatalysts could have a wide light absorption range (including visible light) and can effectively inhibit the photoelectron-hole pair recombination. This paper summarized the multiple photocatalytic system conformed by conventional semiconductors and new porous materials including graphene, metal organic framework material (MOFs), porous organic polymers (POPs). The latest research progress on the photodegradation of antibiotics and other organic pollutants were also introduced. This paper expounded the design of multiple photocatalytic composites, the optimization of the control factors of degradation process, the outstanding antibiotics degradation performance and the mechanism. In addition, the problems in structure design and performance evaluation of photocatalytic materials were summarized, and the future research directions of photocatalytic materials were prospected. The development of photocatalysis technology will be effectively promoted by using photoresponsive porous organic polymer to improve the performance of photocatalytic composites and by the engineering application of powder photocatalytic materials.

Flexible pressure sensors are the core components of flexible and wearable electronics, which have shown great potential applications in such fields as health care, sports fitness and safety production. Because of the remarkable carrier mobility, high specific surface area and mechanical strength, graphene is considered as an excellent 2D material for flexible pressure sensors. However, due to the grain boundaries and overlap defects between graphene flakes, flexible pressure sensors made by pure graphene have the disadvantages of low sensitivity, poor stability, narrow sensing range, etc. When graphene and 0D silver nanoparticles or 1D silver nanowires were used as composite conductive material, Ag nanostructures can cross the defect and bridge the adjacent graphene sheets. In the meanwhile, graphene sheets are tiled between Ag conductive network and patched it up. This review introduced the preparation of Ag/graphene for flexible pressure sensors and the fabrication of construction with different micro-nanostructures.

PAN-based nanofibers prepared by electrospinning have large specific surface area, high mechanical strength, excellent nanostructure and good chemical stability. Based on PAN nanofibers, electrode materials for multi-directional design and synthesis show excellent electrochemical performance in supercapacitors and have broad application prospects. In this paper, according to the classification of electrode materials, the research progress of PAN-based porous structure electrode materials, heteroatom doped electrode materials and electrode materials composited with the three electrode materials including carbon-based materials, conductive polymers and metal oxides were reviewed in detail. These studies showed that the construction of pore structure, activation treatment and nitrogen doping can improve the specific surface area, electrochemical activity, wettability and graphitization of PAN-based carbon nanofibers. Carbon-based materials, metal oxides, conductive polymers were compounded with PAN-based carbon nanofibers. It can synergize the advantages of each component and make up for its own shortcomings, which greatly improved the specific capacitance, conductivity and cycle stability of the composite electrode material, and provided the possibility of preparing high-performance supercapacitors. Finally, the problems in the above research were proposed and the future development prospect of PAN-based electrode materials in supercapacitors was prospected.

The advantages and preparation methods of one-dimensional ordered polyaniline (PANI) nanoarrays were described in detail based on their structural characteristics and conductive mechanisms, and the advantages of using PANI nanoarrays as supercapacitor electrode materials were also pointed out. According to the classification of electrode materials, the application progress of compositing of PANI-based ordered nanoarrays with conductive polymer materials, carbon materials and metal oxide composites as electrode materials in supercapacitors was also reviewed in detail. Furthermore, the structural characteristics, preparation methods of these electrode materials, as well as their electrochemical energy storage improvement mechanism and application problems in supercapacitors were discussed. Finally, the preparation methods and strategies to further optimize the electrochemical performance of PANI array structure-based electrode materials were proposed, and their future development in supercapacitors was prospected.

As one of the most vital reactive oxygen species, hypochlorous acid (HClO)/hypochlorite (ClO^-) plays an indispensable role in biology, medicine and environmental safety. Nowadays, a growing number of reaction-based fluorescent probes have been successfully developed for detecting and imaging HClO/ClO^- with excellent sensitivity, real time image and superior biocompatibility. In this paper, the research process of reaction-based fluorescent probes for HClO/ClO^- was reviewed in the last five years, including design strategies, recognition mechanisms and the characteristics and practical application of reaction-based HClO/ClO^- fluorescent probes based on the hypochlorous acid/hypochlorite-triggered response mechanisms including reaction of the C＝C double bond, chalcogenide, aldoxime group, hydrazine/Schiff, acylhydrazine/sulfonylhydrazine, N,N-dimethylthiocarbamate and phenylo boric acid/boronic acid ester. In the future, it is desired to develop novel detection groups, explore recognition mechanisms, synthetize novel NIR reaction-based fluorescent probes with well selectivity, excellent water solubility, low background fluorescence, stable photochemical property and low biological toxicity, so as to visualize and detect HClO/ClO^-in vitro and in vivo.

N-(3-allyloxy-2-hydroxypropyl) was synthesized by self-made bis(2-phthalimide)amine (DETA-2PA) and allyl glycidyl ether through ring-opening reaction bis[ethyl-(2-phthalimide)] (AGE-DETA-2PA), and AGE-DETA-2PA was removed under the action of hydrazine hydrate to get the active intermediate N-(3-allyloxy-2-hydroxypropyl)-bis(ethylamine) (AGE-DETA). Then, AGE-DETA was combined with methyl acrylate and ethylenediamine to synthesize dendrimers through Michael addition AGE-PAMAM. Infrared spectroscopy and hydrogen nuclear magnetic spectroscopy were used for structural characterization. The intrinsic viscosity of each generation of molecules was determined by intrinsic viscosity to be greater than that of adjacent half-generation molecules. The surface tension of the demulsifier molecules against water was determined to be 66.402mN/m minimum by the measurement of surface tension. Through particle size analysis, zeta potential test and polarization microscope analysis, it was concluded that the mechanism of emulsion breaking was mainly charge neutralization and adsorption bridging. Under the conditions of 1.0g/L of demulsifier, demulsifier temperature of 40℃, and sedimentation time of 1h, Turbiscan Lab stability analyzer spectrum and TSI value showed that the demulsifier effect of AGE-PAMAM demulsifier was better than that of the market sold SP169 and HQ96-1 demulsifiers. When the demulsifier was added at 2.0g/L, the demulsification temperature is 45℃, and the settling time was 120min, the dehydration rate can reach 98.5% with the oil content of the discharged sewage of 5.6mg/L and the light transmittance of the discharged sewage of 98.47%.

In order to improve the mechanical properties of the PVA film, corn starch was selected as raw materials, ammonium persulfate and urea were used as initiators at 50℃, and acrylamide was added to graft the starch to prepare acrylamide modified corn starch/PVA composite film. Among them, the grafting rate of the modified starch was optimized to determine the best synthesis conditions: the mass ratio of starch/acrylamide was 3∶7, the initiator ammonium persulfate accounted for 0.5% of the total monomer mass, and urea accounted for 0.5% of the total monomer mass. Furthermore, a series of modified corn starch/PVA composite films were prepared using the optimized modified starch as the modifier. Fourier infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used to characterize the composition and structure of the composite film, and the mechanical properties, water resistance, heat resistance and other physical and chemical properties of the composite film were measured. The results show that the monomer conversion rate of 30%ST-0.50%APSU modified starch is 95.0%, and the grafting rate is 85.2%. The heat resistance of 30%ST-0.50%APSU/PVA composite film is slightly decreased, but the elongation at break is increased by 256%, and the water resistance is increased by 43.1%.

To improve the mechanical properties and thermal-deformation stability of polyurethane elastomer, the branched or crosslinked polyurethanes were synthesized by bulk prepolymerization from polydiethylene glycol adipate, two phenyl methane diisocyanate and 1,4-butanediol with the different additive amounts of branched monomers, i.e., poly-propylene glycerol (PPG-3) or glycerol. All the branched polyurethanes showed better mechanical properties and thermal-deformation stability than the linear polyurethane. Compared with the linear polyurethane, the tensile strength of the branched polyurethane containing 3% PPG-3 was increased by 170% (33.9MPa), the tear strength was increased by 36% (90.7 MPa), and the Vicat softening temperature was raised to 95.1 ℃. When the content of glycerin was 5%, the crosslinked polyurethane was obtained. Its tensile strength increased by 154% (31.8MPa), tear strength enhanced by 26% (84.4MPa) and Vicat softening temperature increased up to 150.6℃. Moreover, the microphase separation of polyurethane between hard and soft segments was decreased because the structure of PPG-3 or glycerol played a role of compatilizer. The elasticity modulus and complex viscosity of branched polyurethane elastomer and crosslinked polyurethane elastomer were higher than those of the linear polyurethane elastomer.

g-C₃N₄, a semiconductor photocatalyst, was successfully prepared from NH₄SCN by thermal polymerization and was modified by secondary isothermal condensation. The phase structure and surface morphology of the product sample were characterized by XRD and SEM/TEM, and the photocatalyst activity was evaluated by degradation of the organic dye RhB. The results showed that the polymerization degree of the catalyst was increased and the layer spacing was shortened by secondary isothermal condensation modification. With the adjustment of isothermal condensation treatment time, the specific surface area and pore volume increased by 2.3 times and 4.7 times, respectively. In addition, a large number of amino groups, such as —NH—and —NH₂, resulted in a higher adsorption capacity of oxygen. The band gap width of the catalyst samples was widened from 2.77eV to 2.81eV after secondary isothermal condensation modification, the position of the valence band also increased to +1.625eV, and the photo-cavitation oxidation degradation ability was enhanced. There were N defects in the C—N\stackrel{\text{????}}{?}C position of the edge triazine rings, which significantly reduced the consumption of the photogenerated charges. At the same time, the intensity of the emission peak of the fluorescence spectrum decreased significantly, indicating that the photoelectron-hole binding rate decreased, and the effective utilization of the carrier significantly increased the catalytic reaction rate. After the irradiation under 420nm visible light for 90 min, the photocatalytic reaction rate constant increased from 0.006 to 0.031, the reaction rate increased by 5.2 times, and the degradation rate increased from 42% to 98%.

Recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) is the first choice to treat various growth hormone deficiencies and complications. But the rhGH requires long-term and frequent injection clinically. Long-acting rhGH preparations and non-injection administration routes can significantly increase patient compliance. In this paper, the types, effectiveness and development status of long-acting rhGH preparations and non-injection administration routes were reviewed. The research status and latest progress of rhGH long-acting methods (such as chemical modification, construction of fusion proteins, construction of sustained-release microspheres) and non-injection routes of rhGH (such as transdermal, pulmonary, nasal administrations) were introduced. The potential application problems of these rhGH delivery systems were analyzed, so that readers can have a more comprehensive and clear understanding of the research status in this field. The future development direction of this field was also proposed, that the rational combination of long-acting and non-injection administration would be an important research direction to achieve high-efficiency delivery of rhGH in the future. This paper provides a reference for the further development of a new safe and effective rhGH drug delivery system.

In recent years, bio-based polymers with the advantages of high biocompatibility, non-toxic and easily degradable, have attracted extensive attention as drug carriers in the field of biomedicine. Due to pH differences of the physiological environment in human body, the response to pH signal stimulus can endow the polymer nano drug delivery system with ideal targeted drug release performance. This review focuses on pH-sensitive bio-based polymer nanoparticle drug delivery system, reveals two pH controlled release mechanisms of chemical bond cleavage and protonation in nano drug delivery systems, and analyzes the two controlled release characteristics. On this basis, the research on pH controlled release of several natural macromolecular materials as drug carriers and the latest research progress in their use in the field of biomedicine are discussed, and the current problems of using various natural macromolecules as drug carriers are pointed out. Finally, in view of the current problems of low drug loading and low sensitivity, it is suggested that in-depth research can be carried out by combining drug loading and multiple stimulus response combinations.

Propiolic acid compounds are a kind of organic intermediates which are widely used. Using CO₂ as a carboxylation reagent and insert it into the C—H(sp) bond of terminal alkynes is a new route to prepare propiolic acids, which is more environmentally friendly than traditional methods. In this paper, based on systematic analysis of the reaction mechanism, research progress of the catalytic system of the CO₂-based synthesis of propiolic acid was summarized, and some prospective studies closely related to the practical application of the reaction were introduced. Based on the above summary, we think that the following research should be carried out in future works: ①designing the catalyst from the perspective of actual working conditions (resistant to strong alkaline reaction system and strong polar solvent, etc.); ②strengthening the research on reaction mechanism, clarifying the differences on reaction path and intermediate structure for different catalysts, so as to consolidate the theoretical basis; ③seeking to solve potential technical bottlenecks, especially humidity sensitivity, cycling and re-use of the alkali additives, and coupling with downstream synthesis network, etc.

In this work, a series of methacrylated hyperbranched polyglycerol (HPG-MA) were synthesized through the transesterifivation reaction of polyglycerol (HPG) and GMA. The effects of demulsifier concentration, temperature, settling time and molecular weight on the performance of demulsifier were investigated, and the research of dynamic interfacial tension and rupture rate constant of oil droplets in the demulsification were also studied to analyze its demulsification mechanism. The results indicated that the oil removal rate reached 90% with the condition of 2000mg/L, 30min and 60℃. Compared with traditional demulsifiers, it exhibited high interfacial activity and short settling time because of the unique hyperbranched and multi-point structure.

Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) which are newly defined persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in 2017 are of significant harm to human health and ecology. Nowadays, the research work on SCCPs mainly focuses on the analysis and detection methods and concentration level distribution of SCCPs in the environment, but there are few researches on efficient removal methods and removal mechanism of SCCPs. In this paper, the current effectively removal methods of SCCPs are reviewed, including physicochemical methods (general physicochemical methods and advanced oxidation processes) and biological methods (bacterial degradation and plant absorption). In addition, the merits and demerits of each method are compared and analyzed, accordingly pointing out the possible influencing factors, degradation mechanisms and pathways of removing SCCPs by different methods. Moreover, some other feasible SCCPs removal methods are put forward by analogy. On the whole, although the physicochemical methods have high removal efficiency, the cost is high and the operating conditions are harsh, so microbial methods have greater development potential due to their economic and environment-friendly characteristics. On this basis, it is recommended that the microbial methods combined with physicochemical methods will have the potential to develop into the best removal process. Finally, the research emphasis of SCCPs’ removal methods in the future is also prospected.

Red mud (RM) is an industrial waste residue produced in the extraction process of alumina from bauxite. Red mud could be modified as a low-cost adsorbent to efficiently adsorb heavy metal ions in wastewater. In this paper, the properties and compositions of red mud were discussed. Then, the advantages of red mud in absorbing heavy metal ions were analyzed. The effects of acid modification, roasting modification, and composite modification on the adsorption performance of red mud were summarized. Given that, the mechanisms of red mud for heavy metal ions adsorption were described. The thermodynamic and kinetic models of adsorption for heavy metals were listed. Red mud, as one of industrial wastes, has advantages for the adsorption of heavy metals from wastewater, such as low cost and ready availability, which can realize the “treatment of wastes with wastes”. In our opinion, the technology of heavy metal adsorption with red mud has a promising prospect.

The carbon nanotube (CNT) possesses high specific surface area, high adsorption capability, excellent conductivity, as well as chemical stability, etc. However, it has poor aqueous dispersity with low catalytic ability. In order to improve its performance for wastewater treatment, it is necessary to prepare modified CNT and/or CNT based composite materials. In this paper, the research progress of the preparation of modified CNT and CNT based composite materials, and their applications in wastewater treatment technologies, such as electrochemical oxidation, electrochemical reduction, electrochemical filtration, photocatalysis and membrane separation, etc. was summarized. In addition, a future research prospects regarding to the main research areas of CNT in wastewater treatment were also proposed. These areas included: ①the design of economical, convenient and mild CNT modification route for the preparation of novel, efficient and stable modified CNT and CNT based composite materials. ②the development of new wastewater treatment devices and reaction processes for the application of modified CNT and CNT based composite materials. ③the biological and ecological effects caused by the loss of modified CNT and CNT based composite materials.

The use of activated persulfate advanced oxidation technology to degrade organic pollutants in water has attracted much attention. Among them, more and more researches focused on that transition metals activate persulfate to degrade organic pollutants exhibited the excellent performance. In this paper, the application research of degrading pollutants by transition metal-based catalysts via activate persulfate in recent years was reviewed. Furthermore, precious metal, single metal and composite metal catalysts (nano-spinel structure catalysts, nano-cores shell structure catalysts and three-dimensional nano-structured catalysts) in the degradation of organic pollutants were investigated. Besides, the advantages and disadvantages of transition metal catalysts were discussed, as well as the current research status. Finally, the problems facing the activation system were proposed. It is expected to provide a reference for the application of transition metal activated persulfate degradation technology.

It is a promising CO₂ sequestration technology to inject CO₂ gas into seabed strata and depleted oil and gas reservoirs to form stable CO₂ hydrate. In order to further explore this technology, the CO₂ sequestration experiment simulation of natural wet sand at 3MPa and 5℃ was carried out by using hydrate method. The initial water saturation was set at 10%, 40% and 70%, respectively. The storage experiments of pure water and 3.5% (mass fraction) NaCl solution were carried out. The CO₂ storage effect under three different intake directions (top intake, horizontal intake and bottom intake) was also explored with the reaction still system independently developed. The results show that the storage stock of the horizontal inlet is generally larger than that of the top inlet, while the storage stock of the bottom inlet is the smallest, and the storage speed of the horizontal inlet is the fastest. It is also found that the higher the initial water saturation, the higher the hydrate saturation, but the lower the hydrate conversion rate, the lower the solid state sequestration ratio. Compared with the pure water experiment, the presence of salt reduces the CO₂ storage stock, and the proportion of solid storage is lower than that of the pure water experiment, but the storage speed is faster. The experiment provides a basis for the reasonable control of the water saturation, salinity and the appropriate intake direction in the actual engineering operation.

Fine impurity particles were separated from the waste plastics at four waste disposal sites and used as additives in the pyrolysis of pure plastics in order to study the effect of impurities on the oil quality during the pyrolysis of non-recyclable waste plastics. The effects of four types of impurities (I₁—I₄) on polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene and their mixture were investigated, as well as the role of organics and inorganics in the impurities. The additives increased the concentration of primary components in oil from 65.5% to 79.2%—90.3%. The highest concentration was obtained with impurity sample I₄, collected at a bicycle dismantling plant. I₄ also increased the alkenes in the polyethylene/polypropylene pyrolysis oil by 25.0% and 21.1%, but had no significant effect on polystyrene pyrolysis. The I₄ had 3 effects on the pyrolysis of plastics: inorganic ash acting as a heat carrier, the catalytic effect of specific active ash components and the effect of organics in the impurities. Ash as a heat carrier promoted the cleavage of polymer chains. Active ash components catalyzed hydrogenation and hydrogen transfer reaction. Pyrolysis of the organic components in I₄ produced additional aromatics and alkenes. The study would provide guidance for the pretreatment and oil quality control in the large-scale waste plastic pyrolysis process.

During the thermal disposal of sludge process, the presence of additives will change the form of phosphorus, which has a significant impact on the subsequent recovery and utilization of phosphorus. This paper applied SMT method, SEM-EDS, XRD, and ICP-MS to analyze the influence of CaCl₂ on the phosphorus form and bioavailability in sewage sludge during hydrothermal carbonization. The results showed that hydrothermal carbonization could simultaneously promote the conversion of organic phosphorus (OP) to inorganic phosphorus (IP) and non-apatite inorganic phosphorus (NAIP) to apatite inorganic phosphorus (AP) The propriate addition of CaCl₂ could promote the above conversion process. The concentrations of IP and AP in the hydrochar increased by 35.6% and 63.4%, respectively. When the mass fraction of CaCl₂ was 20%, the concentrations of IP and AP in the hydrochar reached the maximum levels, 79.62mg/g and 75.61mg/g, respectively. Meanwhile, the P-solubility of hydrochar in 2% CA solution also reached a maximum level of 57.02mg/g, and the bioavailability of the phosphorus in hydrochar also reached its maximum level under this condition.

Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles and Bi₂O₂CO₃ were used as raw materials for the manufacture of Bi₂O₂CO₃/Fe₃O₄ magnetic composite material by solvothermal method. Its applications for the remediation of the environmental pollutions were discussed, in terms of the removal of the dyes in the dyeing wastewater, the potential positive effects on the anaerobic digestion of the wasted sludge. The Bi₂O₂CO₃/Fe₃O₄ composite material was characterized via X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and specific surface area and pore size analysis. SEM images showed that the surface of the composite material was rough. The BET result indicated that the specific surface area of the composite material was 9.2294m²/g, and the introduction of Fe₃O₄ largely increased the specific surface area of Bi₂O₂CO₃, resulting in an obvious mesoporous structure. On one hand, the removal efficiencies of the dyes by the composite material with methyl orange (MO) as the target pollutant under different conditions were studied. The maximum adsorption capacity could reach 14.373mg/g. The adsorption reaction is likely to be the pseudo-second-order reaction, which can be described by the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model and characterized as the monolayer adsorption. On the other hand, the effects of composite materials on the methane production potential during anaerobic sludge digestion were evaluated. The addition of composite materials can promote methane production in sludge anaerobic digestion, and the cumulative methane production increased by 10% compared with that of the control group. The first-order kinetic model could well describe Bi₂O₂CO₃/Fe₃O₄-involved the anaerobic digestion process.

The remediation potential of pyrene contaminated soil by anionic-nonionic mixed surfactants were texted in this study. Firstly, the best ratio of mixed surfactants with rhamnolipid and saponin was obtained through measured surface tension. Secondly, the influence of single factors such as surfactant concentration, pH, CaCl₂, MgCl₂, KCl ionic strength and the number of recovery of eluent on the elution effect were studied by complete randomalized design. Then, response surface methodology (RSM) was used to screen out the main influencing factors affected the elution repair effect and texted their interaction intensity. Finally, the optimal elution condition of pyrene contaminated soil by mixed surfactants was established by Box-Behnken design. The main results of this study were shown as follows: ①mixed surfactants with rhamnolipid and saponin can synergistically reduce surface tension of solution and enhance the elution of pyrene in contaminated soils, mass ratio of 0.2 mixed surfactants with hamnolipid-saponin had the lowest surface tension and the best synergistic solubilization effect on pyrene. ②In the single-factor experiment of the mixed surfactants on the pyrene contaminated soil, the highest elution efficiency was got at mixed surfactants concentration, pH and Mg²⁺ reached 1800mg/L, 8 and 0.1mmol/L, respectively. ③According to the response surface analysis, the influence of environmental factors on the removal effect of pyrene was in order of pH>surfactant concentration>Mg²⁺ concentration. The mixed surfactants concentration and pH had the best interaction effect on the elution of pyrene, while the interaction between pH and salinity was the weakest. ④After the optimization of the Box-Behnken design, the optimal experimental conditions with the mixed surfactants concentration of 1900mg/L, pH of 5 and Mg²⁺concentration of 0.2mmol/L were determined, and the removal efficiency of pyrene reached 89.25%.

Oil/water separation in modern chemical industry become an increasingly significant issue because of the frequent oil spills and large amounts of oily industrial waste water. Materials with special wettability have highly selectivity on oil or water permeation, high separation efficiency and advantage of easy operation, therefore they have been extensively used in oil/water separation application. Herein, different sizes and arrays of BiVO₄ coated mesh were synthesized by liquid phase method. The surface morphology and wettability were characterized by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and contact angle meter, and the effects of the size and array of BiVO₄ on underwater oleophobic property were studied. Results showed that when scale-like BiVO₄ grew on stainless steel mesh uniformly, and these nanosheets were randomly and radially arranged, the underwater oil contact angle and the sliding angle of the coating were 165.1° and 2°, respectively, which proved its underwater superoleophobic property. A series of oil-water mixtures were separated by the BiVO₄ coated mesh, the separation efficiencies of all the mixtures were over 95.0%, and the separation flux was up to 1.4×10⁴L/(m²·h). Therefore, it has great potential application in the field of oil-water separation industry.

Design accident load is widely used in the strength design of key equipment and buildings in chemical plants. The maximum load under the most severe working conditions is taken as the reference value of strength design to reduce the risks suffered by the plant. However, the risk is determined by accident probability and consequence. If only the accident consequence was taken into consideration in the strength design, overdesign might occur. To solve this problem, a method to determine the anti-explosion strength of the control room based on the dimensional accident load (DAL) is proposed. The accident scenario set is developed and the probability of each explosion scenario is calculated. The scenarios were screened based on the NORSOK Z-013 standard and acceptable risk criteria to reduce the number and uncertainty of accident scenarios. The volume and position distribution of the flammable gas cloud is obtained by the dispersion simulation of the credible scenario, and the explosion overpressure of each scenario is calculated through the explosion simulation The DAL of the control room is determined according to the acceptable risk standard. The DAL of the control room is used as the peak overpressure to calculate the explosion load of the control room The anti-explosion structure should be adopted in the control room according to the explosion load. The results showed that the method of determining the anti-explosion strength of the control room based on the DAL quantified the anti-explosion load of the control room from probability and consequence. It overcomes the disadvantage of design accident load, not only effectively select credible scenarios, but also provide theoretical support for the strength design and safety barrier design of the central control room.