Electrodialysis with ultrafiltration membrane(EDUF) is a innovative technology for separation of organic charged molecules. It is an internal combination of electrodialysis (ED) and UF processes, with UF membranes are stacked or replaced partial ion-exchange membranes in a conventional ED stack. The ultrafiltration membrane is stacked as a different molecular barrier according to the different molecular weight cut-off of the UF membrane. And the driving force of the process is an external electric field, contrary to pressure-driven processes, no significant fouling at membrane interface was detected. It has been found effective in numerous potential applications in the food and bio-pharmaceutical industry for the separation and the recovery of bioactive compounds. In this process, it is the focus of the emergence and development of EDUF. The main factors affecting the separation efficiency are discussed, inclouding pH, the molecular weight cut-off of the UF membrane(MWCO), the appropriate electric field, stack configuration and so on. Finally, the future research direction is proposed for improving separation efficiency, reducing system energy consumption, ultrafiltration membrane material, hydrolysate pretreatment, system leakage. It will provide guidance for the research and application of this technology.

In the flow system, the flow field has a complex interaction with the mechanics, ion mass transfer and interface reaction of the corrosion behavior, and the effect of fluid flow is also complex and variable regarding to different metal materials under different solution environments, which aggravates the difficulty of investigating the corrosion mechanism in the flow environment. In this paper, the status of research on flow corrosion is comprehensively discussed, including the influencing mechanism of flow on the corrosion process, the experimental devices for flow corrosion research and the key factors in the flow corrosion. In particular, the effect of flow on corrosion reaction kinetics is analyzed from two aspects: changing the mass transfer rate of corrosion reactants/products, altering the flow shear stress being associated with the formation/damage kinetics of wall products films. The problems to be solved are put forward, including the interaction of corrosion interface evolution and flow dynamics, the discrepancy in the spatial and temporal scale, the multi-field coupling relation as well as the matching of different hydrodynamic parameters in flow corrosion and the further development trend is also proposed.

As the power of electronic device continues to increase, the heat flux density has also increased accordingly. Good thermal management is an important condition to ensure the safe and stable operation of electronic device. Based on the research results of Hosseinpour, et al and Sharma, et al, a double-layer microchannel heat sink with a pyramidal turbulence structure was designed, the heat transfer capacity of the microchannel heat sink is improved. Deionized water was selected as working medium flow, the double-layer trapezoidal microchannel heat sink model based on the pyramidal turbulence structure was established and analyzed by numerical simulation, the optimized structure size was obtained. The research shows that the microchannel heat sink has better heat transfer performance than other working conditions when the Reynolds number of the microchannel heat sink fluid is near 468, the distance between the disturbing structures is near 300μm, and the bottom-height ratio of the disturbing structure is near 0.6. Under the same conditions which Reynolds number is 800, compared with the results of Sharma, et al, the total heat resistance of the microchannel heat sink is reduced by 26%; compared with the ordinary double-layer trapezoidal microchannel heat sink, the double layer with pyramidal turbulence structure. The enhanced heat transfer coefficient PEC of the double-layer trapezoidal microchannel heat sink with pyramidal turbulence structure is 1.28.

A mathematical model of natural convection outside a heated cylinder in a closed cavity under the influence of surface tension is established by using the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM). Firstly, the model of natural convection and surface tension is verified, and then the heat transfer characteristics of natural convection of heated fluid outside the cylinder under the simultaneous action of surface tension of liquid and solid, and buoyancy force of gravity field are studied. Finally, the simulation results show that with the increase of surface tension (Oh number decreases), the disturbance of natural convection inside and outside the closed cavity will be intensified, the flow pattern will become more complicated, and the heat transfer coefficient of the wall will be improved obviously.When the Ra number is 10⁵ and the surface tension σ=0.076302N/mm (Oh=0.122) is added, the averaged Nusselt number on the left wall of the cavity and the heated cylinder wall are 93.5% and 60.35% higher than those without surface tension In addition, when the surface tension is equal to the buoyancy force of natural convection, the flow fluctuation is more obvious and violent, and in this case the increasing the buoyancy force within a certain range may weaken the heat transfer.

For the microencapsulated phase change materials slurry (MPCMs) having a large latent heat during the phase change period and having a narrower temperature change range and a higher heat convection coefficient than the single-phase fluid, it had become a new thermal fluid of widespread concern. According to the phase change temperature range obtained by DSC, the rectangular equivalent specific heat model was used to numerical simulate the laminar convective heat transfer performances of MPCMs in a tube under constant heat flux. Combined with the experimental data of MPCMs with 1-bromohexadecane as core material, the numerical simulation results were compared with the experimental results, and the error was analyzed. The heat transfer of MPCMs in a tube was investigated under various concentrations of MPCMs and heat flux. The influence of different parameters on the convective heat transfer was analyzed and the correlation of the convective heat transfer with MPCMs in a tube was obtained. And the inner diameter and the velocity was changed to certify the universality of the correlation of convective heat transfer with MPCMs in a tube. The results show that the simulation results are highly consistent with the prediction formula, and the correlation is universal.

Because of the advantages of high heat transfer and mixing efficiency, the ultrafine particles with small particle size, uniform and narrow distribution range can be prepared by opposed confined impinging jets reactor. The effect of jet velocity and structure size on micromixing quality was investigated by using iodide-iodate parallel-competitive reactions. Micromixing efficiency was compared with that of the mixing chamber size by the same proportion to one time. The experimental results show that the segregation index decreases with jet velocity increases, so that micromixing quality enhances. The increasing of nozzle distance to nozzle diameter ratio results increasing of segregation index, and micromixing efficiency decreases. As mixing chamber height and outlet size increases, segregation index first increases and then reduces. The effect of mixing chamber height on micromixing efficiency is more significant than that of mixing chamber outlet size. The value of the segregation index in magnifying opposed confined impinging jets reactor is 2.4 times larger than that of original opposed confined impinging jets reactor, it demonstrates the significant decreasing of micromixing quality. The results can provide efficient and safe technical support for the preparation of nanocomposite energy-containing materials.

With the continuous progress of social economy and plentifulness of the physical life, the use of cosmetics has become more and more common. Driven by economically motivated adulteration (EMA), fake and shoddy cosmetics in the market is becoming more and more serious. But the current quality traceability is mainly carried out through information tracing, so it is very necessary to establish a high-precision, fast and convenient detection method of cosmetics quality traceability. In this study, REIMS technology was used to test authentic and commercial cosmetics samples. In addition, clustering analysis was made to analysis liquid and milky sample under positive and negative mode respectively. Then, PCA-LDA models were constructed to find suspected counterfeits. Besides, the authentic cosmetics samples were used to build a discriminant model, and the commercial samples were distinguished to ascertain the counterfeit cosmetics. Then, Progenesis QI software was used to analyze the difference of mass spectrometry information between real and fate cosmetics samples and infer the structure. then, the main quality traceability target factors were determined, which laid a foundation for the standardization of rapid detection technology of cosmetics and quantitative detection of characteristic target species in the future.

Based on Aspen Plus, a systematic sensitivity analysis of the extraction process of high purity isobutene from extracted C₄ is carried out, and the energy consumption and investment cost, which are the most important problems for Chinese consumers, are taken as the optimization targets, optimization analysis of heat exchanger network based on Aspen Energy Analyzer. The system sensitivity analysis shows that the purity of isobutene can reach 99.95% and the recovery can reach 99.6% under the optimum conditions of theoretical plate number 36 and reflux ratio 5. Based on the conceptual design method of pinch theory, analyzing the heat exchange of isobutene purification unit and its heat exchange network, the result demonstrates, at 60℃, and D006 resin as catalyst, and combines the Energy consumption parameters optimized by Aspen Energy Analyzer, the calculation results show that the energy consumption of the heat utility project reaches 1944.17kW, which saves 12.9% compared with the original process, and that of the cold utility project.

A new process of reactive distillation in the dividing-wall column is proposed for the preparation of ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC). In addition to the interesterification between dimethyl carbonate (DMC) and ethanol, the effect of the anti-disproportionation reaction between dimethyl carbonate and diethyl carbonate (DEC) was also considered. The above reactions were integrated into an reactive distillation dividing-wall column to optimize the production process of methyl ethyl carbonate. Firstly, anti-disproportionation reaction between dimethyl carbonate and diethyl carbonate was conducted in laboratory, and the reaction kinetic model is established, experiments verified the reliability of the established process calculation results. Subsequently, the new process was simulated and optimized in Aspen plus, stage number of esterification reaction section, anti disproportionation reaction section, common stripping section, and product rectification section, the optimum feeding position, the optimum technical parameters such as reflux ratio was determined. Compared with traditional reaction distillation three column process, bottom product diethyl carbonate was returned to column in new process, an anti disproportionation reaction zone was added. Which improved product quality and yield obviously, avoided the output of low value by-products, also reduced equipment investment and energy consumption effectively.

In the existing chlor-alkali industry, the chlorination reaction using chlorine gas as a chlorine source has poor safety and is prone to produce excessive hydrochloric acid, and the atomic economy of chlorine is poor. In response to these problems, hydrochloric acid was used as the sole source of chlorine in this study. Oxygen peroxide was used to obtain chlorine molecules, and then chlorothiophene was synthesized into α-chlorothiophene (2-chlorothiophene and 2,5-dichlorothiophene). Phase can continue to be recycled. The structure of the product was confirmed by GC-MS and ¹HNMR analysis. By examining the process conditions such as the amount of HCl, the amount of H₂O₂, the reaction temperature, and the reaction time, the optimal experimental conditions are n(thiophene)∶n(HCl)∶n(H₂O₂)=1∶2.7∶2.1, and the reaction temperature is 35℃. With a reaction time of 3h, the conversion of thiophene was 100%, and the selectivity of α-chlorothiophene was 93%. In addition, the chloride ion concentration in the aqueous phase before and after the reaction was measured by ion chromatography to determine the consumption of chloride ions, and the process conditions for the reuse of the aqueous phase after a single-pass reaction were investigated. The research results show that the process route is green and safe, the reaction conditions are mild, and the post-processing is simple. The water phase has no other impurities and can be recycled. The process conditions are more suitable for industrial production, and it also provides another possible way for the recycling of hydrogen chloride gas.

Atmospheric and vacuum units are one of the most important components of refining and chemical enterprises. Not only their energy consumption is related to the total energy consumption of the entire process, but also the yield and quality of sideline products have a significant impact on downstream processes. At present, there are relatively few researches on the influence of atmospheric and vacuum equipment on the net profit. This paper uses Aspen process simulation software and related components to simulate the tower equipment and heat exchange network. Based on the optimization of other process parameters, the influence of the ratio of heat taken in the middle section of the high temperature position of the atmospheric tower and the vacuum tower on the sideline product yield, heat exchanger maintenance and depreciation costs, circulating water costs and fuel oil costs is analyzed. The results show that the ratio of heat extraction in the middle of the high temperature position is positively correlated with heat exchanger maintenance and depreciation costs, but negatively correlated with light oil extraction rate, circulating water costs and fuel oil costs. Based on the above analysis results, it is determined that increasing the proportion of heat extraction from line-two's from 33.1% to 38.1%, and reducing the proportion of heat extraction from vacuum distilation column 3 from 40% to 35.4%, can further increase the net profit of refining and chemical enterprises by 146 million yuan per year. It provides a theoretical basis for enterprises to further improve production efficiency.

In order to study the corrosion characteristics of soluble sodium silicate solution to metals, steel sheets and aluminum sheets were used as samples, and the corrosion rate of one week was tested by metal corrosivity tester. The corrosion of three different modulus sodium silicates on steel and aluminium specimens in five different concentrations was investigated. The results show that the soluble sodium silicate solution has no corrosiveness to steel and strong corrosivity to aluminium, and the corrosivity to aluminium is oxygen absorption corrosion. The corrosion starts from the gas-liquid interface, and then spreads to the surrounding area, and the phenomenon of uniform corrosion followed by pitting corrosion appears. When the modulus of sodium silicate is greater than or equal to 3, the aqueous solution is less corrosive to aluminium and does not reach the range of metal corrosives. When the modulus is less than or equal to 2, the corrosion rate of aluminium in aqueous solution is faster. When the mass fraction reaches a certain range, it can be classified as metal corrosives. At the same time, the mass fraction range of metal corrosives is given, which can provide an important reference for daily production, storage, use, supervision and transportation.

Contrary to blowout risk of high sulfur gas wells in Northeast Sichuan, the reliability of the existing well control protection layer is determined after analyzing the typical well M "overflow kick blowout" accident chain. Then, based on the simulation of hydrogen sulfide leakage and diffusion caused by uncontrolled blowout of well M based on FLACS software, combined with the actual situation, emergency disposal, emergency evacuation and accident consequences of well M are analyzed The emergency response capacity was evaluated. The results show that the well control measures of well M can basically meet the safety requirements of high sulfur gas wells, but can not completely eliminate the risk of uncontrolled malignant blowout. Once the blowout is out of control, it will inevitably lead to large-scale casualties. In view of the identified key risks and deficiencies of emergency response capability, the corresponding security countermeasures and suggestions are put forward to provide decision support for the safe development of high sulfur gas fields and the improvement of risk control ability.

Hydrogen circulation pump is one of the core components of proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) engine. To solve the problem of low hydrogen density and the possibility of hydrogen leakage, a compact vortex hydrogen circulation pump is designed. Taking the three-dimensional flow field of the hydrogen circulation pump as the research object, the CFD numerical calculation model of the pump cavity flow field was established, and the internal flow field simulation calculation was performed using Fluent software to analyze the performance characteristics of the hydrogen circulation pump at different speeds and determine. The minimum speed of the hydrogen circulation pump is compared with the experimental data to verify the feasibility and accuracy of the calculation model. The experimental results show that the motor speed of the hydrogen circulation pump is stable and the air tightness is good; as the inlet pressure of the hydrogen circulation pump increases, the hydrogen circulation amount will gradually increase. Under the condition of 16000r/min, the hydrogen pump inlet rises from 35kPa to 145kPa, and the hydrogen circulation The flow rate is increased from 140L/min to 330L/min, and the hydrogen circulation capacity meets the needs of the 30kW fuel cell power generation system.

At present, there is no standard analysis method for the analysis of sediment (fouling) components, and it is very difficult to diagnose and clean the system. In order to solve this problem, using the system engineering theory, a comprehensive analysis system of fouling composed of a basic analysis system and a random analysis system was constructed to analyze the scale-like components and qualitatively diagnose the corrosion, scaling, and blockage of the system. The research is composed of XRF standard-free semi-quantitative analysis and qualitative evaluation to determine the random analysis system. The muffle furnace cooperates with ICP-OES to accurately quantify and directly read the content of the components of the basic analysis system and the random analysis system. It is valid at 100%±5% (5% is the total error), and the results are normalized; then according to the analysis results of the scale samples and the appearance of the scale samples, combined with the working conditions, through the diagnosis technology, the system obstacles are diagnosed and rectified in time. Taking the fouling of the control valve of the water washing heat exchanger and liquid ammonia evaporator of a coal chemical enterprise as an example, the ratio of the scale sample Compton line measured by XRF is 0.967—0.981, indicating that the result is reliable, and thus the composition of the random analysis system is determined; ICP-OES The correlation coefficient of the working curve of each component element is above 0.999, and the linearity is good. From this, the content of each component is accurately quantified. The detection limit of each element in the scale sample is 0.0004% to 0.0010%; various components in the scale sample The contents all reflect a certain tendency. Through on-site working conditions and diagnostic techniques, the cause of the fault is found, and the system fault is solved in time after rectification measures. The research results show that: the comprehensive analysis system and diagnostic technology of the scale can comprehensively, objectively and systematically reflect the composition of the scale sample; and it is simple, efficient, fast and accurate to analyze and diagnose the scale group of coal chemical heat exchangers, filters, towers, pipes, valves, etc points and system failures.

CO₂ fixation by algae can alleviate the global climate change and energy crisis caused by the burning of fossil fuels and it is getting more and more attention. However, the low CO₂ fixation efficiency of algae is the main obstacle to its wide application. Recently CO₂ bio-fixation using chemically enhanced microalgae has been attracting momentum. In this review, the CO₂ bio-fixation using chemical absorbents enhanced microalgae was summarized from two aspects, environmental characteristics of culture medium and physiological and biochemical characteristics of microalgae. Furthermore, the paper reviewed some adjustable parameters in the progress of CO₂ bio-fixation including the kinds of chemical absorbents, addition amount, adding method, adding time, etc. Finally, the paper put forward the common problem in the research of CO₂ fixation by chemical absorbents enhanced microalgae,which is the unclear mechanism and design principles. And then the future research direction from three levels of macroscopic, mesoscopic, and molecular was pointed out. Using omics analysis technology to reveal the regulation mechanism and essential reason for CO₂ bio-fixation using the novel chemically enhanced microalgae. Combined with "photochemistry-in situ microcalorimetry", the common pathway and changing law was mastered. Finally, the equilibrium correlations among the CO₂ supply, dissolution, mass transfer, and fixation are determined by visualization experiment. These will further facilitate the precise control of chemical absorbents and improve the carbon fixation efficiency of microalgae.

The design and operation of coking heater is the key technology of delayed coking. The paper expounded the development course of coking heater, summarized scale and heater type of the coking unit in each production enterprise of three major oil companies, and described the technical characteristics of double-sided radiant box heater and step heater. The key technology of coking heater developed in China in recent years was emphatically introduced form the coking mechanism of coking furnace tube, the characterization of raw material reaction and its industrial application. At present, most of the coking heater in the oil refineries are double-sided radiant box furnaces, and the newly-built devices mostly adopt the stepped furnace type. Based on the coking mechanism of the furnace tube in China, through the establishment of a coking raw material processing performance evaluation method, the coking furnace process simulation technology was developed, and new guidelines for the design and operation of the furnace tube coking were proposed, and a process technology that increased the reaction heat with a low temperature and long residence time was established. In the future, in the design and transformation of coking equipment, it is necessary to judge the coking characteristics in advance based on the nature of the raw materials, adopt advanced combustion methods, reasonable furnace tube layout and process design, improve the flow state in the tube, and optimize key operations, etc. On the premise of controlling the coking of the furnace tube, try to increase the cracking reaction depth at the furnace outlet as much as possible, so as to achieve the purpose of improving product distribution and extending the operation cycle of the device.

It proposes an idea of “distributed-centralized hydrogen producing and filling station”, by briefly introducing and reviewing the practical significance of the planning and design of the integrated hydrogen production and filling stations and the development status of hydrogenation stations. The module of “distributed-centralized hydrogen producing and filling station” is a kind of distributed hydrogen supply module: “centralized station” integrates hydrogen producing and filling; while “distributed station” is only related to hydrogen filling and the hydrogen is from “centralized station” by trailer. On-site hydrogen producing is hydrogen source for “centralized station”, including SMR, methanol reforming and electrolysis. It briefly compares the pros and cons of the said three hydrogen producing technologies. It analyzes the costs of these technologies in detail, including hydrogen producing cost, hydrogen storage and logistic cost, station CAPEX and OPEX. According to the characteristics and cost analysis of the hydrogen supply mode, the “distributed-centralized hydrogen producing and filling station” supported by SMR, methanol reforming and/or electrolysis would be fit to China energy structure and the new hydrogen energy utilization mode.

Different coal rank has different controlling effect on gas. According to the temperature-pressure-adsorption equation, the series of isotherm adsorption data of both normal coal and deformed coal with high-rank from Daning Coal Mine of Qinshui Basin and middle-rank from Pingdingshan Minmetals have been effectively converted. The isosteric enthalpy of adsorption of these coals are calculated. The adsorption isotherms of these coals are the system exothermic to the environment, and the more exothermic the system is, the more stable the system is. While the desorption is that the system endothermic from the environment, and the less endothermic the system is, the more stable the system is. When the adsorption capacity is 15.0cm³/g, the exothermic heat of the unit isosteric enthalpy of adsorption is 1.95kJ/(mol·cm³·g) for high-rank normal coal, which is higher than the other three kinds of coal. Therefore, it must be the first to be adsorbed. When the adsorption capacity is 15.0cm³/g, the endothermic heat of the unit isosteric enthalpy of desorption is 0.52kJ/(mol·cm³·g) for middle-rank deformed coal, which is lower than that of the other three kinds of coal. Therefore, it must be the first to be desorbed. It is suggested to measure the endothermic heat of the unit isosteric enthalpy of desorption for different kinds of deformed coal (broken coal, slice coal, freckled coal, mylonitized coal, etc.), which can provide thermodynamic reference for the study of coal and gas outburst.

According to the properties of super heavy oil in block 12 of Tahe Oilfield, the experiment and viscosity prediction model of blending styrene tar to reduce super heavy oil viscosity were studied. In the case of different blending ratios, the experiments to reduce super heavy oil viscosity was carried by using styrene tar and diesel oil. The rheological data was fitted by the nonlinear Bingham model, and the viscosity data of blended oil measured by the experiment was matched with the prediction model. The results show that the visbreaking effect of 20% styrene tar blended with super heavy oil was the same as that of 10% diesel blended with super heavy oil, and the rate of viscosity reduction was greater than 97%. The higher the blending ratio and the temperature, the lower the viscosity of blended oil. The rheological model of blended oil conforms to the nonlinear Bingham model. The blended oil shows the shear thinning phenomenon. When the viscosity ratio of super heavy oil to styrene tar is less than 1.76×10⁴, the viscosity of blended oil can be calculated by Cragoe Modified model and Double Logarithmic Modified model Ⅱ. Double Logarithmic Modified model Ⅱ has the best viscosity prediction effect on blended oil of styrene tar and super heavy oil, which the mean relative deviation is 9.4%.

The macerals of Qinghua coal in Ningxia were separated by density gradient centrifugation to obtain vitrinite and inertinite. The physical properties of different macerals were characterized by elemental analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), solid ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance (¹³C NMR), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) technology. Further, based on the statistical average molecular structure approximation combined with molecular modeling calculations, the molecular structures of vitrinite and inertinite for Qinghua coal can be expressed as C₂₆₉H₁₉₆N₄O₁₃S and C₂₅₅H₁₇₉N₃O₁₄S, respectively. Through the verification of FTIR and ¹³C NMR spectra, the molecular structure of different macerals was described. The molecular models and structural parameters of two macerals were compared and analyzed systematically, and it found that the aromatic carbon percentage of vitrinite and inertinite were 51.95 and 62.16, respectively. In the vitrinite model, the number of aromatic carbon structure is less, the fatty carbon structure is rich, the unsaturation is smaller, and the reduction degree is the largest. While in the inertinite model, the number of aromatic carbon structure is the largest, the number of fatty carbon structure is small, the unsaturation is the largest, and the degree of coalification is high. Furthermore, the vitrinite is the main component of raw coal because of its high content. The content of inertinite is low and the condensation degree of macromolecular structure is high, which is distributed in the matrix of vitrinite.

Thermogravimetric infrared linkage technology(TG-DTG-FTIR) was used to study the pyrolysis characteristics of monounsaturated free fatty acid oleic acid components in rubber seed oil at different heating rates (5℃/min, 10℃/min, 20℃/min, 30℃/min).Then, the characteristic parameters obtained by non-isothermal pyrolysis of oleic acid were studied and calculated by multiple linear regression method, and the corresponding reaction series, activation energy and pre-exponential factor were obtained under different heating rates, and the activation energy and pre-exponential factor of oleic acid pyrolysis under different heating rates were fitted linearly. The experimental results show that the pyrolysis process of oleic acid can be divided into two stages: 0—268℃ and 268—300℃. According to the analysis of the characteristic peak of the infrared spectrum, steam, CH₄, CO₂ and CO volatilized during the thermal decomposition of oleic acid at different heating rates. As the heating rate increases, the maximum weight loss rate of oleic acid pyrolysis increases, and the pyrolysis interval moves towards the high-temperature section. Meanwhile, when the heating rate is from 5℃/min to 30℃/min, the reaction series n=1, the activation energy of thermal decomposition reaction decreases from 105.57kJ/mol to 93.99kJ/mol, and the pre-exponential factor decreases from 6.99×10⁶ to 6.7×10⁵.When n≠1, the activation energy of the thermal decomposition reaction decreased from 102.45kJ/mol to 93.38kJ/mol, and the pre-exponential factor decreased from 3.13×10⁶ to 2.97×10⁴. The activation energy of the reaction and the pre-exponential factor decreased significantly with the increase of the heating rate. By linear fitting of activation energy and exponential factor of oleic acid pyrolysis reaction at different heating rates, it is found that the two have a good compensation effect.

A set of four-variable mathematical equations has been established from a series of three-variable mathematical equations to predict the methane adsorption capacity in middle-rank coals (the maximum reflectivity of vitrinite R_0,max=0.65%—2.50%) under the temperature (20—50℃) or the buried depth shallower than 1200 meters.The average relative error of this mathematical transformation is between 7.28% and 9.49%. There is a specific Software Works to deal with the numerical simulation of methane adsorption capacity in middle-rank coal. As long as five pieces of measured data: the maximum reflectivity of vitrinite R_0,max, temperature gradient, pressure gradient, buried depth and the temperature of constant temperature layer, are inputted, the values of the methane adsorption capacity V, parameters (A、B、Δ、β) can be calculated and outputted. Under certain maximum reflectivity of vitrinite R_0,max value, two drawing of “curved surface of adsorption capacity-temperature-pressure” and “curve of adsorption capacity-buried depth” can be obtained.

An orthogonal test scheme L9 (3⁴) was designed considering four main factors, anode catalyst (IrO₂) loading, cathode catalyst (Pt/C) loading, anode nafion proportion and cathode nafion proportion with three levels. The water electrolysis properties of different membrane electrode assembly (MEAs) were characterized using polarization curve under 60℃. The current density at 2V was used to assess the performance. The MEA had the best performance when the anode catalyst loading was 2.0mg/cm², cathode catalyst loading was 1.0mg/cm², anode nafion proportion was 20% and cathode nafion proportion was 25%. Polarization curve measurement, hydrogen yield calculation and stability test was conducted on the MEA with optimal condition. Under a constant current mode, the electrolytic voltage increased from 1.78V to 2.06V during the stability test. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) indicated that the total resistance of electrolyser and charge transfer resistance both increased. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that the cathode catalytic layer was peeled off from the membrane after testing. The water in tank was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) every ten hours, the result showed that there was an obvious accumulation of the Ir and Pt elements in the feed water with the process of water electrolysis.

Manganese catalysts have excellent catalytic degradation of VOCs and ozone in the field of non-thermal plasma catalysis. In this review, a comprehensive discussion of this kind of catalysts is provided from the following aspects: the synergistic effects and catalytic mechanism of manganese catalysts in the non-thermal plasma catalysis system, including changing discharge behavior, producing new active species and providing reactive sites; the common kinds of active phases, such as single metal and multi-metal catalysts; the main preparation methods: impregnation method, hydrothermal synthesis, co-precipitation method, and sol-gel method; the combination form of plasma and catalysts; the effects of manganese catalyst and energy density on the plasma catalytic degradation of toluene based on statistical analysis, the reduction of by-products of ozone and NO_x; finally the perspective and future direction of manganese catalysts were proposed: manganese catalysts are still the hotspot in the field of non-thermal plasma catalysis; by the means of introducing other metal and non-metal elements, improving the dispersity of active phases, enhancing the adsorption of catalysts to further increase the catalytic activity and stability; investigating interaction mechanism between plasma and active sites of catalysts through in-situ detection technologies.

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are both the main atmospheric pollutants and important precursors for the formation of PM_2.5 and ozone. Strengthening the control of volatile organic compounds emission is an important way to improve the atmospheric environment. In addition, catalytic combustion (oxidation) is considered to be one of the most effective ways to remove VOCs. This work reviewed the noble metal catalysts, non-noble metal catalysts widely used in the catalytic oxidation of VOCs. The noble metal catalysts mainly included Pd, Pt and Ru based catalysts, and the non-noble metal catalysts contained the oxides of Mn, Co, Ce and Zr. The oxidation activity and stability of noble metal catalysts are generally higher than that of non-noble metals for VOCs combustion, but non-noble metals (Mn, Cu) are more suitable for nitrogen-containing VOCs combustion because of its higher N₂ selectivity, and the Cr based catalysts are consider to be more effective for chlorine-containing VOCs combustion. Then, the discussion was focused on the effects of support, dispersion and catalyst preparation methods on the catalytic performance of noble metal catalysts. The prospects for the future development of catalysts for VOCs combustion were also discussed.

The hydrodenitrogenation(HDN) performance improvement is the crucial factor but also the difficulty in the development of hydrotreating catalyst for inferior gas oil, while catalyst support preparation and modification technology are the core of obtaining high-performance hydrotreating catalyst for inferior gas oil. To deal with the issue of large pore size distribution of conventional Al₂O₃, which is not conducive to the diffusion of reactants and the improvement of specific surface area, the preparation methods (sol-gel method, precipitation method, hydrothermal synthesis method) and their advantages and defects of homogeneous mesoporous Al₂O₃(MA) support were introduced. In order to improve the catalyst hydrodenitrogenation activity, the promoters (phosphorus, boron, fluorine) modification, composite oxides (TiO₂-Al₂O₃, SiO₂-Al₂O₃) modification and composite modification on Al₂O₃ support in recent years were reviewed. The changes of support acidity and interaction with active phases after modification and their effect on catalyst hydrodenitrogenation performance were analyzed. Future research should focus on the homogeneous mesoporous Al₂O₃ support and composite modification, with a view to obtain high activity hydrodenitrogenation catalyst for inferior gas oil.

The reaction of aromatics and olefins is widely used in organic synthesis. With the increase of environmental protection requirements, the traditional catalysts for the alkylation of aromatics have been gradually replaced by new green catalysts. Recent studies have found that ionic liquids and molecular sieves have a highly efficient catalytic effect on the reaction and are environmentally friendly. This article discusses the acidity of ionic liquids and molecular sieves, summarizes the corresponding catalytic mechanism, and analyzes related experimental and theoretical research work. The effects of the structures of ionic liquids and molecular sieves on their catalytic performance were also revealed, laying a foundation for further research on alkylation reactions. Analysis shows that ionic liquid can act as both B acid and L acid; molecular sieves mainly act as B acid, and its catalytic performance is closely related to pore structure, pore size and reactant size. Ionic liquids have poor stability and high cost, and molecular sieve deactivation is relatively fast. In the future, research needs to be conducted to improve the stability of ionic liquids, improve their preparation methods to reduce costs, and improve the molecular sieve structure to extend the service life.

Condensation amination of monoethanolamine (MEA) is a green and efficient method in selective synthesis of ethylenediamine (EDA). Progresses and trends in reaction process, catalyst, separation and purification are reviewed in this work. Reaction mechanism, thermodynamics and kinetics, effect of catalysts including acidity, pore properties and deactivation, separation and purification are discussed in detail. Furthermore, the core issues in the industrialization of this reaction are analyzed and it's pointed out that fabrication of hierarchical zeolite with tunable surface acidity is an effective way to overcome the diffusion limitation in selective synthesis of EDA. Via the synergism between shape selective catalysis and acid catalysis, it is expected to overcome the problems and promote the application in selective synthesis of EDA via condensation amination of MEA in industry.

Against the background of declining heavy oil quality and rising diesel sulfur standards, in order to improve hydrodesulfurization catalysts and production processes, the in-situ IR was used to study the sulfurization behavior of Co-Mo/γ-Al₂O₃ catalyst whose industrial direct desulfurization activity is higher and adsorption behavior of thiophene. Co-Mo/γ-Al₂O₃ catalyst surface was sulfided at 320℃, and during thiophene-temperature programmed desorption on sulfided catalyst, the thiophene adsorption characteristic peaks at 1558cm^-1 (CC vibration) and 1413cm^-1 (CH vibration) disappeared at 250℃(π complex adsorption); peaks at 1679, 1575cm^-1 (CC vibration ) and 1396cm^-1 (CH vibration) disappeared at 350℃(M-S adsorption), but peaks at 1537cm^-1, 1513cm^-1 (CC vibration) and 1338cm^-1 (CH vibration) strengthened (π complex adsorption). This clarifies the relationship between adsorption mode and desorption temperature of thiophene, which provides experimental data support for the design and development of higher activity catalysts.

As an important technical means in the structural characterization of materials, Raman spectroscopy is found sensitive and have significant response to carbon structure in the wavenumber area 0～3300cm^-1. Among them, an ideal graphitic lattice CC in-plane vibration mode namely G-band and a consequence of the existence of structural disorder namely D-band are suggested as two of the important index in the study of the carbon structures. Based on these index, a series of structural features such as microscopic stress, crystalline structure, graphitization degree and structural heterogeneity of carbon structures can be obtained. In recent years, with the successful application of a series of new technologies represented by "Mapping" mode, many new developments have been made in the Raman spectroscopy application technologies for carbon fibers. In this paper, taking the applications in the microscopic and mesoscopic aspects of carbon fibers as the starting point, the progress in the Raman spectroscopy studies of microscopic stress/strain, crystalline structure, graphitization degree and structural inhomogeneity of carbon fiber is reviewed.

Sulfur is one of the main impurities in graphene. Sulfur often degrades various excellent properties of graphene to a great extent. The existing test methods have some shortcomings. The shortcomings include large sample volume and long analysis time. This paper established a method for determining the total sulfur content in graphene with low sample consumption. It was achieved by high-frequency induction combustion infrared absorption method. This paper examined the impact of various factors on the measurement. Including the type, amount of flux, stacking order, and the standard material used to establish the working curve. The results showed that only 0.015g of graphene sample was needed to obtain stable and reliable test results. Necessary conditions included optimization of test parameters and compression of graphene samples. The optimal flux type was 0.6g iron filings and 0.8g tungsten tin flux. The optimal stacking order was to place the iron filings below, the sample in the middle, and the flux on top. The optimal working curve was to establish a working curve using low alloy steel standard materials. The detection limit of the method was 0.0033%, and the limit of quantification was 0.011%. It can be used for the accurate determination of low content sulfur in graphene. The optimal conditions were used to determine the total sulfur content of 11 graphene samples from 7 commercial manufacturers. The measurement result was between 0.082% and 3.60%. The deviation from the arbitration method Esca method was between -0.07% and 0.06%. There was no significant difference between the two methods. The relative standard deviation of the measurement results was between 0.73% and 1.97%. The precision was better than the Eskar method, indicating that the results are satisfactory. At the same time, the test results also show that most of the sulfur content in the commercially available graphene samples cannot be ignored. In the application process of graphene, sufficient attention should be paid.

In this paper, some different materials with micro-pore are analyzed and their micro-pore size distributions are also described precisely firstly. Secondly, the adsorption performance of ambient atmospheric xenon are tested in the same size stainless column within different porous materials. And then, the comparisons of the results between micro-pore size distributions and adsorption performance of ambient atmospheric xenon are discussed and studied in detail. As a consequence, micro-pore volume of the material is the main parameter for specific surface. In room temperature, the xenon adsorption also accumulate in micro-pore but in mesopore, it demonstrates that the positive correlation between the adsorption performance of ambient atmospheric xenon and the micro-pore volume is obtained obviously. Furthermore, the adsorption of ambient atmospheric xenon in room temperature usually occurs in the micro-pore size range with 5.0—7.0?, but not to adsorb in the micro-pore bigger than 10.0?.

As an economical, efficient and less secondary pollution technology, microbial method has obtained notable achievements and concerns for removal of \mathrm{C}\mathrm{l}{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{4}}^{-}. The current review comprehensively summarizes the main mechanisms, source and screening of micro-organisms, major influencing factors (ie., electron acceptor, electron donor, pH, temperature, salinity, heavy metals and so on, on the performance of perchlorate reducing bacteria as well as the application status reported in literatures. The results demonstrated that perchlorate reducing bacteria are abundant under ambient conditions and it can easily reduce \mathrm{C}\mathrm{l}{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{4}}^{-} through a series of reductases, but different microorganisms may have different pathways and that should be revealed in the future research, furthermore, operational parameters and environmental factors could exert significant effects on the performance of perchlorate reducing bacteria to degrade \mathrm{C}\mathrm{l}{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{4}}^{-}, positively or negatively. Dosing extra electron donor is still the defects of microbial method, thus the technology has not been applied widely yet in some degree. Based on that understandings, establishing an economical strategy for electron donors should be explored. New option of electron donor dosing and the future research direction were proposed to provide some insights to the pertinent engineering challenges of perchlorate reducing bacteria in the degradation of \mathrm{C}\mathrm{l}{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{4}}^{-}.

Bacterial cellulose (BC) has been widely used in medicine, food and other fields because of its unique properties. Based on the domestic and foreign literature and team research results, this paper reviews the related research on BC synthesis and identification. Firstly, the screening of BC synthetic bacteria and the utilization of carbon source were analyzed, and the research ideas of reducing BC synthesis cost were summarized. Secondly, the methods to identify the synthetic products of strains were summarized, and the characteristics of different methods were summarized. Then combined with the team selected BC production bacteria XJL-06-4BC synthesis The results of enzyme gene analysis reviewed the BC synthesis pathway, the form of synthetase and the regulation of gene level, a new idea for BC to increase yield by changing the synthesis pathway at the molecular level. Finally, summarize the problems existing in BC microbial fermentation production, and put forward solutions from many angles.

In view of the low degree of automation and informatization in the process research and development of small special fine chemical production process with small batch production mode, strong corrosion of process medium and high risk, resulting in less data obtained in process research and development, insufficient thorough research on process mechanism, more manual operation, high safety risk, high consumption of resource and low efficiency. It is expected that through the research and application of key automation and informatization technologies such as intelligent control, online analysis, simulation and virtual manufacturing, process monitoring and predictive maintenance, information management and production scheduling and other key technologies, the automation and informatization degree of small-scale special fine chemical production process can be improved, and the digitization, virtualization and intellectualization of small-scale special fine chemical production process can be realized, and the production cost, production safety risk and test consumption can be reduced. It can improve the success rate and efficiency of the research and development of small-scale special fine chemical production process, and achieve the goal of digital design and accurate production of small-scale special fine chemical production process.

An ideal metal bipolar plate for proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) needs good corrosion resistance and electrical conductivity. Surface modification is one of the main ways to solve the problem of corrosion resistance and electrical conductivity of metal bipolar plate for PEMFC. This paper classified, introduced and summarized various performance evaluation methods of surface modification coating on metal bipolar plate. The performance evaluation methods mainly included the electrochemical corrosion analysis, interfacial contact resistance measurements, characterization of surface topography, composition analysis and in-situ assembly of cells evaluation. It was found that the test standards were not unified and in situ evaluation methods were less used. Therefore, The research directions were put forward that the effects of test parameters need to be further analyzed to unify the test standards, and the evaluations in the real cells running environment were adopted as far as possible. It is expected that the following researches can improve the evaluation standard systems and promote the industry development orderly as soon as possible.

E. oleracea,as the most widely distributed species in Amazon, is alsothe most intensively researched and the highly commercialized species of genus Euterpe. The fruit of E. oleracea, alsoknown as A?aí berry,has received considerable attention worldwide as it exhibited extraordinary antioxidant power in the researches reported, and therefore was regarded as a "super fruit". E. oleracea is rich in unsaturated fatty acids, amino acids, vitamins, and other nutrients, as well as a high concentration of bioactive phenolic compounds, such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, anthocyanins, and proanthocyanidins. Among all these nutrients and bioactive compounds, total fatty acids, linoleic acid, ferulic acid, quercetin, protocatechuic acid, and protocatechuic acid methyl ester were reported to have skin whitening effects. In vitro and in vivo experiments on E. oleracea have found that its pulp extracts exhibit potential skin whitening effects such as tyrosinase inhibiting activity and protecting skin cells against oxidative stress caused by UV irradiation. For future studies, it is recommended that the skin-whitening ingredients of Euterpe oleracea could be further excavated, and the whitening efficacy is encouraged to be verified through further animal experiments and clinical trials.

In order to solve the problems of long time, low efficiency, high energy consumption and high cost of traditional extraction process of Cinnamomum longepaniculatum essential oil, following the concept of green extraction, the microwave-assisted steam distillation method was adopted to extract the essential oil of C. longepaniculatum and the optimal extraction process was optimized. A quadratic regression model was established, variance analysis and diagnosis were carried out based on single factor test and response surface methodology. The effect of particle size, microwave extraction time and microwave extraction power on the yield of C. longepaniculatum essential oil was investigated to determine the optimal extraction process, and the theoretical results were verified by experiments. The results showed that microwave-assisted steam distillation method (10min) had the advantages of shorter extraction time, higher efficiency and more energy saving than the traditional steam distillation method (2h) when the yield of essential oil was similar. The quadratic polynomial regression model was very significant (P<0.01). Lack of fit was not significant (P>0.05), and the coefficient of determination was R²=0.989, and the analysis indicate that the model fits the data well combined with the diagnosis chart. The optimal extraction process of C. longepaniculatum essential oil by the microwave-assisted steam distillation method was as follows: particle size of material was 10 meshes, microwave extraction time was 11 min, microwave extraction power was 630W. Under this condition, the yield of essential oil was 4.479%, which was basically consistent with the experimental verification results (4.442%+0.16%), and the reliability of the quadratic regression model was verified. Compared with the traditional process, this technology has the advantages of shorter extraction time, higher efficiency, low energy consumption, lower cost, it is more green, safe and easy to realize industrialization, it is expected to improve the application value of C. longepaniculatum essential oil in various fields such as daily chemistry, beauty, medicine and so on.

The properties of insulation of armored silicate adhesive in special conditions were studied in this article. The adhesives with different K⁺ concentration and ratio of liquid and solid were solid sealed into stainless steel casing. The insulation of samples in the environments of high humidity and temperature were measured. The results indicate that in a humidity environment, the ratio of liquid and solid in colloid and the potassium ion concentration affect the insulation properties of samples. When the ratio of solid and liquid is 2/1 and the quality between potassium silicate and silica sol is (2—1)∶1, the insulating performances good properties. In the condition of high temperature, the insulation properties of samples decrease with the increase of heating temperature and holding time. During the heating process, some alloying elements ofarmored shell move into the colloid surface which results in decrease of insulation properties.

The composite solid propellant contains many solid particles. The discrete element method is an effective method suitable for the numerical simulation of the production process of the solid propellant. The contact parameters of the granular materials are the key to ensure the simulation accuracy of the discrete element method. In this paper, the main components of the composite solid propellant (aluminum powder and ammonium perchlorate solid particles) were used as the research materials. The angle of repose of the relevant materials was obtained through experimental measurements. The experimental process of the angle of repose measurement was simulated by using the professional discrete element software EDEM. The relationship between the angle of repose of the materials and the contact parameters has been established. The results have shown that the greater the rolling and sliding friction coefficients, the greater the angle of repose and the poorer the fluidity of the material. By comparing the simulation and experimental results, the two key contact parameters of the rolling and sliding friction coefficients of the materials were determined by the backstepping approach. The sliding friction coefficient and the rolling friction coefficient of the 1∶2 mixture of aluminum powder and ammonium perchlorate were 0.2 and 0.05, respectively. It gives important data support for the discrete element numerical simulation of the production process of solid propellants.

Ion exchange method is one of most common technology of water softening, which removes water hardness based on reversible ion exchange reaction and is a typical special separation process. Firstly, the basic principle behind water softening by ion exchange resin is explained. Secondly, research and application progress of the technology is introduced. Finally, for solving the problems exposed by practical applications of the technology , feasible methods and suggestions are proposed.

Electrocoagulation is an effective electrochemical method for the treatment of different types of drinking water and wastewater. In recent years, due to its high efficiency in the treatment of a large number of difficult pollutants, it has attracted widespread attention. It has successfully treated organic and inorganic pollutants with little by-products. In the past decade, a large number of researches have been devoted to the treatment of drinking water and wastewater by electrocoagulation, ranging from polluted groundwater to highly polluted refinery wastewater. This paper first introduces the basic principle, advantages and disadvantages of electrocoagulation, and reviews the recent literature on the application of electrocoagulation in water treatment, focusing on the current success in the specific application of drinking water and wastewater and the potential for future application. Then it analyzes several factors that affect the efficiency of electrocoagulation, and points out that most of the recent electrocoagulation research focuses on the removal of specific pollutants, without focusing on the development of models or industrial applications, and if the cost of electrocoagulation can be reduced, this method will have a huge breakthrough.

There is an urgent need but it is still a significant challenge to eliminate volatile organic compounds (VOCs) due to its serious threat to environment. This review summarized the treatment for low-concentration VOCs elimination with large air flow and focused on the adsorption and catalytic combustion treatment. Actually, there is a very large total amount of VOCs emission for low-concentration VOCs with large air flow. The VOCs concentration technology should be the effective way for reducing the cost during the VOCs treatment process, which could improve the VOCs concentration and decrease the air flow. And the development of high-performance VOCs adsorption materials is the key to VOCs concentration technology. This review introduced the properties of activated carbon, molecular sieve and other important adsorption materials in detail. Moreover, the principle of adsorption of VOCs and the effects of adsorption material properties and VOCs types on the adsorption result were also discussed. The application of activated carbon concentration-catalytic combustion technology and molecular sieve runner concentration-catalytic combustion technology in the treatment of low concentration VOCs with large air flow are prospected.

During the process of storage and transportation of light oil such as crude oil and gasoline in oil tank, some light components evaporate to produce many kinds of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that are toxic and harmful to the atmosphere. In the terminal of oil vapor recovery, activated carbon is usually used to further absorb volatile organic compound (VOCs) with low concentration to meet the strict VOCs emission standard and high-quality environment requirement. Regeneration of VOCs-saturated activated carbon can not only prolong the life of activated carbon, but also reduce the solid waste treatment charge. Supercritical CO₂ regeneration is considered to be a promising method to regenerate the activated carbon because it overcomes the inherent defects of traditional thermal regeneration methods. In this paper, the regeneration mechanism of activated carbon under supercritical CO₂ is described in detail, and the key points and existing problems of the mechanism research are summarized. It is pointed out that the micro mechanism of VOCs desorption under the supercritical CO₂ and the calculation model of mass transfer coefficient of VOCs in activated carbon after desorption are the key breakthrough of the mechanism research in the future, and it is also the referenced research direction for further improvement of the regeneration theory of activated carbon under supercritical CO₂.

This review introduces the production, modification and characterization of biochar, especially its application in environment remediation. Pyrolysis, gasification and hydrothermal carbonization are the common methods for biochar production. The adsorption properties of biochar are influenced by the raw materials and production conditions. To improve the adsorption properties of biochar, it can be modified by acid, alkali, oxidizing agents, metal ions, organic compound, ultraviolet radiation, non-thermal plasma, combined materials, steam and gas purging. The selected modification methods depend on the fields of environment application. Although biochar has been used for soil remediation and improvement, carbon sequestration, organic solid waste compost, decontamination of water and wastewater, air pollution control with great success, however, whether biochar could sequester carbon needs further investigation at different soil conditions; the reasons why biochar improves soil quality need to be further study; the mechanism of organic pollutants removal by biochar in soils needs further investigation. In addition, more attention should be paid to the stability of biochar to avoid secondary pollution when biochar is used for environment remediation. In summary, biochar has a broad application prospect in environment remediation but there are still some problems and challenges to be solved.

With the improvement of living standard of people and the implementation of garbage classification, the production of food waste in China is gradually increasing, which poses a new challenge to environmental pollution control. Anaerobic digestion is one of the mainstream treatment methods because it can realize the resource utilization of food waste. However, characteristics of food waste may inhibit the anaerobic digestion process. This paper summarizes the characteristics of food waste at home and abroad, and finds that the components of food waste in different regions are quite different. Food waste has the characteristics of high perishable organic matter, high protein, high fat, high salt and high crude fiber, which can easily cause some problems such as acidification, ammonia suppression and long solid retention time. They can be relieved by co-digestion with other substances, addition of additives, removal of inhibitors and selection of appropriate processes. Finally, the mitigation methods of each component of food waste are summarized and the research prospects are proposed, to promote the development of resource utilization of food waste.

The oily sludge in the process of gathering and transporting accounts for about 60% of the new increment of oilfield hazardous waste, which is the focus of pollution control. Oily sludge has the characteristics of complex composition, high liquid content, stable emulsification and cementation. In recent years, researchers have studied a large number of "conditioning solid-liquid separation" reduction technology to reduce the environmental risk and disposal cost of oily sludge. However, it is still a difficult problem to optimize and match the methods and devices for the reduction and conditioning of oily sludge from different sources. In this paper, the chemical and physical conditioning methods, such as oxidation, demulsification, flocculation, drying/semi drying, ultrasonic and microwave, and the research progress of three solid-liquid separation devices, such as centrifuge, screw stacking machine and filter press, are summarized. Through the comparison and analysis of various chemical conditioning methods and devices, the mechanism, advantages and disadvantages, and applicable objects are mainly elaborated. The analysis showed that: among the chemical conditioning methods, demulsification oxidation and acid addition are more suitable for high polymer oil sludge; surfactant demulsification needs heating, which can be combined with ultrasonic method; the combination of organic and inorganic flocculants can improve the recovery rate of oil in tank bottom sludge; to a certain extent, the drying/semi drying method is restricted by the economic benefits. On the basis of previous studies, the design of numerical models such as biosurfactant, bioelectrochemical system, elliptical helix machine and centrifuge should be strengthened. Furthermore, the software is further optimized, and the coupling technology of multi-disciplinary reduction is studied.

The problem is that the traditional multi-stage A/O process is inferior to the phosphorus removal effect of low-carbon nitrogen and domestic sewage, by adding a pre-anaerobic section to improve the multi-stage A/O process, the feasibility of the phosphorus removal effect was mainly studied. The results show that under the conditions of temperature 17℃±3℃, flow distribution ratio of 100%∶0∶0, hydraulic retention time of 10h, sludge return ratio of 50%, and sludge age of 14d, the system of the overall phosphorus removal effect is better. Among them, the average removal rates of COD and TP were 89.81% and 90.35%, and the average effluent concentrations were 32.65mg/L and 0.49mg/L, which were better than Grade A of GB 18918—2002 "Emission Standards for Pollutants of Urban Wastewater Treatment Plants" Emission Standards. Due to the comprehensive influence of nitrification and denitrification, the removal effect of nitrogen in sewage is general. The removal rate of NH₃-N and TN is about 50%, and the average concentration of effluent is 30.32mg/L and 30.41mg/L. By adding a carbon source, the denitrification capacity is enhanced to further improve the denitrification effect of the system, and the effluent is expected to reach Class B standards. The improved process basically realizes the removal of nitrogen and phosphorus on the basis of ensuring the removal effect of organic matter, which can provide a reference for the treatment of low C/N domestic sewage in actual life.

A two-phase flow model for gas and liquid including the heat and mass transfer between them was established, and the desulfurization wastewater spray evaporation process in a 300MW power plant was studied by simulation. The influence of angle and number of deflectors on the flow field in drying tower and the movement and evaporation of wastewater droplets was investigated. The results showed that the influence of the angle of outer deflectors on the flow field in the drying tower is greater than that of the inner deflectors. With the increase of the angle of outer deflectors, the rotation effect of flue gas entering the spray drying tower is more obvious, and the rotation effect of flue gas is the best when it is 32°. With the increase of the angle of inner deflectors, the maximum distance of droplets axial movement decreases. Meanwhile, the change of the angle of inner deflectors has a greater influence on the complete evaporation time of the droplets in drying tower than that of the outer deflectors, and the evaporation time of droplets is the shortest when the angle of inner deflectors is 0°. The number of inner deflectors has little influence on the flow field, droplet movement or evaporation in the drying tower. With the increase of the number of inner deflectors, the flow field, droplets movement distance and complete evaporation time in the drying tower tend to be stable. Considering the flue gas diversion and flue gas pressure loss, it is suggested that the number of inner diversions should be 24.

The water affairs of a power plant has been taken as a research subject, its operation parameters associated with water history datas is analyzed and screened out, according to the previous water balance test results and validation with response surface analysis method, it is found that the generation load, coefficient of water evaporation loss, concentration ratio and rise of circulating water inlet and outlet temperature can make important influence on water supply demand. Based on the classical grey theory and multivariate nonlinear regression analysis, grey models GM(1, 1) are firstly used to forecast four impact factors, its predictive values are used as independent variable into equation, then the improved combination prediction model of grey system and multivariate nonlinear regression of water supply is obtained. The regression model of fitting accuracy(R²) come up to 0.913, the mean relative error between the predicted value and the truth is about 6.9%. That model can achieve complementary advantages of grey model and regression model, and effectively forecast the future tendency of water supplies. Water supply prediction is the key part of the construction of smart water affair of coal-fired power plant, which is the major basis for water management and intelligent distribution, also is an important way to achieve the detection of pipeline leakage and warning of monitoring instrument failure.

Refractory, prepared by high-temperature calcination, was a necessary basic material for industrial lining. In this way, NO_x concentration originated from the oxidation of N₂ in the air was according to the changes in the production section. Since NO_x removal treatment for refractory baking furnace flue gas had not been clearly reported, the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) method was firstly utilized in engineering experiment. The optimal process conditions were obtained based on the fuel gas parameters. Meanwhile, the effects of flue gas temperature, ammonia-nitrogen ratio and space velocity on denitration efficiency were systematically investigated. The results showed that when the flue gas temperature was 165℃, the ammonia-nitrogen ratio was 1.3, and the space velocity was 2000h^-1, the denitration rate could reach to 90%. It had good prospects for the promotion of denitration treatment of refractory baking furnace flue gas.

With the application of polymer flooding, the viscosity of liquid and the oil-bearing capacity of water phase increases, leading to the more difficult for the separation process. As a widely accepted method, filtration is affected by process factors and its treatment effect is not stable. At the same time, ozone as a fast and efficient way for the treatment of waste water is increasingly concerned. The influences of different filter bed thickness ratio, inlet flow rate, pressure drop and pH of waste water on turbidity were studied. The results showed that the filtration was best when the ratio of walnut shell to quartz sand was 9∶13. The improvement of inlet flow rate, the increase of pressure drop and the reduction of alkalinity of waste water were beneficial to the filtration. The effects of ozone on the treatment of oil field waste water containing HPAM were investigated. The results showed that ozone can through degrading the polymer to reduce the viscosity of wastewater. In addition, the turbidity and oil content of wastewater also decreased significantly. The effective consumption of ozone for viscosity reduction was measured. It demonstrated that 5 mg of ozone could reduce the viscosity from 2.6mPa·s to less than 1mPa·s for 500mL waste water. It is suggested that combining the ozone treatment with the filtration method, using ozone for wastewater pretreatment and bonded filter material treatment to improve the filtration efficiency.

Aiming at the problem that the traditional multi-stage A/O process has lower carbon and nitrogen removal efficiency than domestic sewage, the multi-stage A/O process is improved by adding a pre-anaerobic section. This experiment focuses on the effect of flow distribution ratio on the removal of nitrogen and phosphorus from domestic sewage with a low carbon to nitrogen ratio. When the temperature of the system is (22±4)℃, the hydraulic retention time is 8h, the sludge age is 14d, the activated sludge concentration is 2—3g/L, and the sludge return ratio is 75%, the system is in turn at 100%∶0∶0, 45%∶30%∶25%, 60%∶30%∶10% three flow distribution ratios of continuous operation for 47 days. The results showed that under the influent ratio of 45%∶30%∶25%, the removal effect of COD and ammonia nitrogen was the best, the removal rate reached 90.24% and 96.66%, and the effluent concentration was 30.97mg/L and 2.11mg/L, respectively. It is better than the first Level A discharge standard of GB 18918—2002 "Emission Standard of Pollutants for Urban Wastewater Treatment Plants". Under the three flow distribution ratios, the overall removal effect of the system on TN and TP is average, with an average removal rate of 47.31% and 49.33%. The addition of carbon sources can enhance denitrification and chemical phosphorus removal to further reduce the nitrogen and phosphorus effluent concentration. The effluent is expected to reach one Grade B standard. The improved process basically realizes the removal of nitrogen and phosphorus on the basis of ensuring the removal of organic matter, which can provide a reference for the treatment of low-C/N domestic sewage in actual life.

SO₃ micro thermal explosion collaborative dilute alkali (STEX-DA) could attain excellent pretreatment with high lignin removal rate and low polysaccharide loss at normal pressure and relatively low temperature. For the further scaled-up application of this technology, effects of collision on the process of removing lignin from rice straw using dilute alkali solution was studied. Rice straw was used as the raw material and the process of removing lignin using alkali solution and the influence of temperature on this process was discussed. Effects of collision on this process was also discussed by simulating the collision movements of straw and the alkali solution in the reactor. SEM and XPS was used for the analysis of straw under different conditions to explain the mechanism how collision affected the process. Results showed the lignin removal process at normal temperature took a long time with low efficiency, an increased temperature could boost the lignin removal, but the polysaccharide loss also increased. While collision could enhance the lignin removal without losing more polysaccharide, and the enhancement was stronger at lower temperature. A treatment at 20℃ for 1.5h with 450 times collision could brought an increase in lignin removal rate of 24.74% compared with the treatment without collision at the same condition.

With the rapid development of the garment industry, the total amount of printing and dyeing wastewater in the textile industry is increasing day by day, which poses a serious threat to human health. In this paper, the attapulgite clay which modified by iron and rare earth was prepared through impregnation method. With ozone (O₃) as oxidant, the catalyst was used to catalytic oxidation methylene blue(MB) in printing and dyeing wastewater. The effects of different catalyst dosage, reaction temperature, MB initial concentration and ozone flow rate on MB degradation rate were investigated. The results showed that when the dosage of modified attapulgite was 0.3g, ozone flow rate was 100mL/min, stirring speed was 500r/min, reaction temperature was 45℃, reaction time was 30min, the degradation rate of MB can be up to 96%; the characterization results of modified attapulgite clay showed that Fe³⁺ and La³⁺ had been loaded on attapulgite clay, and the loading effect was good.

The single membrane double chamber membrane electrowinning process is used to electrodeposit manganese metal in the MnSO₄+(NH₄)₂SO₄ electrolyte system. At the same time, the anode co-produces electrolytic manganese dioxide and enriches and recovers sulfuric acid. The effect of two typical inorganic and organic compound additives selenious acid, polyacrylamide+thiourea on the effect of membrane electrowinning was studied. The results showed that the use of additives in the single membrane, double chamber, same-cell electrolysis process greatly improved the manganese production rate, acid recovery rate and energy consumption. When the optimal concentration of the inorganic additive selenite is 0.3g/L, the manganese production rate can reach 84.9%, the acid recovery rate is 79.5%, and the energy consumption is 5545kW·h/t; When the concentration of the organic compound additive polyacrylamide is 0.01g/L and thiourea is 0.02g/L, the manganese production rate can reach 75.1%, the acid recovery rate is 76.5%, and the energy consumption is 6034kW·h/t. At this time, the surface of the electrodeposited manganese is white, bright, uniform and detailed, and its morphology and quality are greatly improved.

In order to realize comprehensive analysis the cooling and water-saving characteristics of dry-wet hybrid cooling towers, established the check calculation process of dry-wet hybrid cooling tower and based on the Visual Studio development platform, a software for analysis and optimization of cooling, water-saving characteristics of dry-wet hybrid cooling tower was developed. The accuracy of the software was verified by calculating the water-saving and cooling characteristics of a dry-wet hybrid cooling tower in operation. On the basis of the calculation results of plume abatement and water saving, according to the standard dry-wet hybrid plume abatement cooling tower acceptance test code, the fogging frequency curves, water consumption curves, tower plume indictor and cooling characteristic curves were generated. Thus, the optimum operating condition of the dry-wet hybrid cooling tower was determined. At the same time, the coupling effects of design dry section radiator area on the plume abatement, water-saving and cooling characteristics of the cooling tower were compared and analyzed by using the developed software, and the influence of the louver opening on the performance of the dry-wet hybrid cooling tower was analyzed, which can provide instrumental software support for the operation optimization and design optimization of the dry-wet hybrid cooling tower.