This paper firstly reviews the methods and technologies of seawater desalination, the carbon fixation and desulfurization of flue gas in recent years, and then introduces the research progress and development trend of their integrated technologies. Treating multiple pollutants together in a single reaction and even obtaining by-products that can be used for multiple purposes is an effective approach to environmental problems. The integration technology of seawater decalcification with carbon sequestration and desulfurization of flue gas, not only can increase the rate of desulfurization, but also can fix carbon dioxide in the form of calcium carbonate, realizing the selective separation of carbon and sulfur, meanwhile the calcium ion in seawater is removed. Both carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide in flue gas belong to acidic gases, while seawater is alkaline, and the mineralization reaction rate in aqueous solution system is significantly higher than that of direct gas-solid reaction. Therefore, treating flue gas in seawater system is a direction worthy of research. The integrated technology can reuse the harmful substances, obtain the products with added value, and realize waste control by waste, which is environmentally friendly and with low cost.

The micro-pin-fin structure can effectively increase the heat transfer area and the degree of flow chaos, which has broad application prospect in aerospace, nuclear power plant, air conditioning and other fields. However, the macroscopic heat transfer mechanism may not be applicable in the microscale due to the influence of the microscale effect, which makes the flow and heat transfer in the microscale field affected by more factors. This study reviewed the effects of different structures, nanoparticles, and different gravity levels on the flow and heat transfer mechanism of micro-pin-fins, and summarized the research results in this area. It reveals that the streamlined micro-pin-fin structure has good heat transfer performance. The particles of micron or millimeter scale are liable to settle in the liquid and block the micro-pin-fin channel, while the pressure drop of nanoparticles in the micro-pin-fin channel is small, and it is not easy to precipitate and the thermal conductivity per unit volume is higher. However, the physical properties of nanofluids can only remain stable for a short period of time. The capillary attraction of the micro-pin-fin structure can supply liquid to the heated surface in time and provide stable bubble nucleation sites when it is boiling heat transfer on the earth or under microgravity, which is helpful to improve the heat transfer coefficient. The critical heat flux and the change rule of bubble departure diameter are the focus of research on micro-pin-fins boiling heat transfer under microgravity.

Multi-pool fire in chemical clusters are typical high impact and low probability accidents. In view of limitation of the current double-pool fire radiation models, numerical simulation method was used to analyze the combustion characteristics of double-pool fire in three 5000m³ diesel dome tanks arranged in straight line based on heat release rate, flame shape and heat radiation intensity. Compared to single-pool fire scenario, taking influence factor of the tank spacing into consideration, thermal response of target tank was analyzed. The results showed coupling effect was observed when pool fire generated by two combustion tanks with the fire separation distance specified in the standard GB 50160—2008 (2018 edition). The heat radiation intensity distribution of the target storage tank was obtained with the highest heat radiation of 17.04kW/m². The temperature, Mises stress and failure time of the target tank under the action of the double-pool fire were 644℃, 356MPa, 936s, respectively, while they were 488℃, 280MPa, 2880s under the action of the single pool fire, respectively. The deformation of the target tank under the action of double-pool fire was also more serious than that under the action of single-pool fire. With the increase of tank spacing, temperature and Mises stress of the target storage tank gradually decreased, failure time of the target tank gradually increased. When the distance between double tanks was 2.5times (20m) of the standard fire separation distance, the failure time was 2800s, closing to 2880s caused by the single pool fire. The study can provide theoretical guidance for optimizing the fire separation distance of storage tanks and improvement of area resilience.

In view of the problem that the reliability of chemical equipment changes at time or times of loading and other life indexes, a reliability evaluation method considering the factors affecting the operation of equipment was constructed based on the traditional reliability model, which can deal with the reliability calculation problems of operating condition, load, stress and strength changing with time. Firstly, the traditional Weibull distribution model was used to evaluate the reliability of the equipment and the main factors affecting Weibull distribution model parameters were selected by grey correlation analysis. Then, response surface method was applied to introduce the influencing factors of equipment operation into the failure rate model based on Weibull distribution and to establish a multivariable failure rate model. On this basis, time-varying reliability evaluation and fault prediction can be carried out. Finally, the method was applied to a chemical equipment to evaluate its time-varying reliability and predict its failure time, which can verify the effectiveness of the method.

Syngas dilution combustion is an important mode of operation for gas turbines with high efficiency and low pollution. CO₂, H₂O and N₂ were used as dilution gases to study the effect of dilution ratio on the laminar flame speed of syngas (CO/H₂/CH₄) at elevated pressures with numerical simulation, and the physical and chemical mechanisms of the three gases were also analyzed in radical concentration change, sensitivity value and ROP(rate of production) analysis. The results show that the laminar flame speed decreases with the increase of combustion pressure and dilution ratio, and the suppression of CO₂ on the laminar flame speed is the most significant. The physical effect of the diluent gas on the laminar flame velocity is far greater than the chemical effect, but the chemical effects of CO₂ and H₂O cannot be ignored. The chemical effect is to affect S_L by changing the concentration of H and OH radicals, where CO₂ dilution reduces the H and OH radical concentration, and H₂O dilution decreases the H radical concentration, thereby reducing the laminar flame velocity of the syngas. Further reaction kinetics analysis finds the main path of change of H/OH concentration at low and high pressure, and the chemical reaction rate diluted by H₂O is more sensitive to pressure than CO₂.

A 200MW gas-steam combined cycle (GSCC) power plant was studied. Based on the analysis of the power plant performance changes under different ambient temperature and load, a novel technology of inlet air temperature control (IATC) of gas turbine was proposed. The performance of IATC technology was examined through simulation and experiments. Results show the output power of GSCC at full load increases by 14.2MW and the heat consumption rate rises by 2.3%, when IATC reduces the inlet air temperature from 32℃ to 12℃. At partial load of 80MW, 120MW and 160MW, the efficiency of GSCC has an increase of 0.86%,1.26% and 1.11% respectively, along with reduction in natural gas consumption, when the intake temperature of gas turbine is increased from 12.5℃ to 40℃ by inlet air heating technology. IATC can control the coupled relationship between topping cycle and bottoming cycle of GSCC. By adjusting the inlet air temperature of gas turbine at a controlled load and limited intake temperature range, the use of IATC can improve the performance of GSCC effectively.

With the aim of enhancing the heat transfer performance of oscillating heat pipes in horizontal mode, wettability gradient surface with nano-grass structure was prepared with a gradient of contact angles from 0°to 83.8°from the evaporation section to the condensation section by controlling chemical etching time, and introduced into oscillating heat pipes. Six-turn flat plate oscillating heat pipes were investigated visually and experimentally under different filling ratios, heat input and orientations. The results demonstrated that wettability gradient surface oscillating heat pipe showed slightly better thermal performance than bare copper oscillating heat pipe in vertical heating mode. While in horizontal heating mode, there were great improvement in both startup and heat transfer performance of the wettability gradient surface oscillating heat pipe due to its additional wettability-driven effect and more backflow liquid compared with bare copper oscillating heat pipe which scarcely started up and showed severe dry out. The amplitudes of the vapor-liquid interface, the oscillating instantaneous velocities, and thermal performance were significantly improved in the wettability gradient surface oscillating heat pipe compared with bare copper oscillating heat pipe. The maximum reduction of thermal resistance of wettability gradient surface oscillating heat pipe was 45% at the filling ratio of 50%.

For the censored life data of critical petrochemical safety equipment, the traditional reliability assessment methods do not consider the effect of maintenance on time between failures. In order to avoid this shortcoming and the large error of median padding algorithm, an inverse transform interval censored data filling algorithm was proposed. Firstly, based on the assumption that the repairable system was in the minimal maintenance, the non-homogeneous Poisson process to describe the system’s failure trend was used, and the missing data of the monitoring interval using the inverse transformation filling intensity function were obtained. Then, according to the Monte Carlo expectation maximization algorithm, the parameter estimates of the filled data were obtained. The case analysis of the emergency pressure relief valve of the wax oil hydrogenation device showed that the algorithm can well integrate the existing data. Comparing with the median padding algorithm, this calculated deviation of the shape parameter estimates was reduced more than 4%, which proved the effectiveness of this algorithm. It helped the quantitative integrity management of the critical safety equipment and guaranteed the smooth operation of the petrochemical equipment.

The flow state of tracer particles, the pressure distribution as well as was the particle flow rate measured and analyzed with/without the entrained gas during the batchwise discharge process of Geldart D particles. It revealed that the characteristics of gas-solid two-phase flow in the bed changed with time and were affected by the gas velocity (positive and negative pressure difference). Therefore, the discharge process was divided into three stages according to time in this study: initial pressure-storage (PS) stage, stable discharge (SD) stage and partly-filled pipe-flow (PP) stage. The characteristics of gas-solid flow were provided in the conditions of positive and negative pressure difference and gravity in each stage. It revealed that the particle resistance at the discharge orifice was the key parameter affecting the particle flow rate in SD stage with long time and stable flow field. By modifying the formulas of De Jong and Beverloo, the prediction models of the particle resistance at discharge orifice and the particle flow rate of Geldart D particles were established, which had good agreement with the experimental data. The results could provide a reference for the regulation of the particle flow rate of Geldart D particles by entrained gas.

This paper introduced two main paths of refining to chemical transformation at present stage-crude oil producing maximum chemical feedstock and direct crude oil steam cracking for producing chemical feedstock. State-of-art technologies and individual characteristics were included. China’s overall market state of refining and chemical products was also analyzed from the perspectives of supply and demand. The conclusion of this paper was that as the olefins and aromatics production capacity growing rapidly along with diversified and lower cost feedstock, the contradiction of refining to chemical raw materials transformation was emerging. At the same time of refining and chemical integration, base production and intelligentization, companies still needed to follow the guiding principle of maximizing profit, and took individual characteristics, position, logistics and regional market environment into consideration. How to reduce maximum feed cost, improve product value and increase production efficiency were the refining and chemical transformation development trend in China at present and some time to come. And it was also a grand challenge faced by Chinese refining and chemical industry.

Adsorption separation of CO₂/CH₄ by MER-type zeolites has attracted widespread attentions because of its good industrial application prospect, but it is still lack of theoretical data. Cation-exchanged (Na⁺, K⁺, Cs⁺ and Ca²⁺) MER-type zeolites were first modeled, and then the adsorption behavior of CO₂ and CH₄ on the zeolites were simulated by Grand Canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulation method, with the silicon MER-type zeolite as the reference. The results showed that the adsorption of CO₂ and CH₄ was consistent with the Langmuir-Freundlich adsorption isotherm model. The order of equilibrium adsorption capacities of CO₂ and CH₄ on the zeolites is: Ca-MER＞Na-MER＞K-MER＞ Cs-MER, which is consistent with the orders of the free volume and specific surface area of the zeolites. The equilibrium adsorption capacity changed approximately linearly with the free volume and specific surface area of the zeolite. The MER-type zeolites with multivalent cation had a higher adsorption capacity for CO₂ and CH₄. The probability density distribution results confirmed that CO₂ and CH₄ were mainly distributed in pau cage, and a small amount in d8R cage and ste cage in the MER-type zeolites. The adsorption selectivity of the cation-exchanged MER-type zeolites to CO₂/CH₄ mixture was up to more than 1000, which was attributed to the strong binding energy between the extra-framework cation and carbon dioxide as well as the unique octet ring window aperture. Na-MER and K-MER zeolites are excellent CO₂ adsorbents due to their high adsorption capacity, favorable adsorption heat and high adsorption selectivity. This study provides theoretical basis and experimental guidance for the adsorption separation of CO₂/CH₄ by cation-exchanged MER-type zeolites.

Sugarcane bagasse was pretreated with atmospheric glycerol organosolv (AGO) and alkaline-catalyzed atmospheric glycerol organosolv (al-AGO) process, respectively. Then, their individual lignin, AGO lignin (AGOL) and al-AGO lignin (al-AGOL), was obtained by using acid precipitation method from the pretreatment liquor. With a single-factor and orthogonal experiment, the lignin extraction condition was optimized as follows: centrifugation speed 8000r/min, centrifugation time 15min, pH=3, glycerol solution concentration 10%. Under optimized condition, the extraction of AGOL and al-AGOL reached 72% and 76%, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), elemental analysis, ultraviolet spectroscopy (UV), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis were used to characterize the structure of extracted lignin. Additionally, the antioxidant activity of these lignin samples was measured. Results showed that three types of lignin, milled bagasse lignin(MBL), AGOL and al-AGOL extracted from sugarcane bagasse predominantly presented a spherical morphology of particles. Compared with MBL, the AGOL and al-AGOL showed smaller molecular weight, narrower distribution, better uniformity, higher thermal stability and antioxidant activity, which are of good promise for using as important industrial raw materials.

TEPA antioxidants were mixed with [MI][C₆H₂(OH)₃COO] ionic liquid antioxidants in different proportions to study the inhibition of metal equipment on the catalytic oxidation of biodiesel and to reduce the corrosion of biodiesel to metals. Rancimat method was used to detect the changes of oxidative stability induction period of Jatropha biodiesel after adding compound antioxidants, and to study the effects of compound antioxidants on antioxidant activity, corrosion of copper sheet, corrosion of iron sheet and oil solubility of Jatropha biodiesel. The results showed that the complex antioxidant could effectively improve the oxidation stability of biodiesel. When the dosage of 1∶1 antioxidant was 0.01%, the induction period of Jatropha biodiesel was 11.63h, which exceeded the national standard (6h), and was 473% higher than that of Jatropha biodiesel. The compound antioxidants have good inhibition on copper corrosion and iron corrosion of biodiesel, as well as the catalytic oxidation of Cu²⁺ and Fe³⁺ in biodiesel. Among the ratio of TEPA to [MI][C₆H₂(OH)₃COO]: 1∶1, 3∶1, 5∶1, 5∶1 has the best oil solubility.

Ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) is an eco-friend asymmetric carbonate, which has been widely used as solvent and/or organic synthetic intermediate. Its market demand has rapidly increased with the development of lithium-ion batteries. In this paper, the development of the synthesis methods of EMC was briefly introduced including the phosgene method, oxidative carbonylation and transesterification. The review focused on the research of the catalysts used in transesterification, which is the most promising method for green synthesis EMC due to the mild reaction conditions and easy control. The types, structures, properties and catalytic performances of the catalysts used in this route were discussed and analyzed in detail, and the problems in current researches were also summarized. Finally, the research direction and the development trend of the catalysts were analyzed and prospected for the synthesis EMC with transesterification method. The development of economic, efficient, stable and simple heterogeneous catalyst, and its coupling with reactive distillation technology is the main development trend in the future, which is expected to provide valuable reference for the efficient synthesis of EMC.

Composite catalyst of nitrogen-doped meso-microporous carbon loaded with Co₃O₄ nanocrystals (Co₃O₄@N/C) was facilely prepared by a one-step hydrothermal process from the biomass tar-derived carbon matrix. The Co₃O₄@N/C composite exhibited excellent bifunctional catalytic activity toward oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) due to the synergistic effect between the nitrogen-doped structure and the Co₃O₄ nanocrystals. The onset potential gap ΔE between ORR and OER was 0.99V and the limiting diffusion current density was -5.10mA/cm², comparable to that of the Pt/C catalyst. Furthermore, the limiting diffusion current density of the Co₃O₄@N/C remained 89.9% of the initial value even after 3000cycles of CV scanning, manifesting the excellent long-term stability. The prepared composite presented great potential as a novel high-performance catalyst for fuel cells and metal-air batteries toward efficient and sustainable energy storage.

Supported metal catalyst plays an important role in advanced oxidation process and impregnation is an important method for its preparation. A smart strategy was put forward to overcome the defects of traditional impregnation method. By using glycine/hydrochloric acid as the buffer solution in the study, the pH was strictly controlled. In this way, an efficient Fenton-like catalyst was prepared and used in phenol degradation. The prepared catalyst removed 89.3% phenol within one hour, faster than the sample without the buffer solution control. Furthermore, the amount of active component and the catalytic activity can be precisely controlled by adjusting the impregnation parameters including impregnation temperature, impregnation time and pH of the buffer solution. More important, this catalyst preparation strategy can be expanded to the preparation of other supported metal catalysts.

The biomass-based copper-loaded activated carbon catalysts (Cu/AC) were prepared by precursor impregnation method. N₂-adsorption desorption and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, etc. were used to investigate their physicochemical properties. The catalytic performance of the Cu/AC prepared with various carbonization and activation conditions for the wet oxidation degradation of phenol were evaluated in a fixed-bed reactor. The results demonstrated that the Cu species on the surface of Cu/AC co-existed with Cu²⁺ and (Cu⁺+Cu⁰). As the carbonization temperature increased, more volatiles were generated during the carbonization process, in which Cu²⁺ was reduced to Cu⁺ and Cu⁰, thus the content of (Cu⁺+Cu⁰) increased, and the catalytic activity for phenol degradation was gradually improved. As the carbonization time increased, the content of (Cu⁺+Cu⁰) decreased, and Cu₂O and CuO were well incorporated into the carrier which led to the increase of the lattice oxygen. Therefore the catalytic activity increased firstly and then decreased. As the activation temperature and the activation time increased, the specific surface area of Cu/AC reached 1096.1m²/g with massive micropores generated, and a large amount of oxygen-containing functional groups were decomposed which oxidized the (Cu⁺+Cu⁰) formed during the carbonization process to Cu²⁺, meanwhile the lattice oxygen content increased. Hence, the catalytic activity increased as the activation temperature, while it increased firstly and then decreased as the activation time. In the catalytic wet oxidation of phenol, the Cu/AC catalyst exhibited good stability with low Cu leaching concentration. The optimum preparation conditions of Cu/AC were carbonization temperature of 800℃, carbonization time of 2h, activation temperature of 880℃, and activation time of 2h. The Cu/AC prepared under the optimum conditions achieved 98.5% phenol conversion and 91.1% COD conversion in 8.5h.

The occurrence transformation of iron oxides during their catalytic reduction of NO under typical fluidized bed temperatures and CO atmosphere was experimentally investigated in a fixed bed reactor using the staging reduction method. With the assistance of XRD characterization, the occurrences of the products of the reducing reactions and their catalytic NO reduction mechanisms were identified. The results revealed that Fe₂O₃ was reduced by CO to Fe₃O₄, FeO and Fe successively under the experimental conditions. With the increase of reduction degree, the reduction rate gradually decreased. The reduction rate of Fe₂O₃ to Fe₃O₄ was rapid, but that of FeO to Fe became very low. In the experimental temperature range, the increase of bed temperature was beneficial to the increase of the reduction rate and to the reduction degree of Fe₂O₃ to Fe₃O₄. Moreover, different oxides have their distinct NO reduction characteristics. Fe₂O₃ and the partially reduced Fe₃O₄ barely reacted with NO directly but Fe₃O₄ had strong catalytic effect for the NO reduction by CO which however was not the case for Fe₂O₃. The further reduced FeO and Fe can also react with NO directly.

Au-Cu/AC mercury-free catalyst has potential in industrial application for acetylene hydrochlorination. In this paper, vapor-induced selective reduction and H₂ reduction were used to control the Cu valence on the Au-Cu/AC catalyst. The structures of fresh and used catalysts were characterized by XRD, C₂H₂-TPD, H₂-TPR, XPS, SEM, etc., and the effects of Cu valence on the valence state of Au as well as the catalytic activity of acetylene hydrochlorination were studied. Catalysts containing 83.68% Cu(Ⅱ), 70.92% Cu(Ⅰ), and 77.37% Cu(0) were prepared. Compared with the Au/AC catalyst, the Cu(Ⅱ) on the fresh Au-Cu/AC catalyst reduced the content of Au(Ⅰ) from 47.65% to 15.71%, increased that of Au(0)to 62.09%, and Cu(Ⅰ) caused Au(Ⅲ) and Au (Ⅰ) contents decreased to 14.83% and 33.2% respectively, while the Cu(0) increased Au(0) content to 69.99%. During the reaction, Cu(Ⅱ) and Cu(Ⅰ) reduced the percentage increase of Au(0) content to 13.81% and 15.03% respectively. Cu(Ⅰ) is beneficial to maintain the stability of Au(Ⅰ), inhibit the reduction of Au ions to Au(0), and promote Au(Ⅰ) content being maintained at about 33%. Cu(Ⅱ) was reduced to Cu(Ⅰ) in the reaction, which increased the Au(Ⅰ) content. Cu(0) adsorbed a large amount of acetylene to initiate side reactions, which promoted the reduction of Au to Au(0), reduced the total contents of Au(Ⅲ) and Au(Ⅰ) to 10.35%, and thus lowered the stability of the catalyst. The results have enriched the basic theory of copper synergism in mercury-free catalyst for acetylene hydrochlorination.

In a fluidized bed reactor, the reaction performance of Zn, Si and P-modified ZSM-5 catalysts for conversion of methanol to p-xylene and co-production of lower olefins was studied. XRD, BET, SEM, and NH₃-TPD etc. were used for the characterization analysis. The results showed that the modification by Zn decreased the acid strength of the catalyst, increased the amounts of medium and strong acids, and increased the selectivities of both p-xylene and lower olefins. The modification by deposition of silicon reduced the pore size as well as the amount of acid on the outer surface of the catalyst. Immersion of an appropriate amount of phosphorus can modulate the strength of the acid center of the zeolite and the amount of acid. The reaction results of converting methanol to p-xylene in the fluidized bed reactor to produce low-carbon olefins showed that at the temperature of 425 ℃, normal pressure, reaction time of 40min, and space velocity of 1h^-1, the 3Zn-3Si-3P/ZSM-5 catalyst gave the selectivities of p-xylene in xylene and C₂—C₄ lower olefins were 76% and 24.4%, respectively. In particular, the total selectivity of aromatics and C₂—C₄ lower olefins was as high as 92.2%.

The poly-α-olefin synthetic oils with high viscosity index were prepared through 1-decene oligomerization catalyzed by the aluminum trichloride catalyst that was promoted by transition metal chlorides (VCl₃, CrCl₃ and TiCl₃). The promotion effect of metal chlorides and the influence of reaction conditions on the oligomerization activity and the properties and structure of the oligomers formed were investigated. The results showed that addition of VCl₃ and CrCl₃ into AlCl₃ catalyst could obviously increase the oligomerization yield and the viscosity index of the oligomers formed. The transition metal chloride enhanced the activation of AlCl₃ through forming bimetallic species containing two Al-Cl-V bridging bonds, which presented synergistic effect to increase the electron-withdrawing ability of AlCl₃ to improve the activity. The characterization of the oligomers structure by ¹H NMR and ¹³C NMR spectra indicated that 1-decene oligomerization on AlCl₃/MCl₃ catalyst followed the cationic polymerization mechanism. The main oligomers formed were internal olefins with trisubstituted and disubstituted vinylenes. The transition metal chloride promoters adjusted the distribution of the unsaturated bonds through changing the pathway of the preponderant reaction.

Chemical conversion coating is an important surface treatment method of aluminum alloy, which has good adhesion and corrosion resistance and can provide temporary protection for aluminum alloy surface. The traditional hexavalent chromate chemical conversion coatings has been gradually eliminated under the increasingly severe environmental pressure and replaced by the rapid development of zirconium-based chemical conversion coating in recent years. Aluminum alloy can be divided into cast aluminum alloy and wrought aluminum alloy. According to the main alloy elements and heat treatment status, it can be divided into several series and models. In this paper, the influence of the microstructure of several typical wrought aluminum alloys on the conversion coating forming process, the regulation of passivation solution additives, pretreatment and post-treatment process on the corrosion resistance of the conversion coating and the application of several typical commercial passivators on the surface of the aluminum alloy were reviewed. Finally, the problems and development trend of zirconium-based chemical conversion coating on aluminum alloy surface were summarized. On the basis of meeting the requirements of the development of new aluminum alloy, the uniformity and integrity of the conversion coating should be regulated by different organic and inorganic additives and field effect, so as to improve the comprehensive performance of the conversion coating.

The hydrophobic-oleophilic membrane achieves the separation of oil and water by permeating oil and blocking water. Owing to the characteristics of green process, high efficiency, easy industrial amplification, hydrophobic-oleophilic membrane separation has become an emerging technology in the fields of environmental protection, water treatment and the separation and recovery of organic liquids and hence is a research and development hotspot in membrane science and technology. In this review, after an introduction of the development history of wetting equation, we describe the influence of the synergistic effect of wettability and pore size on the membrane separation process. The strategies to design hydrophobic-oleophilic membrane are also presented, which include the construction of rough or hierarchical micro/nanostructure on the surface of low surface energy materials and the use of low surface energy materials to hydrophobically modify rough surfaces. Finally, an outlook for this emerging and promising research field is briefly described. It is necessary to further improve the theory of surface wettability, develop membrane fabrication methods that are easy for industrial production, and explore the separation effect of hydrophobic-oleophilic membrane on complex oil-water mixtures (such as one with high viscosity and of multicomponent).

In this paper, cellulose acetate/polyethyleneimine blend microfiltration membrane (CA/PEI membrane) was used as the matrix to prepare the dye-modified affinity membrane (CA/PEI-CBA membrane) with specific adsorption for serum bilirubin by immobilizing the reactive dye Cibacron F3GA (CBA). The amino infrared absorption peak of CA/PEI-CBA membrane was stronger at 3300～3500cm^-1 than that of the original membrane, and the new S\stackrel{\text{????}}{?}O and —SO₃H S2p absorption peaks of CA/PEI-CBA membrane appeared at the binding energy of 167.4eV and 167.8eV in the XPS spectrum. These results suggested the success of CBA molecules’ immobilization. The effects of reaction temperature, reaction time, and the CBA concentration on both bilirubin adsorption capacity and weight loss of dye-modified membrane were investigated and optimized through orthogonal and unilateral experiments. The bilirubin adsorption capacity of dye-modified membrane increased with both reaction time and the CBA concentration. However, with the increase of reaction temperature, the weight loss of the dye-modified membrane increased and the membrane matrix structure was destroyed because of hydrolysis. Under the conditions that reaction temperature was 30℃, CBA concentration was 5mg/mL and reaction time was 4h, the manufactured dye-modified membrane maintained a perfect porous structure, which was conducive to the full contact of bilirubin with CBA molecules and showed a good adsorption performance.

Capric acid/paraffin with ceresin (CA-PC) and expanded graphite (EG) were combined to form CA-PC/EG form-stable phase change materials by physical adsorption method. The results revealed that the optimum mass fraction of CA∶PC and CA-PC∶EG were obtained which was 8.1∶1.9 and 7∶1, respectively. The microstructure and characterization of form-stable phase change materials were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR). The characteristic absorption peaks of CA-PC and EG were found to coexist in FTIR curve of CA-PC/EG, indicating that CA-PC and EG were combined by surface tension and capillary forces without chemical reaction. CA-PC binary eutectic mixture was effectively encapsulated in the pores of EG by physical interaction, and there is almost no leakage of liquid binary composite phase change materials after 1000 thermal cycling. The melting and freezing temperatures of CA-PC/EG obtained by differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) were 27.04℃ and 22.26℃, respectively, while the corresponding latent heats were 144.4J/g and 133.7J/g, respectively, The high thermal conductivity of EG promoted the thermal energy storage and release rate of CA-PC. At the same time, according to the results of TG and heat storage experiment, it was found that it had excellent thermal reliability and heat resistance. Therefore, the CA-PC/EG form-stable phase change material was a promising material for applications of low temperature thermal energy storage.

Xylene is a key chemical raw material in industrial production and can be used to produce inks and coatings. It is a typical volatile organic compound. As a common diluent for fuel and paint and a common solvent for industrial production, contact with xylene is inevitable in life and production. Once the content of this typical volatile organic compound exceeds the standard, it will pose a threat to human health. Therefore, the detection of xylene gas is necessary. At present, many metal oxide semiconductors and carbon materials are considered as potential gas sensing materials, but because the performance requirements of the sensors will continue to increase, it is particularly important to study new gas sensing materials. The emergence of carbon materials such as graphene and carbon nanomaterials has opened up new directions for the development of sensitive materials. In this paper, the method of hydrothermal reaction was used to successfully synthesize the NiO composite of fluorescent carbon nanomaterials, and the sensing properties of the materials were studied. The results showed that the material had a good response to xylene. The sensitivity to 1.3μL/L xylene can reach 2.9 under ultraviolet excitation and optimal working temperature, and the detection limit can reach 0.215μL/L. The interference gas was selective with a response time of 29s and a recovery time of 31s.

The study aimed to increase the CO₂/N₂ selectivity of gas separation membranes. Aminated task specific ionic liquid, 1-aminoethyl-3-buthylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([NH₂ebim][PF₆]), was grafted to polyimide chains as side groups by the structure of Schiff base of C\stackrel{\text{????}}{?}N to form ionic liquid grafted polyimide (IL-GPI), and then graphene oxide (GO) was added into IL-GPI by blending and IL-GPI/GO mixed matrix membranes were fabricated. IL-GPI/GO mixed matrix membranes were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), rotatory viscometer, scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) and dynamic thermomechanical analysis (DMA), respectively. The effect of GO concentrations of IL-GPI/GO mixed matrix membranes on gas permeability was studied. The results showed that GO had good dispersion in MMMs and the rigidity of MMMs was enhanced. After a comparison among these mixed matrix membranes with different GO concentrations, CO₂ permeability and CO₂/N₂ selectivity were improved to 16.5Barrer and 176 when GO mass fraction was 0.8%, respectively, which had exceeded 2008 Robeson’s upper bound.

Synthetic biology, as a new emerging engineering biology, has great potentials to construct cell factories with new function through introducing heterologous gene modules. However, how to effectively assemble heterogeneous modules (enzymes) to perform the desired biological function is a significant challenge. The biological activities of the enzymes are often impaired, because of the badly adaptation between intracellular environment and the introduced heterologous enzymes. The biological scaffold system is regarded as an effective strategy to assemble the multi-enzyme system. Furthermore, the appropriate biological scaffold could provide a flexible platform to adapt to the endogenous environment, leading to realizing the expression regulation and assembling multi-enzymes system stably, and designing advantageous regional structure to promote the binding of enzymes to substrates. This review systematically summarized advances in different types of biological scaffolds. Basing on the characteristics of different types of scaffolds (protein based scaffolds, nucleic acid based scaffolds), we illustrated the typical applications, discussed the advantages and disadvantages among different types of scaffolds, and explained some common operating mechanisms of biological scaffolding. Finally, the outlooks of biological scaffolds in potential applications of artificial organelles and complex polymers degradation were also proposed.

Self-assembly is a common phenomenon in nature and it is also a powerful tool for building supramolecular biomaterials. Among diverse anticancer strategies, enzyme-instructed supramolecular self-assembly has shown the advantages of tumor specificity and biocompatibility, thus emerging as one of the most attractive methodology for anticancer applications. According to this trend, this review summarizes the construction of intracellular/extracellular enzymatic-instructed supramolecular self-assembly and the potential applications in the field of cancer theranostics, ranging from biomedical imaging, cell fate control and targeted drug delivery. The idea for solving the problem is presented, such as to characterize clearly the microscopic morphology of supramolecular assemblies in vivo, to extend the range of enzymes used to construct the self-assembly method and to explore the interaction between EISA and subcellular organelle. At last, the author points out that foreseeable applications of enzyme-instructed supramolecular self-assembly may go beyond cancer and stem from antimicrobial agents, immuno-regulation, wound healing and tissue regeneration.

Gold nanoparticles are traditionally prepared by the physical or chemical methods, which have disadvantages such as complex process, harsh conditions and high chemical reagent consumption, and biological method has been paid more and more attention due to its low pollution and mild operating conditions. In this study, gold nanoparticles were prepared by the reductive property of keratinase. Three factors including the concentration of chloroauric acid solution, the amount of enzyme added and the reaction time were optimized. The gold nanoparticles were characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential analysis, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and infrared absorption spectroscopy (FTIR). When adding 1400U of keratinase to 1mmol/L chloroauric acid solution and after 5h, the absorption peak of gold nanoparticles obtained was the most significant at about 550nm and the reaction yield reached 85%. The amide Ι bond at 1650cm^-1 and the amino bond N—H between 3100~3500cm^-1 in the spectra demonstrated that the keratinase was involved in the synthesis of gold nanoparticles. The measured size of gold nanoparticles was less than 30nm, the zeta potential value was -13mV and there was no aggregation between particles. The method has good operability and stability, which provides a new way for green preparation of gold nanoparticles.

A crosslinkable epoxy-cationic polyacrylamide (G-CPAM) was prepared by aqueous copolymerization with acrylamide (AM) using methacryloyloxyethyltrimethylammonium chloride (DMC) as cationic monomer, glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) as crosslinking monomer and propylene glycol methyl ether as dispersant. The structure and stability of G-CPAM were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and solution stability tests. The properties of DMC and GMA monomers on the properties of G-CPAM and the physical properties of paper after sizing were discussed. The influence of performance was studied by using thermal weight loss analyzer (TGA), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and FTIR test before and after paper sizing. The mechanism of G-CPAM self-crosslinking and paper performance enhancement was analyzed. The results showed that when the amount of DMC was 20% and the amount of GMA was 13%, a crosslinkable epoxy-cationic polyacrylamide was prepared. At this time, the average particle diameter of the polymer solution was 176.9nm with viscosity of 143mPa·s, molecular weight of 63204 and stable at 150℃. According to the ratio of G-CPAM to fiber mass ratio of 1∶0.016, the dry and wet tensile indexes of the paper after sizing in the pulp were 58.29N·m/g and 17.75N·m/g, respectively. The ring compressive strength index was 11.10N·m/g and the tear index was 12.41mN·m²/g, which significantly enhanced the physical properties of the paper.

As an alternative energy source with huge economic value and broad resource prospects, shale gas has developed rapidly in the past two decades, and the treatment of shale gas wastewater in its production process has received extensive attention. The composition of shale gas wastewater is complex, which usually has a high concentration of total dissolved solids and complex organic compounds. Especially, the high concentration of total dissolved solids poses a challenge to the treatment technology. In this review, based on the introduction of shale gas wastewater quality characteristics and treatment methods, the treatment technologies of shale gas wastewater in recent years were summarized, including pretreatment technology, organic compounds degradation technology and desalination technology. It is pointed out that the key to shale gas wastewater treatment is desalination. The application of thermal technology and membrane technology in desalination of shale gas wastewater was mainly discussed. The potential of utilization value of membrane technology was prospected. The technical combination of shale gas wastewater treatment was proposed. It is suggested that studying the degradation of specific organic matter, domesticating salt-tolerant bacteria or inoculating halophilic bacteria, reducing the cost of thermal technology, enhancing the anti-pollution of membranes, and developing enhanced membrane technology will be the research direction for shale gas wastewater treatment.

Microalgal carbon mitigation is an eco-friendly and sustainable carbon reduction technology. Microalgae are photosynthetic organisms that utilize light energy to combine water with CO₂ to generate biomass. Light, the primary force of photosynthesis, and CO₂, the material basis of photosynthesis, are major abiotic parameters influencing carbon fixation efficiency. Light and carbon regulation are the most effective way to enhance CO₂ capture. However, due to the selective absorption of light spectrum changing with microalgae species and life stage, the untargeted light regulation strategy might have poor effect. In this paper, a few light regulation strategies were summarized and the influences of light quality on carbon metabolism were discussed. Based on the absorbed action spectra for microalgae, a customized light regulation strategy should be developed according to the real condition and target product. As the first matter of microalgal carbon mitigation was enhancement of carbon fixation efficiency under high CO₂ concentration, response of microalgae to high concentration CO₂ was analyzed . The mechanism for high concentration CO₂ to improve the growth of the microalgae was discussed on both CO₂ transmission and metabolism, which provided an essential reference for stimulating carbon fixation at both metabolic and molecular level.

Denitrifying phosphorus removal (DPR) process has been widely studied for its advantages of energy saving, high efficiency utilization of carbon source and low sludge yield. This paper assesses the recent advances in this field, particularly relating to denitrifying phosphorus accumulating organisms (DPAOs) microbiology,the types of carbon source, pH value, nitrite concentration, free nitrous acid (FNA), sludge retention time (SRT), C/P, mgNO{}_x^{-}-N/mgPO{}_{\mathrm{4}}^{\mathrm{3}-}-P and glycogen accumulating organisms (GAOs).Previous research in this field only focuses on the competitive relationship between phosphorus accumulating organisms (PAOs) and GAOs. However, through endogenous partial-denitrification (EPD) driven by GAOs, NO{}_{\mathrm{3}}^{-}-N can be converted into NO{}_{\mathrm{2}}^{-}-N, which will further reduce the demand of carbon source for simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus treatment. The novel process of denitrifying phosphorus removal accords with the current situation of low C/N value sewage in China. SNADPR process is an advanced simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus removal process combining partial nitrification, anammox and denitrification (SNAD) with denitrifying phosphorus removal. Anammox-EPDPR process combining anammox, endogenous partial-denitrification and denitrifying phosphorus removal, makes full use of GAOs on intracellular carbon source for NO{}_{\mathrm{2}}^{-}-N production and alleviates competition between DPAOs and anammox for electron acceptor. The coupling of new denitrification process and partial denitrifying phosphorus removal process utilizing NO{}_{\mathrm{2}}^{-}-N as electron acceptorwill become a new direction of simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus removal treatment with high efficiency and energy saving.

The experiments of SO₃ removal from flue gas by spraying Ca(OH)₂, CaO, Mg(OH)₂ and MgO based sorbent powders were carried out on a pilot reactor. The effect of SO₃ removal by the base adsorbents on the SCR catalyst ammonium bisulfate deactivation temperature was investigated. The adsorbents were characterized by BET and FTIR to determine the adsorption products and the adsorption mechanism. The results indicated that the SO₃ removal efficiency of the alkaline based hydroxides was higher than that of the alkaline based oxides, and the Mg based adsorbent was better than the Ca based adsorbent. When the concentration of SO₃ in flue gas was 35μL/L and the content of Mg(OH)₂ was 600mg/m³, the highest SO₃ removal efficiency of 95% was achieved. The formation of ammonium bisulfate on the surface of the SCR catalyst was confirmed by FTIR. In addition, the reduction of SO₃ concentration in flue gas can reduce the deactivation temperature of the ammonium bisulfate SCR catalyst by about 20℃, and hence the deactivation of the SCR catalyst at low temperature had been significantly alleviated, which could help to expand the peak regulation space of the coal-fired unit.

Dichloromethane as a solvent has been widely used in the pharmaceutical industry. But the emitted waste gas containing dichloromethane is harmful to both human health and atmospheric environment. In this paper, a 132-day pilot scale experiment was carried out for the removal of dichloromethane from waste gas with the concentration range of 0.02~2g/m³ in a pharmaceutical factory using a biological trickling filter. The removal efficiency of dichloromethane from waste gas can reach the highest by controlling the appropriate intake concentration and the outlet concentration of dichloromethane in waste gas meets emission standard under the optimum operating conditions, including residence time, temperature, spray volume and pH. The biodegradation in the biofilm is the limiting step in the process. The experimental results show that when the spray volume is 1200L/h and the inlet concentration range is 0.45—0.65g/m³, the maximum removal efficiency and maximum removal load of the biological system can reach 98.9% and 155.25g/(m³·h), respectively. With the increase of inlet gas concentration, the removal load increases, while the removal efficiency decreases and the outlet concentration of dichloromethane in waste gas exceeds the standard, which indicates that biological trickling system belongs to reaction control. The intermittent operation shows that the biological system has good stability. The design and operation of the biological trickle filter depend on the local standards for dichloromethane emission.

Vertical flow constructed wetland (VFCW) systems with volcanic rock as substrates were constructed. The performances of the systems in treating fluorine-containing wastewater and the shifts of microbial communities were investigated under optimized hydraulic loading rates (HLR) and C/N ratio. Results showed the system under HLR 80mL/min and C/N 4.5 had higher treatment efficiencies for organics and nitrogen. The treatment with 10mg/L fluoride appeared the accumulation of nitrate nitrogen (NO₃-N) (removal efficiency -23.1%). The removal efficiency of total nitrogen (TN) in 20mg/L fluoride treatment was 14.5% lower than that in 0mg/L fluoride treatment, and the accumulation of NO₃-N further increased (removal efficiency -52.2%). The removal efficiencies of chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia nitrogen (NH₄-N), and TN decreased by 10.0%, 17.1%, and 28.4% in 50mg/L fluoride treatment compared with 0mg/L fluoride treatment, respectively. The accumulation of NO₃-N was more serious (removal efficiency -96.1%) in 50mg/L fluoride treatment. Fluorine ions (F^-) were mainly removed by reacting with calcium salts and phosphates in the systems to form the precipitates of calcium fluoride (CaF₂) and calcium fluophosphate [Ca₅F(PO₄)₃]. The concentration of 50mg/L fluoride had distinct influence on the microbial composition of VFCW system and reduced the diversity of microbial community. The relative abundances of organics degradation bacteria (Zoogloea), nitrifiers (Nitrospira and Nitrosomonas), and denitrifiers (Thauera, Simplicispira, and Dechloromonas) decreased significantly (p＜0.05). Specific oxygen uptake rate (SOUR), ammonia uptake rate (AUR), and the activity of nitrate reductase (NaR) decreased gradually with the increase of fluoride concentration, and decreased by 13.7%, 18.8% and 55.6% under the concentration of 50mg/L F^-, respectively. Fluoride changed the microbial structures and activities of the VFCW systems, which reduced the removal efficiencies of various pollutants. Fluoride had the greatest influence on denitrification process and denitrifiers, followed by nitrification process and nitrifiers.

The development of new coal chemical industry is the general trend due to the richer coal resources comparing to oil and natural gas in China. The reverse distribution of coal and water resources results in significant water problems in the region of coal chemical enterprises, which is difficult to achieve the target of wastewater discharge and resource reuse. It’s necessary to further concentrate brine wastewater to salt crystals through specific near-zero liquid discharge process, recycling all produced water and discharging crystal salt as solid waste. This article introduced the general technical route of near-zero liquid discharge process for the brine wastewater treatment in a coal chemical industry project through a real engineering example that was mainly composed of the membrane treatment unit for the brine wastewater treatment and the evaporation crystallization unit for the concentrated brine wastewater treatment. Several techniques, for instance, mechanical vapor recompression (MVR), forced circulation falling film evaporation, high-efficient heat transfer, salt species were used to improve and optimize the evaporative crystallization near-zero discharge system. The results showed that all operational parameters and the consumption of chemicals and energy could meet the designing target. The produced water could meet the reuse standard of high-quality recycled water. The long-term stable operation and near-zero liquid discharge were achieved in this study.

Durian shell biochar (BC) and activated durian shell biochar (DBC) were prepared using durian shell for removal of sulfadiazine (SDZ). DBC was pyrolyzed with the impregnation ratio of 2.5∶1 (mass ratio of phosphoric acid to biomass) at 350℃. The effects of the amount of adsorbent, the pH of solution, the initial concentration of SDZ on the removal of SDZ were investigated by single factor experiments. The orthogonal experiments were used to determine the optimal conditions of SDZ adsorption by DBC. At the condition of the initial concentration of SDZ 10mg/L, the amount of adsorbent 1.2g/L and the initial pH 4, the maximum adsorption amount of SDZ by DBC could reach the highest. The adsorption isotherm models (Langmuir model and Freundlich model) and adsorption kinetics models (the pseudo first-order kinetic model and the pseudo second-order kinetic model) were used to explore the adsorption characteristics of SDZ by DBC. Meanwhile, the biochars were characterized by Bruner-Emmet-Teller, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results indicated that the experimental data could be well fitted by Langmuir model, and the pseudo second-order kinetic model could be used to describe the adsorption behaviors of SDZ by DBC. DBC had a rich porous structure, and its specific surface area was up to 1224.635m²/g which provided enough adsorption sites for SDZ adsorption. Compared with BC, the oxygen-containing functional groups of DBC increased. Therefore, phosphoric acid-activated durian shell biochar could be a promising adsorbent for the removal of SDZ from aqueous solution.

SO₃ in coal-fired flue gas could cause negative effects on the operation of power plants and the atmospheric environment. To further understand the SO₃ emission from coal-fired power plants, SO₃ was sampled by isopropanol absorption method at the inlet and outlet of each air pollution control device of a 300MW ultra-low emission unit. The migration and removal characteristics of SO₃ was analyzed. The results showed that both of combustion process and selective catalytic reduction (SCR) could converted SO₂ into SO₃. The mass concentration of SO₃ generated in the combustion process accounted for 0.86% of SO₂ and the conversion rate of SO₂/SO₃ in SCR was 0.45%. The SO₃ concentration was reduced by 5.7% with an air preheater. The removal efficiency of SO₃ by electrostatic precipitator (ESP) was not satisfactory because the temperature of the flue gas in ESP was above 110℃, which resulted in a less condensation amount of H₂SO₄ acid mist. The removal efficiency of SO₃ by the two-stage desulfurization tower was 81.3%, which was 30%—50% higher than that of single stage desulfurization tower. The SO₃ removal efficiency by wet electrostatic precipitator (WESP) was 23%. The SO₃ emission mass concentration of coal-fired power plant was 2.025mg/m³ with an emission factor EF_coal of 0.034kg/t.

Investigating the resistance of microalgae to harmful gases in coal chemical flue gas is the key to reduce CO₂ emission by microalgae fixation. NaHS, Na₂SO₃, and NH₃·H₂O were used as the solubles of H₂S, SO₂, and NH₃ to simulate these three typical harmful gases in coal chemical flue gas, and different concentrations were added into the medium of microalgae C. pyrenoidosa to clarify the effects on the physiology and biochemistry of algae cell. Results showed that there were no inhibitory effects on the growth of C. pyrenoidosa when NaHS, Na₂SO₃ and NH₃-H₂O were added below 1mmol/(L·d), 40mmol/(L·d), and 7mmol/(L·d), respectively. Na₂SO₃ [＜40mmol/(L·d)] could significantly promote the growth of C. pyrenoidosa, but NaHS added 4mmol/(L·d) inhibited the growth of C. pyrenoidosa at the initial stage of algae growth, and NH₃·H₂O added 35mmol/(L·d) directly caused the death of algae cells. Compared with control group, there were no effects on the cell components of C. pyrenoidosa while NaHS and Na₂SO₃ were added below 1mmol/(L·d) and 10mmol/(L·d), respectively. However, NaHS added 4mmol/(L·d) increased protein content of microalgae by 7.13%. Na₂SO₃ added 40mmol/(L·d) reduced the protein content by 13.45%, and increased the total sugar content by 42.90%. Overall, microalgae biomass had high protein contents with a potential use of protein feed source. This study demonstrates that C. pyrenoidosa has high tolerance to H₂S, SO₂ and NH₃. Thus, it is feasible to cultivate microalgae using coal chemical flue gas.

In this study, an innovative constructed wetland-microbial electrolytic cell coupling system (CW-MEC) was developed, and the performance of CW-MEC on treating domestic sewage under the different conditions of cathode aeration and hydraulic retention time (HRT) were investigated. The results showed that the COD removal rate of CW-MEC cathode and anode decreased from 91.11%±7.76%, 86.58%±9.54% to 77.81%±14.84%, 81.44%±11.11%, and ammonia nitrogen removal rates from 58.54%±5.8%, 58.22%±5.03% to 48.04%±12.94% and 48.27%±13.40%. Using additional aeration in the cathode would increase the COD removal rate of C-CW-MEC and A-CW-MEC and the NH₄⁺-N removal rate of C-CW-MEC to 89.51%±3.92%, 82.40%±1.63% and 71.51%±16.44%, respectively. While NH₄⁺-N removal rate of A-CW-MEC was not affected by this condition. When the cathode aeration conditions were added, nitrate nitrogen accumulation began to occur in the cathode and anode of the system, while the nitrate nitrogen content of C-CW-MEC was significantly lower than that of the control group (C-CW- MFC). Through electrochemical performance analysis of both the systems,CW-MEC has lower internal resistance than CW-MFC. Moreover, the microbial diversity analysis showed that the CW-MEC system has richer microbial diversity than the CW-MFC system.

The self-designed dielectric barrier coupled corona discharge plasma reactor was used to study the simultaneous desulfurization and denitrification of simulated flue gas. The effects of ethanolamine on the removal of NO and SO₂ in different simulated flue gas systems were investigated, and the interaction mechanism between ethanolamine and NO in the discharge process was discussed. The results showed that the addition of 0.56% ethanolamine into the N₂/O₂/SO₂/NO system can significantly eliminate the inhibition effect of O₂ on the removal of NO while in the N₂/CO₂/SO₂/NO system, ethanolamine would absorb part of CO₂ and hence weaken the inhibition effect of CO₂ on the NO removal. As for the N₂/O₂/CO₂/H₂O/NO/SO₂ system, the addition of 0.56% ethanolamine can not only effectively reduce the influence of H₂O, but also prompt the removal rate to 71.28%. When the volume fraction of ethanolamine was increased to 1.20%, the NO removal rate increased to 81.25%. At the same time, ethanolamine can effectively absorb the SO₂ in the system in a short time, which was almost unaffected by other gas components with a SO₂ removal rate of 95%.

In order to meet the input water requirements of the concentrations of suspended solid (SS) and iron by subsequent biological treatment units, enhanced magnetic flocculation technology was used to pretreat the anaerobic digestion reject water. The effects of coagulation conditions, i.e., poly aluminum chloride (PAC) dosage, poly acrylamide (PAM) dosage, magnetic powder dosage and the sequence of dosage on magnetic flocculation were investigated by orthogonal experiment and single factor experiment. The results showed that the enhanced magnetic flocculation technology had the best effect when magnetic powder (40mg/L), PAC (30mg/L) and PAM (4mg/L) were added in turn under the conditions of fast stirring of 300r/min (2min), low stirring of 100r/min (15min) and waiting for 10min. The removal efficiencies of SS and Fe³⁺ were 97.61% and 98.24%, respectively. The best flocculation effect was observed with the maximum value of flocculation index (FI value) and the minimum absolute value of zeta potential. Compared with the control group, the removal efficiencies of SS and Fe³⁺ by magnetic flocculation were increased by 3.70% and 10.82%, respectively, and the maximum settling velocity of flocs was increased by 33%. The treated reject water by enhanced magnetic flocculation technology can meet the requirements of SS and iron concentration for subsequent biological treatment units. Moreover, it can effectively improve the sedimentation speed of magnetic flocs and reduce the precipitation time, which has a good practical value.

Mushroom residue as precursor was used to produce activated carbon. Using the energy-dispersion spectroscopy (EDS) and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR) for characterization, the results reveal the surface of the activated carbon is rich in various functional groups to improve the adsorption of nitrobenzene. The factors affecting the adsorption of nitrobenzene (pH, initial concentration, adsorption time, and dosage of activated carbon), adsorption isotherms and thermodynamics were studied. The results show that the removal rate of nitrobenzene is as high as 98% under the conditions of neutral pH, normal temperature, the initial concentration 50mg/L and the activated carbon dosage 0.15g. The effluent water quality meets the requirement for the nitrobenzene concentration below 2.0mg/L in the Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard (GB 8978－1996). In addition, the adsorption of nitrobenzene by activated carbon has a fast adsorption rate, which is close to equilibrium in 1min. The adsorption behavior is a spontaneous exothermic reaction, which can be well fitted by Freundlich model. The adsorption of nitrobenzene by mushroom residue activated carbon is mainly the result of the combined action of hydrophobicity and molybdenum oxide activation. Therefore, the mushroom residue activated carbon prepared from agricultural waste has a good economic practicality, and can be used in wastewater treatment to achieve the purpose of treating waste with waste.

The iron-carbon micro-electrolytic filler (Fe/C-MEF) was prepared using high-temperature microporous activation technology, which was used to activate persulfate (PDS) to degrade high-strength Reactive Black 5 (RB5) dye wastewater. Fe/C-MEF was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy spectrometer (EDS). After comparing the degradation of RB5 by different processes, the results showed that the Fe/C-MEF/PDS system performed a more efficient removal rate, and the Fe/C-MEF structure was stable and easy to recycle. The effects of PDS concentration, Fe/C-MEF concentration, pH and inorganic anions on the degradation of RB5 were investigated. Appropriate PDS concentration and Fe/C-MEF concentration were 1.5×10^-2mol/L and 24g/L, respectively. It suggested that the hydrolysis of PDS can adjust the pH to around 3, so that the system can maintain a high removal rate. The existence of inorganic anions will affect the degradation of RB5, and the fundamental reason was that it affected the pH of the system to limit the release of catalyst and the consumption of ·SO{}_{\mathrm{4}}^{-} to generate lower active free radicals. Free radical quenching experiments issued that Fe/C-MEF acted as both a microelectrolytic reactant and a heterogeneous catalyst for PDS in the reaction. After 6 cycles of Fe/C-MEF recycling, the system still maintained a high removal rate for RB5, indicating that Fe/C-MEF had good stability.

The coal-fired fly ash was mechanical-chemically modified by omnidirectional planetary ball mill. The effect of ball milling time on mercury removal performance of the modified fly ash was investigated in a fixed-bed reactor, and physicochemical properties and mercury-removal mechanism of fly ash before and after modification were analyzed. The results showed that the mercury removal efficiency of fly ash first increased and then decreased with the increase of ball milling time without the addition of NaBr. It was because the particle size of the fly ash becomed smaller, the degree of amorphous phase increased, and the contact area between Hg⁰ and fly ash rose, which was conducive to remove Hg⁰. Excessive ball milling time caused destruction of the fly ash pore structure and induced agglomeration to reduce the specific surface area, which was not conducive to the removal of Hg⁰. After adding NaBr, the mercury removal efficiency of fly ash was improved significantly, as a result of rising with the longer ball milling time. The reasons were that under the combined action of mechanical ball milling and NaBr, the content of carbonyl and carboxyl/ester groups on the surface of fly ash increased and C-Br covalent groups formed, which promoted the adsorption removal of Hg⁰. The removal characteristics of fly ash on Hg⁰ showed that the removal of Hg⁰ by the raw fly ash and NaBr-free modified fly ash was mainly adsorption, and the oxidation was relatively less, only about 1/3 of the adsorption. The removal of Hg⁰ by adsorption and oxidation was enhanced by both mechanical-chemical action and NaBr modification at the same part.

Batch experiments were used to study the mechanochemical method for remediation effects and influencing factors of simulated petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated soil with the typical petroleum hydrocarbon n-hexadecane as a characteristic pollutant; GC/MS was used to analyze the degradation products of n-hexadecane in the soil. XRD, FTIR, SEM and BET were applied for the characterization of the soil samples before and after treatment and the changes in soil organic matter content were analyzed, revealing the mechanism of mechanochemical method for remediation of petroleum-contaminated soil. The results showed that the degradation rate of n-hexadecane reached 95.86% after ball milling with 4h at a ball mill speed of 500r/min, a ball-to-material ratio of 35∶1, a large, medium, and small steel ball ratio of 2∶5∶3, and a dosage of n-hexadecane of 2.5μL/g, The surface of soil particles became rough and the quartz content with better grinding aid was significantly increased after ball milling. Compared with the tested soil before pretreatment, no short chain alkane was detected after milling treatment, suggesting that n-hexadecane degradation was more thorough. It was difficult to completely remove residual low-concentration petroleum hydrocarbons due to the improvement of soil organic carbon content and adsorption capacity. The mechanochemical method shows excellent application potential due to its advantages of rapidness, efficiency and completeness in remediation of petroleum hydrocarbons contaminated soil.

Corn straw char impregnated with 1% NH₄Cl solution was used as adsorbent to explore the mechanism of NO and O₂ oxidation on removal of mercury in oxygen enriched atmosphere. Compared with the traditional combustion mode, the composition of oxy-fuel flue gas also changed greatly. In this experiment, corn straw char impregnated with 1% NH₄Cl solution was used as adsorbent to explore the mechanism of oxidation with NO and O₂ on removal of mercury in oxy-fuel combustion atmosphere. The results showed that the surface pore structure of corn straw char was enriched after impregnation, with more mesoporous structure and increased total pore volume. At the same time, the results of Fourier transform infrared spectrometer showed that the number of functional groups on the surface was greatly increased, especially the oxygen-containing functional groups, which played an important role in the adsorption of mercury. NO could react with O₂ and oxygen-containing groups on the surface of biomass char to form NO₂ with oxidation effect, which reacted with zero valent mercury to promote the removal of mercury. The co-existence of NO and O₂ had more obvious effect on the oxidation of zero valent mercury. The increase of O₂ content could also promote the adsorption of mercury on biomass char, which was mainly due to the strong oxidation of O₂, i.e., O₂ made heterogeneous oxidation with zero valent mercury. In addition, the breaking of chemical bond of oxygen-containing functional group could also provide support for the oxidation of mercury.

With calcium hydroxide as the calcium source, D-sodium gluconate as the additives, micro-nano hierarchical hollow rod-like calcium carbonate aggregates assembled with nano cubic grains were prepared by bubbling CO₂ in high-pressure reactor. The influences of various factors on the preparation of calcium carbonate were studied, and the optimum conditions are investigated by changing the reaction temperature, the amount of D-sodium gluconate, and the concentration of calcium hydroxide. The products were characterized by SEM, TEM, XRD, FTIR, and BET. The result shows that the hollow rod-like calcium carbonate aggregates with micro-nano hierarchical structure have an average diameter of about 300nm and a length of 1—2μm, and the thickness of the wall of the aggregate is about 100nm, composed with 50—100nm cubic shape nanoparticles. Moreover, high uniform and disperse hollow rod-like calcium carbonate aggregates can be obtained with a calcium hydroxide concentration of 2%, D-glucose acid sodium content of 2% (total weight of calcium hydroxide added), the reaction temperature of 120℃, and the reaction time of 4h.

The protective layer of the storage tank is one key safety barrier technology that reduces the risk of domino effect accident of blast fragments in chemical industry parks. The limit state equation and probability model of chemical storage tank under the protection of Al and ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) fiber protective layer were established for the exploration on the reduction degree of failure probability caused by explosion debris with the different protective layer. Monte-Carlo simulation method was used to plot the vulnerability curves of the target tank under these influences. The influence of the protective layer with different thickness, material, layering number and coupling mode on accident effects of blast fragment was analyzed. The results showed that the protective layer of these two materials could significantly reduce the failure probability of the target tank with over 80%. The thickness of the protective layer was the key factor associated to reduction degree. Additionally the vulnerability of the storage tank showed a higher sensitivity to thickness change under the protection of the Al protective layer compared to the UHMWPE fiber protective layer. The failure probability of the tank gradually decreases with the increase of the number of layers when the total thickness of Al protective layers was same. A higher reduction degree of the failure probability was observed by multi-layered protective layer coupled with two materials than single Al. This study can provide an important guidance for rational material selection and structure design of the protective layer for chemical storage tanks in actual working conditions, improving the resilience of chemical process equipment.