Research of heat integration in batch processes can promote the sustainable development of batch process and improve its economic efficiency and technical competitiveness. This article reviewed the progress of heat integration in batch process based on integrated process optimization. Three universal applied models based on graphic technique were summarized, and the discussion and comparison for the characteristics of different algorithms used were given. Current researches could be classified into three areas: the design of heat exchanger network, thermal storage systems and heat integration with scheduling. The bottleneck and research significance of them were commented. It was pointed out that heat integration was a research hotspot of batch process, and the research of the collaborative optimization for heat integration and batch scheduling was necessary, leading to optimal design of the system. More requirements needed to be met in the optimal design of batch process wherein the uncertainties and constraints made the problem more difficulty.

Impinging stream technology has recently been used to enhance mixing process in the preparation of ultrafine powders due to its good mixing properties. The stability of the impact surface affects the mixing effect in the reactor, so the research on the stability of the impact surface was reviewed. Different structural forms of impinging stream reactors include plane impinging stream, axisymmetric impinging stream and micro impinging stream, etc. A brief description of the experimental research methods of impinging stream stability, the deflection period of the impinging surface of the plane impinging stream reactor and the start and stop conditions of the deflection oscillation of the plane impinging stream were analyzed. It was concluded that the oscillations of the stagnation points of the axisymmetric impinging stream and the plane impinging stream promoted mixing, and the offset oscillation period was indefinite. The offset amplitude of the axisymmetric impinging plane was related to the nozzle distance and Reynolds number. The deflection oscillation period of the plane impinging stream was inversely proportional to the inlet flow velocity. The structural parameters of the reactor were one of the factors affecting the stability of the impinging stream. According to the promotion effect of the axisymmetric impinging stream offset oscillation on mixing, a new set of preset flow waveform double-group impinging stream reactor was proposed. The unique structure of the new impinging stream reactor overcomes the single shortcoming of the material reaction channel, controls its inlet flow through preset waveforms, increases the offset amplitude of the impinging surface, eliminates random vibration of the impinging surface, expands the flow trajectory, and enlarges mixing area. The experimental device and method were designed to discuss the impact of the stability of the impinging surface of the dynamic flow impinging reactor on mixing effect. Finally, the research prospects of the mixing performance of axisymmetric impinging stream reactors were prospected.

A two-dimensional gas-liquid interface tracking model coupled with level-set method is applied to simulate deformation process of chemical pesticide spray droplet. The effects of spray droplet diameter, surface tension, viscosity and air velocity are considered. It shows that spray droplet deformation is the result of comprise and competition between internal forces such as viscous force and surface tension, and external forces such as gravity and drag force. Gravity and drag force can promote droplet deformation, while viscous force and surface tension can hinder droplet deformation. The deformation of spray droplet can oscillate periodically during spatial motion and deformation characteristics of different spray droplets are investigated. The deformation amplitude can be enhanced by increasing spray droplet diameter and air velocity. Besides, it can be weakened by increasing the surface tension and viscosity of spray droplet. The deformation period can be prolonged by increasing droplet diameter and decreasing surface tension, but it is almost unrelated with air velocity and viscosity. Prediction models are proposed by dimensionless analysis to estimate deformation period and amplitude. The results can provide theoretical fundament for the development of spray drift reduction technology.

The generation frequency of heat exchanger directly affects the optimization process of heat exchanger networks (HENs). The analysis of its mechanism can guide the improvement of the optimization algorithm. The Node-Wise Non-Structural Superstructure model and Random Walk Algorithm with Compulsive Evolution algorithm were adopted. Different generation probabilities and numbers of heat exchanger were set to change the generation frequency of heat exchanger. Then, the change of total annual cost (TAC) which generated by individuals in the optimization process was observed and recorded. The analysis showed that the generation frequency of heat exchanger can change the whole optimization process by affecting the relative optimization frequency of integer variable and continuous variable. And the generation frequency which is not suitable for the current state of the individual will cause the relative optimization frequency imbalance, and the optimization results are poor. Based on this, a generation pattern of heat exchanger with dynamic adjustment strategy of generation parameters was proposed, which is to change the individuals' generation probability and number in the optimization process. Then, the relative optimization frequency of integer variable and continuous variable was adjusted to make it more suitable for individual optimization. The generation probability and the number of heat exchanger were adjusted in real time according to the individual state in the optimization. And the relative optimization frequency of integer variables and continuous variables was balanced. Finally, the example of 15SP， 10SP and 20SP was used for verification. The TAC of HENs respectively saved 1.06%, 0.16% and 0.68% as compared to the optimums in literature. The results showed that the strategy effectively improves the optimization performance of the algorithm and makes the generation of heat exchanger more reasonable.

The boiling process of liquid argon on superheated substrates at nanoscale was investigated by molecular dynamics simulations. The wall wettability was changed by changing the way of solid-liquid interaction. The effects of wall wettability on energy transfer and liquid motion during boiling were simulated and analyzed. The results showed that solid-liquid separation occurs on different wettable surfaces. As the wettability increases, the number density of argon atoms adsorbed near the solid surface increases. When the wettability is strong, the energy of the liquid rises faster. The heat flux is greater and the temperature gradient inside the liquid is larger. The solid-liquid separation phenomenon occurs earlier, and the temperature and energy of argon in the system are lower. The density and thickness of the liquid change less during the ascent. When the wettability is weak, the energy of the liquid rises more slowly. The heat flux density is smaller, and the temperature gradient inside the liquid is smaller. The solid-liquid separation phenomenon takes more time, and the temperature and energy of argon in the system are higher. The density and thickness of the liquid change more significantly during the ascent. The lower gas pressure is generally greater than the upper gas pressure. When solid-liquid separation occurs, the pressure difference between the liquid on the surface with strong wettability is more obvious, and the height of the first ascent process can reach a higher height and take less time.

The object of this study, R447A, is a ternary non-azeotropic refrigerant mixture as a potential substitute of R410A with high GWP(Global Warming Potential). Flow boiling heat transfer characteristics of R447A were investigated in the horizontal smooth tube with inner diameter (I.D.) of 10.6mm. The heat flux ranged in 5—20kW/m², the evaporating temperature ranged in 5—25℃, and the mass flux ranged in 100—300kg/(m²·s). This study shows that under the conditions of this experiment, the heat transfer coefficients of R447A are between 0.8—4kW/(m²·K). In addition, the heat transfer coefficients of R410A were also tested under the same conditions. It was found that the influence of heat flux on the heat transfer coefficients of R410A was greater than those of R447A, while the influence of vapor quality and mass flow rate on the heat transfer coefficient of R447A was more significant. This paper proposed a new method that divides vapor quality into two part to predict heat transfer coefficients. A new prediction correlation was developed with a mean deviation of +6.21%, an absolute deviation of +12.96%. The results of this study can be helpful to design heat exchangers for R447A.

The entropy production theory in the second law of thermodynamics was used to analyze the entropy generation caused by the irreversible factors in turbo air classifier. The classification performance of the turbo air classifier was evaluated by powder classification experiments. The entropy generation caused by gas viscosity, turbulent and wall fraction were obtained. Meanwhile, the effects of operational parameters on entropy generation and classification performance were investigated. The results showed that the ratios of turbulent entropy generation and wall entropy generation to total entropy generation were 56.41% and 43.11%, respectively. The turbulent entropy generation mainly occurred in the blade clearance and the inner rotor cage, while the wall entropy was mainly caused by walls of the air inlet and outlet. The rotor cage speed and inlet air velocity dominated the gas entropy generation in the regions of the rotor cage and air inlet, respectively. The variation of the entropy generation/total energy in the classifier was insignificant and the stability of the flow field was high when the classifier worked on the conditions of 8.6m/s-800r/min and 18m/s-1200r/min, respectively. In this case, the flow field distribution was helpful for particle separation and the classifier had higher classification efficiency. Therefore, the entropy generation analysis can be used for the prediction of the flow characteristics and operational optimization of the air classifier.

It is one of the key issues to develop economical, highly-efficient and reliable battery cooling schemes for the large-scale commercialization of electric vehicles (EVs). This study proposed a plug-in oscillating heat pipe (OHP) utilized for the battery thermal management, and ethanol, water and the binary mixtures of them at different volume mixing ratios were chosen as working fluids. The effects of heating power input, filling ratio, and ethanol-water mixing ratio on the heat transfer performance of OHP were experimentally investigated. The heat transfer characteristics of oscillating heat pipe was investigated and the heat transfer enhancement mechanism of this binary mixed working medium in different heat power input, filling ratios and working fluid mixing ratios was analyzed. Experimental results showed that the oscillating heat pipe charged with the binary mixture of ethanol and water outperformed the one with pure ethanol or water with respect to both of startup and heat transfer performance. The average temperature of battery could be controlled within 44℃ at 48W power input when the filling ratio was 30%. Simultaneously, the surface temperature of battery pack became more uniform, and the average temperature difference could be decreased to 1.5℃. Hence, this plug-in oscillating heat pipe charged with ethanol-water mixtures can largely meet the requirement of battery cooling. According to the mechanism analysis, the complementary thermo-physical properties for ethanol-water mixture as well as the concentration gradient induced anti-Marangoni flow were responsible for the OHP performance improvement.

To improve the efficiency of capillary evaporation process in seawater desalination, an appropriate capillary pressure should be maintained for the porous media with a fast bubble passing process. A parametric model of the porous media structure was established to investigate the dynamic characteristics of the bubbles passing through the channel of porous media. The purpose was to find general rules that could make it easier for bubbles to pass through the porous medium layer by regulating the size and channel arrangement of the porous structure under a steady capillary pressure. The lattice Boltzmann pseudo-potential model was used to analyze the influencing factors, such as materials’porosity, skeleton’s wettability, channel arrangement, bubbles’ initial velocity in the horizontal direction, etc. The dependable variables including the transportation characteristics of bubble morphology, rising velocity and capillary pressure in the bubble rising process were discussed. This study obtained an operable porosity range and the criterion for the selection of wettability and channel arrangement of the porous structure. Furthermore, it revealed that bubbles with a certain horizontal velocity could detach from the porous media faster than those without horizontal velocity in the actual evaporation process.

In the case of the existing heat exchanger networks, the control system is applied to operate online and save energy continuously. However considering the whole life cycle running of the heat exchanger networks, the operating margins and the control freedoms are required to ensure a sustainable, profitable and safe operation. In this paper, the research progress of heat exchanger networks was analyzed from the perspective of process design and control system design. Then, a method of margin slow-release optimization was proposed based on sustainable energy saving, which was able to realize the rational use of margin under the condition of given margin to ensure the continuous control of the system and to prove the effectiveness of the method through examples.

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are one of the main pollutants in modern coal chemical production. Coal chemical industry is an important part of China's petrochemical fields, and through coal direct liquefaction device the clean utilization of coal can be realized. As the equipment, materials, operating conditions of the coal to oil plant are different from petrochemical enterprise, the related equation for petrochemical industry in China does not apply to coal direct liquefaction plant, and there is no relevant equation for the accounting of the coal to oil plant in China at present. Therefore, this paper studied VOCs detection method of coal-to-oil unit, modified the coefficient of relevant equation, and obtained the VOCs accounting equation of sealing point. Firstly, the leakage and maintenance (LDAR) detection was carried out on the coal-to-oil unit, and the VOCs leakage data of the sealing point of coal-to-oil unit was obtained. On the basis of data analysis, the sampling method of bagging method was improved, and the sealing point sampling and analysis of coal direct liquefaction unit was carried out. On this basis, the correction coefficient of the relevant equation of the U.S. federal environmental protection agency (EPA) was obtained, and the relevant equation applicable to the VOCs leakage accounting of domestic coal-to-oil plant was put forward. Finally, considering the influence of parameters such as moving distance, temperature, pressure and multiple leaks on the correlation equation, the EPA correlation equation of the coal direct liquefaction unit was calibrated, the BP neural network model was established, and correlation function with good approximation result was obtained.

Biomass chemical looping gasification (CLG) is a promising approach for the utilization of biomass energy. The oxygen carrier plays an important role in the CLG process, and its performance is the key factor affecting the CLG process. In this paper, the performance evaluation indexes, the types of oxygen carriers, preparation methods and their effects on tar yield in CLG technology were reviewed. Through analysis and comparison of current research results, it was pointed out that Fe carrier is the most widely used in the process of biomass CLG, and Ni carrier has higher activity, larger oxygen carrying capacity, and higher catalytic conversion efficiency for tar. Therefore, Ni carrier shows better application prospects. In the future, the key direction in this field is the development of highly active and environmental-friendly oxygen carriers, thus promoting the industrial application of CLG process.

Coal to olefins is the most profitable modern coal chemical process in recent years, and its development trend has aroused widespread concern in the petrochemical industry. In this paper the development status of coal-to-olefins technology, especially methanol-to-olefins technology, was introduced, and the development trend of coal-to-olefins technology was discussed. It was concluded that coal-to-olefins technology was generally mature and had been applied in large-scale industrial production in China, but it still needed to be further improved, especially to speed up the technological innovation, so as to possess our own intellectual property rights in coal-to-olefin integrated whole-process technology as soon as possible. With the rapid growth of coal-to-olefin capacity in China, the competition between petroleum olefins and coal-to-olefins will be more intense in the future. Therefore, based on the reality of the industry, full play should be given to the advantages of petrochemical and coal chemical industries, and to speed up technological innovation and product structure adjustment. Efforts should be made to realize the differentiation and high-end structure of olefin products, to promote the complementary advantages of petrochemical and coal chemical industries, and to jointly promote the production of chemical products in China towards the goal of high-quality development.

Gas hydrate is a cage-shaped crystalline compound. Hydrates may be used to store and transport natural gas as the hydrates may store 160—180(v/v) natural gas, and it has been paid more attentions. Due to the low solubility of natural gas in water, natural gas hydrates are often difficult to form, and the natural gas encaged in the hydrates is not much in pure water. In order to increase the storage capacity of natural gas in hydrates and the growth rate of hydrates, some methods were used to promote hydrate formation, such as physical and chemical methods. The effects of the stirring, spraying, bubbling, thermodynamic and kinetic additives on gas storage capacity in hydrates were discussed. The effect mechanisms of the above methods were also analyzed. It is an effective method to combine surfactants and other promoters for gas storage in hydrates. But the cooperated mechanism between them is needed to be further studied.

Microbial fuel cell (MFC) is a promising renewable technology that can simultaneously treat wastewater and generate electricity. However, the performance of MFC is significantly limited by the bioanode, which is the key component of MFC. The structure of traditional three-dimensional (3D) porous electrodes significantly limits the material transfer inside the electrode and affects the battery power density. Herein, we use 3D printing technology to construct a structure-controlled anode for MFC. The effects of pore structure on the growth of microorganisms inside the electrode and the performance of MFC were studied by electrochemical analysis and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that the MFC using the 3D-printed electrode with a pore size of 0.4mm achieved the highest power density of 12.85W/m², which was 10 times higher than that with carbon cloth and 38% higher than that with carbon felt. The charge transfer resistance and mass transfer resistance of the 3D-printed electrode were the main factors limiting the performance of anodes, which could be further reduced by optimizing the channel size and structure distribution.

Adding microporous layer to the membrane electrode of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell plays an important role in improving the water management ability of the system and the overall performance of the membrane electrode(MEA). In this paper,porous carbon nanofiber(PCNF) was prepared by electrospinning method and subsequent heat treatment,and then built up to form the microporous layer of membrane electrode. Unlike the microporous layer made of carbon black particles,which have a tightly packed structure,the microporous layer constructed by PCNF showed a loose three-dimensional interconnected structure. Single cell tests demonstrated that the maximum power density (70.0mW/cm²) of the membrane electrodes with PCNF as the microporous layer (MPL-PCNF) was higher than that (58.1mW/cm²) with carbon black particles as the microporous layer (MPL-CB). The maximum power density of a membrane electrode without microporous layer (Ref) structure was only 27.7mW/cm². The results showed the obvious advantages of using porous nanocarbon fibers as the microporous layer.

Metalloporphyrins have been widely used as biomimetic catalysts in the catalytic oxidation of saturated C—H bonds in hydrocarbon, and their efficient catalytic performance has become the focus of both experimental and theoretical researches. Since theoretical simulation is not limited by experimental conditions and is more suitable for studying the complex reaction mechanisms, it has attracted extensive attentions in the field of catalytic oxidation of saturated C—H bonds by metalloporphyrins. In this paper, the advance in the theoretical simulation of saturated C—H bond oxidation of hydrocarbons catalyzed by metalloporphyrin biomimetic catalysts in recent years is reviewed. Several commonly used theoretical simulation methods and their applications in the calculation of the geometric and electronic properties of metalloporphyrins are emphatically introduced. At the same time, the theoretical simulation studies on the mechanisms of activation of oxygen and catalytic oxidation of saturated C—H bonds of hydrocarbons by metalloporphyrins are discussed in detail. The development directions of theoretical simulation of metalloporphyrins biomimetic catalysts are prospected, which mainly include the organic combination of various simulation methods to study the catalytic mechanism and the relationship between the structure of metalloporphyrins and the catalytic selectivity.

NO_x and VOCs emitted from industrial fixed sources are important precursors of atmospheric composite pollutants. Monolithic catalysts are often used to remove NO_x and VOCs. The coating method is one of the large-scale production processes of monolithic catalysts. It has the advantages of less active components without generation of a large amount of catalyst waste and low production costs. This process is widely used in the preparation of catalyst for stationary source exhaust gas treatment. Because the flushing of high-throughput flue gas will cause the loss of surface active components of the catalysis and reduce its life, which limits its application in fixed source exhaust gas treatment. The preparation of monolithic catalyst by the coating process not only needs to pay attention to the high catalyst activity and the abrasion resistance of the coating. The research progress of monolithic catalyst coating processes was summarized and discussed. The influence of pretreatment methods on the physical and chemical properties of honeycomb ceramic support was mainly analyzed. The conventional coating methods for active components of honeycomb ceramic supported catalysts were summarized, which were divided into indirect coating method and direct coating method. For the indirect coating method, the second carrier coating was further classified. For the direct coating method, the effects of slurry formulation and process parameters on coating performance are briefly described. The advantages and disadvantages of the two coating processes are also discussed. Finally, the applications of monolithic catalyst in the field of fixed source exhaust gas (NO_x and VOCs) treatment were introduced.

The synthesis of amide bonds is one of the most important and significant reactions in organic chemistry, which has been studied for a long time by many global scholars. At present, many substrates and methods have been developed for synthesis of amide, and the catalytic dehydration and condensation reaction between carboxylic acid and amine is the most ideal method. In recent years, boron and transition metal catalysts have been widely studied and a series of achievements have been made. This paper mainly introduces the catalytic synthesis methods with carboxylic acid and amine as substrates and in line with the concept of green chemistry. Through the summary and analysis of the catalytic properties of these catalysts, the advantages and disadvantages of various catalysts were expounded. Among them, the direct amidation reaction catalyzed by boron compounds is the most attractive method with more researches. Based on the special structure of boron compounds, designing more active catalysts will be the direction of future research.

A series of Cu-ZnO-ZrO₂ catalysts were prepared by the sol-gel method using copper, zinc, zirconium nitrate and different amounts of citric acid as raw materials. XRD, TG-DTA, H₂-TPR, CO₂-TPD, FTIR, and BET were used to characterize the physicochemical properties of the xerogel and the catalysts, and the catalytic activity of the catalysts for the hydrogenation of CO₂ to methanol was evaluated. The effect of the coordination of Cu²⁺, Zn²⁺, Zr⁴⁺ with citric acid on the performance of the catalysts during the gelation was studied. The results showed that changing the amount of citric acid could regulate the coordination mode of Cu²⁺, Zn²⁺, Zr⁴⁺ with carboxylic acid. Cu²⁺ and Zn²⁺ with strong coordination ability can participate in the construction of three-dimensional network during the formation of gel, whereas Zr⁴⁺ was dissociated from the three-dimensional network, so the grain sizes of the active components of CuO, ZnO and ZrO₂ in the catalyst can be regulated accordingly. When the molar amount of citric acid was 1.5 times of that of metal ions, the active components of CuO, ZnO and ZrO₂ in the catalyst had compatible grain sizes, resulting in good catalytic performance for the hydrogenation of CO₂ to methanol.

Polyanilines (PANIs) with different contents of carriers (polarons and bipolarons) were prepared by doping the emeraldine base form of polyaniline with different concentrations of HCl. The formation processes of polaron and bipolaron were characterized by FTIR, XRD, XPS and EPR spectra. The influences of the carriers on the energy band structure, the adsorption and activation of benzylamine, the conductivity, and the separation efficiency of photogenerated electron-hole pairs were analyzed. In addition, the photocatalytic performance of PANIs towards the selective benzylamine oxidation reaction under visible light were investigated. The results showed that the polaron and bipolaron were formed during the doping process of PANIs and they both interacted with benzylamine to form the surface complex, which enhanced the absorption of visible light. The polaron-mediated electron transfer process was beneficial to the separation efficiency of photo-generated electron-hole pairs, and thus improved the activity of benzylamine oxidation. However, the presence of bipolaron was unfavorable for high photocatalytic activity.

A combined acid-alkali hydrothermal method was used to prepare SAPO-34 molecular sieves from the fly ash of a thermal power plant in Inner Mongolia Zhungeer(China). Cu-SAPO-34 catalysts were then prepared by impregnation of the fly-ash-derived SAPO-34 molecular sieves as the support, and using ammonium carbonate as the ammonium salt, and copper nitrate as the copper source. The prepared Cu-SAPO-34 catalysts were tested in the selective catalytic reduction of NH₃ (NH₃-SCR) after aging in 8% H₂O/N₂ at 500℃ and their physicochemical properties were characterized. The results showed that the SCR activity was closely related to the isolated Cu²⁺ at the ion exchange sites, which act as the main active center of the Cu-SAPO-34 catalyst in the NH₃-SCR reaction. The low temperature activity of the catalyst increased with the Cu content, while the high temperature activity also increased until the loading of Cu reached 1.50% and then decreased with further loading. The 1.50Cu-SAPO-34 catalyst having the highest isolated Cu²⁺ content showed a broad operation window (＞80%) between 300℃ and 500℃ under a GHSV of 200000h^-1. Compared with the vanadium-based catalyst, Cu-SAPO-34 catalyst is more suitable for high temperature. This work opens up new avenues for recycling the fly ash formed in coal-fired power plants and developing SCR catalysts for NO_x pollution control.

Graphene has excellent mechanical, electrical, thermal and barrier properties, but its shortcomings such as hydrophobicity and biological incompatibility have limited its application in many aspects. graphene oxide (GO), a derivative of graphene, is a new type of carbon material. graphene oxide with carboxylic acid functional groups at the edges and hydroxyl and epoxy groups on its base has good dispersion, amphiphilicity, biocompatibility, etc. graphene oxide is regarded as one of the most promising carbon materials in the contemporary era. This paper briefly described the structure model, preparation method and functional group controllable of graphene oxide. The properties and application progress of graphene oxide were introduced, and some deficiencies of graphene oxide in its preparation and application were analyzed. Finally, the future challenges and potential development prospects of graphene were discussed.

The physiochemical properties of polyamide skin layer determine the separation performance and water permeability properties of thin film composite reverse osmosis (TFC-RO) membrane. Recently, significant progresses have been made on TFC-RO membranes with an ultra-thin (typically<50nm) skin layer. This work summarizes and analyzes the recent key advances in the formation mechanism and membrane characteristics of the ultra-thin TFC-RO membranes, such as low monomer concentration technique, molecular layer-by-layer assembly technique, electrospray facilitated printing technique, interface optimization technique and nano enhanced technique, and compares the advantages and disadvantages of each preparation technique. In general, the researches on ultra-thin TFC-RO membranes provide important approaches to fabricate more finely-structured polyamide skin layers and therefore to design TFC-RO membranes with enhanced performance. However, the interactions between the ultrathin skin layer and the micro-and nano-scale structures of the polyamide, and the long term operational stability of ultra-thin TFC-RO membrane still demand further research.

The TiW and TiTa films were deposited on 316L stainless steel (316L SS) by magnetron co-sputtering method in order to improve the performance of the metallic bipolar plate of proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy disperse spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), electrochemical methods and interfacial contact resistance (ICR) measurements were used to characterize the 316L SS with TiW and TiTa films. The results show that the deposited TiTa film was relatively uniform. Compared with TiW, TiTa film gave better corrosion resistance. In the potentiostatic polarization test, the corrosion reaction current density of TiTa film maintained about 0.3μA/cm². As for conductivity, the ICR between TiW film and carbon paper was lower than that with TiTa film. Overall, the 316L SS with TiTa film is a kind of promising bipolar plate material for PEMFC.

With Ni(NO₃)₂ as nickel source, NaOH as precipitation agent and hydroxylated carbon nanotube (CNT) as substrate, Ni(OH)₂/CNT composites were firstly synthesized. And then, the Ni(OH)₂/CNT composites were calcined and transformed into NiO/CNT composites at fixed temperature. The phase and morphologies of the products were characterized by X-ray diffractometer (XRD), field-emitting scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results showed NiO nanoparticles had firmly anchored on the surface of CNT. The possible formation mechanism of the composites was proposed. The influence of reaction parameters on the electrochemical performances of the composites was investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) method, charge-discharge test of the single electrode and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and then optimal reaction conditions were obtained accordingly. A quasi-solid-state asymmetric supercapacitor was assembled by using the composite as positive electrode, active carbon (AC) as negative electrode and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)-KOH as solid polymer electrolyte. Test results of the electrochemical properties displayed that the quasi-solid-state asymmetric supercapacitor provided a specific capacitance of 868.0F/g for 3700 cycles under the current density of 11.2mA/cm². After 7500 cycles, the specific capacitance still retained 564.2F/g, which exhibited the supercapacitor's high specific capacitance and long cycle stability.

A simple and fast modification method was introduced to fabricate super-hydrophobic sponge material. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and modified SiO₂ nanoparticles were applied to establish water-repellent coatings on the surface of nano-sponge. Surface group (infrared radiation), hydrophobic property and surface morphology (SEM) were studied. And the adsorption capacity and recycling performance for xylene of super-hydrophobic sponge were also investigated. In order to testify its industrial application performance for xylene adsorption, the recovery laboratory equipment loaded with modified sponge was manufactured. The results showed that the superhydrophobic coating on the surface of modified sponge was complete and uniform, and the surface roughness was significantly improved. In the IR spectrum of modified sponge, the characteristic peak of O—Si—O was emerged, which fully proved that the hydrophobic SiO₂ particle was loaded on the surface. Thus, the water contact angle of the modified sponge can be improved to 150°, which showed the super-hydrophobicity. The sorption capacity for xylene reached 41.45g/g, which can still achieve 93% after 500 cycles of absorption and desorption. The recovery device loaded with the sponge also had a good recovery rate (152.83L/h) and efficiency (99%) of m-xylene, and it remained satisfactory recovery performance even after 58h operation.

The chemical crosslinking substance of oxidized multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and graphene oxide (GO) hydrophilic nanoparticles (MWCNT@GO) was prepared which was used as fillers to improve the performance of PPS membrane. During the preparation of polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) membrane by thermally induced phase separation (TIPS) method, MWCNT@GO nanoparticles were introduced by physical blending method to prepare PPS/MWCNT@GO hybrid membrane. TEM, XPS, Raman, XRD and FTIR were used to characterize the structure of nanoparticles and the changes of surface functional groups in the crosslinking process. SEM, CSM, DSC, aperture tester, contact Angle tester and tensile tester were used to characterize the morphology and structure characteristics of hybrid membranes. At the same time, the water flux of the hybrid membrane and the interception of albumin from bovine serum (BSA) or methylene blue (MB) dyes were tested. The results indicated that the pore diameter of PPS/MWCNT@GO hybrid membrane was reduced to 0.06μm, and the hybrid membrane had the excellent thermal stability and mechanical properties. At the same time, PPS hybrid membrane showed a high water flux up to 130L/(m²?h), and better separation performance of the interception rate of BSA close to 100% and the interception rate of MB dye to 92%. This hybrid membrane was expected to be widely used in high temperature, strong acid, strong alkali and corrosive water pollution environment.

Cobalt oxide/nickel foam (CoO/NF) electrodes with different concentration, reaction time and reaction temperature were synthesized by a simple hydrothermal method in order to improve its specific capacitance and stability. The phase structure, morphology and size of the prepared CoO-8h/NF were characterized by using fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), physical adsorption instrument (BET) and X-ray energy spectrometer (EDS and Mapping). The electrochemical activities of the cobalt oxide/nickel foam electrode were studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge/discharge (CP), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and tested in 1mol/L potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution. The characterization results showed that cobalt oxide was evenly distributed on the surface of the nickel foam, and the flake structure CoO-8h/NF had large specific surface area and porous characteristics. In the three electrode system, electrochemical measurements confirmed CoO-8h/NF had the best capacitance performance at the current density of 1mA/cm² and its specific capacitance reached 930mF/cm². The CoO-8h/NF electrode was tested for 10000 times under the current density of 10mA/cm². After the cycle test, the specific capacitance of the electrode had almost no attenuation and had good stability, making it an ideal anode material for supercapacitors.

To reduce the energy consumption in buildings, a new binary phase change material (PCM), with suitable phase change temperature and relatively large latent heat, composed of lauryl alcohol (LA, C₁₂H₂₆O) and stearic acid (SA, C₁₈H₃₆O₂) was proposed, namely LA-SA. The expanded perlite and ceramsite were used as adsorbent materials to prepare the shaped PCMs, and the thermophysical properties of the two shaped PCMs were investigated and analyzed. The optimal ratio of LA-SA was mass fraction of 82%LA + 18%SA with melting temperature of 21.3℃, latent heat of 205.9kJ/kg and a good thermal stability. Two kinds of composite shaped PCMs for building were prepared by vacuum adsorption method using expanded perlite and ceramsite as the adsorbent materials. The properties of the two shaped PCMs were characterized by SEM, FTIR, TG and DSC. Results showed that only physical adsorption occurred during the good combination of LA-SA and the porous materials, and the latent heat of the shaped PCMs decreased after the adsorption. The adsorption rate of LA-SA/expanded perlite was higher than that of the LA-SA/ceramsite, and the expanded perlite had less influence on the thermal properties of the shaped PCM. The melting temperature of LA-SA/expanded perlite was 22.7℃ and the latent heat was 165.3 kJ/kg, which could be used to prepare energy conservation-building materials.

Using citric acid and urea as the carbon source and nitrogen source, the N-CDs containing nitrogen-doped carbon dots were synthesized by microwave method. A series of carbon-dot waterborne polyurethane composites (N-CDs/WPU) were prepared by using isoflurone diisocyanate (IPDI) and polyoxypropylene (PPG-2000) as main raw materials and adding different amounts of N-CDs. The structures and properties of composites were characterized by FTIR, TEM, XPS, UV-vis, fluorescence spectroscopy and mechanical property testing. The results showed that N-CD was mainly composed of carbonitride and oxygen, and the surface had active groups such as amine groups and hydroxyl groups. The addition of N-CDs improved the mechanical properties of the composite film, gave the film fluorescence properties. When the amount of N-CDs added was 0.6%, the tensile strength of the film reached a maximum of 35.00 MPa. when the addition amount was 0.8%, the fluorescence intensity was the best.

The biological method has successfully replaced the chemical method to produce long-chain dicarboxylic acids. Heavy components containing dibasic acids are produced in the extraction and purification of long-chain dicarboxylic acids in biological processes. Due to the complex composition, extraction of mixed dibasic acids from heavy components is a technical difficulty in the industry. This article aims at the mixed dibasic acids extraction technology for heavy components. First, the heavy component composition and the source of impurities were analyzed, and then the different extraction technologies and their technical principles were explained, while the advantages and disadvantages of each extraction method were compared. The results showed that the aqueous phase salt-acidification crystallization method was simple to be operated and contained no solvents. However, it consumed acid and alkali and generated more salt which needed to be treated. Organic solvent crystallization could be achieved by cooling crystallization after concentration. The method was compatible with the main production line process, and the amount of workload of equipment modification was small. The extraction method needed a solvent. Some special solvents could separate impurities such as pigments, but the solvent separation should be considered. It was difficult for chromatographic separation to achieve high resolution, while the operation of the column was complicated, which was not suitable for large-scale production. The key of the esterification separation method was to connect the esterified product to the market. Finally, based on the existing technology, it was proposed that future research needed to focus on the extraction process innovation, separation equipment processing and strengthening environmental protection measures.

A new process for the pretreatment of fermentation broth and the separation of sophorolipids in the industrial production process of sophorolipids (SLs) was optimized. The natural sedimentation method was used instead of the traditional ethyl acetate extraction method to obtain the lactonic sophorolipid from the lower fermentation broth. For the upper fermentation broth, the industrial common-used frame filtering was adopted to replace the traditional laboratory centrifugation method to remove biomass. Methods of resin adsorption and ultrafiltration were selected instead of the organic solvent extraction method and alcohol precipitation method to depigmentation, desalting, and deproteinization. Following this procedure, acidic sophorolipid with high purity was obtained from the upper fermentation broth. The sophorolipids content and composition were determined by HPLC, and it was found that the obtained sophorolipid products met the market standards and performed better than commercial sophorolipids. Hence, this pretreatment and separation process can not only enrich the varieties of sophorolipid products,but also can fill in the defects that the commercial products are a complex mixture of lactonic and acidic sophorolipids. Furthermore, the significantly reduced use of organic reagents during this process makes great improvements in the safety and feasibility of sophorolipid production.

Hydroxylamine and its salts are important raw materials in chemical industry. Traditional methods for preparing hydroxylamine such as the Rashing and HPO methods, suffer from some drawbacks like environmental pollution, complicated process flow, serious equipment corrosion, and low utilization of raw material atoms. Based on the concept of green chemistry and current research status of hydroxylamine synthesis, the preparation of hydroxylamine products by hydrolysis of ketoxime was introduced from the perspectives of raw materials, catalysts, products and product separation methods of hydrolysis reaction. Moreover, a protonated ketoxime reaction mechanism was proposed for the ketoxime hydrolysis reaction. The latest applications of reaction distillation (rectification, extraction) coupling and in situ PDMS membrane separation in the hydrolysis of ketone oxime were also discussed. Finally, the development of new reaction and separation technologies such as reaction-extraction coupling for the hydrolysis of ketonoxime under mild conditions and efficient, clean and one-pot synthesis of hydroxylamine as well as its salt may become the research trends in the future.

The keratin nanofiber membrane prepared by electrospinning technology has great brittleness and poor mechanical properties by using pure keratin as raw material. Adding chemical additives can significantly improve the spinnability of keratin solution and improve the comprehensive properties of keratin nanofiber membrane. In this paper, three kinds of chemical assistants were introduced to optimize and improve the properties of keratin nanofiber membrane in the process of electrospinning, including spinning aids to improve the spinnability of spinning solution, cross-linking agents to enhance the comprehensive properties of nanofiber membrane and antibacterial agents to increase the special functions of nanofiber membrane. The mechanism of the above three kinds of chemical assistants in electrospinning keratin nanofiber membrane materials was discussed. The structure and properties changes the nanofiber membrane before and after the addition of chemical assistants were compared. The potential application and broad application prospect of chemical assistants in electrospinning keratin nanofiber materials were prospected. In the end, the research field in optimizing the comprehensive properties of electrospinning keratin nanofiber materials by adding chemical assistants in future were presented.

During the production of waxy crude oil, the phenomenon of paraffin deposition is common in oil well. Effective paraffin removal and control technology is an important factor to ensure stable production of oil wells, and the application effects of chemical paraffin removal and control technology are affected by sinking degree, fluid production , water content, etc. Thus it is difficult to evaluate the field application effects of chemical process under complex conditions in oil well. In order to study the application effect of paraffin removal and control technology, based on its principle, the high waxy crude oil and sediment before and after the application of paraffin removal and control technology in Ansai Oilfield were taken as the study object, and the composition of crude oil group, paraffin composition, wax content, wax appearance temperature (WAT), viscosity and paraffin dissolution rate were analyzed. Four evaluation indexes were determined through comparison, a multi-objective evaluation method was introduced, and evaluation system of wax removal and control technology was established. The results showed that after the application of paraffin removal and control technology, the viscosity of crude oil was reduced; the percentage content of C₁₆—C₃₀ decreased and the percentage above C₃₀ increased; the average change rate of wax content in crude oil was 22.99%; the average change rate of WAT of crude oil was 2.86%; the paraffin dissolving rate of each paraffin remover and inhibitor was greater than 0.0160g/min; the comprehensive scores of CQ-11 and CQ-3 processes were high, and effects of field application were good. The calculation results are in accordance with the direction of the application of chemical paraffin removal and control technology in Ansai Oilfield, so it has a strong reference.

Anaerobic ammonia oxidation technology has huge application prospects in the field of urban domestic sewage denitrification. It has important advantages in reducing investment, low-consumption operation and sludge reduction, and has become a research hotspot in urban domestic sewage treatment. This article summarized the latest research progress of anaerobic ammonia oxidation technology in urban sewage treatment in recent years. The article first analyzed the influencing factors such as organic matter, sludge age, dissolved oxygen, temperature, and sludge retention. It was concluded that anaerobic ammonia oxidation technology is suitable. Treatment of urban domestic sewage, and corresponding technical challenges were proposed. The advantages of side stream and mainstream anaerobic ammonia oxidation treatment processes in urban domestic sewage treatment, regulatory conditions, and field application effects were discussed. At the same time, according to the existing research results, it was considered that urban areas that ensure stable nitrite nitrogen accumulation at low ammonia nitrogen concentrations, stable anaerobic ammonia oxidation at low temperatures, rapid enrichment of anaerobic ammonia oxidizing bacteria, and popularization and application of mainstream processes are the bottleneck problems of large-scale application of anaerobic ammonia oxidation in domestic sewage. The future development trend of anaerobic ammonia oxidation was proposed.

Waste batteries contain a lot of metal substances, which, if not properly treated, will cause serious environmental pollution and waste of resources. Recycling waste batteries to prepare functional materials can not only effectively solve the difficulty of disposal of the harmful waste batteries, but also reduce the preparation cost of functional materials. Firstly, this paper summarized the composition and types of batteries, the significance of recycling of waste batteries and the status of their recycling and disposal. Secondly, this paper focused on the research status and latest progress of recycling waste batteries for the preparation of functional materials and the recycling techniques were classified according to the different processes. Finally, the existing problems were discussed, and we pointed out that simple processing would be the main development trend in the future.

In order to better recover the available resource in oily sludge, domestic and foreign oily sludge resource treatment methods are constantly updated and breakthrough, and better treatment results have been achieved in laboratory experimental research stage. In this paper, the research progress, advantages and disadvantages as well as applicable conditions of oily sludge resource treatment methods such as pyrolysis, microwave and extraction were reviewed from three aspects, namely, high temperature heat treatment method, normal temperature method and low temperature freezing-thawing method. The oil recovery rate of pyrolysis method is 95.8%, which is characterized by complete disposal of oily sludge and high recovery quality of oil. The electro-dynamic method can reduce the oily sludge by 44.3%, and the flotation method can reduce the oily sludge by 95%. Both methods have the characteristics of simple operation, easy implementation, and suitable for mass processing, which have great potential for engineering application. Because of the different sources and properties of oily sludge, it is difficult to achieve the goal of resource recovery and harmlessness of a large amount of oily sludge by using a single technology. The combination of multiple technologies, such as pyrolysis combined flotation method or electrodynamic method, can improve the recovery and quality of oil, reduce the residual oil rate and treatment cost, and will become the development direction of oily sludge resource treatment technology.

Desulfurization and decarburization amines become metamorphic because of the degradation and mixed impurities during the long running period, leading to the efficiency decline of desulfurization and decarburization, amine foaming, equipment corrosion, increase of energy consumption and so on. The technology of the amine purification and reclamation is the effective means to solve the amine system problems. The origin, harm and control measures of the amine contaminants such as solid particle, hydrocarbon and surfactant, amine metamorphic product, and heat stable salts in metamorphic amine have been summarized in the first. Then towards the main refractory pollutants such as heat stable salts, the technology principle, the research and application of purification and reclamation technologies such as distillation recovery, ion exchange, and electrodialysis have been introduced, and the technology characteristic have been summarized. In the end, by comparison of amine purification and reclamation technologies, electrodialysis is considered as the most potential development direction in the field of amine purification and reclamation in China, owing to the characteristics such as high amine recovery, deep heat stable salts purification, moderate energy consumption, and low easily-treated pollutant level.

The removal of excessive phosphorus in wastewater can slow down the eutrophication of water. Adsorption dephosphorization has attracted much attention due to its advantages of low energy consumption, large capacity and less pollution. On this basis, modified adsorbents can improve the targeting of dephosphorization, broaden the operating conditions and increase the adsorption capacity. This paper analyzed the modification methods and adsorption properties of four kinds of phosphorus removal adsorbents: modified silicates, modified metal oxides, modified solid wastes and polymers. Silicate adsorption materials and solid waste materials have poor phosphorus removal effect, but they have great attraction because of their rich sources and low price. Polymer adsorbents have high adsorption capacity and selectivity, but they are expensive. Metal (hydrogen) oxides have excellent phosphate adsorption performance, good selectivity and fast adsorption speed. These compounds have been incorporated into zeolite, mesoporous silica, biochar and other materials to further enhance their adsorption performance, and have made major breakthroughs in the application of engineering materials, mainly including magnetic adsorbents and particle adsorbents. The mechanism of four kinds of adsorbents can be summed up into two kinds: one is the coordination reaction between the metal on the adsorbent and the phosphate ion to form the precipitate; the other is the protonation of the hydroxyl group on the adsorbent under the acid condition, which makes the hydroxyl group positively charged, and the protonated hydroxyl group can remove the phosphorus through the electrostatic attraction. Through the comparative analysis of the adsorption characteristics of different types of adsorbents, it was proposed that the application of polymer technology in the preparation of adsorbents and the development of modified adsorbents with strong desorption capacity will become a new hotspot in the research of phosphorus removal adsorbents.

Electrolytic manganese residues (EMRs) significantly blocked the development of electrolytic metal manganese industry. Although building materials could efficiently reutilize these EMRs in large-scale, no economically and stable running cases could be found in the market because of NH{}_{\mathrm{4}}^{+}-N and soluble sulfates caused by its high-water content. To better EMRs reutilization in building materials, first, its physical/chemical properties, eco-environmental characteristics, reduction and decontamination methods were reviewed. Then, the research status and perspectives of EMRs for building materials as well as their industrialization implementation cases were discussed. Finally, the feasibility of EMRs for cement mixture and autoclaved aerated concrete were analyzed, aiming to provide a new idea for EMRs reuse and decontamination and to ensure the sustainable development of electrolytic metal manganese industry.

With the wide application of alkali/surfactant/polymer (ASP) flooding oil recovery technology in oilfield, the yield of ASP flooding produced water is increasing. The characteristics of ASP flooding produced water is complex, which include high salinity, high viscosity, high oil emulsification, high content of small oil droplets and difficult separation of oil from water, resulting in an increasing negative impact on oilfield production and the environment. Therefore, it is important to study the efficient treatment technologies of ASP flooding produced water. This study analyzed the factors that affect the oil-water separation characteristics of ASP flooding produced water. The advanced technologies for ASP flooding produced water treatment in China, such as membrane separation, air flotation separation, advanced oxidation method, and microbiological method, etc. were introduced. The advantages and problems of various treatment technologies were described. The application situation of air flotation separation and microbiological method in ASP flooding produced water treatment was emphatically introduced. The treatment technologies of ASP flooding produced water in Daqing oilfield were introduced. Finally, some prospects were put forward for future researches.

With its advantages such as good stability, high efficiency and low cost, photocatalytic technology has been gradually applied in the field of water disinfection, where a series of reactive oxygen species generated by photocatalysts can effectively inactivate the pathogenic microorganisms in water. Because the structure and resistance of viruses are quite different from those of other microorganisms, this article only focuses on the research progress of photocatalytic materials for removing viruses in water. The oxidation and disinfection principles of photocatalytic technology are introduced, the advantages and disadvantages of traditional disinfection technology for viruses removal are discussed, and the applications of TiO₂-based photocatalysts and TiO₂-free photocatalytic materials are summarized. Finally, we conclude that the future photocatalytic materials should be developed in the directions of reducing preparation costs, improving photocatalytic efficiency, and enabling practical large-scale engineering applications.

The advanced treatment of coking wastewater by electrocatalytic technology is still limited by the insufficient conductivity and catalytic activity of the plates and cannot be widely used. Nonconductive polypyrrole (PPy) with good conductivity was inserted into the two-dimensional structure with antimony-doped tin dioxide (Ti/SnO₂-Sb) as the bottom layer and cerium-doped lead dioxide (PbO₂-Ce) as the top layer, to form a three-dimensional Ti/SnO₂-Sb/PPy/PbO₂-Ce electrode that can increase the current efficiency and improve the catalytic activity. The structure of the electrode, the chemical state of the element, and the thermal stability were characterized by X-ray diffraction patterns, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis, respectively. Electrochemical surface behavior of the electrodes was tested by linear scanning voltammetry and cyclic voltammetry. The analysis showed that the doping of cerium significantly increased the amount of hydroxyl radicals (·OH) on the plate and the insertion of PPy into the intermediate layer improved the electrode’s thermal stability and increased the current efficiency to 7.55%. Electrochemical analysis showed that the Ti/SnO₂-Sb/PPy/PbO₂-Ce electrode had high active surface area and oxygen evolution potential. In order to achieve the best performance for the plates, a set of optimal operation parameters were predicted by using the response surface method as current density 161.18A/m², electrolyte concentration 5.90g/L, plate spacing 1.58cm, and initial pH 9.05. Under the optimal conditions, the degradation efficiency of coking wastewater reached 90.47%, and the energy consumption was 0.787kW·h/g. Based on the results, the possible catalytic oxidation principles was provided.

Nowadays, clean-up of wastewaters with the coexistence of heavy metal ions and organic pollutants is a huge issue worldwide. A sunflower straw-based biochar (BC) was prepared and the simultaneous removal of Cu²⁺ and p-nitroaniline (PNA) in aqueous solutions by BC/peroxymonosulfate (PMS) system was achieved. The effects of reaction conditions such as pH, BC dosage and PMS concentration on simultaneous removal of Cu²⁺ and PNA were investigated. The results demonstrated that the simultaneous removal efficiency of Cu²⁺ and PNA reached 90.00% and 100.00%, respectively, with BC of 2.0g/L, PMS of 1.0 mmol/L, PNA of 20.0mg/L , Cu²⁺ of 2.0mg/L, initial pH of 3.0 and reaction time of 60min. Cu²⁺ was adsorbed and removed by BC/PMS system, which also promoted the degradation efficiency of PNA. Free radical quenching experiments and EPR studies indicated that free radical reaction and non-radical reaction were involved in the BC/PMS/Cu²⁺/PNA system, and the non-radical reaction were the main process for the PNA degradation. The free radical reaction was based on the activation of PMS by Cu²⁺ to produce SO{}_{\mathrm{4}}^{·-} and ?OH. The non-free radical reaction was due to the activation of PMS by BC to generate ¹O₂.

In view of the easy-agglomeration of nanoscale zerovalent iron (nZVI), chicken bone biochar (BC) supported nZVI(Fe-BC) and copper-modified biochar(BC) supported nZVI (Fe-Cu-BC) to remove chromium(). The adsorption properties of Cr() by Fe-Cu-BC, Fe-BC and BC were compared. The physicochemical properties of materials were characterized by SEM, EDS, XRD, N₂ adsorption isotherm and FTIR. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of pH and contact time on the Cr() adsorption. The adsorption characteristics were analyzed by adsorption kinetics and isotherms. Results showed that the removal of Cr() was better at pH=2; the process was better described by the Langmuir isotherm model; and the adsorption process was consistent with the pseudo-second-order model. The Fe-BC materials could be recovered by magnetic separation technique after adsorbing water pollutants. Fe-Cu-BC shortened the adsorption equilibrium time for Cr().The theoretical maximum adsorption on Cr() showed following order: Fe-BC>Fe-Cu-BC>BC.The Cr() adsorption amount by Fe-BC was 153.60mg/g, which showed great improvement compared with the previously reported 85mg/g by zerovalent iron. It indicated that biochar as a carrier successfully addressed the easy-agglomeration shortcomings of zerovalent iron and expanded the practical application.

The research on resource utilization of wastewater from polyphenylene sulfide production was described. The organic solvent was used to extract and separate the organic matters in the wastewater. The best extraction conditions were obtained by exploring the influence of operation conditions on the extraction. The preferred extractant was dichloromethane, the extraction time was 3h, the extraction temperature was 303K, the volume ratio to solvent was 1∶1 and extraction was performed three times. After extraction treatment, the waste water was evaporated and crystallized to separate out sodium chloride, and the mother liquor was cooled to 298K to separate out phosphate. The results showed that the total yield of sodium chloride was 96.68%, and the purity was 99.27%; the yield of trisodium phosphate was 92.28%, and the purity was 98.88%. All products met the industrial product standard. In this experiment, the combination of solvent extraction and crystallization was used, which not only realized wastewater reuse and its component recycling, but also had the advantages of simple operation and energy saving.

In order to test the application effect of SNCR denitration technology in high efficiency and low NO_x slag-tap pulverized coal industrial boiler, the industrial test of SNCR denitration technology was carried out in the furnace of an 8.4MW organic heat carrier boiler. Urea was selected as reducing agent, and an industrial SNCR denitration test platform was built. The SNCR denitrification tests under different urea solution injection volume, different oxygen content, and different boiler loads were carried out with urea solutions of three concentrations of 10%, 15% and 20%. The preliminary test results show that: the proposed "low NO_x combustion + SNCR denitration" coupling technology scheme is feasible, SNCR denitration efficiency is above 80%, and can completely meet the ultra-low emission requirements of NO_x in the flue gas below 50mg/m³.

A new type of silicon aluminum mineral adsorbent with three-dimensional pore nanostructures was prepared by using the unique layered structure and crystal surface characteristics of natural nanometer silicate clay minerals. Then the properties of the nano-porous materials were characterized and the regeneration treatment application in waste transformer oil adsorption was studied. The optimum adsorption conditions were determined by investigating the regeneration conditions, and the physical, chemical and electrical properties of transformer oil before and after adsorption were also studied. The results indicated that the performance of regenerated transformer oil was improved obviously after the waste transformer oil was adsorbed and treated by the high efficiency adsorbent. The indexes such as the resistance to voltage, volume resistivity, interfacial tension, dissipation factor and the acid number were in full compliance with the national standard, which can realize efficient adsorption and regeneration of waste transformer oil, and significantly reduce the cost and avoid environmental pollution and resource waste.

During the preparation of activated carbon from tar residue, the influence of carbonization process on the pore structure and the surface characteristics of tar residue was studied by isothermal N₂ adsorption/desorption experiment and surface fractal theory. Results indicated that the adsorption isotherms were close to the type I which represented the microporous adsorption characteristics and indicated that the carbonized products had sub-microporous structure, transition pore structure and extremely undeveloped macroporous structure at the same time. With the increase of temperature and heating rate, the microporous structure increased at first and then gradually developed into transition pore and macropore. It was found that fractal dimension had no direct relationship to the BET specific surface area, total pore volume and average pore diameter. However, there was a good consistence between the proportion of the microporous area and that of the microporous volume. During the pre-carbonization treatment process, the tar residue experienced a process of “three dimensional development-gradual decline”. The optimal activated raw material can be obtained, when the final temperature of the pre-carbonization was 850℃ and the heating rate was 20℃/min.