Fluorinated organic materials are widely used as the key materials in high-tech industries. The social demand promotes the development of fluorinated organic material. The recent advance of the preparation and application of fluororesins (new fluoropolymers, electroactive fluoropolymers, new perfluorosulfonic acid ionomers, 3D-printing PTFE) and fluoroelastomers (peroxide curable fluoroelastomers, low temperature resistance fluoroelastomers, high temperature resistance perfluoroelastomers, fluorinated Vitrimer elastomers) was described in this review. Especially, the new high-performance fluorinated organic materials for high-tech industries were introduced. Furthermore, this review also prospected the new and versatile strategies for 3D-printing PTFE and fluorinated Vitrimer elastomers. It will be pay more attention to the development of the environment friendly preparation and efficient processing of high performance fluorinated organic materials in the future.

Ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) is an important member of high performance polyolefin materials. Stable linear long chain structure makes it have many excellent properties such as high strength, impact resistance, wear resistance, self lubrication, chemical corrosion resistance and low temperature resistance, etc. In recent years, with research of molecular chain disentanglement and orientation more, the processing and modification of UHMWPE have been increased and optimized increasingly with a variety of UHMWPE products, which are widely used in military and civil fields. In this paper, the progress of UHMWPE in catalytic polymerization, fiber, membrane, pipe, plate and profile was introduced, and the R&D achievements and trends in application, processing and modification were focused.

Poly(lactic acid) (PLA), one of the most promising bio-based degradable materials, has been widely applied in biomedicine and textile industries due to its superior properties. Unfortunately, the further application of PLA is limited by the defects of easy combustion. Therefore, the flame-retardant PLA (FR-PLA) has drawn much attention from both academia and industrial community. In order to better understand the current situation and development trend of FR-PLA, the combustion process and flame-retardant mechanism of PLA were introduced firstly. Then, the latest progress of flame retardant modification of PLA was comprehensively reviewed, including the physical blending, chemical copolymerization and surface modification. Meanwhile, the present situation of physical blending FR-PLA was emphatically described, and the advantages and disadvantages of different additive flame retardants were also analyzed. In the end, we put forward the future prospect of FR-PLA according to the characteristics of PLA and social development demand. The FR-PLA with multiple functions, environmental protection, high efficiency and stabilization will become future development trend.

Heterogeneous catalysis demands new techniques and methods to characterize the structures of catalytic active centre and reaction intermediates from atomic scale. The recently developed global neural network potential (NNP) to explore catalyst structure is introduced, which has been implemented in the software of Large-scale Atomic Simulation with neural network Potential (LASP). The technical details of the NNP and its recent applications in heterogeneous catalysis are discussed. NNP can significantly reduce the calculation cost with comparable calculation accuracy to the ab-initio methods, with which many complex problems in heterogeneous catalysis can be solved. The success of NNP function in predicting the crystalline phase of materials, understanding the surface structure evolution of TiO₂ under high pressure of hydrogen and determining the active sites of ternary oxide are illustrated as examples. Finally, the limitations of NNP are discussed and its future research directions are pointed out as the estimation of material properties, the construction of NNP for multi-element system and the fitting of chemical reaction.

Copolymerization by coordination catalysis is one of the main approaches to prepare cyclic-olefin copolymers. For most commercialized cyclic-olefin copolymers, norbornene and tetracyclododecene are usually employed as comonomers. The content of these comonomers is the most critical factor affecting the performance of cyclic-olefin copolymers, and the introduction of comonomers is mainly governed by the catalyst used. We reviewed the organometallic catalysts applied in the copolymerization of ethylene with norbornene and tetracyclododecene according to their structural difference. The catalysts were classified as sandwich metallocene catalysts, half-sandwich metallocene catalysts, metallocene-free organometallic catalysts and late-transition metal catalysts. Special attentions have been paid to the structure characteristics of different catalysts and the influence factors of the polymerization process such as temperature, pressure, and concentration, as well as their relationship with the catalytic activity and the content of comonomers. Nevertheless, the low activity of copolymerization of tetracyclododecene demands further studies of the copolymerization. Synthesis of novel ligands, development of high activity catalysts and construction of efficient copolymerization processes will be the new focuses.

The stainless steel which is used for making containers of hydrogen plays a key role in hydrogen energy, but the hydrogen can diffusion into stainless steel and will seriously affect the properties of the stainless steel, resulting in fracture, corrosion, accelerated fatigue crack growth and other hydrogen embrittlement problems. Until now, the hydrogen permeation barrier coatings have become the main method to solve hydrogen embrittlement of the stainless steel. Therefore, the application of coatings to alleviate hydrogen embrittlement of stainless steel is potential. First, the materials and the preparations of coatings are discussed, and the scope of application of every coating is analyzed. According to the models of hydrogen permeation behavior of coatings, the mechanism of hydrogen permeation resistance is discussed. Then the methods of coatings properties evaluation are introduced, and the limitations of every method are pointed out as well. Finally, the new materials, the new structure and new preparation of the coating should be focused in the future, meanwhile the coatings properties evaluation under hydrogen atmosphere should be demanded as soon as possible.

Along with deficiency of petrol all over the world, nylons from petrol will be severely restricted, so nylons from renewable resources are receiving extensive attention. In view of modification of biobased nylons by melting compounding, several kinds of nylon were summarized, for example nylon 11, nylon 1010, nylon 610, nylon 510 and nylon 410. Progresses in modifications of reinforcement, flame retardation, toughness, conductivity and heat transfer about biobased nylons were discussed. The researches about modifications of reinforcement, flame retardation and toughness were main topics in biobased nylons modification, in which nylon 11, nylon 1010 were used most frequently. In the modifications of reinforcement, lignocellulose and clay were widely used as filler. In the modifications of toughness and flame retardation, polyolefin grafted by maleic anhydride and inrumescent flame retardants showed high performances. New biomass monomer, microstructure, interface and crystallization should be received much attentions.

In this paper, the thermodynamic analysis of spodumene-calcium oxide sintering process was carried out, and the relationship between Gibbs free energy and temperature was plotted. The results showed that the Al₂O₃ will react with Na₂O, Li₂O and K₂O first and then with CaO to form CaO·Al₂O₃. The sintering temperature was higher than 1060℃ to ensure that the LiAlSi₂O₆ can complete the crystal transition. The reaction mechanism of lithium extraction by spodumene-calcium oxide sintering method was discussed in detail. The effect of sintering conditions on the leaching rate of lithium was investigated and the clinker was characterized by XRD.The experimental results indicated that the leaching rate of lithium reached 92.14% when the mixture ratio was 1∶1.25 at the sintering temperature of 1150℃, and the sintering time of 60min. The main phases in clinker were Ca₂SiO₄ and LiAlO₂. The phase, microstructure and distribution of element of clinker and leaching slag were analyzed and characterized by XRD and SEM-EDS. In order to to determine the control step of the sintering process, the dynamic analysis of the sintering process was carried out on the basis of the optimized sintering conditions. The results showed that the spodumene-calcium oxide sintering system was chemical reaction control of the three-dimensional interface of the spherical particles, and the fitting equation of the kinetics of the sintering process was\mathrm{1}-{(\mathrm{1}-x)}^{\mathrm{1}/\mathrm{3}}=\mathrm{0.00677}\text{?}t.

The wood flour was hydrophobic modified in a simple and scalable way. The specific process was as follows. The three kinds of thermal polymerization monomers, namely methyl methacrylate (MMA), butyl methacrylate (BMA) and styrene (St) were evenly sprayed on the wood flour, respectively. After preheating treatment, the wood flour was throughly mixed with other components in formula such as high density polyethylene (HDPE) and maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene (MAPE) by high-speed mixers, followed granulation by twin-screw extruder and injection molding to obtain testing samples of the wood plastic composites (WPC). The mechanical properties of WPC were tested. In addition, the effects of hydrophobic modification on the contact angle, Vica softening temperature, Rockwell hardness, water absorption and thermal properties of WPC were investigated. The results showed that the contact angle of WPC increased after hydrophobic modification. The interfacial compatibility between wood flour and HDPE was improved and the mechanical properties of WPC were obviously improved. When the addition of MMA, BMA and St was 3%, the mechanical properties of WPC reached their peaks. Compared with those before hydrophobic modification, the flexural strength increased by 17.3%, 26.3% and 27.5%, the flexural modulus by 24.4%, 24.4% and 26.0%, and the impact strength by 54.7%, 57.7% and 60.5%, respectively, corresponding to MMA, BMA and St. In addition, Vica softening temperature, Rockwell hardness, water resistance and heat resistance of WPC were also improved.

Microbial fuel cells （MFCs）are emerging as an energy conversion device to directly harvest electricity energy from waste water．However，many issues are waiting to be tackled for its practical applications． The most important challenges include the relatively low power density． The anode material is crucial for the improvement of power density and the energy conversion efficiency of MFCs． In this study， a serial of advanced free-standing activated three-dimensional （3D） hierarchical porous carbon （HPC） anodes were obtained by chemical activation combined with annealing treatment from biomass．Due to the excellent electrical conductivity，good electrochemical activity，outstanding mass transfer and diffusion efficiency， and large biological loading， the HPC-6 anode，which was obtained with 6mol/L KOH activation displayed the best electrochemical activity，and highest power density of 121.45W/m³，which was 1．8-fold higher than that of pristine．This study provides new ideas and methods for the construction of advanced functional 3D MFCs carbon-based electrode materials．

Ferric nitrate and thiourea were used to prepare FeS₂ under solvothermal reaction conditions which were loaded onto MWCNTs (multi-walled carbon nanotubes) by physical impregnation method. The structural characteristics of the prepared samples were investigated by means of analytical methods such as SEM, XRD and XPS. The adsorption characteristics of the adsorbent on the elemental mercury in the flue gas under simulated flue gas atmosphere were studied by a fixed bed reactor. The effects of different FeS₂ loading, initial mercury concentration, reaction temperature and O₂, NO and SO₂ on the mercury removal efficiency of the adsorbent were investigated. The results showed that the prepared FeS₂ had good dispersibility and was spherical crystal. The surface was evenly covered with MWCNTs and clustered. When the loading was 10% and the reaction temperature was 70℃, the adsorption effect of FeS₂/MWCNTs was the best, the highest removal efficiency could reach 100%, and the removal efficiency was 80.3% after 60min. The TPD desorption curve and XPS analysis results further indicated that Hg⁰ in the flue gas was oxidized to Hg²⁺ and was attached to the surface of the adsorbent in the form of HgS, confirming that the adsorbent was mainly chemisorbed. In addition, the mercury removal efficiency decreased with the increase of the initial mercury concentration, but the mercury adsorption capacity increased, and the highest could reach 5.1μg/g in 60min. The presence of NO and SO₂ occupied the active site on the surface of the adsorbent, which was not conducive to the adsorption of Hg⁰, but the low concentration of NO had little effect on the overall effect of the adsorbent, and the anti-NO performance of adsorbent was better.

Porous silica nanoparticles (PSNs) with different pore structures were synthesized with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as templates, tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) as silicon sources and 1,3,5-triisopropylbenzene (TPB) as pore expanding agent. TEPA-PSNs adsorbent was synthesized by physical impregnation, in which, the tetraethylpentamine (TEPA) was loaded onto the porous silica nanoparticles . The structural properties of the observed materials were characterized by SEM, TEM, FTIR and N₂ adsorption-desorption cycling experiments. Its thermal stability was characterized by thermogravimetric analysis. It was found that TEPA-functionalized PSNs with different pore structures were prepared successfully. The experimental results of CO₂ adsorption and desorption revealed that the amount of CO₂ adsorbed by the adsorbent materials increased with the increase of the TPB amount. Moreover, TEPA-PSNs-0.5 had the highest adsorption capacity of 4.70mmol/g at 75℃. The pseudo-first-order kinetic model could well predict the CO₂ adsorption process of the adsorbent. Its regenerative performance could reach 94.34% after 5 cycles. Therefore, the synthesized TEPA-functionalized porous silica had good stability and high CO₂ adsorption capacity, which was a potential material for CO₂ capture.

Polymers of intrinsic microporousity (PIMs), especially PIM-1, is very promising membrane materials for CO₂ separation due to its high CO₂ permeability. However, low gas selectivity such as CO₂/CH₄ limits its further application in CO₂/CH₄ separation. In order to solve this problem, zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) synthesized in DMF was incorporated into carboxylated PIM-1 (cPIM-1) matrix to prepare cPIM-1/ZIF-8 mixed matrix membranes (MMMs). Compared with traditional PIM-1-based MMMs, cPIM-1 had good interfacial compatibility with ZIF-8 since it can be well dissolved in DMF, resulting in very high ZIF-8 content (45%) in cPIM-1/ZIF-8 MMMs. With increase of ZIF-8 content, the CO₂ permeability of the prepared MMMs monotonically increases, while the CO₂/CH₄ selectivity was ascend in first and descend at last. At the 25% of ZIF-8 content, the prepared MMMs exhibited the optimal CO₂/CH₄ separation performance that the CO₂ permeability and CO₂/CH₄ selectivity were 3942 Barrer and 18.7, respectively. Compared with pure cPIM-1 membrane, the CO₂ permeability and CO₂/CH₄ selectivity of cPIM-1/ZIF-8-25 were increased by 84% and 43%, respectively, which exceeded the Robeson upper limit.

Sr-doped La_xSr_1-xCo_0.5Cu_0.5O₃ perovskite at A site was prepared by sol-gel method to enhance the activation of peroxymonosulfate (PMS) by B-site. La_0.7Sr_0.3Co_0.5Cu_0.5O₃ perovskite was found to show the best catalytic effect on PMS activation. The effects of catalyst loading, PMS concentration, pH value and common ions (e.g., Cl^-) in dye wastewater were evaluated on the degradation of AO7 in La_0.7Sr_0.3Co_0.5Cu_0.5O₃/PMS system, and the reusability and mineralization ability of the material were further tested. Results show that the degradation of AO7 was accelerated with the increase of perovskite loading and PMS concentration. Neutral pH was most favorable for the degradation of AO7 with substantial mineralization. ·OH was determined as one of the main active species responsible for AO7 degradation, but the increase of O vacancy in perovskite after Sr doping makes ¹O₂ also participate in the degradation process.

Graft copolymer (CS-g-NVP) was prepared by grafting copolymerization of chitosan (CS) with N-vinyl pyrrolidone (NVP) using hydrogen peroxide/ascorbic acid (H₂O₂/ASA) oxidation-reduction system as initiator. The effects of initiator ratio, reaction time, reaction temperature on the grafting copolymerization process were investigated, respectively. The structure of the graft copolymer was characterized by FTIR, ¹H NMR, TG, and its hygroscopicity and hydrophilicity were explored. The results showed that the optimal reaction conditions of the graft copolymerization were the molar ratio of H₂O₂ to ASA of 1∶1, reaction temperature at 60℃ and reaction time for 12h. The moisture absorption performance of the product was better than that of chitosan. The moisture absorption rates of the products in the saturated calcium chloride and ammonium sulfate solutions were 3.68% and 23.1%, respectively and those of chitosan were 3.68% and 23.1%, suggesting an improved hygroscopicity of the product. The product has good hydrophilicity and water solubility, and can be dissolved in both acidic and alkaline aqueous solutions.

A reasonable design of electric boosting system directly affects the melting efficiency of basalt furnace. A thermal coupling simulation of the three spaces of flame combustion, raw material melting and molten liquid flow in basalt tank furnace were performed based on CFD method. Effects of key parameters including electrode current density, electrode length, disposal height and layout mode on the melting uniformity of tank furnace were investigated, which provided theoretical guidance for the optimal design of the electric boosting system. The results showed that the outlet temperature of the tank increased with the increase of current density, electrode arrangement height and electrode length. In addition, better melting uniformity of the melt space and higher than 1360℃ of melt temperature at the outlet of tank furnace could be obtained when the current density was more than 2500A/m², the electrodes were arranged in the middle and lower part of the pool depth direction, the electrode length was more than 350mm and the electrodes were inserted horizontally. Thus, it was conducive to the subsequent wire drawing operation.

The energy consumption of crude methanol distillation is one of the key factors affecting the production cost of methanol. Although five-column multi-effect distillation can reduce the energy consumption of the distillation process, there is still a considerable amount of low temperature waste heat. In order to further reduce the energy consumption, a mechanical vapor recompression (MVR) heat-pump and an assisted reboiler in the stripping section of the atmospheric column were added to form the novel methanol distillation process combining heat pump and multi-effect process. Based on the whole process simulation data, the rationality of the heat pump setting was analyzed through pinch technology. The energy consumption, the coefficient of performance (COP) and total annual cost (TAC) was used to evaluate the process performance. The results showed that the heat pump setting was reasonable in the novel methanol distillation process. The condenser duty and the total reboiler duty were 24.7MW and 22.25MW， respectively, and the COP was 22.5. The condenser duty, heat duty and TAC were reduced by 33.76%, 32.64% and 26.97%, respectively compared with the five-column multi-effect distillation process. The energy saving effect was significant for the novel methanol distillation process combining heat pump and multi-effect process.

Increasing the stages of methanol aromatization reactor can significantly improve the aromatics yield. However, it remains inconclusive whether the increase in reactor stages is benefit to the whole methanol to aromatics (MTA) process. Based on four cases with different reactor stages including a single-stage, a two-stage and two three-stage reactors, this work conducted full-flow simulation for MTA process. In this paper, energy analysis and techno-economic analysis were performed for the four cases, aiming to explore the effect of reactor stages on the whole MTA process. The results showed that the aromatics yield in the three-stage reactor cases were as 180.74% and 163.72% as that in the single-stage and two-stage reactor cases, respectively. In terms of energy consumption, compared to the single-stage reactor-based case, the two-stage and three-stage reactor cases led to lower value. The economic analysis indicated that increasing the reactor stages resulted in higher total capital investment and total annual production cost, but much faster investment return could be gotten, showing increasing profitability.

Bottom-blowing oxygen-enriched stirring is a key technology for the strengthening of molten pool smelting, which has good adaptability to mineral resources with low grade and high impurity. In this study, a three-dimensional mathematical model of the multi-channel spray lance was established to strengthen stirring based on the combination of numerical simulation and mathematical statistics. The mathematical model was further verified through the hydraulic model experiment. According to the calculation results of the model, a comparative study on the mixing uniformity of the stirring process of the straight tube and the multi-channel spray lance was carried out based on the evaluation standard of bubble rise time， gas holdup variance and the average turbulent intensity of liquid. The results showed that the multi-channel spray lance blowing method was able to improve the agitation energy of the melts with a more comprehensive mixing of the middle-upper melts. This study provided a good application effect in production practice.

The characteristics of droplet are the critical parameters to the performance of the atomized solution dehumidification system. However, the characteristics of droplet associated to the best system performance are still unclear. Hence, this study studied the dehumidification performance under the various combination of sizes, temperatures, and mass fractions of the desiccant droplets in the ultrasonic atomization liquid desiccant dehumidification system (UADS). The numerical simulations and orthogonal tests were carried out based on the balance of energy and mass in the dehumidification process. It revealed that the dehumidification performance could be improved with the smaller size, the higher mass fraction, and the lower temperature of the desiccant droplets, however, their improvement effect was weakened in turn. By optimizing the droplet property combinations, the dehumidification performance of the system was significantly improved through orthogonal design, which was carried out based on the optimal combination of droplet characteristics. In this study, the moisture removal rate (MRR) and dehumidification effectiveness (DE) of the UADS were improved with 31.04% and 24.63% , respectively, comparing to the performance of the UADS before the optimization (MRR is 7.5g/s, DE is 48.5%). This study could provide a guidance for the selection of droplet properties in the atomizing liquid desiccant system, and improve the dehumidification and economic performance.

Heat pump steam technology has higher primary energy utilization efficiency, and does not produce CO₂ and NO_x, compared with electric boilers, coal-fired boilers and gas-fired boilers, which are in line with China’s energy-saving and environmental protection development strategy. This paper presented a heat pump steam engine based on vapor compression technology, which produced low pressure vapor by two-stage condensation and then boost to 0.7MPa by using vapor compressor. A mathematical model has been developed using the EES software. The effects of condensation temperature (T_cond), economizer temperature (T_econ), evaporation temperature (T_evap) on the refrigerant compressor power consumption (W_refc), vapor compressor power consumption (W_vapc), the coefficient of performance (COP) were studied in detail. The results showed that the heat pump steam engine based on vapor compression technology obtain a COP of 2.996 under T_evap is 50℃ and T_cond is 93℃. The power consumption is 247kW·h for producing 1ton saturated steam of 165℃. The COP increases gradually with the increase of T_evap, but it requires a higher temperature heat source. There exists a highest COP with the optimum T_cond, T_econ, β_g, when T_evap is 50℃, they are 93℃, 65℃ and 0.13, respectively.

A novel dedusting system was proposed by combining wet dust removal with baffle flow technologies. In order to investigate the characteristics of vortex flow induced by arc baffles and the motion of internal discrete phase in the new designed system, renormalization group (RNG) k-ε turbulence model was used to numerically compare the characteristics of gas flow field such as vortex structure, velocity distribution and pressure drop under different operation parameters by means of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method. Meanwhile, discrete phase model (DPM) was applied for the study on the trajectory, escape rate and residence time in the dust collecting area. The results showed that the flexible baffles in dedusting system could bring vortex flow with various structures which effectively reduced the dead zone with low speed. When it came to spray droplets, it was found that the vortex improved the escape phenomenon and prolonged the residence time. The mathematic model of escape rate was established for predicting the movement of spray droplets in actual engineering by considering the effect of air inlet velocity, baffle placement angle and droplet size.

The amount of CO₂ emitted from fossil fuel combustion emissions accounts for 75% of total CO₂ emissions. In order to alleviate the global greenhouse effect caused by CO₂, CO₂ in CO₂/N₂ must be separated. Hydrate-based gas separation is an efficient, low-energy consumption CO₂/N₂ separation technology. In this paper, the relationship between CO₂ volume fraction, reaction conditions and reaction characteristics in the process of CO₂/N₂ separation by hydrate-based gas separation is studied. The CPA-SRK equation and Chen-Guo model are used to process simulation and analysis. It is found by calculation that the CO₂ volume fraction of the feed dry base has a great influence on the reaction pressure and the equilibrium level of the CO₂/N₂ separation process by the hydrate-based gas separation. With the increase of CO₂ volume fraction, the reaction pressure decreases, and the decrease decreases with the increase of volume fraction. When the CO₂ volume fraction of feed is less than 20%, the decrease is faster. When the volume fraction is greater than 50%, the pressure decrease becomes smaller. When the temperature is 277K and the CO₂ volume fraction is less than 10%, the four hydrate equilibrium stages are needed to obtain the required gas sample. At the same temperature, when the CO₂ volume fraction is 10%—20%, the three hydrate equilibrium stages are needed, and when the CO₂ volume fraction is greater than 30%, the separation needs two hydrate equilibrium stages. Temperature has a great influence on the reaction pressure of hydration separation, but it has little effect on the number of separation stages required. As the temperature increases, the hydration reaction pressure increases, and the increase decreases with the increase of the feed dry CO₂ volume fraction. For the gas sample studied, three hydrate equilibrium stages are required at different temperatures to achieve the process requirements.

Compared with the apparent/latent heat storage, chemical heat storage utilizes reversible chemical changes to absorb and release energy and its energy density increase drastically by orders of magnitude. In this paper, based on the premise of low-grade energy utilization, chemical heat storage has been divided into two categories: chemical sorption heat storage and chemical reaction heat storage. In addition, the principles, characteristics, existing problems and application development trend of the widely studied or having application prospect chemical heat storage materials have been discussed and summarized. Through the analysis and comparison of different pure materials, it is found that salt hydrates can be used as a kind of ideal chemical heat storage materials, but they also have disadvantages such as deliquesce. However, the formation of composite materials can provide an effective solution to overcome the disadvantages of various pure materials. In addition, there is still lack of chemical heat storage materials which can work well in reactor. Finally, this paper has pointed out some possible problems to be solved in the future and the further research direction in the selection of chemical heat storage materials.

The influence of acid oxide content and acid to basic ratio (A/B) on ash fusion characteristics were investigated by using twenty-eight synthetic ashes comprising of the main chemical compositions of a typical Zhundong coal. The synthetic samples were firstly ashed in a muffle furnace at 815℃, and then subjected to ash fusion analyzer, SEM-EDS and XRD analysis for their fusion temperatures (AFTs), morphological and mineralogical characteristics. Furthermore, a set of prediction models for four fusion temperatures was established by using regression analysis method, based on their chemical compositions and corresponding fusion temperatures of the ash samples. The results showed that at the same A/B ratio, the deformation temperature (DT), softening temperature (ST), hemispherical temperature (HT) and flow temperature (FT) of synthetic ashes decreased remarkably when SiO₂ content increased from 9% to 33.73%, while Al₂O₃ decreased from 35.98% to 11.25%, indicating that the addition of SiO₂ might promote ash fusions. While at different A/B ratios, the AFTs of synthetic ashes decreased first, reaching the minimum AFTs at A/B_{of 1.25, but increased afterwards with increasing A/B ratio, exhibiting a non-linear correlation between A/B and ATFs. The results from SEM-EDS and XRD revealed that the fusion characteristics of the synthetic ashes were mainly dependent on the refractory minerals such as CaO, Fe2O3, Ca2MgSiO7, Ca2Fe2O5, SiO2 and Al2O3,and the fluxing minerals such as CaSiO3, as well as the degree of eutectic formation associated with Na-bearing minerals. The absolute residual errors between the predicted values by the models suggested in this study and the measured results of six ash samples in literature were within 80℃ (abs), suggesting that the current prediction models are applicable for predicting coal ash fusion temperatures, as long as its chemical composition is within the current experimental range.}

Using coal-based aviation kerosene base oil as raw material, the existent gum was extracted. The composition and structure of the gum were characterized by elemental analysis, GPC, XPS and FTIR. The occurrence forms and relative contents of elements in the gum was systematically studied. The factors promoting the formation and aggregation of the gum were discussed. The results show that the gum molecules tend to be acidic as a whole, with more aromatic rings and other unsaturated functional groups. The heteroatoms are mainly O and N, and the content is more than 20%. The existing forms of O are hydroxyl or ether bond (C—O), carbonyl (C\stackrel{\text{???}}{?}O), carboxyl (COO—) and adsorbed oxygen. The existing forms of N are pyridine nitrogen, pyrrole nitrogen, nitrogen oxides and amines. Carboxylic acids and heterocyclic nitrogen compounds participate in the reaction of forming gum. The carboxyl and hydroxyl groups combine with pyrrole nitrogen and pyridine nitrogen to form hydrogen bonds, which promote the formation and aggregation of the gum. In addition, olefin groups are also important factors in promoting the formation of the gum. Compared with petroleum gum and coal tar gum, the proportion of unsaturated structures in coal-based aviation kerosene base oil colloids is larger. In the deep processing of fuel oils products, such gums are easily removed by hydrodeoxygenation, hydrodenitrogenation, and olefin hydrogenation and saturation.

Carbon-based solid acid (CSA) was successfully prepared through a carbonization-sulfonation process using corn stalk as the raw material. The structure and morphology were characterized by XRD, FTIR, XPS, SEM, and cation exchange and back titration. The influence of preparation conditions on the content of active groups and catalytic activity of solid acid was investigated. With cellulose freeze-melting pretreated by NaOH/urea as the substrate, the conditions and effects of hydrolysis and saccharification catalyzed by CSA were carefully studied, and it was found that the NaOH/urea freeze-melting pretreatment could effectively assist the solid acid to catalyze the hydrolysis of cellulose. The CSA prepared under carbonization at 350℃ for 2h and sulfonation at 100℃ for 5h showed the best catalytic performance. The amount of acid was 3.94mmol/g, and the contents of sulfonic group, carboxyl group and phenolic hydroxyl group were 1.09mmol/g,1.36mmol/g and 1.49mmol/g, respectively. Under the conditions of m(CAS)∶ m(cellulose)=3∶1, hydrolysis temperature=200℃, and hydrolysis time=0.5h, the reducing sugar yield and conversion of cellulose were 47.1% and 63.0%, respectively. After recycled for 3 times, the catalytic activity of CSA was decreased slightly. This study can provide a scientific reference for the hydrolysis, conversion and utilization of cellulose catalyzed by solid acid prepared from waste biomass.

In view of the market demand for high-grade road asphalt in the development of western China and the problem of producing high-grade road asphalt from Tahe crude oil, according to the existing production system of Tahe refining and chemical company, a comparative study on the selection of raw materials suitable for producing high-grade road asphalt is carried out from the aspects of raw material composition and structure, blending asphalt performance, mixture performance, etc. Moreover, the technical scheme is evaluated by actual production. The results show that the colloidal instability index I_c of coker radiant oil is 0.76, the PI value of residual oil with boiling point ＞430℃ is low, and the flash point meets the requirements of 90A road asphalt. The coker radiant oil from Tahe crude oil is suitable for the production of high grade road asphalt. Based on this, the production process is designed to produce high-grade road asphalt. The asphalt products meet the requirements of the index and the needs of road construction in western China.

The working mechanism of the steam turbine low-pressure cylinder cutting cylinder heating system is described. Combined with a 330MW air-cooled heating unit, Ebsilon software is used to build the calculation model of the unit's variable operating conditions before and after the cutting cylinder heating transformation. Based on the laws of thermodynamics, the energy consumption distribution and heating capacity of the unit before and after the transformation are compared and analyzed. The energy flow diagram of pure condensing operation, extraction heating and cutting cylinder heating is drawn to obtain the change of energy flow direction and loss of each part of the unit under different heating modes. The factors influencing the range of peak regulation of the unit are discussed and the characteristics of electric load and the change of peak regulation capacity of the low-pressure cylinder are analyzed by using the working diagram. Combined with the operation rules of power auxiliary service market, the calculation of peak compensation income is carried out. The results show that: compared with the pumping and condensing operation condition, the maximum heating capacity of the case unit is increased by 37.1% after completing the transformation of low-pressure cylinder near zero output; the adjustment capacity of electrical load in rated heating condition is increased by 34.8%; the standard coal consumption rate of power generation is reduced by 54.5g/kW·h, and the peak regulation capacity is increased while the thermal economy is improved. In theory, this paper provides quantitative basis and engineering scope for the application of low-pressure cylinder near zero output transformation technology, and provides theoretical support for the application of cogeneration unit flexibility transformation technology.

CO₂ hydrogenation to methanol is an important technique to solve the problems of CO₂ emission and energy shortage and the catalyst is the key. Cu-based catalysts have been extensively studied due to their low cost and good performance, but the current production efficiency is still not high enough for its industrialization. In this paper, the existing forms of the active centers of Cu-based catalysts are discussed firstly. Then, the effects of the loading active component, carrier, promoter, preparation method and conditions, pretreatment conditions on the activity, selectivity and stability of the catalysts are reviewed in order to provide a reference for the preparation and selection of Cu-based catalysts for conversion of CO₂ to methanol. According to the double site mechanism, the conversion of CO₂ is closely related to the Cu surface area, and the selectivity of methanol is closely related to the strong basic sites. Therefore, the above factors affect the CO₂ conversion and methanol selectivity by affecting the specific surface area, Cu surface area, Cu dispersion, basic site of the catalyst, and the interaction between Cu and carriers.

The slurry phase hydrocracking is effective to treat inferior feedstocks with high content of asphaltene and metal, and the core is the stable and efficient hydrocracking catalyst. Due to the high dispersion and activity, the oil-soluble catalyst precursor, which could be in-situ converted into nanoscale reactive phase, is the best choice for slurry-bed residue hydrogenation. Four kinds of commonly used oil-soluble organic molybdenum compounds, Mo-DTC and Mo-DTP, MoNaph, molybdenum 2-ethyl hexanoate, and Mo(CO)₆, were introduced in this paper. By reviewing their conversion in the presence of H₂ and sulfur-containing substance, and the hydrogenation performance in residual oil processing, we discussed the advantages and disadvantages of their applications to provide references for developing highly active oil-soluble catalyst precursors.

Due to the ability of capturing and converting carbon dioxide into energy storage materials, Li-CO₂ battery can not only reduce carbon dioxide emission, but also serve as an innovative energy storage device, so it has attracted extensive attentions from researchers. In this review, the working mechanism, development history and existing problems of Li-CO₂ battery were briefly introduced. Based on the summary of the current research works and the performance comparison of various batteries, different types of catalysts were systematically classified and briefly summarized, the design concept and research status of the cathode catalysts were reviewed, the problems and challenges for these catalysts were proposed, and the future research directions of cathode catalysts for Li-CO₂ batteries were also presented. It was indicated that high-performance cathode catalysts is the key factor to promote the electrochemical reaction kinetics, and reduce the charge platform and overpotential of Li-CO₂ battery.

Electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide is an effective way to realize carbon cycle and utilization. In order to utilize a large amount of excess carbon dioxide resources, a simple synthesis electrocatalyst was prepared. The nitrogen-containing porous carbon substrate was prepared with biomass chitosan as the precursor, and the nonprecious metal copper nanoparticles with uniform distribution were embedded for modification. By adjusting the load of copper, the activity of copper metal was fully utilized so that the excellent Faraday efficiency and selectivity of carbon monoxide were realized in the process of electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction. At -0.6V vs.RHE, the maximum Faraday efficiency (FE) of carbon monoxide was 78% without producing other effective products, and thus the selectivity of carbon monoxide reached 100% with current density of 1.9mA/cm². The Faraday efficiency and selectivity of carbon monoxide remained unchanged after electrolysis for more than 13h in 0.1mol/L KHCO₃ aqueous solution, and the electrode material had excellent stability.

Discrete element method (DEM) was used to establish random stacking spherical and cylindrical catalyst bed. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method was used to simulate the Sabatier reaction temperature and concentration distribution of fixed-bed and catalyst. Catalyst shape, wall temperature and inlet condition on the reaction characteristics effect was discussed. The results show that spherical hot point region will appear in the bed and move to the outlet as the reaction proceeds. Reactant concentration in the catalyst outer layer is higher than the inner layer and has a circular distribution. CO₂ conversion in cylindrical catalyst center is higher than that in spherical catalyst center, but there will be a low conversion region in the catalyst angle and fixed-bed wall, and the reflux, retention and trench flow will occur in the bed. As a result, CO₂ conversion is spherical>cylinder (diameter to height ratio=1.3)>cylinder (diameter to height ratio=1). In the spherical catalyst bed, CO₂ conversion reaches the peak of 26% at 200s. If the wall temperature decreases by 50K at 200s, CO₂ conversion will increase by 2% and the hot spot temperature decrease by 10K at 500s. Increasing the inertia sphere and reducing the inlet flow rate and temperature can increase catalyst CO₂ conversion.

The effect of particle size of silica sol on the acidity and MTO reaction performance of SAPO-34 was investigated. The synthesized molecular sieves were characterized by XRD, SEM, FTIR, NH₃-TPD and ²⁹Si MAS NMR, and their catalytic performance was evaluated on a fixed bed micro reactor at atmospheric pressure. The experimental results displayed that the particle size of silica sol had significantly affected the acidity of the prepared molecular sieves. The NH₃-TPD characterization results demonstrated that the strong and weak acidity of the molecular sieves decreased with the increase of the particle size of the silica sol. The ²⁹Si MAS NMR results indicated that the use of silica sol with large particles led to the formation of silicon island in the structure of SAPO-34 molecular sieve. From the results of MTO performance evaluation, it could be found that the silica sol with suitable particle size was more conducive to improve the selectivity of light olefins and the catalyst’s life.

Reaction behavior of HCl catalytic oxidation, occurring on copper-based composite catalyst supported by aluminum oxide, was studied in a non-gradient reactor after reacted previously in a fixed-bed reactor. Influences of temperature(360—400℃), n_HCl/n_{{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{2}}}(1—4), and W/F_HCl0(0.01—60h^-1) on HCl conversion and the reaction rate were studied at atmospheric pressure. The results showed that, before the reach of chemical equilibrium, HCl conversion and reaction rate increased with the increase of temperature, or the decrease of n_HCl/n_{{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{2}}}. With the decrease of F_HCl0/W, HCl conversion increased while HCl reaction rate decreased. After the chemical equilibrium was reached, HCl conversion decreased with the increase of temperature and n_HCl/n_{{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{2}}}, or the decrease of F_HCl0/W and HCl reaction rate kept zero. When temperature was within 390—400℃, n_HCl/n_{{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{2}}}within (4∶3)—(4∶2), W/F_HCl0 around 2.5h^-1, HCl conversion was 60%—70%, HCl reaction rate was about (0.2—0.25)mmol/(g·min), and the reaction maintained high efficiency. In addition, the experimental device of this paper is suitable to investigate the reaction behavior before and after chemical equilibrium, which initiates a new idea for studying the reaction behavior of similar reactions.

Ag/g-C₃N₄ photocatalyst was prepared by depositing nano-Ag onto the surface of g-C₃N₄ and its photocatalytic performance and mechanism of the degradation of 7-ACA were investigated. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) were used to measure the morphology and microstructure, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) was employed to evaluate the crystal structure, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was adopted to investigate the surface functional groups, and Ultraviolet and Visible spectroscopy (UV-vis) was taken to test the band energy structure and optical properties of the Ag/g-C₃N₄ composite, and its photocatalytic activity was investigated by degradation of 7-ACA under visible light irradiation. The results indicated that the prepared Ag/g-C₃N₄ composite had high purity and high photocatalytic activity, and the light absorption ability and the photogenerated electron-hole separation and transmission property of the Ag/g-C₃N₄ composite were greatly enhanced compare with pure g-C₃N₄. The 7-ACA degradation rate was about 78.55% with 7% Ag/g-C₃N₄ under visible light irradiation for 120 min, which was about 1.38 times higher than that of pure g-C₃N₄. This study will open up a new insight for the practical application of g-C₃N₄-based photocatalyst in photocatalysis.

Biomass energy has been utilized to diverse fields in recent years because of the advantages of abundant resource, non-pollution, sustainability, low cost and easy acquisition, etc. The exploitation for high-value added products are of great significance to the diversity of resource utilization and the solution of energy crisis. Wood vinegar (WV) is a high-value added and environmentally friendly by-product from the production of biomass charcoal via a pyrolysis process. WV has been widely used in the various fields, e.g., agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, energy industry and pharmaceutical industry, etc., on which WV had the positive effects. The review summarizes the recent research progresses in the preparation technologies, physicochemical properties and separation technologies of WV, and expounds the formation mechanisms of WV from the perspectives of the pyrolysis of biomass constitutions, i.e., hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin. The color and density of WV are buff or reddish brown and 1.00—1.13g/cm³, respectively. The pH value and organic acid content of WV are 2.27—3.32 and 2.07%—13.82%, respectively. Particularly, WV prepared at 170—350°C meets the Japanese standard of WV in agricultural use. The acids, phenols, ketones, furans, aldehydes, alcohols, esters and ethers organic matters are abundant in WV. Wherein, the excellent antimicrobial and antioxidant activities are attributed to the acidic and phenolic compounds, mainly acetic acid and guaiacol. Especially, the unique characteristic of smoke odor is caused by the phenols. In general, the high-quality WV is obtained by the combination of different separation methods, which could be used for several applications in various fields. During the pyrolytic process, free water, absorbed water and bound water in biomass are firstly evaporated out in sequence with the increasing temperature. Then, hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin are decomposed into the volatile organic matters and H₂O. Finally, WV is formed by the co-condensation of all matters. However, there exists the bottlenecks that the yield of WV prepared by traditional pyrolytic process is low and the effect of temperature on the content of composition is significant. It is reported that WV prepared by hydrothermal process had high yield and low content of tar, including more abundant types of the organic compounds. Besides, direct extraction from bio-oil provides an alternative way to prepare WV with the same organic components. Above all, future researches should pay more attention to not only develop the high-efficient and simple technologies to produce and separate WV, but also investigate the process mechanisms. Simultaneously, it is facilitate to prepare high-quality WV by the combination of advanced catalytic technology and membrane separation technology, utilizing in the various fields directly, in order to achieve the large-scale application as soon as possible.

Glycerol carbonate is recognized as one of the most attractive glycerol derivatives. The conversion of biodiesel-generated glycerol into high value-added glycerol carbonate has been one of the effective ways for the comprehensive utilization of glycerol. In this review, conventional synthesis methods of glycerol carbonate, including phosgene method, CO oxidative carbonylation, transesterification, urea alcoholysis and CO ₂ conversion methods are introduced. The primary adopted catalyst as well as the corresponding reaction mechanisms are summarized. The market situation of glycerol carbonate in China and its current industrialization progresses are also analyzed. Finally, the future development is proposed from both research and industrialization perspectives. It is pointed out that we should focus on the basic catalyst theory besides developing high-performance catalysts. On the other hand, we should optimize the process flow and reduce the production cost in addition to focusing on the downstream industrial applications and the possible substitutions. We also suggest that China should promote the large-scale production of glycerol carbonate production by biodiesel by-product glycerol and its demonstration, and thus accelerate the cultivation of the biomass energy and waste resource utilization industry that could be internationally competitive.

Quinacridone is an important raw material for pigments, organic solar cells and other materials, and the ring-closing reaction in the synthesis process is still a hot topic. In this paper, 2,5-bis (aniline) terephthalic acid (DATA) was used as the raw material and the quinacridone was synthesized by the ring-closing reaction under the promotion of acid. The orthogonal test was used to examine the effect of the accelerator, feed ratio, heating temperature and reaction time on product yield. The experimental results indicated that with dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (DBSA) as the accelerator, the factors affecting the yield of quinacridone from primary to secondary were: the type of acid> temperature> time> feeding ratio. Under the conditions of feeding ratio m(DATA)∶m(DBSA)=1∶4.3, reaction temperature 130℃ and reaction time 7h, the yield of the product quinacridone was 92%. Structural characterization of products and intermediates using ¹H NMR, FTIR and UV-vis. The SEM and TG-DSC analysis showed that the morphology of the product was regular and the thermal stability was good. After solvent treatment, the quinacridone was a stable β-crystal form analyzed by XRD.

The molecularly imprinted polymers（MIPs）of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene（TNT）were prepared by emulsion polymerization method using TNT as the template molecule and methacrylic acid（MAA）as the functional monomer. The MIPs were dispersed in the solvent and MAA as the functional monomer. The MIPs were dispersed in the solvent and the molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor for detecting TNT was prepared by surface coating method. The ultraviolet spectrum showed that there was an interaction between TNT and MAA, which helped to form MIPs with stable structure and strong affinity. The morphologies of the polymers were observed by scanning electron microscopy（SEM）. It was found that the polymers prepared with 30mL solvent and 12mg emulsifier were better than others. Adsorption experiments showed that the adsorption capacity of MIPs on TNT increased with the increase of the initial concentration of TNT, reaching 95% of the maximum adsorption capacity after 140 min. The separation constants of MIPs for TNT were much higher than RDX and DNT, and the selectivity coefficients of RDX and DNT both reached 4.4 or above, indicating that MIPs had a good selective adsorption capacity for TNT. The successful preparation of electrochemical sensor was verified by potassium ferricyanide probe experiment and TNT response curve. The concentration of the sensor reached 94% of the maximum current value within 3min and reached adsorption equilibrium within 5min. TNT concentration had a good linear relationship with peak current within the range of 0.1—5mg/mL and the detection limit was 0.06mg/mL. The current response of MIPs sensor to TNT was 3.13 times and 3.27 times that of DNT and RDX respectively, showing that it had a strong specific recognition ability to TNT molecule.

Bio-electrochemical denitrification technology is a wastewater treatment technology using electrochemically active bacteria as a catalyst. It has attracted much attention due to its green, environmental protection and energy saving characteristics. This article introduces the mechanism of different nitrogen removal technologies, evaluates the current nitrogen removal technologies from the aspects of nitrogen removal performance, cost, secondary pollution size and pollutant conversion rate, and also points out the advantages and application prospects of bio-electrochemical nitrogen removal technology. The effects of factors such as reactor operating parameters, solution components, culture mode of denitrification biofilm, and bacteria community structure in the bio-electrochemical denitrification system on the bio-electrochemical denitrification system are reviewed, and methods for optimizing the denitrification system are proposed. The application status of bio-electrochemical denitrification technology in the treatment of slaughterhouse wastewater, coking wastewater and perchlorate-containing wastewater is also summarized. The study has shown that exploring the mechanism of bio-electrochemical denitrification from the perspective of different microorganisms in the denitrification system, especially from the perspective of electroactive microorganisms, regulating the formation of denitrification biofilms and changing the operating parameters of the denitrification system are effective ways to improve the bio-electrochemical denitrification systems.

Building decoration ceramic materials were prepared by wet injection molding and atmospheric pressure sintering with spodumene flotation tailings as raw materials and clay minerals as bonding materials. The best preparation conditions were studied by a comprehensive orthogonal test. The bulk density and water absorption were determined by drainage method, and the flexural and compressive strength were measured by universal tester. The chemical composition and phase composition were analyzed by XRF and XRD, respectively. The micro morphology was observed by SEM, and the mass and energy changes were investigated by TG-DSC during the heating process. The results showed that the best binder was kaolin with the optimum dosage of about 15%. When the sintering temperature was about 1200℃, the densification of ceramic materials can be basically realized with flexural strength of about 17.51MPa, compressive strength of about 49.17MPa, water absorption of less than 3% (belonging to low water absorption ceramic classification) and volume density of more than 1.5g/cm³. At high temperature, the enhancement of mass transferred between particles and the appearance of the glass phase made the particles adhere to each other and to fill a large number of pores, which played an important role in the improvement of porcelain formation and strength. The results provided a new approach for the comprehensive utilization of spodumene flotation tailings.

In order to improve the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) from waste activated sludge (WAS), the effects of different initial pH (pH=9—12)on SCFAs production were studied with the dosage of potassium peroxymonosulfate (PMS) of 0.08 g/g TSS at (30±1)℃ by measuring the concentration of SCFAs and the reduction rate of organic matter. The results show that when the initial pH is 9—11, the production of SCFAs increases with the increase of the initial pH. The concentration of SCFAs is slightly lower at the initial pH of 12 than that at the initial pH of 11. The organic matter reduction rate decreases in the order of PMS+pH11, PMS+pH12, PMS+pH10, PMS+pH9 in different fermentation systems. The yield of SCFAs reaches the maximum value (2225.02mg COD/L) at the end of the fifth day under the conditions of pH=11 and PMS dosage of 0.08g/g TSS, which is 4.76, 3.23 and 1.13 times of that in the blank, PMS and pH11, respectively, and the reduction rate of organic matter reaches 38.98%. Three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy shows that PMS+pH11 conditions promote the release of soluble microorganisms and humic acids in sludge, and improve the degradation of tyrosine. Mechanism studies reveal that solubilization, hydrolysis and acidification are promoted and methanogen is inhibited during PMS+pH11 conditions, which are conducive to the accumulation of SCFAs.

In view of the increasingly serious herbicide pollution, atrazine（ATZ）, as the target pollutant, was degraded by using ferrate to activate sulfite. The effects of sulfite concentration, ferrate concentration, ATZ concentration, pH and sulfite dosing ways on the removal of ATZ were investigated. The results show that under the conditions of pH 7, ferrate concentration of 100μmol/L, sulfite concentration of 400μmol/L, and ATZ concentration of 5μmol/L, 95% of ATZ can be removed within 10 seconds. The free radical quenching experiment was used to identify the active substances in the system. The results indicate that the main radicals in the ferrate-sulfite system are sulfate radicals (SO{}_{\mathrm{4}}^{·-}) and hydroxyl radicals (·OH), which accounts for 53% and 36%, respectively. By changing the sulfite dosing ways, the self-consumption of SO{}_{\mathrm{4}}^{·-} was reduced, and the degradation of ATZ in ferrate-sulfite system was improved. These experimental results are helpful for practical water treatment applications of ferrate-sulfite systems.

Aiming at ammonia gas pollution produced by solid waste composting facilities, the double dielectric barrier discharge non-thermal plasma (DDBD) technology was used to remove ammonia gas from simulated composting gas. This study investigated the effects of input power, ammonia flow rate, initial ammonia concentration, reactor discharge gap and oxygen content on the ammonia gas removal efficiency and energy efficiency. Meanwhile, the formation of by-products with its influencing factors were explored. The results showed that ammonia gas removal efficiency was positively correlated with input power and oxygen content, while it was negatively associated with ammonia flow rate and initial ammonia concentration. The energy efficiency was positively correlated with ammonia flow rate, initial ammonia concentration, and oxygen content, however, it increased first and then decreased with the increase of input power. It revealed that the energy consumption was the lowest and the energy efficiency was the highest in the reactor with 4mm of discharge gap under the controlled conditions. The concentrations of the by-products, O₃ and NO_x, were positively correlated with oxygen content. All of them increased first and then decreased with the increase of input power.

The reducing gases produced and NO reduction by sewage sludge combustion were investigated in a simulated cement precalciner. The dual role of O₂ concentration (volume fraction is 0~5%) in the producing characteristic of reducing gases and the reduction of NO was studied systematically. Characteristic analysis of TG-FTIR demonstrated that the reducing gases produced by sewage sludge combustion were mainly HCN, NH₃, CO and CH₄. Further experimental studies showed that O₂ concentration had pronounced effects on the distribution of HCN and NH₃, and the maximum producing rate of HCN and NH₃ was obtained at an O₂ volume fraction of 3%. Meanwhile, O₂ concentration had significant influence on the NO reduction by sewage sludge combustion. When the combustion temperature was of 900℃, the CO₂ volume fraction of 25%, the NO concentration of 600mg/m³, the SO₂ concentration of 200mg/m³, and the O₂ volume fraction was 3%, respectively, the maximum NO reduction efficiency was achieved at 55.8%. The experimental studies on the NO reduction by reducing species (NH₃, CO, CH₄ and sludge char) further showed that NH₃ and CO were the key species for NO reduction in the process of sewage sludge combustion, and the NO reduction by NH₃ increased with the increase of O₂ concentration, while the reduction performance of NO by CO was limited by O₂ concentration. The comprehensive analysis showed that the effects of O₂ concentration on NO reduction by sewage sludge combustion were mainly attributed to the difference in the producing rate of NH₃, the dominant role of NH₃ and CO in the reduction of NO and it was greatly affected by O₂ concentration. Sewage sludge used as a reducing agent for NO reduction was efficient and a higher NO reduction efficiency was obtained by controlling the O₂ concentration in cement production.

A large amount of oily sludge will be produced during crude oil production and transportation. Traditional methods for treatment of oily sludge have the disadvantages of low recovery efficiency and risk of secondary pollution. The supercritical water gasification of oily sludge for hydrogen energy recovery is of great significance for the efficient treatment and utilization of oily sludge. In this study, a uniform design method was used to investigate the relationship between the reaction temperature, reaction pressure, reaction time, material ratio and the hydrogen production, and the empirical formula was fitted by applying the reaction results. The influence of reaction parameters of supercritical water on hydrogen production from oily sludge was analyzed. The results showed that the multivariate linear fitting through uniform design had good feasibility in oily sludge gasification experiments. The fitted empirical formula gained good predictability. The hydrogen production per unit sludge was positively related with the reaction temperature and the reaction time, but had a negative correlation with the material ratio. With the increase of pressure, the hydrogen production per unit sludge increased first and then decreased. In the conditions of reaction parameters of 544℃, 2.2MPa, 150min, and 10%, respectively, the maximum hydrogen production per unit sludge achieved was 5.92mmol/g.

To investigate the degradation mechanism and the possible degradation pathways of 17β-estradiol (17β-E2) in water by nano-zero valent iron (nZVI). In this study, the degradation kinetics fittings were used to analyze the effects of different initial pH (3, 5 and 7) in the degradation process. The result showed that 17β-E2 could be degraded efficiently by nZVI under acidic conditions, but greatly limited under neutral conditions. With the further decrease of pH， the degradation ability of nZVI to 17β-E2 increased from the degradation rate rather than the degradation efficiency. The degradation processes were dominated by ?OH and ?O{}_{\mathrm{2}}^{-}, and as pH increased, the dominant position of ?OH was gradually replaced by ?O{}_{\mathrm{2}}^{-}. The degradation efficiency and rate of 17β-E2 were positively correlated with the yield and production rate of Fe²⁺ by the corrosion of nZVI. Analysis of degradation products showed that 17β-E2 could be converted to E1 by nZVI and further degraded under acidic conditions. The degradation pathways could be attributed to the groups substitution, fragmentation and opening of ring A. Degradation products (dimers and trimers) confirmed the contribution of the laccase-like reaction to the degradation of 17β-E2. The experimental results provided theoretical support for the repair of estrogen-contaminated water and the directional optimization of nZVI.

The current selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) has the problems of high reaction temperature (800—110℃) and low efficiency. In this paper, a novel dry denitration agent for moderate temperature was designed, and it was prepared with polymer promoter, urea, interface agent and oxide additives. The polymer promoter was obtained from amino rich organic monomers through polymerization. It was found that adding the organic polymer promoted the denitration performance. Comparing of the denitration evaluation of different samples, it is found that the prepared polymer promoter possessed the best promoting performance as well as shifted the temperature window to a much lower range with the corresponding NO removal rate of 95.0% and optimal temperature range of 563—596℃. Chitosan and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose used as promoters can also improve the NO removal rate. FTIR, NMR and TG were used to analyze the polymer promoter, and the reaction mechanism of the novel dry-process denitration was deduced.

Flare system is a necessary auxiliary production facility for large-scale petrochemical plant. It is also an important safety and environmental protection measure. However, flare design standard SH 3009—2013 “Design specifications for combustible gas discharge system in petrochemical engineering” and the international standard API 521 “Pressure-relieving and Depressuring Systems” are mainly based on industry practices and engineering experience currently. Therefore, when the flare system needs installation or extension, there will be higher risk, especially when the diameter and layout of pipe line cannot be changed. This paper presented a general method for the risk assessment of the flare system for the renovation or expansion of combined petrochemical plant. The key parameters of the flare system were obtained by the superposition algorithm of simultaneous discharge of multiple discharge sources before and after the reconstruction and expansion. This paper used Aspen flare-net software for numerical simulation and case study. The numerical results of the back pressure and noise of the safety valve of flare system caused by the newly installed device in the plant, the corresponding safety risks, and the release combinations that may lead to safety risks of flare system were obtained. The results provided quantitative decision basis for discharge load management, and the application effect and effectiveness of the proposed method were illustrated.