Evaluation of antioxidant activity is important for the investigation of natural products，and is the useful guide for their application in chemical industry. In the present study，some typical analytical methods for evaluation of the antioxidant activity of natural products are reviewed in terms of their chemical mechanisms and common procedures. The in vitro methods，such as free radical (ABTS，DPPH，superoxide and hydroxyl free radical) scavenging，lipid peroxidation，reducing power and fat oxidation assays are introduced. Meanwhile，the cellular antioxidant activity (CAA) experiment based on determination of the vitality of cells is also described. Furthermore，the testing procedures and factors of in vivo method in animals are given. This review might be useful for the related research of natural products.

The advances in ethylene oxide and ethylene glycol technology were summarized. The characteristics of different types of silver catalyst，their industrial applications and development trends were analyzed. The progress of production technology of ethylene oxide was reviewed，including operation technology of highly selective silver catalyst in the early stage and aging stage，simplified process of ethylene oxide absorption and desorption sections，technology of increasing ethylene oxide purity and reducing equipment corrosion，catalytic hydration technology，technology of refining ethylene glycol products，and development of new types of ethylene oxidation reactor. The development of ethylene glycol via syngas，its industrial application and existing problems were summarized. The suggestions about domestic silver catalyst development，complete set of technology development and commercialization of ethylene glycol process via syngas were presented.

Particle erosion or attrition products were obtained in a fluidized bed evaporator with vapor-liquid-solid flows at different solid holdup and circulating flow rate of liquid phase after one-month to two month’s operations. The particles from erosion were characterized and the effects of key factors such as solid holdup，circulating flow rate of liquid phase on erosion amounts，particle size and polydispersity were analyzed. Possible particle attrition mechanism was discussed. Experimental results indicated that the powder diameter resulting from the particle attrition showed a log-normal distribution with three peaks，indicating a mixture mechanism of particle attrition. Other preliminary results were presented as follows：the attrition rate of solid particles increased with the decrease of solid holdup and the increase of circulating flow rate of liquid phase，and the latter became important at lower solid holdup；the erosion rate decreased with time；the effective diameter of powder resulting from particle attrition decreased with solid holdup，circulating flow rate of liquid phase and time；the polydispersity of powder decreases with solid holdup and circulating flow rate of liquid phase.

This paper introduced the evaluation methods of mixing and analyzed the applied range of three common evaluation methods，including coefficient of variation，contact number，and Lacey index. Lacey index is suitable for evaluating radial mixing of particle. This paper also discussed the effects of sampling towards Lacey index under the condition of three-component radial mixing experiments. The results showed that the main reason of the mixing change is the different particle sizes in different samples，resulting in S2 number change. The results revealed the optimum sampling of 6×6 with the side length size of 14 mm，slightly longer than lateral dimensions.

The gas hydrate in permafrost regions could be an important energy source for future. In this paper，we studied methane hydrate dissociation in a one-dimensional experiment apparatus by depressurization and hot water injection in porous sediments under simulated conditions of 1.24 ℃ to 1.35 ℃ and 2.83 MPa to 2.89 MPa for permafrost regions. The changes of pressure，temperature，gas production，water production and energy efficiency with time were investigated. The results revealed three stages in the gas production process：free gas release，hydrate dissociation and production of remaining gas. In the first stage，there was no water presented in the depressurization or hot water injection process. In the process of the hot water injection，water production rate was equal to water injection rate. The energy efficiency in the hot water injection process increased before it came to a decrease. Lower energy efficiencies associated with higher rates of the water injection.

This research presented simulation and analysis of the dimethyl ether production process of one-step synthesis from syngas. This research presented a novel dimethyl ether production technology with multi-effect distillation and water as the absorbent. The energy consumptions of methanol and water were simulated and compared using Aspen Plus. The results showed that water was more energy efficient as the absorbent，reducing the total heat load by 23.54% and the total cooling load by 35.97% compared with methanol as the absorbent. From the perspective of energy saving，two-column and three-column separation processes were proposed according to different separation objectives. The results showed that the two-column separation process of methanol and water can increase the dimethyl ether production by 11.50%，without significant change in the energy consumption compared with the original production process. The three-column distillation process can reduce the cooling load by 45.07% and heat load by 19.27%，with an increase of 11.15% of the dimethyl ether production. The energy-saving effect of these new separation processes was remarkable.

Heavy medium cyclones have been widely used in the field of coal preparation. The fine particles of Si and SiC in different densities are likely aggregated，resulting in difficulties in chemical separation. This paper presented an experiment in the separation of Si particles from SiC particle using a heavy medium mini-cyclone. Simulation of the tangential velocity in the heavy-media mini-cyclone was conducted in order to study the flow field characteristics，and the influences of density and viscosity on the tangential velocity in the cyclone. The simulation software was CFD Fluent. Results showed that the influences of the viscosity were greater than the density. The tangential velocity increased when the density of the heavy medium increased. The tangential velocity decreased with the increase in the viscosity of the heavy medium. The swirling decayed more quickly in smaller cyclones.

The similarities and differences of lithium extraction from solar pond and 50 ℃ laboratory simulation are analyzed through a comparative study in this paper. It is found that the evaporation is the main factor for the differences of ion changes before and after brine experiments. The crystal minerals precipitated in the experiments mainly contain Li+ and CO32? according to the result of chemical analysis. But it is much more in the solar pond experiment than that in simulation experiment. Through the preliminary analysis，the content of lithium carbonate crystal precipitated from the solar pond is 50% higher than that in the 50 ℃ simulation experiment. Temperature plays an important role in the process of lithium extraction. Stable salt gradient layer can effectively prevent heat loss from the lower convective zone，and can delay the precipitation of NaCl by diluting the ion concentration in the lower convective zone.

Adsorptive desulfurization is interested for its low investment cost，moderate operating conditions. The key for its technical development is to look for solid adsorbents with large capacity，high selectivity and good regeneration properties. Advances in solid adsorbents for desulfurization of vehicle fuel oil，including conventional zeolites，activated carbon，and metal oxide adsorbent were reviewed together with a new type of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) materials adsorbent based on the mechanism of adsorption，preparation methods，and desulfurization effect. The solid adsorbent development can be conducted at a molecular scale，based on the adsorption mechanism design and assembly.

Heterogeneous continuous process is the development direction of commercial production of biodiesel. The development of heterogeneous catalyst and new process has been the focus in the field of biodiesel，which is also the key to achieving green，economical，efficient production of biodiesel. The possible reaction mechanisms of transesterification reaction were discussed. The research status of solid acid-base catalysts was reviewed. The excellent catalytic performance and the existing problem of the solid acid-base catalysts were reported. A variety of new multiphase biodiesel reactors were introduced，especially the reaction-separation coupled technologies used in biodiesel production. At last，the future development of biodiesel was also presented. The development of new acid-base bifunctional catalyst and advanced multiphase continuous reaction-separation coupled process will promote development of biodiesel.

This paper reviewed the methods of methane (CH4) separation and purification from coal-bed methane (CBM)，including low-temperature distillation，adsorption，membrane separation and gas hydrate separation. By the analysis of the advantages and the disadvantages of these methods，the separation efficiencies under different technical conditions were compared and discussed. Key issues needed to be solved for each method were summarized. For the low-temperature distillation method，de-oxidation is necessarily conducted for the oxygen-containing CBM. The selection of the adsorbent is the key for the adsorption method because the adsorbent determines the economy benefit directly. As for the membrane separation，the separation is affected by the selection of the membrane materials and membrane-making technology. For the hydrated-based CH4 separation，a good additive is crucial to promote the hydrate formation and enhance the CH4 separation efficiency. Finally，the separation of multi-methods or the separation by multi-stage processes is proposed for the future development of CBM separation.

Experiments on combustion of Indonesian oil sands was conducted on thermogravimetric analyzer. The obtained DTG curves revealed that combustion reactions occurred at four different stages in all the samples: low-temperature，medium-temperature，transitional and high-temperature section. The experimental DSC peaks were effectively separated into multiple Gaussian peaks. At last，the most probable kinetic mechanism functions of oil sand pseudo-components were determined according to the Malek’s method，which provided theoretical foundation for further effective exploitation and economical application of oil sands.

Systematic analysis of its energy consumption is important in energy conservation and emission reduction in the coal-fired power plants. This paper analyzed the energy consumption in a typical power plant and a specific power plant in southwest China. Aspen Plus software and energy analysis methods were used in the simulation and calculation of energy consumption. The results revealed that the largest energy consumption of the system occurs in the boiler，in which most energy was consumed in coal combustion. A great amount of energy is lost in the heat exchanging process on the surfaces in the boiler. The energy efficiency in the subcritical coal-fired power plant in southwest China is about 6 percent lower.

The structures and properties of polypropylene random copolymers with different ethylene contents，synthesized via slurry polymerization，were characterized with FT-IR，DSC，GPC，and 13C NMR. It was demonstrated that with the increase of ethylene content in the feed gas，the polymerization activity of catalyst as well as the ethylene content in the resulting random copolymer increased，and the copolymer also changed from mainly propylene segments to mainly ethylene segments. It was also shown that when the percentage of ethylene in the feed gas was 15%～30%，the DSC data of the copolymer reached relatively lower values，the corresponding relative molecular weight was at its minimum，and the distribution of ethylene and propylene segments in the copolymer became more uniform.

A series of catalysts for methanol synthesis were prepared by vacuum freeze drying. Catalytic properties of catalysts were investigated with XRD，H2-TPR，CO2-TPD，TEM，EDAX，and BET and evaluation of catalytic activity was conducted in a micro fixed-bed reactor. The results showed that the catalysts for methanol synthesis prepared by vacuum freeze drying had high specific surface area，high activity and high selectivity.

The catalytic reaction mechanism of oxidation of p-xylene to terephthalic acid with Co-Mn-Br catalyst was presented，and the promotion and side effect of Br ions in oxidation of p-xylene was discussed. The research on promotion of oxidation of p-xylene by organic precursor to reduce the use of Br ions could alleviate corrosion of equipment and reduce the emission of bromide，realizing good economic and social benefits. A new practical application catalyst system for p-xylene oxidation was developed during the research on the promotion of oxidation reaction by a free-radical precursor by simulating the actual production of terephthalic acid (PTA) with p-xylene (PX) and intermediate p-toluic acid (PT acid) as raw materials. The new catalyst passed industrial test. The results showed that adding 40 ×10?6 additive into the reaction system could keep the concentrations of Co and Mn unchanged and reduce the concentration of Br ions from 500 ×10?6 to 250 ×10?6.

Solid superacid catalyst SO42?/Kaolin was prepared by twice impregnation-roasting，and the synthesis mechanism of conversion of lactose to levulinic acid was studied. The effects of technological condition，such as catalyst calcination temperature，catalyst dosage，lactose concentration，reaction temperature，reaction time on the relative yield of levulinic acid were investigated and orthogonal experiment was used to determine the optimum conditions. The result showed that the highest relative yield of levulinic acid was 79.13% under the optimal conditions of catalyst calcination temperature 650 ℃，lactose concentration 5 g/L，reaction temperature 200 ℃，reaction time 120 min，catalyst dosage 15% of lactose.

Seeking for highly stable and effectively catalytic anode materials is the key of electrochemical water treatment. Although the titanium-based PbO2 electrode has excellent performance in the stability and catalytic efficiency，there is still rooms for improvement，thus the modification of titanium-based PbO2 electrodes becomes the central issue in the electrode material research. This review is aimed to present the research on character of PbO2，the structure of titanium-based PbO2 electrode and the modification for different layers in the electrode. This review is focused on the improvement and optimization of electrode preparation by using the modified titanium material as the electrode base，introducing the interlayer between the PbO2 layer and the titanium base，doping the PbO2 layer with the impurity elements and particles. The development of titanium-based PbO2 electrodes is given at the end of this review，which is the diversification of electrode’s form and component，the development of new electrode preparation methods，and research on the mechanism of electrode failure for guiding the modification process.

The mass transfer elements of porous media used in distillation process intensification are systematically reviewed in three major categories according to different contact styles of gas-liquid two phase in porous media：gas/liquid phases counter-current contact in porous media，gas flow in porous media/liquid flow on the surface of porous media cross-current contact and liquid flow in porous media/gas flow on the surface of porous media counter-current contact. The experiences and ideas of our research group on the study of various porous media mass transfer elements are expatiated. The comparison of hydrodynamic and mass transfer performance between the mass transfer elements of porous media and conventional mass transfer is conducted，and then the mechanism of mass transfer intensified by porous media foam materials is proposed as the key science problems of the diversified applications in the distillation process.

Theoretical predictions on morphologies of TiO2 crystals are summarized，and the synthesis processes and related control mechanisms of the high energy facets dominated anatase TiO2 crystals with different morphologies are systematically reviewed. Besides the anatase TiO2 crystals with micro-scale sizes，the high energy facets dominated anatase TiO2 nanocrystals and the nanostructures composed of nanoscale units are synthesized by controlling the preparing processes as well as adjusting Ti resources and structure-directing agents. Researches on doping high energy facets dominated anatase TiO2 with different elements to improve their optical absorption properties and photocatalysis activities are also described in this paper. Moreover，the performances of the high energy facets dominated anatase TiO2 materials in the application fields，including photocatalytic degradation of pollutants，and water splitting to produce hydroten，solar cells，and Li-ion batteries，are introduced. It is shown that the high energy facets dominated anatase TiO2 materials exhibit superior activities compared with traditional TiO2 materials. The problems related to the research on the synthesis and applications of high energy facets dominated anatase TiO2 and the future development are presented.

The water-borne phosphorous-containing polymers are important environmental- friendly materials with excellent flame-proofing，corrosion resistance properties. Two kinds of water-borne phosphorous-containing polymers，acrylate polymer and polyurethane，are introduced，and their synthesis and applications in water-borne fire-retardant coatings and corrosion-resistant coatings are also discussed in this paper. Research shows that phosphorous-containing polymers can improve the thermal degradation，residual char and flame retardant of water-borne fire-retardant coatings as well as enhance the corrosion resistance and adhesion of water corrosion-resistant coatings. The paper proposes two issues in the future as follows：①by making use of synergistic effect，water-borne polymers which contain several flame proofing elements such as halogen，nitrogen，silicon，phosphorus simultaneously can be studied；②phosphorus-containing monomers units may be incorporated into polymer structure to improve the fire-retardant property.

The present status of polysilicon production technology is investigated. The capacity，energy consumption and environment-friendly features of various methods are compared for the preparation of polysilicon. Three main directions of present development in the production of polycrystalline silicon were proposed：① the improvement of Siemens process，including exhaust gas separation，trichlorosilane production by the hydrogenation of silicon tetrachloride，improved reduction furnace structure，increased furnace diameter for the increase of production，and the purification of trichlorosilane and hydrogen；② the improvement of fluidized bed methods，including the decrease of silicon deposition on the surface of the inner wall of a reactor，the reduction of the formation of amorphous silica particle and the improvement of silane preparation technology；③ the improvement of metallurgical method，including the improvement of product purity，the reduction of the volatility of impurity content.

Melt-cast explosive is one of the most important charge manners of warhead system，but there are considerable disadvantages in the formulations of TNT based melt-cast explosive，such as energy，safety，charge property and mechanical performance. The current situation is investigated in terms of continuous phase，high energy density material，desensitizing method，rheological property and charge process，especially the application of new type energetic materials represented by NTO、DNTF. At last，the main research orientations of new carrier compound，high energy density and insensitive material，co-crystal explosive，functional additive and the charge process of high solid loading suspension in the future are pointed out.

Chloroprene rubber (CR) is one of the most important synthetic rubbers. In this paper，filling modification，blending modification，graft modification and chemical modification of CR are reviewed. Besides，the technology progress in the field of modification of CR and the main characteristics and uses of modified CR are presented. Compared to filling modification，blending modification and graft modification，research on chemical modification is relatively few，mainly focused on hydrogenated modification. With respect to hydrogenated modification，halogenated modification is not only able to saturate residual double bond in chloroprene rubber，but also able to improve the activity of rubber vulcanization. Therefore，optimization of hydrogenated modification and exploration of halogenated modification of CR will be the future direction of modification of chloroprene rubber.

Preparation of graphene plays an important role in theoretical and applied research of graphene. Chemical reduction of exfoliated graphite oxide (graphene oxide) appears to be one of the most important routes for graphene production available at present. In this paper，reduction methods of graphene oxide，such as using reducing agent reduction，thermal treatment reduction，electrochemical reduction，solvothermal reduction，catalytic reduction and microwave reduction are summarized，and the advantages and disadvantages are also analyzed. The research directions of the reduction methods of graphene oxide are discussed，such as changes in atomic structure after reduction and reduction mechanism，new reduction method and integration of two or more reduction methods，simultaneous reduction of graphene oxide and preparation of compounded graphene.

To develop a high performance adsorbent，sawdust-CaCl2 composite adsorbents were prepared by carbonization，and their adsorption performance were assessed by measuring the variation of pressure in a vessel with a known volume，with NH3 as the refrigerant. The effects of raw material ratio，carbonization temperature on the adsorption performance of the prepared sawdust-CaCl2 composite adsorbents were investigated. The composite adsorbents were characterized by scanning electron microscope （SEM） and X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy. The results show that，the prepared composite adsorbents have rich microporous structure，with CaCl2 content as high as 70%. Besides，CaCl2 and the sawdust mixed uniformly. The burn-off of the sample augments with the increase of carbonization temperature，and the NH3 adsorption quantity increases first and then decreases with the increase of carbonization temperature. Compared with the carbonization temperature，the raw material ratio plays the dominant influence on the adsorption properties of the samples. The maximum specific cooling power reaches 1418.16 W/kg，and average specific cooling power reaches 876.1 W/kg with the cycle duration of 10 minutes. The present study demonstrates that the sawdust-CaCl2 composite adsorbents prepared by carbonization are free of salt swelling and agglomeration，and provide a better mass transfer performance.

Superfine magnesium hydroxide with MgCl2 solution and NaOH solution are prepared；different modifiers are added to crude solution，including Stearic acid，Sodium stearate，Tetrabutyl titanate，D-glucose，and composite of two of them，then Mg(OH)2 is modified in situ. The surface property of Mg(OH)2 is improved and the filtration property is enhanced at the same time，the variation of sedimentation property is also studied. The results show that the resistance of filtration decreases 58.27%，41.42%，53.23% or 51.93% than that without modifier，the sedimentation speed decrease from 6.645×10?7m/s to 1.25×10?5 m/s，0.667×10?5 m/s，1.025×10?5 m/s or 1.104×10?5m/s respectively when modifier is Stearic acid，Sodium stearate，Tetrabutyl titanate or D-glucose. The performance of complex modifier is better than to that of single ones.

L-dopa has been widely used in clinical treatment for Parkinson's disease. The methods for L-DOPA production，including total chemical synthesis，extraction from plants，enzyme bioconversion and metabolic engineering，were summarized in this review. The total chemical synthesis of L-dopa was complicate due to its asymmetric process and associated with certain environmental issues. Extracting L-dopa from plant suffered low yield and was limited by plant resource. Bioconversion of phenols to L-dopa has been catalyzed by enzymes tyrosine phenol lyase，tyrosinase and transaminase. It is suggested that with the development of synthetic biology，fermentation of L-dopa by constructing metabolically engineered microorganisms would be a new high efficient and environment-friendly method，which demonstrates a promising process.

In recent years，a method to produce shape-specific nanoparticles which can load any cargo has become a hot and difficult area of research. This review starts with a brief introduction of the advanced nanoparticles，which can load any cargo. A novel method called PRINT (particle replication in non-wetting templates) can be used to design and prepare the templates through the low surface energy perfluoropolyether network. By the confined space of template，shape-controlled particles are fabricated. The method of nanofabrication and application in loading anti-cancer drug is summarized. The anti-cancer drug particles with different haspect ratios contributes to different drug release rates. This breakthrough in nanotechnology will have tremendous potential for applications in nanomedicine and diagnostics.

Monoraphidium sp. FXY-10 could be used as an ideal candidate for biodiesel production. The paper mainly focuses on the growth，the metabolism characteristics and the change of fatty acid composition of Monoraphidium sp. FXY-10，an oleaginous microalga under heterotrophic condition. It is found that the Richards model can fit the relationship between the growth of the cells and culture time. The models of nitrate and phosphate metabolism of Monoraphidium sp. FXY-10 are established，and cell yield coefficients on nitrate，phosphate are 5.319 g/g and 500 g/g，respectively. The variation analysis of the fatty acid profiles in the growth process indicates that the extension of the cultivation stabilization period can increase the content of octadecenoic acid.

The grey system theory was applied to the Flavomycin flask fermentation. The influence of operational parameters on Flavomycin flask fermentation was sequenced by grey relational analysis. The grey forecasting model GM(1,7) was developed to predict the yield of fermentation products. The order of grey relational analysis was total suger，amino nitrogen，pH，reducing suger，biomass of seed broth and residual oil. The yield of flavomycin shows a positive correlation with biomass of seed broth and pH，while it shows the negative correlation with total suger，reducing suger，amino nitrogen and residual oil. The predicted data of GM(1,7) agree well with experimental data. The average relative error is 4.804%. It indicates that the grey relational analysis and the grey forecasting model are valid for the Flavomycin flask fermentation.

Sulfonate oligomeric surfactants have attracted considerable interest because of their excellent interface activities，salt resistance and temperature tolerance. The paper was aimed to review the synthesis of sulfonate oligomeric surfactants based on three introducing methods (monomer connecting method，introducing hydrophobic chains or polar heads) of hydrophile and lipophilic groups in last decades，and to briefly introduce its physicochemical properties (surface/interface tension，critical micelle concentration，etc) and application performances，including emulsion visbreaking，bactericidal activity，and displacement efficiency. It shows increased researches on the structure-function relationship of the sulfonate oligomeric surfactants for developing novel products with wide excellent cost-effective performance by molecule design method. The synthesis process of sulfonate oligomeric surfactants and the displacement systems consisting of the product，other types of surfactants，and polymer should be optimized for its industrial applications in the tertiary oil recovery.

DHAD loaded multivesicular liposomes (DHAD-MVLs) with the mean diameter of 58.75 μm were prepared using uniform design. The DHAD-MVLs showed narrow particle size distribution and good sphericity. Zeta potential，DSC and drug stability test all revealed that this system was stable and fit for drug delivery system. Leakage rate results indicated that 4℃ was better for drug-loaded MVLs storage compared to 37℃. The average encapsulation efficiency of DHAD was 90.13%. Finally，the influences of cholesterol and trioleate contents on cumulative release were investigated. All groups were in accord with the China Pharmacopoeia 2010，which meant that there were no burst release and the DHAD-MVLs showed better sustained release in vitro.

This review summarized a series of methods of two key technologies of separation identification and efficient cleaning of mixed waste plastics for industrialized recycling and utilization. Applications of sink-float separation，flotation separation，electrostatic separation and near infrared spectra accurate identification technology in waste plastics identification were discussed. This paper also introduced the importance of cleaning process and the main ingredients of plastic cleaner including alkaline compounds，additive agent，surfactant and their effects. The technological process which integrates ultrasonic cleaning technology and sink-float separation，flotation separation，and near-infrared spectra accurate identification technology has advantages to identify and sort waste plastics and has the potentials to solve the problems in ultrasonic cleaning and near-infrared spectra identification. Therefore, the integrated technology could be the prospective focus of future research.

This review analyzed the research overview of cleaner production in the chemical industry in China. Most research on cleaner production focused on circular economics，ecologic industrial parks，energy-saving and emission-reduction，green chemistry and industry chains，evaluation and audit of cleaner production. This paper also summarized the cleaner production technologies，including process simulation，process integration，new processes，new raw materials，cleaner reaction systems，new energy resources and catalytic technologies. The development trend of cleaner production would be the organic combination of chemical production and other technologies，such as information，computer development，detection，intelligent information processing，and equipment manufacturing technologies. The cleaner production technologies should be evaluated by life cycle assessment (LCA) and the circular economics should be developed on the basis of cleaner production.

This paper reviewed and analyzed the progress on research and technology of conversion and utilization of CO2 by chemical route in recent years. CO2 can be converted into liquid fuel，methanol，carbonates，and other high value products through proper chemical reactions. CO2 can also be converted to olefin or oxygen-containing compounds through the process of CO2 – Methane synthesis. Other new technologies of CO2 utilization，including direct conversion of CO2 into oxygen through rational designed chemical lungs，conversion of CO2 into useful chemicals by solar energy，electricity and biological microalgae technologies，and progress of CO2 utilization as new hydrogen storage materials.

Concentrated brine contains abundant minerals. Zero liquid discharge technologies of concentrated brine can eliminate pollution to the marine environment，and realize efficient utilization of the mineral resources. This paper analyzed influencing factors of salinity，including heat，accumulation of metal and chemicals additives in concentrated brine on marine environment and ecosystem. The concentrated brine comprehensive utilization techniques are also introduced. This paper reviewed the following techniques particularly：membrane distillation，forward osmosis，and freezing and spray dewatering techniques. The combination of re-concentrated techniques and comprehensive utilization techniques of concentrated brine would be one of the most effective ways to fulfill zero liquid discharge.

This study simulated dynamical fouling process of three fouling microorganisms, i.e. iron bacteria (IB)，sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB)，and slime forming bacteria (HB)，and their mixtures isolated from the slime in the bottom of circulating cooling tower. Experimental conditions were kept constant at 30 ℃ water temperature and 0.4 m/s flow rate. The fouling resistances for IB，SRB，HB and their mixture were by ICP-MS and anion analysis of fouling samples was investigated. The results showed that the induction time of fouling for the four groups were 28 h，45 h，70 h and 18 h，respectively. The fouling resistance asymptotic values were 2×10?4 m2?K/W，1.75×10?4 m2?K/W，1.45×10?4 m2?K/W and 4.9×10?4 m2?K/W，respectively. The fouling abilities of the four groups were in the order of mixture＞IB＞SRB＞HB. The composition analysis of fouling samples showed that IB contained relatively high concentrations of Fe，C and NO3? ，and low contents of heavy metal ions and Cl?， indicating abilities of strong fouling and weak corrosion. The SRB sample contained mainly S，Fe，Cl?，Ni and Cr，indicating strong corrosion abilities. The HB sample mainly contained C，N，NO3? and certain amount of Cl?，showing its ability of corrosion.

This research used a single chamber microbial electrolysis cell（MEC）as the reactor to treat the pretreated fermentation effluent rich in acetic acid to produce hydrogen. The accumulated acetic acid was chosen as the main electron donor，with carbon cloth as the anode and the stainless steel wire mesh coated with Ni nanoparticles as the catalyst. The experimental results showed that in the MEC fed by the fermentation effluent reached a maximum hydrogen yield of (1.31±0.04) m3H2/(m3?d) and (2.78±0.11) mLH2/mgCOD，and energy efficiency of 138.6%±3.1% with COD removal of 99.0%±0.3%. This research also revealed that MEC could degrade the liquid end-products spontaneously and decrease the “fermentation barrier” to realize production control and energy product.

When contrasting with traditional power system，fuel cell has a lot of advantages. But it still has many practical problems，such as low-temperature cold startup. Different strategies of fuel cell cold startup were discussed. Some related researches on hydrogen catalytic combustion and fuel cell cold startup were summarized and analyzed and the factors affecting the catalytic combustion were investigated. Hydrogen low-temperature catalytic combustion provided one way to achieve effective and reliable startup of fuel cell. Hydrogen could achieve stable combustion in a micro-tube for different reaction models. Surface catalytic combustion restrained gas phase combustion. The highest temperature could be obtained when surface catalytic combustion and gas phase combustion occurred at the same time. Inlet velocity，conductive wall and its material，tube diameter as well as equivalent ratio of hydrogen/air mixture had significant influence on catalytic combustion of hydrogen.

Two types of heat pump distillation flow for trichlorosilane purification were simulated by chemical simulation software Aspen Plus with NRTL-RK property and RADFRAC distillation models. One model used the vapor from the top as heat pump medium and the other model used the liquid from the bottom as heat pump medium. The comparison of heat pump distillation and conventional distillation processes showed that the latter had more advantages in trichlorosilane purification. Two-column trichlorosilane refining serial process using the liquid from the bottom as heat pump medium was conducted. The main optimum operation parameters were showed below. T1 column：outlet pressure of compressor was 309 kPa，mole reflux ratio was 20 and throttle valve pressure was 180 kPa；T2 column：outlet pressure of compressor was 310 kPa，mole reflux ratio was 5 and throttle valve pressure was 227 kPa. The yield coefficient of trichlorosilane was 88.75% and its purity was more than 99.9999%. Compared with conventional distillation，energy cost saving was about 82% at the same handling capacity.

In order to meet the sulfur standard of Beijing V for MTBE product, we explored deep desulfurization for the production of MTBE. The basic data of thermodynamics of MTBE desulfurization are used in this thesis to simulation the process. Using the method of chemical process simulation and analysis, the process of MTBE desulfurization was studied. By comprehensive analysis of process technology conditions, the advantages and disadvantages of single column process technology and double columns process technology were analyzed, and the feasible technology solutions of MTBE deep desulfurization under different conditions was proposed. The suitable technology has been applied in the renovation of MTBE unit. The sulfur standard of MTBE is lower than 3 mg/kg。