表面活性剂及聚乳酸塑料对餐厨垃圾发酵产酸特性影响

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2023-1646

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

餐厨垃圾的产量逐年升高，由于其高含水、易腐败等特性，传统处理方法并不能将其妥善处置。厌氧发酵在处理餐厨垃圾方面具有成本低廉、二次污染小等优势，其主要产物挥发性脂肪酸（VFAs）附加价值高、应用范围广、便于存储和运输，是一种极具潜力的餐厨垃圾资源化利用方法。然而汇集在餐厨垃圾中的外源物质（如表面活性剂、聚乳酸塑料等），进入厌氧发酵系统后会对产酸发酵的过程造成影响。基于此，本文首先介绍了餐厨垃圾产生、理化特性以及危害，对目前采用的餐厨垃圾处理方法进行综述，然后在梳理餐厨垃圾发酵产挥发性脂肪酸原理的基础上阐述了餐厨垃圾发酵产挥发性脂肪酸的研究现状，最后论述了表面活性剂、聚乳酸塑料等外源物质对餐厨垃圾产酸发酵的影响，以期为餐厨垃圾的发酵产酸过程调控提供参考。

关键词: 餐厨垃圾, 挥发性脂肪酸, 表面活性剂, 聚乳酸塑料, 厌氧发酵

Abstract:

The output of food waste is increasing year by year. Due to the characteristics of high moisture content and easy spoilage, conventional methods are unable to properly dispose of the food waste. Anaerobic fermentation has the advantages of low cost and minimal secondary pollution in treating food waste over other methods. The main product of anaerobic fermentation is volatile fatty acids (VFAs), which have high added value, a wide range of applications, and convenient storage and transportation. This makes anaerobic fermentation a potential method for resource utilization of food waste. However, the presence of exogenous substances, such as surfactants and polylactic acid plastics, in food waste can affect the acid-producing fermentation process in anaerobic fermentation systems. Based on this, this paper introduces the generation, physicochemical properties, and hazards of food waste at first, while also provides an overview of the current methods of treating food waste. On the basis of combing the principle of producing volatile fatty acids by food waste fermentation, this paper presents the research status of using food waste fermentation to produce volatile fatty acids. Finally, the paper discusses the influence of exogenous substances, such as surfactants and polylactic acid plastics, on the acid-producing fermentation of food waste, aiming to provide guidance for the regulation of acid production in food waste fermentation processes.

Key words: food waste, volatile fatty acids, surfactant, polylactic acid plastic, anaerobic fermentation

中图分类号:

TQ921

全翠, 陈常祥, 高宁博, 陆丽芳. 表面活性剂及聚乳酸塑料对餐厨垃圾发酵产酸特性影响[J]. 化工进展, 2024, 43(10): 5791-5804.

QUAN Cui, CHEN Changxiang, GAO Ningbo, LU Lifang. Effects of surfactants and polylactic acid plastic on characteristics of food waste acidogenic fermentation[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2024, 43(10): 5791-5804.

图/表 8

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参数	文献中数据
参数	[5]	[6]	[7]	[8]	[9]	[10]	[11]
含水率/%	81.90	76.90	74.94	79.01	77.50	83.93	81.50
TS/%	18.10	23.10	25.06	20.99	22.50	16.07	18.50
VS/%	17.10	21.00	22.93	19.36	21.00	15.52	17.00
（VS/TS）/%	94.48	90.91	91.50	92.23	93.33	96.58	91.89
总固体中碳水化合物质量分/%	61.88	—	—	50.00	—	55.88	—
总固体中蛋白质质量分数/%	18.23	—	16.46	15.57	17.69	15.59	—
总固体中脂质质量分数/%	13.26	—	24.31	22.37	32.46	—	22.80
pH	6.5	4.2	—	—	6.5	5.2	5.2
总固体中C质量分数/%	46.67	56.30	46.11	49.93	49.52	—	46.50
总固体中N质量分数/%	3.54	2.30	3.19	2.56	1.90	—	2.20
C/N	13.18	24.48	14.45	19.50	26.11	11.2	21.14
总固体中P质量分数/%	0.82	—	—	—	—	—	—
总固体中S质量分数/%	0.33	—	0.29	—	—	—	—
K浓度/mg∙L^-1	1236.91	5313.00	—	—	—	—	4255.00
Mg浓度/mg∙L^-1	141.41	269.60	—	—	78.75	—	296.00
Fe浓度/mg∙L^-1	7.17	100.00	—	—	114.75	—	100.00

参数	文献中数据
参数	[5]	[6]	[7]	[8]	[9]	[10]	[11]
含水率/%	81.90	76.90	74.94	79.01	77.50	83.93	81.50
TS/%	18.10	23.10	25.06	20.99	22.50	16.07	18.50
VS/%	17.10	21.00	22.93	19.36	21.00	15.52	17.00
（VS/TS）/%	94.48	90.91	91.50	92.23	93.33	96.58	91.89
总固体中碳水化合物质量分/%	61.88	—	—	50.00	—	55.88	—
总固体中蛋白质质量分数/%	18.23	—	16.46	15.57	17.69	15.59	—
总固体中脂质质量分数/%	13.26	—	24.31	22.37	32.46	—	22.80
pH	6.5	4.2	—	—	6.5	5.2	5.2
总固体中C质量分数/%	46.67	56.30	46.11	49.93	49.52	—	46.50
总固体中N质量分数/%	3.54	2.30	3.19	2.56	1.90	—	2.20
C/N	13.18	24.48	14.45	19.50	26.11	11.2	21.14
总固体中P质量分数/%	0.82	—	—	—	—	—	—
总固体中S质量分数/%	0.33	—	0.29	—	—	—	—
K浓度/mg∙L^-1	1236.91	5313.00	—	—	—	—	4255.00
Mg浓度/mg∙L^-1	141.41	269.60	—	—	78.75	—	296.00
Fe浓度/mg∙L^-1	7.17	100.00	—	—	114.75	—	100.00

原理	基质	处理方法	处理条件	最终效果	参考文献
物理处理	餐厨垃圾	机械破碎	粉碎+球磨	粒径降低55.96% 产酸量增大22.68%	[48]
	餐厨垃圾	电离辐射	⁶⁰Co伽马射线 8.28kGy	可溶性化学需氧量（soluble chemical oxygen demand，SCOD）增大70.6%	[49]
	剩余污泥	超声法	540W，60min	SCOD增大3.83g/L 产酸量增大1.92倍	[50]
	餐厨垃圾与剩余污泥	电化学法	阳极：Ti/RuO₂-IrO₂ 阴极：钛板 5V电压处理60min	SCOD增大0.71g/L 产酸量增大18.93%	[51]
	餐厨垃圾与剩余污泥	微波法	2450MHz，600W 20min	产酸量增大7.24g/L	[52]
热处理	餐厨垃圾	水热法	160℃，30min	产酸量增大11.0g/L	[53]
热处理	橄榄厂废物	水热法	125℃，52min	产酸量增大26.19%	[54]
化学处理	餐厨垃圾	酸法	HCl，pH=3 4℃，24h	SCOD增大28% 产酸量增大31.84%	[55]
化学处理	餐厨垃圾	碱法	NaOH，pH=11 4℃，24h	SCOD增大28% 产酸量增大8.05%	[55]
生物处理	餐厨垃圾	真菌	每组10g的干餐厨垃圾 60℃，100r/min，24h	SCOD增大约150g/L	[56]
生物处理	餐厨垃圾	商用酶	每组8.6g的干餐厨垃圾 60℃，100r/min，24h	SCOD增大约120g/L	[56]

原理	基质	处理方法	处理条件	最终效果	参考文献
物理处理	餐厨垃圾	机械破碎	粉碎+球磨	粒径降低55.96% 产酸量增大22.68%	[48]
	餐厨垃圾	电离辐射	⁶⁰Co伽马射线 8.28kGy	可溶性化学需氧量（soluble chemical oxygen demand，SCOD）增大70.6%	[49]
	剩余污泥	超声法	540W，60min	SCOD增大3.83g/L 产酸量增大1.92倍	[50]
	餐厨垃圾与剩余污泥	电化学法	阳极：Ti/RuO₂-IrO₂ 阴极：钛板 5V电压处理60min	SCOD增大0.71g/L 产酸量增大18.93%	[51]
	餐厨垃圾与剩余污泥	微波法	2450MHz，600W 20min	产酸量增大7.24g/L	[52]
热处理	餐厨垃圾	水热法	160℃，30min	产酸量增大11.0g/L	[53]
热处理	橄榄厂废物	水热法	125℃，52min	产酸量增大26.19%	[54]
化学处理	餐厨垃圾	酸法	HCl，pH=3 4℃，24h	SCOD增大28% 产酸量增大31.84%	[55]
化学处理	餐厨垃圾	碱法	NaOH，pH=11 4℃，24h	SCOD增大28% 产酸量增大8.05%	[55]
生物处理	餐厨垃圾	真菌	每组10g的干餐厨垃圾 60℃，100r/min，24h	SCOD增大约150g/L	[56]
生物处理	餐厨垃圾	商用酶	每组8.6g的干餐厨垃圾 60℃，100r/min，24h	SCOD增大约120g/L	[56]

塑料类型	处理对象	处理条件	最终效果	参考文献
聚羟基丁酸酯（PHB）	城市初级污泥	高温（35~90℃）碱性条件（8<pH<12）下预处理PHB 3~48h	投加PHB生物塑料后甲烷产量增加5%	[91]
聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯（PET）微塑料	废弃活性污泥	pH=10.0 水浴缸摇床[120r/min，(37±1)℃]	PET微塑料在碱性条件下抑制了废活性污泥厌氧发酵中的水解、酸化和乙酸化，导致了其对产氢的抑制作用	[92]
聚氯乙烯（PVC）塑料	厌氧消化污泥	于(37±1)℃恒温培养箱中厌氧消化	低水平PVC促进甲烷产生高水平PVC抑制甲烷的产生并使其发生水解	[82]
聚苯乙烯（PS）塑料	污水处理厂污泥	pH=7.5 空气浴振荡器37℃、120r/min处理	甲烷产率和最大甲烷日产率分别下降了14.4%和40.7%	[93]
聚乙烯（PE）塑料	剩余污泥	pH=10.0 发酵温度控制在(37±1)℃ 反应器转速为120r/min	短期内PE有利于VFAs生成长期高浓度PE能促进有机物溶出，但抑制VFAs生成，且对乙酸影响较大	[87]
聚乙烯（PE）塑料	废弃活性污泥	在恒温孵化器(37±1)℃中厌氧消化持续44天	高水平的PE微塑料使甲烷产量降低12.4%~27.5%	[94]
淀粉基生物塑料膜	餐厨垃圾与厌氧污泥	切割成20mm×20mm的碎片放置于(55±2)℃静态孵化器中23天	厌氧消化过程中产生的气体中甲烷气体的占比在40%~50%之间	[95]
塑料（未知）	垃圾、废纸、塑料（2∶1∶1比例混合）	保持37℃恒温 pH调节到约7.0	甲烷体积分数稳定波动在44.3%~75.4%之间	[96]