基于平板热管的高温质子交换膜燃料电池堆启动特性

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2023-0714

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

高温质子交换膜燃料电池（HT-PEMFC）运行温度约160℃，较传统低温电池具有更佳的电化学反应动力学、更简单的水热管理和更高的CO耐受性等优势。但运行温度提高，如何实现HT-PEMFC的快速预热启动成为制约其应用推广的重要挑战之一。当前工作中，针对一个额定功率为500W的HT-PEMFC电堆，尝试利用一种平板热管（FHP）对该电堆进行预热启动。设计搭建了实验装置，从预热时间、温度分布、传热量分布等方面对这一方法进行评估。实验结果表明，提高加热功率可以显著缩短预热时间，500W时预热耗时3000s，1500W时则仅需980s；但同时也造成温度均匀性出现恶化，500W时竖直方向最大温差约28℃，1500W时该温差则达到了80℃。此外，水平方向的温差也随加热功率的提高而增加，且越靠近热源的区域越明显，最高达15.7℃，这无疑会加速质子交换膜的机械失效。实际中，应在不过多影响电池运行寿命的前提下，提高加热功率以缩短启动时间。

关键词: 燃料电池, 传热, 氢, 测量, 热管理, 平板热管

Abstract:

High-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells (HT-PEMFC) operate at about 160℃ and have the advantages of better electrochemical reaction kinetics, simpler hydrothermal management and higher CO tolerance than conventional low-temperature cells. However, upon the increase of operating temperature, the fast start-up of HT-PEMFC becomes one of the important challenges that restrict its application promotion. In current work, a preheat start-up method using a flat plate heat pipe (FHP) for a HT-PEMFC reactor with a rated power of 500W was attempted. An experimental system was designed and built to evaluate this method in terms of preheating time, temperature distribution, and heat transfer distribution. The experimental results showed that increasing the heating power significantly reduced the preheating time from 3000s at 500W to 980s at 1500W. However, it also caused a deterioration of the temperature uniformity, with a maximum temperature difference of about 28℃ in the vertical direction at 500W increased to 80℃ at 1500W. In addition, the temperature difference in the horizontal direction increased with the heating power, especially in the area close to the heat source, up to 15.7℃, which would undoubtedly accelerate the mechanical failure of the proton exchange membrane. In practice, a higher heating power should be selected to reduce the start-up time but not affecting the cell operating life too much.

Key words: fuel cells, heat transfer, hydrogen, measurement, thermal management, flat heat pipe

中图分类号:

TK91

钱志广, 王世学, 朱禹, 岳利可. 基于平板热管的高温质子交换膜燃料电池堆启动特性[J]. 化工进展, 2024, 43(4): 1754-1763.

QIAN Zhiguang, WANG Shixue, ZHU Yu, YUE Like. Start-up characteristics of high-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell stacks based on flat heat pipes[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2024, 43(4): 1754-1763.

图/表 13

图1 FHP试验件及其内部结构

图2 基于FHP的HT-PEMFC电堆预热实验系统

图3 实验段示意图和实物图

图4 BP的分区、编号以及热电偶布置示意图

表1 实验台热平衡分析

电功率/W	BP传热量/W	BP传热量占比/%	循环水换热量/W	循环水换热量占比/%
500	487.05	97.41	467.70	93.54
1000	968.20	96.82	958.20	95.82
1500	1452.90	96.86	1424.25	94.95
1750	1699.95	97.14	1641.33	93.79

图5 四种加热功率下B-R区域温度分布

图6 四种加热功率下BP各区域传热量在垂直方向上分布

图7 四种加热功率下BP各区域传热量在水平方向上分布

图8 500W加热功率下B-R区域温度随时间变化

图9 三种加热功率下BP各区域竖直方向上温度随时间的变化

图10 三种加热功率下BP被加热至160℃时B-R区域的温度分布

图11 三种加热功率下BP被加热至160℃时B-R区域水平方向的最大温差

图12 三种加热功率下BP水平方向四个区域温度变化

参考文献 36

1	ZHANG Jianlu, XIE Zhong, ZHANG Jiujun, et al. High temperature PEM fuel cells[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2006, 160(2): 872-891.
2	TIAN Liliang, ZHANG Weiqi, XIE Zheng, et al. Enhanced performance and durability of high-temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell by incorporating covalent organic framework into catalyst layer[J]. Acta Physico Chimica Sinica, 2020, 37(1): 2009049.
3	李金晟, 葛君杰, 刘长鹏, 等. 燃料电池高温质子交换膜研究进展[J]. 化工进展, 2021, 40(9): 4894-4903.
	LI Jinsheng, GE Junjie, LIU Changpeng, et al. Review on high temperature proton exchange membranes for fuel cell[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2021, 40(9): 4894-4903.
4	XIAO Meiling, GAO Liqin, WANG Ying, et al. Engineering energy level of metal center: Ru single-atom site for efficient and durable oxygen reduction catalysis[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2019, 141(50): 19800-19806.
5	ZHANG Jun, ZHANG Caizhi, LI Jin, et al. Multi-perspective analysis of CO poisoning in high-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack via numerical investigation[J]. Renewable Energy, 2021, 180: 313-328.
6	Vikalp JHA, HARIHARAN R, KRISHNAMURTHY Balaji. A 3 dimensional numerical model to study the effect of GDL porosity on high temperature PEM fuel cells[J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2020, 161: 120311.
7	Susanta K DAS, GIBSON Hilniqua A. Three dimensional multi-physics modeling and simulation for assessment of mass transport impact on the performance of a high temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2021, 499: 229844.
8	MAXIMINI Marius, ENGELHARDT Philip, BRENNER Martin, et al. Fast start-up of a diesel fuel processor for PEM fuel cells[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2014, 39(31): 18154-18163.
9	ABDUL RASHEED Raj Kamal, EHTESHAMI Seyyed Mohsen Mousavi, CHAN Siew Hwa. Analytical modelling of boiling phase change phenomenon in high-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells during warm-up process[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2014, 39(5): 2246-2260.
10	李英, 张香平. 用于高温质子交换膜燃料电池的聚合物电解质膜研究进展[J]. 化工进展, 2018, 37(9): 3446-3453.
	LI Ying, ZHANG Xiangping. Research progress of polymer electrolyte membrane for high temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2018, 37(9): 3446-3453.
11	PARK Hyanjoo, KIM Hoyoung, KIM Dong-Kwon, et al. Performance deterioration and recovery in high-temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells: Effects of deliquescence of phosphoric acid[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2020, 45(57): 32844-32855.
12	CHEN Chenyu, LAI Wei-Hsiang. Effects of temperature and humidity on the cell performance and resistance of a phosphoric acid doped polybenzimidazole fuel cell[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2010, 195(21): 7152-7159.
13	LI Qingfeng, JENSEN Jens Oluf, SAVINELL Robert F, et al. High temperature proton exchange membranes based on polybenzimidazoles for fuel cells[J]. Progress in Polymer Science, 2009, 34(5): 449-477.
14	王子乾, 杨林林, 孙海. 高温质子交换膜燃料电池性能衰减机理与缓解策略——第一部分: 关键材料[J]. 化工进展, 2020, 39(6): 2370-2389.
	WANG Ziqian, YANG Linlin, SUN Hai. Degradation mechanism and mitigation strategy of high temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells: part Ⅰ: Materials[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2020, 39(6): 2370-2389.
15	ABDUL RASHEED Raj Kamal, CHAN Siew Hwa. Transient carbon monoxide poisoning kinetics during warm-up period of a high-temperature PEMFC—Physical model and parametric study[J]. Applied Energy, 2015, 140: 44-51.
16	ANDREASEN Søren Juhl, KÆR Søren Knudsen. Modelling and evaluation of heating strategies for high temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell stacks[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2008, 33(17): 4655-4664.
17	ZHANG Caizhi, YU Tao, YI Jun, et al. Investigation of heating and cooling in a stand-alone high temperature PEM fuel cell system[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2016, 129: 36-42.
18	HUANG Hao, ZHOU Yibo, DENG Hao, et al. Modeling of high temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell start-up processes[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2016, 41(4): 3113-3127.
19	SINGDEO Debanand, Tapobrata DEY, GHOSH Prakash C. Modelling of start-up time for high temperature polymer electrolyte fuel cells[J]. Energy, 2011, 36(10): 6081-6089.
20	ABDUL RASHEED Raj Kamal, ZHANG Caizhi, CHAN Siew Hwa. Numerical analysis of high-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells during start-up by inlet gas heating and applied voltage[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2017, 42(15): 10390-10406.
21	ZHANG Jun, ZHANG Caizhi, HAO Dong, et al. 3D non-isothermal dynamic simulation of high temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell in the start-up process[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2021, 46(2): 2577-2593.
22	GEETHU Varghese, VENKATESH Babu K P, VARGHESE Joseph Thadathil, et al. A numerical investigation on thermal gradients and stresses in high temperature PEM fuel cell during start-up[J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2021, 175: 121365.
23	WANG Y, SAUER D U, KOEHNE S, et al. Dynamic modeling of high temperature PEM fuel cell start-up process[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2014, 39(33): 19067-19078.
24	CHOI Mingoo, KIM Minjin, SOHN Young-Jun, et al. Development of preheating methodology for a 5kW HT-PEMFC system[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2021, 46(74): 36982-36994.
25	KURZ T, KÜFNER F, GERTEISEN D. Heating of low and high temperature PEM fuel cells with alternating current[J]. Fuel Cells, 2018, 18(3): 326-334.
26	QU Jian, SUN Qin, WANG Hai, et al. Performance characteristics of flat-plate oscillating heat pipe with porous metal-foam wicks[J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2019, 137: 20-30.
27	HUANG Bi, JIAN Qifei, LUO Lizhong, et al. Research on the in-plane temperature distribution in a PEMFC stack integrated with flat-plate heat pipe under different startup strategies and inclination angles[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2020, 179: 115741.
28	LI Ji, LI Xingping, ZHOU Guohui, et al. Development and evaluation of a supersized aluminum flat plate heat pipe for natural cooling of high power telecommunication equipment[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2021, 184: 116278.
29	FAGHRI Amir, GUO Zhen. Integration of heat pipe into fuel cell technology[J]. Heat Transfer Engineering, 2008, 29(3): 232-238.
30	Romuald RULLIÈRE, Frédéric LEFÈVRE, LALLEMAND Monique. Prediction of the maximum heat transfer capability of two-phase heat spreaders—Experimental validation[J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2007, 50(7/8): 1255-1262.
31	SILVA Ana Paula, GALANTE Renan M, PELIZZA Pablo R, et al. A combined capillary cooling system for fuel cells[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2012, 41: 104-110.
32	SHIRZADI Navid, ROSHANDEL Ramin, SHAFII Mohammad Behshad. Integration of miniature heat pipes into a proton exchange membrane fuel cell for cooling applications[J]. Heat Transfer Engineering, 2017, 38(18): 1595-1605.
33	TETUKO Anggito P, SHABANI Bahman, ANDREWS John. Thermal coupling of PEM fuel cell and metal hydride hydrogen storage using heat pipes[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2016, 41(7): 4264-4277.
34	Marcos Vinício ORO, DE OLIVEIRA Rogério Gomes, BAZZO Edson. An integrated solution for waste heat recovery from fuel cells applied to adsorption systems[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2018, 136: 747-754.
35	YANG Mingguang, QUAN Zhenhua, ZHAO Yaohua, et al. Experimental and numerical study on thermal management of air-cooled proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack with micro heat pipe arrays[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2023, 275: 116478.
36	WANG Lincheng, QUAN Zhenhua, ZHAO Yaohua, et al. Experimental investigation on thermal management of proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack using micro heat pipe array[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2022, 214: 118831.

[1]	张巧玲, 马祖浩, 于子元, 刘梓俊, 黄铋匀, 杨振东, 马浩然. 微小通道内超临界R134a流动传热特性[J]. 化工进展, 2024, 43(4): 1667-1675.
[2]	孙超, 艾诗钦, 刘月婵. 考虑物性变化及壳体传热的新型板壳式换热器板程流动传热数值模拟[J]. 化工进展, 2024, 43(4): 1676-1689.
[3]	王彦红, 蒋雷, 薛帅, 李洪伟, 贾玉婷. 预冷通道中超临界甲烷换热特性分析[J]. 化工进展, 2024, 43(4): 1690-1699.
[4]	祝妍妮, 王维, 孙闫晨昊, 魏岗, 张大为. 基于单液滴蒸发的离心喷雾干燥数值模拟[J]. 化工进展, 2024, 43(4): 1700-1710.
[5]	赵吉隆, 郭宇翔, 陈宏霞, 袁达忠, 杜小泽. 竖直铯热管传热特性的实验和数值模拟[J]. 化工进展, 2024, 43(4): 1711-1719.
[6]	刘若璐, 汤海波, 何翡翡, 罗凤盈, 王金鸽, 杨娜, 李洪伟, 张锐明. 液态有机储氢技术研究现状与展望[J]. 化工进展, 2024, 43(4): 1731-1741.
[7]	张鹏飞, 严张艳, 任亮, 张奎, 梁家林, 赵广乐, 张璠玢, 胡志海. C $9 +$ 重芳烃催化加氢脱烷基技术研究进展[J]. 化工进展, 2024, 43(3): 1266-1274.
[8]	谷星朋, 马红钦, 刘嘉豪. 雷尼镍的磷量子点改性及其催化加氢脱硫性能[J]. 化工进展, 2024, 43(3): 1293-1301.
[9]	陈风, 王宣德, 黄伟, 王晓东, 王琰. HZSM-22的粒径调控及Pt/HZSM-22的正十二烷加氢异构催化性能[J]. 化工进展, 2024, 43(3): 1309-1317.
[10]	萧垚鑫, 张军, 单锐, 袁浩然, 陈勇. Pt/CaO材料催化糠醇加氢制备戊二醇[J]. 化工进展, 2024, 43(3): 1318-1327.
[11]	李伟杰, 康金灿, 张传明, 林丽娜, 李昌鑫, 朱红平. 锆改性Cu/SiO₂催化剂催化3-羟基丙酸甲酯选择性加氢[J]. 化工进展, 2024, 43(3): 1328-1341.
[12]	李开瑞, 高照华, 刘甜甜, 李静, 魏海生. 还原温度调变Rh/FePO₄催化剂喹啉选择加氢性能[J]. 化工进展, 2024, 43(3): 1342-1349.
[13]	胡洪远, 张洋, 张贺东, 范兵强, 郑诗礼, 汤吉海. 硫酸钠制备碳酸氢钠过程中Na₂SO₄-NH₃-CO₂-H₂O体系相平衡规律[J]. 化工进展, 2024, 43(3): 1621-1629.
[14]	禹言芳, 丁鹏程, 孟辉波, 石博文, 姚云娟. 非牛顿流体在叶片式静态混合器中的传热强化特性[J]. 化工进展, 2024, 43(3): 1145-1156.
[15]	侯立凯, 范旭, 包福兵. 微小液体流量校准技术[J]. 化工进展, 2024, 43(2): 579-585.