二氧化硅气凝胶及其在保温隔热领域应用进展

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2022-0512

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

二氧化硅气凝胶是目前已知最轻的固体材料，具有热导率低、孔隙率高和比表面积大等优点，被誉为新型超级保温隔热材料。然而，二氧化硅气凝胶自身存在力学性能差和制备成本高的问题，大大限制了其在保温隔热领域大规模推广应用。本文简述了二氧化硅气凝胶合成技术和力学性能增强方法，从制备过程控制、老化条件优化、热处理、纤维复合和高分子聚合物复合等方面分析了其对气凝胶性能和工艺的影响，重点介绍了近年来二氧化硅气凝胶保温隔热材料应用在航空航天、军工领域、工业管道、建筑保温以及新能源汽车等领域的研究进展，总结了其在各领域应用的技术挑战。指出未来需进一步拓展二氧化硅气凝胶的使用温区，利用共前体和化学交联等方法增强高温下的隔热性能，同时解决气凝胶纤维复材“掉粉”和微米级粉体分散不均匀等难题，尤其是新能源汽车等新兴应用领域发展迅猛，未来仍需针对新的应用需求对其合成技术进行设计和优化。

关键词: 二氧化硅气凝胶, 纳米材料, 保温隔热应用, 复合材料, 力学增强

Abstract:

Silica aerogel, as the lightest solid material, is known as a new type of super thermal insulation material with the advantages of low thermal conductivity, high porosity and high specific surface area. However, silica aerogel suffers from poor mechanical performance and high cost, which significantly hamper its widespread applications in thermal insulation. This paper reviews the synthesis technologies and mechanical properties enhancement methods of silica aerogel, and their effects on the aerogel performance are analyzed from the aspects of preparation process control, aging conditions optimization, heat treatment, fiber and polymer composite. Emphasis is put on the silica aerogel's thermal insulation application in aerospace, military industry, industrial pipelines, building insulation, new energy vehicles and other fields in recent years, and analyzes the technical challenges. It is pointed out that in the future, it is necessary to further expand its operation temperature range, consider co-precursor and chemical cross-linking methods to enhance the thermal insulation performance at high temperature, and at the same time solve the problems of "powder loss" of aerogel gel fiber composite and uneven dispersion of micron powder, particularly the rapid development of emerging application fields such as new energy vehicles. The silica aerogel's synthesis technologies need to be further designed and optimized for new application requirements.

Key words: silica aerogel, nanomaterials, thermal insulation applications, composites, mechanical reinforcement

中图分类号:

TB383

潘月磊, 程旭东, 闫明远, 何盼, 张和平. 二氧化硅气凝胶及其在保温隔热领域应用进展[J]. 化工进展, 2023, 42(1): 297-309.

PAN Yuelei, CHENG Xudong, YAN Mingyuan, HE Pan, ZHANG Heping. Silica aerogel and its application in the field of thermal insulation[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2023, 42(1): 297-309.

图/表 13

图1 典型的二氧化硅气凝胶合成示意图

图2 典型的二氧化硅气凝胶微观结构及实物图（1Å=0.1nm)

图3 英国“美洲豹”战斗机的驾驶舱机舱采用气凝胶隔热材料

图4 印度“INS Arihant”战略导弹核潜艇的腔体采用气凝胶保温隔热材料

图5 气凝胶毡垫在化工管道上应用

图6 气凝胶复合材料在锅炉系统中应用

图7 气凝胶玻璃在民用建筑中的应用[67]

表1 不同SiO2气凝胶玻璃制备工艺流程及特点

分类	工艺流程	特点
颗粒气凝胶填充玻璃	用一定粒度和颗粒级的气凝胶颗粒填充入玻璃空腔中，最后密封形成颗粒气凝胶填充玻璃	制备工艺简单，成本低，性能稳定，在三类气凝胶的商业应用中处于主导地位
块状气凝胶玻璃	在两块玻璃之间放入大块气凝胶芯材，再用密封胶密封	块状气凝胶生产成本高且易碎，良品率低，但气凝胶连续性好，在作为太阳能集热板时集热系数较高
涂膜气凝胶玻璃	将凝胶用溶剂均质或超声分散后再镀膜；或将溶胶涂覆于玻璃上，再在玻璃上完成凝胶、干燥过程。	可通过改变配比和优化涂敷工艺来提高气凝胶玻璃性能；但涂层与玻璃基体之间的连接性和黏结性差

图8 二氧化硅气凝胶隔热涂料制备流程图

图9 二氧化硅气凝胶毡垫工业化生产流程图[1]

图10 含40%气凝胶的混凝土砂浆样品的扫描电镜图像(a) 以及混凝土力学强度随气凝胶掺杂含量的变化规律(b)[89]

图11 气凝胶在太阳能集热器中的应用示意图[63]

图12 气凝胶毡在锂离子电池组充当防火隔热层[101]

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