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Table of Content
05 November 2009, Volume 28 Issue 11
    特约评述
    Progress of distillation technology in coking
    TANG Zhigang,WEN Yanming
    2009, 28(11):  1883. 
    Abstract ( 1893 )  
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    The drawbacks of conventional distillation technologies in coke production are summarized in this paper. The progress of distillation in recent years is reviewed,including production enhancement,equipment upgrading,system energy integration and wastewater reduction. The developing prospect of distillation technology in coking process is also discussed.
    化工过程与装备
    Research progress of thermal runaway critical criteria in chemical exothermic system

    JIANG Juncheng,JIANG Jiajia,PAN Yong

    2009, 28(11):  1890. 
    Abstract ( 2260 )  
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    Chemical process safety is one of the main research areas in green chemical technology. The study of thermal runaway critical criteria in chemical exothermic system is mainly to determine safe operating area and to avoid thermal runaway. This paper summarizes the critical criteria of thermal runaway,analyzes their advantages and disadvantages,and presents the approaches for the evaluation of their effectiveness. Finally,the prospect of nonlinear science application in thermal runaway of chemical exothermic system is presented.
    Application of ultrasound in the viscosity reduction of vacuum residuum
    ZHONG Weihua,WANG Aixiang,ZHANG Chunfang,LÜ Xiaoping,HAN Pingfang
    2009, 28(11):  1896. 
    Abstract ( 1993 )  
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    The application of ultrasound in the viscosity reduction of vacuum residuum was investigated. Effects of ultrasonic treatment time,output voltage and temperature on the viscosity reduction ratio etc. were studied. Results showed that the higher of output voltage and the longer of ultrasonic treatment time,the higher the viscosity reduction ratio. When the ultrasonic treatment temperature is lower than 280℃,the viscosity reduction ratioes at 40℃ are less than 30% and 10% respectively with and without ultrasonic treatment,and the viscosity reduction ratio at 80℃ are both less than 5% with and without ultrasonic treatment. The main effects of ultrasonic treatment below 280℃ for viscosity reduction might be mechanical agitation and physical changes in vacuum residuum. When the ultrasonic treatment temperature is from 300℃ to 400℃,the viscosity reduction ratio at 40℃ is from 34% to 63% and from 13% to 34% with and without ultrasonic treatment,and the viscosity reduction ratio at 80℃ is from 7% to 20% and from 3% to 10% with and without ultrasonic treatment,and the viscosity of vacuum residuum is stable within 9 days. The main effects of ultrasonic treatment between 300 and 400℃ might be the cavitation visbreaking,which leads to the viscosity reduction of the cracked residuum.
    Experimental study on low differential pressure adsorption process of small-scale oxygen generation by pressure swing adsorption
    ZHANG Hui,LIU Yingshu,DANG Lulu,LI Hu,ZHAI Hui
    2009, 28(11):  1901. 
    Abstract ( 1834 )  
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    Three cycles for small-scale oxygen generation were compared through experiments,in which the cycle with purging through one nozzle with low oxygen flux is proved to be the best. Such a cycle can produce oxygen at lower adsorption pressure. It was found that the one-way valve can reduce adsorption pressure and the small oxygen flux can enhance oxygen concentration in product. The cycle with double nozzles can also increase the oxygen concentration in product,while it can hold higher adsorption pressure because of the narrow nozzle orifice. Both purging with large flux and equalization times have maximum values for the one nozzle purging cycle.
    能源加工与技术
    Progress in the hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass for fuel-thanol production
    XU Qingli,LAN Ping,SUI Miao,ZHOU Ming,YAN Yongjie
    2009, 28(11):  1906. 
    Abstract ( 2139 )  
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    Lignocellulosic biomass is considered as one of the most promising feedstock for fuel-ethanol production due to its renewable and environment–friendly nature. This review summarizes the technological processes of fuel-ethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass,including concentrated acid hydrolysis,dilute acid hydrolysis and enzyme hydrolysis,and their technical characteristics are analysized. The acid pretreatment - enzymatic hydrolysis process is considered to be the focus of research and development in the coming years.

    Recent developments in photocatalytic water-splitting using TiO2 nanotubes for hydrogen production
    LU Lu,ZHANG Yunhuai,XIAO Peng,ZHANG Xiaoning,YANG Yannan
    2009, 28(11):  1913. 
    Abstract ( 2476 )  
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    The principle and characteristic of hydrogen production by photocatalysis of TiO2 nanotubes are introduced,and the recent improvements are reviewed. Hydrogen production using visible light will be the direction in future development. The trend of hydrogen production by photocatalysis of TiO2 nanotubes is also discussed.
    Using biological activated carbon to improve electricity generation performance of microbial fuel cell
    CUI Yanan,YOU Hongxin,ABUDULA Abuliti
    2009, 28(11):  1917. 
    Abstract ( 2492 )  
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    Biological activated carbon (BAC) was applied to microbial fuel cells (MFCs) for improving the electricity generation performance. Three MFCs with different sizes of BAC or without BAC in the anode chamber were tested for comparison. In the period of MFC start-up,charcoal carbons were added to the anode chamber,when microorganisms would be domesticated in the charcoal carbon forming a biological film,namely BAC,for assisting anode to enrich more microorganisms. Experimental results proved that the grain BAC is of benefit to the electricity generation performance of MFC. The maximal volume power density of MFC with grain BAC attained 1540 mW/m3 and the removal rate of COD reached to 88%.
    工业催化
    Recent progress in Mo-containing catalysts for liquid phase epoxidation of olefins
    MIAO Yongxia,LIU Xiaohui
    2009, 28(11):  1922. 
    Abstract ( 2297 )  
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    Mo-containing catalysts for liquid phase epoxidation of olefins are reviewed,including Mo complexes,heterogenized Mo complexes and MoO3-based solid catalysts. All these catalysts are very effective when using organic peroxide as single-oxygen donor. In case of Mo complexes,the catalytic performance is significantly affected by the ligands,and moreover,asymmetric epoxidation can be realized by the introduction of chiral ligands. For MoO3-based solid catalysts,the catalytic properties have strong relations with surface molybdenum species. While in case of using H2O2 as oxygen donor,most of the reported Mo-containing catalysts are inactive. Therefore,it is a valuable field to develop Mo-containing catalyst that can activate H2O2 for the epoxidation of olefins.
    Catalytic dehydration of ethanol to ethylene over 4A zeolite/TiO2 composite catalysts modified with Ce,Mn and Pt
    XIAO Yanyan, LI Xinjun,FENG Manzhi,YUAN Zhenhong,CHEN Yong
    2009, 28(11):  1927. 
    Abstract ( 2541 )  
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    4A zeolite/TiO2 composite catalysts modified with Ce,Mn and Pt were prepared through impregnation and liquid phase deposition. The prepared catalysts were characterized by SEM,XRD and ICP,and their catalytic performances were evaluated with a self-made fixed bed reactor. Results showed that the catalytic performance of 4A zeolite/TiO2 composite catalyst is evidently enhanced compared with that of 4A zeolite,and the ethylene production is further improved when the composite catalyst is modified with Pt. The composite catalyst modification with Ce and Mn exhibits better catalytic performance than either the one modified with Ce or Mn. The enhanced catalytic performance might be attributed to the increased oxygen vacancies in the composite catalysts by the acceptance of thermal-induced electrons with the supported TiO2 from 4A zeolite.
    Selective hydrogenation of diolefins in cracked C5 fraction
    TIAN Baoliang,DAI Wei,YANG Zhigang,TANG Guoqi
    2009, 28(11):  1932. 
    Abstract ( 2107 )  
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    Catalyst for the selectively hydrogenation of diolefins in cracked C5 fraction was prepared,and the effect of main technical conditions such as reaction pressure,liquid hourly space velocity (LHSV),molar ratio of hydrogen to diolefins and inlet temperature on catalytic performance were investigated. The optimized technical conditions are:inlet temperature 30-40 ℃,reaction pressure 2.0—3.0 MPa,molar ratio of hydrogen to diolefins 1.5-2.5 and LHSV 2-4 h-1,with which the conversion of diolefins and the selectivity to monolefins were achieved to more than 95% and 90%,respectively. The prepared catalyst has good stability and regeneration performance.
    Preparation and catalytic performance of a novel catalyst for C8 aromatics isomerization
    GUI Peng,ZHANG Chengtao,LI Xiaofeng,FU Xingguo,DOU Tao
    2009, 28(11):  1936. 
    Abstract ( 2266 )  
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    A novel C8 aromatics isomerization catalyst was prepared using a special structured zeolite as the acid component,its catalytic activity and selectivity for xylene isomerization was studied. A commercial catalyst used currently was selected as a contrast catalyst for the evaluation under each preferable reaction conditions respectively. With different stuff,the PX value in the xylene products obtained over the novel catalyst was 19.06%-24.14%,the ethylbenzene conversion was 32.07%-41.50%,the C8 hydrocarbon yield was 97.08%-99.11%. These results were all substantially higher than those obtained over the contrast catalyst. Meanwhile,the toluene value of the novel catalyst was 0.26%-1.20%,C9 or heavier aromatics value was 0.22%-0.62%,they were both much lower than those of the contrast catalyst. Thus,the prepared novel catalyst has better catalytic activity and selectivity for C8 aromatics isomerization,and it can be operated under higher WHSV (weight hourly space velocity).
    Silica-gel-supported ionic liquid [hnmp]HSO4 as a catalyst for esterification reaction
    LAO Xiliao,FANG Yanxiong,ZHOU Beilei,HUANG Baohua,ZHANG Kun
    2009, 28(11):  1941. 
    Abstract ( 3347 )  
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    Brönsted acidic ionic liquid N-methyl pyrrolidonium hydrosulfate ([hnmp]HSO4) was immobilized in silica gel by sol-gel method. The silica-gel-supported ionic liquid catalyst (SILC) was used as a new kind of cheap and accessible catalyst in esterification reactions. Without dehydrant,the yield of butyl acetate reaches to 69 %,and the turnover frequency (TOF) is 1350 h-1. After the SILC was recycled for 8 times,the ester yield of the reaction was basically similar to that obtained with the freshly prepared catalyst. According to the analysis of TG-IR,about 7 % ionic liquid was strongly adsorbed in silica-gel. The products separation using SILC was convenient. It is presumed that the SILC can be used in the fixed-bed process.
    Supported solid base catalyst KF/CaO/carclazyte for biodiesel preparation
    WEN Libai,WANG Yun,GUAN Yanping,HU Shengyang,HAN Heyou
    2009, 28(11):  1946. 
    Abstract ( 2060 )  
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    Supported solid base catalyst KF/CaO/carclazyte for biodiesel preparation was prepared by co-mixture impregnation technology. Effects of catalyst preparation conditions on catalytic activities were studied. The structure and properties of the catalyst were characterized by SEM,TEM and BET. The optimal conditions to prepare catalyst are:mass ratio of carclazyte to CaO is 3∶7,KF loading is 20%,calcination temperature is 873 K,calcination time is 4 h. Thus prepared catalyst brings about more than 96% biodiesel yield from sapium sebferum seed oils. The catalyst characterization showed that the catalyst has a multiporous netlike structure with a particulate diameter of 30-100nm,an average pore size of 43 nm and a specific surface area of 113.9 m2/g.
    Preparation of solid base catalyst supported on bentonite and its application in synthesis of biodiesel
    FAN Xinmei,ZHANG Dehu,HUANG Biao,WANG Huajie,WEI Tengyou,TONG Zhangfa
    2009, 28(11):  1951. 
    Abstract ( 2462 )  
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    A solid base catalyst supported on bentonite was introduced and used in the transesterification process for biodiesel production. The catalyst was prepared by adsorbing sodium hydroxide into the layers of semi-dried alkaline Ca-bentonite. The results of single factor experiments for catalyst preparation showed that the optimum conditions are:the mass ratio of NaOH and alkaline Ca-bentonite is 0.6,the loading time is 18 h,the temperature is 60 oC,and the OH− contained in alkaline Ca-bentonite is 1.5 mmol∙g−1,respectively,with which the loading amount of NaOH is 4.10 mmol∙g−1. The transesterification conversion to biodiesel can be reached to 97.4% with the prepared catalyst,and the obtained biodiesel is no need to wash,which can avoid the release of a large amount of waste water and protect environment from being polluted.
    材料科学与技术

    Advances in chemical modification of xylan and application of their derivatives

    LI Heping,HE Lixia
    2009, 28(11):  1955. 
    Abstract ( 2114 )  
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    This review starts with a brief introduction to the structural characteristics of xyaln and its reactivity,then the chemical modifications,the application fields as well as the development trend about its derivatives are discussed. The chemical modifications of xylan include etherization,esterification,oxidation,cross linking and composite preparation. Different types of xylan derivatives are introduced in such aspects as typical synthesis routes,efficient structure characterization,unconventional xylan derivatives,physicochemical properties,biological activity,structure-property relationships and so on. Besides,functionalized modifications of xylan such as the preparation of micro and nanoparticles as well as xylan-coated magnetite microparticles are also described. New application areas and future research directions are discussed also.
    Super-hydrophobic surface:From preparation methods to functional application
    WEI Zengjiang,TIAN Dong,XIAO Chenglong,LIU Weiliang
    2009, 28(11):  1965. 
    Abstract ( 2238 )  
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    A super-hydrophobic surface is a surface with a water contact angle higher than or close to 150°. This review covers the preparation methods,with particular focus on the latest two years,expounding different ways to fabricate rough surfaces and low-surface-energy modifications. In addition,the study and application of new type of functional super-hydrophobic surface as well as the direction for future development are also discussed.
    Decolorization of C9 fraction with attapulgite clay decolorant
    ZONG Xuwei,WANG Qingning,JIANG Ruiyu,YE Yetong,LI Lan
    2009, 28(11):  1969. 
    Abstract ( 2524 )  
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    Attapulgite clay decolorant was prepared for the decolorization of C9 fraction. Effects of sulphuric acid,calcination temperature,active component,amount of decolorant and decoloring time on the decolorization of C9 fraction were investigated. Results showed that the decolorant,which was prepared from attapulgite clay treated with 6% sulphuric acid calcinated at 600℃ with the addition of 4% MnO2,has the best decolorization efficiency,and the decolorization rate of C9 fraction can be achieved up to 78.66%.
    Performance improvement of silicone rubber with tetrapod-like zinc oxide whisker
    CHENG Qingmin,DING Guofang,LUO Shikai
    2009, 28(11):  1974. 
    Abstract ( 2079 )  
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    Tetrapod-like zinc oxide whisker (ZnOw) modified silicone rubber composites were prepared. The mechanical properties,thermal stability and damping properties of the composites were investigated. The fracture surface of the composites and the dispersion degree of ZnOw were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results showed that the composites have decreased mechanical properties,but obviously increased thermal stability and damping properties with the increase in the amount of ZnO whisker. For the composite with 20 phr of ZnOw,the thermal decomposition temperature increased about 10℃,the damping factor maximum improved by 21% and the damping temperature range moved to higher temperature about 15℃ as compared with the pure silicone rubber.
    Preparation and structural analysis of polyaniline doped with organic acid
    GUAN Rongfeng,WANG Xing,TIAN Dalei,ZHAO Wenqing
    2009, 28(11):  1978. 
    Abstract ( 3007 )  
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    Polyaniline doped with dodecyl benzenesulfonic acid (DBSA),sulfo-salicylic acid (SSA) aminobenezenesulfonic acid (ABSA) and citric acid (CA) were prepared and labeled as DBSA-PANI,SSA-PANI,ABSA-PANI and CA-PANI. Analysis results of FT-IR showed that all the doped polyaniline samples appears the typical absorptions. The typical absorptions of DBSA-PANI and SSA-PANI are more obvious. SEM observations revealed that the polyaniline samples doped with ABSA and CA are micron/nano-particles. The solubility of polyaniline is improved by the doping,because the large organic acid molecules enable the weakening in the interaction between the macromolecules of polyaniline,and hence the conductivity is also improved. The conductivity of polyaniline doped with SSA reaches to 1 S/cm.
    Biomimetic synthesis and characterization of functional calcium carbonate materials
    ZHAO Lina,KONG Zhiguo,FENG Jingdong,WANG Xiuyan
    2009, 28(11):  1982. 
    Abstract ( 1840 )  
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    Hydrophobic calcium carbonate particles were prepared in situ via the carbonation route by mimicking biomineralization and modified by sodium stearate (NaSt) as a modifier. The modification effect of CaCO3 was revealed by testing its active ratio,the value of oil absorption,whiteness and the contact angle. The products were characterized through a transmission electron microscope (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Then the reaction mechanism was discussed preliminarily. When the dosage of modifier reaches to 2.0 %,the active ratio of CaCO3 modified by NaSt is 99.9 %. Moreover,the contact angle is 121.62°. Thereby the theory support and synthesis methods will be offered for the preparation of biomimetic materials.
    生物化工
    Research advances in biodesulfurization of petroleum feedstocks by immobilized cells
    LUO Mingfang,GAO Hongshuai,Li Yuguang,XING Jianmin,LI Xin,LIU Huizhou
    2009, 28(11):  1986. 
    Abstract ( 1914 )  
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    Whole cell immobilization can improve the stability of biocatalysts,simplify the separation process of oil and biocatalysts from the aqueous medium,and then lower the production costs of the biocatalysts. Therefore,the immobilization technique is of great importance for accelerating the industrialization process of deep biodesulfurization of petroleum feedstocks. The development of whole cell immobilization methods and reactors for biodesulfurization of petroleum feedstocks are reviewed. Current problems existed and corresponding suggestions are discussed.
    Advances in the preparation and controlled drug release of hydrogels based on polyaspartic acid and its derivatives
    CAO Hui,SUN Shaohua,SU Haijia,WANG Fang,TAN Tianwei
    2009, 28(11):  1991. 
    Abstract ( 2373 )  
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    Polyaspartic acid (PASP),a novel kind of polyamino acid,possesses excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability. This review summarizes the advances in hydrogels prepared from PASP and its derivatives. The preparation of PASP hydrogels by chemical crosslinking,photocrosslinking and γ-ray crosslinking are discussed. The investigation and development of PASP hydrogels used for controlled release of protein drugs,small molecule anti-inflammatory drugs,anticancer drugs and gene-drugs are presented. The development trend and promising application of PASP hydrogels in controlled drug release and tissue engineering fields are predicted.

    Application of high-cell-density fermentation for fuel ethanol production
    BAO Yingling,CHEN Li,YAN Zongcheng,WANG Honglin
    2009, 28(11):  1996. 
    Abstract ( 2238 )  
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    Ethanol is not only one of the most important renewable fuels but also widely used in food industry,chemical engineering and medicine. High-cell-density fermentation (HCDF),which has great application potential at industrial level,is effective in maximizing ethanol productivity and reducing industrial waste substantially. This review is aiming to provide a reference to the future research and development in HCDF ethanol production through analyzing the present evolution of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in starch based,including yeast selection and mutation,optimization in culture condition,process design and integration,as well as the developments in the application of multivariate statistical control,neural networks,fuzzy control and knowledge-based supervision.

    Research progress in microorganisms for the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to fuel ethanol

    XI Limin,CAO Shuyong,KE Zhonglu
    2009, 28(11):  2003. 
    Abstract ( 2117 )  
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    The process in the transformation of lignocellulose to ethanol is mainly composed of four steps,Such as pretreatment,hydrolysis,fermentation and purification. Since industrial application of microorganisms has great advantages in reducing the cost of production,this review herein focuses on the research progress in the application of microorganisms in pretreatment,cellulase production and ethanol fermentation. Furthermore,both challenges and progresses in the whole process are briefly introduced,such as the optimization of some process parameters,enhancement in the production and activity of cellulase,and microorganisms genetically engineered to metabolize both hexose and pentose.
    Stability of pigment from the wastewater in sugarcane juice alcohol production
    LI Jingbo,CUI Siying,ZHU Mingjun,HUANG Yunan,LIANG Lei,ZHONG Yingping,LIANG Shizhong
    2009, 28(11):  2009. 
    Abstract ( 1731 )  
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    Stability of the pigment extracted from the wastewater in sugarcane juice alcohol production has been studied using the change in absorbance. The results showed that Ca2+,Al3+,Mg2+,heat,sucrose,potassium sorbate and citric acid have no obvious influence on the stability of the pigment. Fe3+,Fe2+,Cu2+,Zn2+,higher pH value and NaNO2 can enrich the color of the pigment and the absorbance is increased by 72.72%,99.00%,21.73%,19.11%,13.31% and 19.49% respectively. However,H2O2,ascorbic acid and ultraviolet light have significant influence on the stability of the pigment and make the color of the pigment degrade seriously,the absorbance is decreased by 87.56%,90.06% and 30.54% respectively as compared with the original pigment.
    Synthesis and antibacterial activity of schiff base from chitosan and citral
    JIN Xiaoxiao,WANG Jiangtao,BAI Jie
    2009, 28(11):  2014. 
    Abstract ( 2371 )  
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    Although chitosan is a biocompatible,biodegradable and nontoxic polymer,its application suffers severe limitations because it is insoluble in neutral or alkaline media. This paper reports the synthese of Schiff base of chitosan by the reaction of chitosan with citral assisted with high-intensity ultrasound. Effect of the ratio of chitosan to citral,reaction time and temperature on the yield and the degree of substitution has been investigated. The optimal conditions were found to be with reaction temperature of 40-50 ℃,the ratio of chitosan to citral of 1∶6 and 10 h of reaction time. The maximum yield was achieved to 86% and the degree of substitution was 0.82 under the optimized reaction conditions. The structure of the Schiff base was characterized by FTIR and XRD spectroscopy,which confirmed that the amino groups in chitosan have been reacted with citral to form the Schiff base. The antibacterial activities of the Schiff base were investigated by assessing the inhibitory rates of Escherichia coil,Staphylococcus aureus and Aspergillus niger. The MICs of Schiff base against E. coli,S. aureus and A. niger were found as 1g/L,1g/L and 5g/L,respectively. The antibacterial activity of the Schiff base increases with the increase in bacterial concentration and is stronger than that of chitosan.
    精细化工
    Synthesis and performance of a new sulphur ester antioxidant
    HUNAG Min,PAN Meizhen,HUNAG Junzuo,LIN Gang,SU Duo
    2009, 28(11):  2019. 
    Abstract ( 1699 )  
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    A new antioxidant dithiodinglycol distearictate was synthesized starting from thiodiglycol and stearic acid using p-toluenesulfonic acid as catalyst and xylene as water carrier. Optimized reaction conditions were obtained through orthogonal test as:reaction temperature of 160-170 ℃,mass ratio of catalyst to reactants of 1.0%,molar ratio of alcohol to acid of 2∶1 and the water entraine xylene of 15mL. Under these conditions,the yield of dithiodinglycol distearictate was up to 94.2%. The product was identified by IR and MS,and its antioxidation properties used in polypropylene resin were studied. The antioxidant was proved to present excellent performance by the tests of melt flow rate (MFR),tensile strength and elongation when used in PP.
    Process for synthesizing ozagrel
    XUE Xuming,LÜ Chunxu
    2009, 28(11):  2024. 
    Abstract ( 1799 )  
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    :Ozagrel,an anti-thrombosis drug,was synthesized from 4-methylbenzaldehyde by Claisen condensation with ethyl acetate to give ethyl 4-methyl cinnamate,then by bromination with NBS to give ethyl 4-bromomethyl cinnamate,which was condensed with imidazole in alkaline followed by hydrolysis. The optimum process parameters were also determined with an overall yield of 41.6%.
    资源与环境工程
    Research progress of ground water treatment technology of nano-scale zero valent iron
    JIA Hanzhong,SONG Cunyi,LI Hui
    2009, 28(11):  2028. 
    Abstract ( 2735 )  
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    The synthesis and characterization of nano-scale zero valent iron and transformation of contaminant in anaerobic aquatic environment are summarized. Analysis of the characteristics and mechanisms of chloric organic compound and heavy metal ion reduced by nano-scale zero valent iron are focused. The problem need to solve and research area need to study about nano scale zero-valent iron technology are proposed.
    Research progress in COD removal in the process of oilfield wastewater treatment

    LIU Tao,BAO Mutai,LI Ximing,GUO Shengxue,WANG Weidong

    2009, 28(11):  2035. 
    Abstract ( 2693 )  
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    The composition of oilfield wastewater is briefly introduced,and the difficulty in the wastewater treatment is dicussed,especialy that derived from the polymer flooding and alkali-surfactant-polymer flooding techniques widely used in recent years. The characteristics of the wastewater treatment technological processes are described,and their shortcomings in practical application are compared,through which the criterion and target for the process of oilfield wastewater treatment are obtained. Especially,the removal of COD in different treatment processes is discussed and compared,including flocculating setting,biological treatment and membrane treatment. It is suggested that the combination of biological method with membrane technique would be the major trend for oilfield wastewater treatment. Finally,the urgent issues that needed to be resolved in the disposal of oilfield wastewater are described.
    Static adsorption properties of Ni(Ⅱ)by IDA resin and U-shaped continuous countercurrent desorption
    WANG Wenzhong,HUANG Shaobin
    2009, 28(11):  2040. 
    Abstract ( 2106 )  
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    The chelating exchange resin R604,which has iminodiacetic acid (IDA) functional ligand,was used to remove Ni2+ from synthetic aqueous solutions. Several factors influencing the ion-exchange adsorption properties,such as the concentration of nickel,the pH value and temperature,were studied. In addition,the adsorption equilibrium,kinetics and thermodynamics were also explored,by which the corresponding models that can well describe the experimental results were obtained. At the same time,an original U-shaped continuous countercurrent desorption system was setted up for the investigation of the desorption ability of the resin that reached saturated adsorption. The influence of residence time of the resin in the column and the flow rate of desorption solution over the resin on the desorption rate of the resin and the concentration distribution of metal-bearing solution were investigated. Results demonstrated that the chelating exchange resin IDA has a high-performance in the removal of Ni2+ in wastewater,and that U-shaped continuous countercurrent desorption system can enrich the concentration of metal-bearing solution,which can greatly save the amount of desorption solution and reduce the desorption time.
    Pollution characteristics and control strategies of fine chemical wastewater
    WEI Chaohai,HE Qincong,SHUAI Wei,REN Yuan,CHENG Guofei,PAN Weilong
    2009, 28(11):  2047. 
    Abstract ( 1985 )  
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    Fine Chemical wastewater is a typical industrial organic and non-biodegradable wastewater with high strength of COD,ammonia nitrogen and color. In order to improve the treatment efficiency of the wastewater from a Fine Chemical Industrial Park in Zhejiang Province,several indexes including COD,BOD,ammonia nitrogen,color,anions,cations,heavy metals and organic compounds were analyzed by ion chromatography,ICP/MS,GC/MS and other regulatory analytical methods. The pollution characteristics of the fine chemical wastewater were revealed from chemical and biological analysis results,through which the control strategies were proposed. Results indicated that COD,ammonia nitrogen,heavy metals,dyes and their decomposition substances were the main toxic pollutants in the wastewater. The organic compounds,which were determined as hardly biodegradable or toxic compounds,inhibit the micro-organisms,so that the quality of outflow couldn’t satisfy the discharge criterion. Therefore,the treatment of fine chemical wastewater should prior consider the treatment of toxic compounds,the process efficiency,the appropriate water quality structure and effective policy strategies.
    Relationship between nutrition substance concentration and biofouling growth characteristics in recirculating cooling water system
    ZHANG Guizhi,LIU Fang,ZHAO Chaocheng,MA Tao,XIA Lu
    2009, 28(11):  2052. 
    Abstract ( 2183 )  
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    Biofouling is one of the most serious problems faced in petroleum industry using refinery wastewater as their coolant fluid. Understanding the contribution of nutrient levels to biofouling control is important requirement for management strategies in the recirculating cooling water system. Thus,an orthogonal experiment was designed with BOD5 (carbon source),NH4+-N (nitrogen source),TP (phosphorus source) as the major influencing factors,and the preponderant microorganisms in biofouling were also identified. Results showed that the most important factor affecting polysaccharide,protein,EPS concentration and wet weight is BOD5,followed by TP and then NH4+-N. When BOD5 is 5mg/L,NH4+-N is 10mg/L and TP is 1mg/L in the circulating cooling water system,the biofouling is effectively controlled. In addition,the variation of nutrients concentrations in the recirculating cooling water system results in the change of polysaccharide content,protein content and the types of preponderant microorganisms.
    Nitrogen,phosphorus and COD removal characteristics of an aerobic denitrifying bacterial strain loaded on nano Fe3O4
    QIAO Nan,ZHANG Jing,ZHANG Jinbang,SUN Wei,YU Dayu
    2009, 28(11):  2058. 
    Abstract ( 2014 )  
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    An aerobic denitrifying bacterial strain was loaded on nano Fe3O4 and applied to deal with actual living wastewater. The effects of free bacterial strains and immobilized bacterial strains for living wastewater treatment were compared. The optimum treatment conditions of free bacterial strains for wastewater are pH=6.8,30℃and 2 days of incubation time.,while those of immobilized bacterial strains are pH=7.8,30℃ and 3∶1 of Fe3O4/ dry weight of bacteria. The treatment effects of the bacterial strains are evidently improved by the immobilization on nano Fe3O4. The removal rates of total nitrogen,inorganic phosphorus and COD attained to 75.56%,38.83% and 87.5%,respectively. The bacterial strains loaded on nano Fe3O4 maintained high activities to remove total nitrogen,inorganic phosphorus and COD even repeatedly regenerated,which have broad application prospects in the area of nutrition –rich wastewater treatment.
    Modification of activated carbon and its biofilm formation performance on rotating biological contactor
    ZHANG Yi,FU Bo,MA Desheng,ZHANG Yan,GAO Xue,RUAN Qin,YU Ting
    2009, 28(11):  2063. 
    Abstract ( 1901 )  
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    The change in surface morphology,functional group content,specific surface area and hydrophilicity of active carbon being modified with chemical oxidation-Fe3+ covering technique or HF treatment was studied with chemical analysis and surface morphology analysis. Results showed that the modified active carbon treated by chemical oxidation-Fe3+ covering technique has more uniform and closer pore size distribution with ordered honeycomb structure. The number of acid functional groups,specific surface area and equilibrium moisture content get increased with 0.116 meq/g,415.80 m2/g and 19.28%,respectively. Two groups of rotating biodisk (ⅠandⅡ) were prepared respectively by the above two methods and used to treat oilfield sewage for comparing the biofilm forming performance. The microbial content and biofilm dry weight of rotary-Ⅱ were measured as 2.60×109 cfu/g and 16.9096 g/m2,respectively. The COD removal rates of three level biodisks were all above 80%,the highest rate reached to 92.36% under the conditions of rotary speed 4 r/min,water temperature 20oC,HRT 6h and pH 6—8. The COD removal efficiency of biodisk-Ⅱ is better that of biodisk-Ⅰ.
    Nitrogen and phosphorous removal for low temperture waste water with inverted A2/O technology

    LI Siqiang,ZHANG Lei,Jiang AnxiLI Siqiang,ZHANG Lei,Jiang Anxi

    2009, 28(11):  2068. 
    Abstract ( 1822 )  
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    The phosphorus removal by the biological nutrient removal system depends on the exclusion of excess sludge,which requires short SRT micro-organisms;while the nitrifying bacteria is autotrophic,its growth requires a longer time. At low temperature (≤10℃),the nitrification sludge age is generally 15-20 d,and PAOs sludge age is 4-5d,this enormous gap resulted in the difficult to achieve simultaneously nitrogen and phosphorus removal at low temperature with the A2/O process. Thus,the effect of nitrogen and phosphorus removal using improved inverted A2/O process is studied,through which the COD removal rate of higher than 85%,NH4+-N removal of 85% and T-P removal efficiency of 80 % were achieved at low temperature conditions. With this improved inverted A2/O process,the effluent can reach the national emission standards for secondary water.
    Removal of heavy metal ions in electroplating wastewater by AM-AA-AHA copolymer emulsion
    MENG Yong,SU Shengpei,MAO Liqiu,YIN Dulin
    2009, 28(11):  2072. 
    Abstract ( 2271 )  
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    Copolymers of acrylamide(AM)- acrylic acid( AA)- propylene hydroxamic acid (AHA) were synthesised by inverse emulsion polymerization. It is investigated the impact of propylene hydroxamic acid content in copolymer,copolymer dosage and pH in electroplating wastewater to the metal ions removal effect. The results showed:pH = 10,propylene hydroxamic acid content in the polymer≥10%,amount of the copolymer 20—30 mg/L in electroplating wastewater,removal of the metal ions is most effective,chromium,copper,nickel and zinc metal ions removal ratio ≥99.5%,the concentration of any ion ≤0.2 mg/L in treated water.
    应用技术
    Development and application of simulation and optimization software for Shell coal gasification plant
    SHENG Xin,HAN Qiyuan,WANG Yongqing,TAO Yunliang,CHENG Gengxin,BIAN Xiurong,DAI Zhenghua,XU Jianliang,LI Weifeng,LU Haifeng,ZHAO Jinchao,LIU Haifeng,GONG Xin
    2009, 28(11):  2076. 
    Abstract ( 2297 )  
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    The simulation and optimization software for Shell coal gasification plant (SCGP) has five main functions,i.e. the coal database building up,the gasifier simulation,the gasifier optimization,the gasification plant simulation and the startup table calculation. The gasifier is simulated by chemical and energy equilibrium model,and the heat transfer of water screen is simulated by empirical model. Results of the software simulation have a good agreement with the real-time operating data from SCGP at SINOPEC Anqing Company,which indicates the software is reliable. The software can be used to the online and offline simulation,optimization,calculation of startup table,et al,which provides a guide to SCGP in achieving safe,stable,long-cycle and optimal operation.
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