Abstract: The process in the transformation of lignocellulose to ethanol is mainly composed of four steps，Such as pretreatment，hydrolysis，fermentation and purification. Since industrial application of microorganisms has great advantages in reducing the cost of production，this review herein focuses on the research progress in the application of microorganisms in pretreatment，cellulase production and ethanol fermentation. Furthermore，both challenges and progresses in the whole process are briefly introduced，such as the optimization of some process parameters，enhancement in the production and activity of cellulase，and microorganisms genetically engineered to metabolize both hexose and pentose.

摘要： 从木质纤维素制备燃料乙醇的基本工艺可以分为预处理、 水解、发酵和纯化4个部分。考虑到微生物方法在工业化生产中具有的低成本优势，本文就微生物在预处理中的应用，微生物在纤维素酶生产中的应用以及微生物在乙醇发酵中的应用这三方面的研究现状进行了综述，并进一步分析了在改进原料预处理、提高纤维素酶产量和活性、扩大糖原范围、优化水解发酵工艺等方面的研究进展。