After briefly introducing Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), the paper analyzes the basic requirements of developing CDM in biomass energy industry in China. It aims to accelerate the progress in CDM development through the analysis of several project activities in both existing fields, such as biomass residues power, waste incineration power, landfill gas power and methane power, and potential fields, such as ethanol fuel and bio-diesel.

The methods for reusing reverse osmosis (RO) concentrates are introduced. The principles, characteristics and application are summarized. The paper focuses on the removal of supersaturation of RO concentrates to get high water recovery, membrane distillation technique to recovery RO concentrates， disposal of wastewater RO concentrates and production of salts from seawater RO concentrates. Considerable economic and environmental benefits could be achieved by reusing of RO concentrates.

CO2 separation by forming hydrate is a new technology. There are two pathways for CO2 separation: post-combustion separation, pre-combustion separation. The basic principles of CO2 hydrate separation is presented and the progress of technical processes and energy conservation of CO2 hydrate separation is discussed. The benefits and drawbacks and the research in the future of CO2 hydrate separation are also stated.

Fluidized bed spray humidification can make particles agglomerate by constant collision and strong heat and mass transfer. The present research situation of submicron particles humidifying agglomeration is reviewed in this paper which introduces the influence of physicochemical characteristics of particles，operation variables and agglomeration promoter on particles agglomeration，analyzes the technology of CFB flue gas desulfurization,mechanism of humidifying agglomeration and the feasibility of cooperative removal of SO2 and submicron particles.The technology could improve removal efficiency of submicron particles in coal-fired flue gas and may have a good prospect.

The status of research and major achievements about the multivariate statistical methods in the fault diagnosis of chemical process are reviewed. Some primary multivariate statistical methods are introduced，including principal component analysis (PCA)，partial least square (PLS)，independent component analysis (ICA) and Fisher discriminant analysis (FDA). The application prospect, and existing problems are analyzed.

The existing atmospheric and vacuum unit of a refinery was simulated and analyzed, and the problems were found to be unsatisfactory total production, unequal pressure drop of heat exchange branches and heat exchange end temperature lower than design value. The model of the unit was set up with Aspen Plus software. By using intelligent graphical method, the effect of draw rate rate on product quality was investigated and optimized. The total production of the retrofit design was increased by 3.8%. Hydrodynamic rating of columns was performed. Based on simulation results, the cold and hot stream data were extracted for heat exchanger network synthesis, analysis and optimization with the intelligent graphical method by using the HENS software. The heat exchanger network end temperature of the retrofit design was increased to 288 ℃, 18 ℃ higher than exiting value. Five new exchangers with 1825 m2 were added in the retrofit. Compared with the primary network, the structure was modified only insignificantly.

The turbulent mixing model was established for the research on micro-mixing characteristics in ejectors. Several ejectors of different configurations were studied by using the commercial CFD software Fluent 6, and the distances needed for finishing the micro-mixing under different conditions were obtained. Three user-defined dimensionless parameters and Reynolds number were used to describe the micro-mixing performance in ejectors. The results showed that the micro-mixing in ejectors could be described well by using these parameters, and the functional expressions of these parameters were obtained by using the CFD simulation results.

Oxychlorination unit is the main energy consuming unit of a chloroethylene plant, therefore it is worthwhile to apply the pinch technology to analyzing and retrofiting this system so as to reduce energy consumption. In this paper, the pinch technology was used to analyze the oxychlorination unit of a chloroethylene plant. The bottleneck was found and an energy saving retrofit design was proposed and its economic benefit was evaluated.

On the basis of studying the hydro-refining unit in a refinery, kinetics model of diesel hydrodesulfurization, was built and modified according to practice. Each parameter was fitted with the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm and global optimization, and analyzed. The model was verified by real data. The result indicated that the model could predict the sulfur content of diesel product accurately.

The modeling of industrial semi-batch stirred ethoxylation reactor was developed by taking ethylene glycol ethoxylation process catalyzed by KOH as example. The model took the kinetics, vapor-liquid equilibrium, vapor-liquid mass-transfer, variation of reactive volume, as well as the effect of inert gas nitrogen on the reactor into account. Based on the developed model, simulations were performed to investigate the effect of ethylene oxide (EO) feed flow rate on the reactor performance, so as to obtain the suitable EO feed flow rate within safety limits. The simulation results provided the typical dynamic profiles of the reactor pressure, the molar fraction of ethylene oxide in liquid and vapor, as well as the ethoxylated oligomer distributions. Simulation results were compared with the industrial experiment data, which showed the reliability of the developed mathematical model.

To solve the defect of poor search ability and bad precision of optimal result of differential evolution algorithm, a cooperative co-evolutionary differential evolution algorithm based on colony information mining (CCDE) was proposed. It first split the population into several sub-populations based on cooperative co-evolution. Each sub-population did the differential operations and crossover operations individually, using different differential strategies. Then it combined all the sub-populations into a whole population, and picked out one best individual depending on the fitness of each individual. The multiple regression analysis and pattern search algorithm were joined into the algorithm to improve the local search ability. It used the information of search direction gained by the least square to guide each individual of the entire colony to do the pattern search. The simulation experiment and the application in parameter estimation of 4-carboxybenzaldehyde content soft sensor in the production of pure terephthalic acid showed that the performance of the algorithm was much better than differential evolution algorithm and the result was good.

Freshwater saving and wastewater reduction plays an important role in industrial sustainable development. To reach such a goal, target-oriented pinch analysis is required to determine the targets of minimum water usage, minimum regeneration water flowrate and wastewater discharge of water-using networks. The aim of this paper is to present a water pinch analysis approach which can help process analysts to target the minimum regeneration water flowrate at a fixed outlet concentration. Based on the diagrams of cumulative load versus cumulative flowrate, the detailed plotting and algebraic procedures for the composite curves are proposed. A hypothetical example is presented to illustrate the proposed approach.

La0.7Sr0.3Cr1-xFexO3-δ (x=0.2,0.3,0.4,0.5) materials were synthesized by the urea combustion method. The performance of prepared materials was characterized by using TG-DTA, XRD methods. The conductivity of catalyst was measured with the DC four probe method in air at 400～850℃, and the electro-chemical performance of the single cell was tested. The results showed that LSCrF materials with good heat-stability had perfect perovskite phase. Besides, LSCrF materials exhibited good chemical compatibility with BaCe0.475Zr0.425Y0.1O3-δ electrolyte material. Meanwhile, they maintained good chemical stability in H2S atmosphere through XRD analysis. Among LSCrF materials，the LSCrF7355 sample showed the highest conductivity of 1.18 S/cm at 850 ℃, open circuit voltage of 0.76 V, and the max power density of 7.16 mW/cm2, which satisfied the anode catalyst of solid oxide fuel cell and would be a novel sulfur tolerant anode material.

Advances in research of electron donors used in Ziegler - Natta polypropylene catalyst system were reviewed, and electron donors were classified according to the function of electron donors in the catalyst system and their structures. Recent researches of electron donors were presented. Research tendencies of electron donors used in Ziegler - Natta polypropylene catalyst system were outlined and discussed.

HClO4 was dissolved in [(C2mim) BF4], [(C4mim)BF4] and [(C8mim) BF4] respectively and used as a compound catalyst in the polymerization of oleic acid. The results showed that [HClO4-(C4mim)BF4] had the highest catalytic activity. Using [HClO4-(C4mim)BF4] as catalyst, under the optimum reaction condition of n(oleic acid): n(HClO4)∶n(lauric acid)∶n[(C4mim)BF4]=1∶0.7∶0.5∶0.5, reaction temperature 45℃ and reaction time 24h, the yield of estolides was 88％，and its pour point reached －17℃. [HClO4-(C4mim)BF4] could be reused 5 times in this reaction system，and the green synthesis of estolides was realized.

The Co3O4/MPS catalyst was prepared by impregnating Co3O4 on MPS and characterized by XRD and BET. MPS was prepared by the micro emulsion method. The influences of Co3O4 loading, calcination temperature, space velocity, reaction temperature, inlet concentration of NO and volume fraction of oxygen on the performance of catalytic oxidation were examined. The results showed that the surface area of MPS was the largest in three catalyst carriers and Co3O4 was cubic crystal. 25%Co3O4/MPS catalyst calcined at 300℃ for 3h had the smallest crystal particles, the best surface dispersion and optimal catalytic oxidation activity. When the inlet concentration of NO was 500 μL/L, O2 10%, space velocity 12000 h-1, the oxidation rate of NO over Co3O4/MPS reached 50%—60% at 250℃, and the highest absorption efficiency was achieved. At 300℃, the oxidation rate was above 80%, almost equal to the thermodynamic equilibrium value.

Supported phosphorized molybdenum catalyst precursor was prepared by the sol-gel method, and reduced under atmospheric pressure by hydrogen nitrogen mixture for the first time. The results indicated thapreparation of the supported phosphorized molybdenum under atmospheric pressure was feasible. The relative surface area was 122.336 m2/g, when the MoP loading was 25%, phosphorus molybdenum ratio was 1∶1, roasting temperature was 500 ℃, hydrogen nitrogen ratio was 1∶9, reducing gas space velocity was 2400 h-1, reduction temperature was 550 ℃. Take thiophene as the model compound to investigate MoP catalytic activity, thiophene conversion rate might reach 89.17%.

Production of levulinic acid catalyzed by ferric chloride supported on activated carbon was studied. The response surface method, a useful tool for multi-factor process optimization, was used through Box-Beknhen experiment design. The selected four factors were reaction temperature, reaction time, dose of catalyst and concentration of sucrose. The optimized experiment conditions were: reaction temperature 218℃, reaction time 28min, dose of catalyst 0.05 mol/L, concentration of sucrose 0.3 mol/L. The maximum levulinic acid production reached 47.33% under the optimized experiment conditions.

Rare earth nanomaterials have many advantages in light，electricity and magnetism，owing to unique physical and chemical properties. In this paper，recent developments of preparing rare earth nano-materials，including microemulsion method，hydrothermal method，sol-gel method，combustion method，precipitation method，electrochemistry method，template method and electrochemistry method are reviewed and the merits and limitations of each technology are analyzed. The research direction in the future is presented according to the latest research progress.

The recent developments in the modification of interface adhesion in poly- (hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV)/ natural botanic fiber degradable biocomposite are reviewed. A good interface adhesion between natural botanic fibers and PHBV is achieved by the interface modification of natural botanic fiber，addition of compatilizer，and the chemical modification of PHBV matrix，with the natural fiber dispersing much better in the matrix. The advantages and disadvantages were compared，and such material’s future are discussed.

In commercial production，hexanediamine (HDA) is derived from the hydrogenation (reduction) of adiponitrile (ADN)，which is mainly produced from butadiene (BD). According to synthesis methodology，the BD based preparation of ADN and/or HDA can be classified into four methods，i.e.，direct catalytic hydrocyanation of BD to ADN，chlorination-metal cyanation of BD to ADN，thermal dehydration of carboxylic acids with ammonia or of amide，and direct synthesis of HDA via adipic dialdehyde. This review discusses fundamental technical aspects and chemical reaction mechanisms in these synthesis methodologies，and provides comparison.

3-Hydroxypropionaldehyde (3-HPA） is a potential valuable chemical. The methods of 3-HPA preparation include ethylene oxide process，acrolein hydration and biosynthesis. With the brief introduction of properties and usages of 3-HPA，the paper presents the technological processes and research status of the chemical preparation for 3-HPA. Besides，the paper focuses on the principle，strains and process route of biosynthesis of 3-HPA. In the end，the future development of 3-HPA production is prospected.

The lignin-quaternary/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) composite resin was made from lignin after phenolization and amination，using glutaraldehyde as cross-linking agent，PVA as carrier. The resin was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The reaction of phenolized lignin with quaternary amine salt was investigated by orthogonal test. Additionally，the modification mechanism was discussed. The results showed that the optimum conditions of aminating modification were as follows：concentration of sodium hydroxide 4mol/L，reaction temperature 70℃，dosage of quaternary amine salt 40%，reaction time 2 h. The anion exchange capacity of the resin obtained under optimum conditions was 0.89mmol/g.

2-(4-aminophenyl)-1H-benzimidazol-5-amine (ABIA) was synthesized through condensation，reduction and cyclization reaction from 2,4-dinitrobenzenamine (DNBA) and 4-nitrobenzoyl chloride (NBC). The results showed that the optimum procedure of preparing the important intermediate N-(4’-nitrobenzoyl)-2,4-dinitro benzenamine (NDBA) by melt condensation at 170~180℃ could obtain NDBA with purity of 97% min. and yield of 68.40%. NDBA was reduced in HCl-aqueous solution by hydrogenation with catalyst of Pd/C to form N-(4’-aminobenzoyl)-2,4-diaminobenzenamine，and the product ABIA was obtained through the cyclization of ABTA under alkaline condition. Its purity can reach 99.5% min. (polymer monomer grade) by purification with yield of 64.87%. The structure of ABIA was identified by means of FT-IR，1HNMR and 13CNMR. The total yield was 44.37% based on NBC.

In order to remove CS2，a new type of material is presented in this paper，on the basis of studying the defects of present materials for removing CS2. Emphasis was given to introducing the manufacture method and process of the new material used in the experiment of removing CS2. The results of the experiment indicated that the new material could remove CS2 very well with stationary or dynamic experiments. The new material was used in the air cleaning device to do the experiment of removing CS2. The results of the experiment showed that the CS2 removal efficiency of the new material was execellent，and the removal rate of CS2 was 87.12%，which meet the demand of commercialization.

As the knowledge of the biosynthetic enzymes and of regulatory mechanisms modulating CoQ production increases，many novel strategies arise for the production of CoQ10. Most strategies are focused on metabolic engineering of CoQ10 production and optimization of its metabolic pathways in hosts. The progress of metabolic pathways and modification of cellular pathways are summarized and the critical factors are analyzed for the CoQ10 production in recombinant Escherichia coli by metabolic engineering. The metabolic engineering strategies to improve and/or engineer CoQ10 production in recombinant Escherichia coli are presented in light of the current knowledge of the biosynthesis of this molecule.

Wax ester was synthesized from soybean oil and cetyl alcohol in a packed-bed reactor with petroleum ether as solvent and immobilized lipase Candida sp.99-125 as catalyst. The effects of the height of packed-bed，flow rate of reactant，dosage of immobilized lipase，molar ratio of substrate were investigated. The optimum conditions were as follows：immobilized lipase 47g，the height of packed bed was 40cm (diameter 3.5cm)，the molar ratio of oil to cetyl alcohol was 1∶2.4，the flow rate of reactant was 4mL/min and the retention time was 4h，the yield of wax ester reached 83% .The stability of the immobilized lipase was also studied，and the yield remained above 70% after 16 batches. The packed mode of the immobilized lipase in reactor was discussed.

The optimum immobilization condition and the performance of the immobilized beads in reducing Fe2+ (EDTA)-NO was investigated. The beads embedded for 16 h with 4 % sodium alginate，200 mg/L microorganisms and 2% calcium chloride had good performance in reduction ability. However，they had a low mechanical strength，and were easy to be ruptured and swelled. The mechanical properties of the immobilized beads were improved greatly by first adding 2% activated carbon and 4% diatomite into sodium alginate to embed the microorganisms，and then crosslinking the beads with 0.02mol/L hexanediamine for 60min. In comparison with free bacteria，the immobilized bacteria had a large improvement in reduction performance and resistance to high-temperature and acid.

The development of deep shade reactive dyes is reviewed. The measures to improve the fixation of deep black reactive dyes and wet fastness of deep red reactive dyes are suggested.

Diacylhydrazine is a type of promising compounds for its rapid development and widespread applications in different areas．Diacylhydrazine is widely accepted as a biological active unit of insect growth regulator and has significant potential application to electroluminescence，liquid crystal materials and medical materials. The research progress in pesticide，biomedical materials，selective recognition，electroluminescence and liquid crystal materials is reviewed in this article．The research fields in the future are proposed.

The modification of industrial activated carbon 4# (AC4) with sulfonated cobalt phthalocyanine (CoPcS) impregnant and the adsorption capacities of NaOH，Cu(AC)2，CoPcS toward H2S were studied in comparison，leading to the result：CoPcS＞Cu(AC)2＞NaOH. The effects of reaction conditions were investigated. The fresh activated carbon and modified activated carbon before and after H2S adsorption were characterized by SEM. The results showed that the optimum conditions were at 60℃ with 1.5% of oxygen content. Furthermore，SEM distribution indicated that the result of adsorption became obviously better by the change of pore structure of modified activated carbon and the formation of surface active materials.

Organic pollutants of coking plant wastewater are very complicated，which are harmful to the environment and are difficult to be treated. Photocatalytic degradation of the organic pollutants in coking plant wastewater was investigated by using mixture of TiO2 and powder activated carbon (PAC) as photocatalyst. Synergistic effect can be obtained by combination of TiO2 and PAC. Better absorption can be obtained when TiO2 is doped with rare earth，and the mixed photocatalyst of Nd-doped TiO2 and PAC exhibited better photocatalytic degradation for the pollutants when the mass ratio of Nd-TiO2/PAC is 1. The effects of catalyst dosage，initial pH，initial COD concentration，aeration rate on treatment of coking wastewater by Nd-TiO2/PAC are investigated in this paper and the optimal process conditions are determined. The results show that the removal efficiency of COD can reach 89% under conditions：aeration rate 0.093 L/(Lžmin)，catalyst dosage 4.0 g/L，initial COD concentration 385 mg/L，pH=9.82，reaction time 90 min.

Studies on water quality of Haihe River Basin show that pentachlorophenol（PCP）has become the major organic pollutant. As a result，to control the pollution of PCP has become vital for the pollution control in Haihe River Basin. The influence factors of photocatalytic degradation of PCP were studied and analyzed. First，photocatalysis assisted by three oxidants（O2，H2O2，K2S2O8） was investigated in terms of techbnology，environmental impact and economy，and it showed that O2 was the optimal choice. The reaction conditions of photocatalysis，including pH of solution，circulation flow rate，light intensity，dosage of catalyst，were investigated with the orthogonal method. The result showed that circulation flow rate was the least significant factor for the reaction，and the degradation rate of photocatalytic reaction increased with the pH of solution and light intensity，and there was a peak of dosage of catalyst.

Positron lifetime technique is one of a few methods sensitive to voids on the mono-atomic scale. The photocatalytic activity of BiVO4 was studied when the degradation of 2,4-dinitrophenol was used as a probe reaction. The effect of calcination temperature on the photocatalytic activity of BiVO4 was analyzed by positron annihilation spectrum. The results showed that the amount of surface defects and the microstructure of photocatalyst changed with the calcination temperature. More surface defects，amount of photo produced electrons-hole，heterogeneity and the electronic density of defect sites were found on BiVO4 calcined at 900 ℃ than other temperatures，which increased the photocatalytic oxidation activity of BiVO4，that is，the degradation rate of 2,4-dinitrophenol was increased.

Pressure vessels have different specifications of connecting tubes. When the connecting tubes are under internal pressure, they will bear complex loading, such as bending moment, torque and so on. That will complicate the stress of the tubes, which cannot be calculated by the conventional design method. This article uses the finite element method to analyze the stress induced by the bending moment of the tube on the connection of the connecting tube and the elliptical head. It also provides references for the opening reinforcement calculation of connecting tube under similar load condition.