Microbial fuel cell (MFC) was a tool for generating electrical currents via oxidizing organic compounds by using microorganisms as a biocatalyst. It was an effective approach to alleviate energy and environmental problems in the future，because it can convert chemical energy directly to electrical energy with biomass reactions，with higher energy conversion efficiency. This paper reviewed the new advances of electrogenesis microorganism species application，electrode materials and their modifications in MFC. The main developing directions and problems in this field were analyzed. The screening and mutagenesis of electrogenesis microorganisms to the tolerance of different organic substrates，the development of high efficiency and low price electrode materials and the construction of easy scale-up model of MFC were the focuses of research. The development of MFC should be focused on the scale-up of reactor in wastewater treatment，hydrogen production，electrochemical synthesis and biosensor，and determination of the operation parameters and models.

5-Hydroxymethylfurfural（5-HMF）is a kind of important platform chemical compound and can be transformed into a series of important organic compounds，pharmaceutical intermediates，pesticide products，and possesses wide application value and market prospect. In this paper，the research achievements in converting biomass to 5-HMF in the latest five years are summarized in terms of different catalytic system using cellulose，starch，inulin，sucrose，fructose，glucose，agricultural and forestry waste as raw materials. The advantages and disadvantages of different catalytic systems are analyzed. Strengthening the green design of catalytic materials，engineering research of catalyst recycling，exploration of catalytic liquefaction process of agriculture and forestry by-products are proposed to promote the development of industrial technology for preparing 5-HMF from biomass.

The step-growth polymerization of TPA and EG was studied with Aspen Polymer. The influences of feed ratio，pressure and temperature on polymerization were also analyzed with batch reactor block. The feed ratio from 1.2 to 2.0 was appropriate，low pressure and high temperature were beneficial to the reactions. But an overly low pressure led to more reaction time because of low reaction rate. On the other hand，high temperature resulted in more by-products. Thus the polymerization in a batch reactor was simulated with continuously dropping pressure from 0.001MPa to 0.2MPa and continuous climbing temperature from 260℃ to 285℃. On the basis of the result，a continuous production process was designed and optimized with the degree of polymerization reaching 121.1.

A demethanizer separation process under the condition of propylene as refrigerant for 1800kt/a methanol to olefin(MTO) unit was simulated and optimized using Aspen Plus software. It was calculated and compared with actual operation conditions by using RK-SOVE practical state equation and RadFrac module. The reliability of the model was verified. It was made a sensitivity analysis for feeding location，intercooler location and handling capacity，and emphatically investigated the influence of absorbent flowrate and its components on the separation efficiency. The results showed that the comprehensive effects of precut-demethanizer process were not obvious，although it improved the absorption-demethanizer process on the aspect of reducing ethylene loss and absorbent dosage. Sensitivity analysis showed that the optimal values existed for the examined variables except absorbent dosage of precut-demethanizer process.

For copper recovery from the slag of pyro-metallurgy by reducing the Fe3O4 ，the equilibrium model of reduction of Fe3O4 reduction by diesel oil in the presence of N2 was established based on the Gibbs free energy minimization principle. The effects of reaction temperatures (1220～1280℃)，amount of N2 (480～960m3/d)，ratio of diesel to slag (0.5～2.9 L/t) on Fe3O4 reduction were investigated. Diesel oil was completely cracked under N2 atmosphere，with the main pyrolysis products of C and H2. Meanwhile，the volume of gas during reaction increased. The products of pyrolysis almost remained unchanged with rising reaction temperature and N2 addition. The equilibrium constants of reduction reactions of Fe3O4 by the pyrolysis products of diesel oil were large，and a high degree of reduction reactions was achieved. Fe3O4 in copper slag was reduced to FeO. The reduction degree of Fe3O4 was improved with rising ratio of diesel oil to slag. Pyrolysis of diesel oil and reduction of Fe3O4 by diesel oil in the presence of nitrogen were endothermic.

In order to determine the mineral compositions of the concretions on the surface of the underwater porcelains from Huaguang reef I wreck ship，greenishish-white porcelain was taken as an example and energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis （XRF）and X-ray diffraction （XRD） were used to determine the structural and chemical compositions of different color concretions. The sample contained aragonite （CaCO3），calcite and magnesia [(Ca，Mg)CO3]. The disease of concretions on the surface of the underwater porcelains was summarized. The removal experiment of concretion was performed using chemical reagents，and the reaction time and reaction concentration were analyzed. On the basis of little harm to the porcelain，3 percent of malic acid （MA） and 5 percent of diethylene triamine pentacetic acid （DTPA） and ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid disodium salt （EDTA-2Na） were chosen to remove the concretion on the greenish-white porcelain as chemical reagents. This work should be helpful to the conservation of underwater porcelain.

On the basis of establishing the narrow level experimental system of turbo air classifier，and in order to study the effects of process parameters on particle size distribution and productivity of narrow level product in turbo air classifier，the rotation speed difference of two-stage rotor cages and the second wind speed of the second classifier were used as experimental factors. Particle size distribution curve of the product was used as experimental index. Narrow level experiment system of turbo air classifier was investigated. The experimental results showed that with the rotation speed difference decreasing，the particle size distribution curve of the product became narrower. When the second wind speed increased，the content of the fine powder of product reduced and the particle size distribution curve of the product became narrower. In addition，the relationship among productivity，uniformity of narrow level product and rotation speed difference was studied. Results showed that with rotation speed difference decreasing，productivity of narrow level product decreased and the uniformity increased. Further study indicated that there was a best rotation speed difference ?n0，under which product could be able to both meet the requirement of uniformity and productivity.

Concentration field in the stirred tank with disc turbine paddle was studied by numerical simulation method CFD. This paper mainly investigated the effects of the location of the common straight blade (90° ) and inclined blades (60° and 45°) on mixed time θm，mixing energy per unit volume Wr and the concentration standard deviation of mixing σ. The data of simulation speed agreed well with experimental data under the standard installation height of straight blade. The research showed that flow pattern within the mixing tank turns from radial flow into axial flow when the installation height of disc turbine blade is decreased from the standard height. The relative installation height (C/H ) of 90°，60° and 45° paddle was 0.20，0.233 and 0.267 respectively when flow pattern turned into axial flow. Mixing time was decided by the top and bottom detection positions of tank. The standard relative installation height (C/H = 1/3 ) was not the optimal location of the mixing performance. The mixing performance of 90°，60° and 45° blades was optimal when the relative installation height was at 0.313，0.267 and 0.320 respectively. Combing the advantages of saving time，energy and mixing uniformity，blade of 45° was the best and 60o took the second place.

Application of renewable fuel，especially hydrogen，is an efficient way to fight against the climate change and reduce the emission of the pollutants from the transport sector. Hydrogen production using chemical looping technology is a potential method for hydrogen production，which not only can improve energy conversion efficiency and reduce environmental pollution，but also can separate carbon dioxide，which shows good economic efficiency and promising future. This paper introduces two different approaches to produce hydrogen using chemical looping technology. The present development statuses on the screening of oxygen carrier particles，the design of proper reactors，and the system simulation for each approach are summarized respectively. The screening and preparation of proper oxygen carriers is the basis of successful operation in each process. The potential erosion of the reformer tubes by the oxygen carriers in CLR(s) process and the heat balance between the FR and AR in CLR(a) process need to be considered. The development of oxygen carriers with low price，and the design of proper reactor and the coupled system for solid fuel will be the main focus of CLH study.

Using solar energy to drive high-temperature thermochemical process has the potential to produce hydrogen or synthesis gas. Both solar energy and fossil resources （including water or biomass） are upgraded through this integrated process. Recently，research interests have been focused on this process. The solar high-temperature reactor （SHTR） is one of the keys to this process. The shortcomings of traditional SHTRs，such as large temperature gradient in reaction areas，low thermo-chemical conversion efficiency and inactivation of reactants due to sintering，are the main barriers to its commercialization. Principles of solar thermochemical conversion are briefly introduced. The solar high-temperature thermochemical conversion process was originally hydrogen production by direct thermal dissociation of water，and evolved to modification or upgrading of fossil resources. SHTRs were derived from solar collectors （also known as solar absorbers or receivers） commonly used in solar tower or dish concentrating power generation. The feasibility and limitation of this transplantation are discussed. Directly and indirectly irradiated SHTRs are classified and reviewed. The distinct advantages of high heat transfer performance and uniform temperature are summarized for novel heat pipe/plate based SHTRs. Also，typical demonstrations of indirectly irradiated SHTRs in thermochemical conversion process are presented. At last，the future main research areas and potential applications of advanced indirectly irradiated heat pipe/plate based SHTRs，are presented.

Coal thermoplasticity，coking mechanism and coke quality prediction are reviewed. Coal chemical structures control thermoplastic behavior of coal，such as alkyl side chains of vitrinite and mobile hydrogen content. HNMR，proton magnetic resonance thermal analysis，Raman and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy provide valuable information for interpreting thermoplasticity，synergistic effects of coal blend and coking mechanism. Hydrogen transfer and molecular rearrangement are also important in the development of plasticity，and a plasticizing component is important for coke texture formation. It is also possible to pass from one mechanism to the other by changing heating rate during carbonization. Modified basicity index，composite coking potential and combined coal index of coal blend are correlated with coke strength after reaction and coke reactivity index. The effect of mineral matter on coke strength and reactivity are the focus of study. There is still much work to do in the control of fractures and coke size to guarantee coke quality.

Primary methods of emission reduction and its cost-benefit are discussed from the perspective of airlines with respect to application of aviation biofuel. According to traditional aviation fuel，the cost of biofuel blending，transportation，storage，filling and other stages is calculated. Additionally，the cost-benefit of gas emission reduction in using aviation biofuel is analyzed. The findings indicate that the airlines need support by the state due to current poor cost-benefit of aviation biofuel.

Fast pyrolysis reaction of acidified soapstocks was studied to obtain gaseous and liquid products with better properties. The liquid product density 830 kg/m3，viscosity 2.5 mm2/s，calorific value 41.9 MJ/kg，and acid value 78 mg/g. Furthermore，the liquid product was analyzed with GC-MS and FT-IR with the composition of alkanes，alkenes and carboxylic acid. The carbon chain length of the liquid product was C10—C18. GC analysis indicated that the main components of the gaeous product were combustible gas，such as CO，H2，CH4，C2H6 . The total of these four gas components reached 70%. Fuel properties of pyrolytic products were greatly improved by fast pyrolysis reaction，carboxylic acid content was significantly lower，and combustion heat value increased. This study provides theoretical basis for further processing and utilization of acidified soapstocks.

Both standard formation enthalpy and standard Gibbs free energy of dimethyl ether (DME) and methyl acetate were estimated with the Benson group contribution method. Reaction enthalpy change，reaction entropy change，reaction Gibbs free energy change and equilibrium constant of reactions of ethanol synthesis (DME carbonylation，MA hydrogenation，overall reactions) were calculated and analyzed. On this basis，effects of reaction temperature，reaction pressure，raw material ratio on DME conversion were investigated. The synergistic effect between the two reactions of ethanol synthesis were investigated at different concentrations of H2 under the conditions of 413K，normal pressure，CO∶DME=1. A moderate reaction temperature (lower than 493K)，3MPa，n(CO)∶n(DME)=1 were beneficial to ethanol synthesis and the equilibrium conversion in MA hydrogenation increased greatly due to this synergistic effect.

A series of solid-state 13C NMR experiments for Gansu oil shale were conducted with the BRUKER AVANCE III 400 WB spectrometer analyzer. By using cross-polarization magic angle spinning (CP/MAS) technology and total sideband suppression (TOSS)，a high-resolution spectrogram was obtained. Analyzing the relationship between generation potential and total organic carbon，aliphatic carbon，potential carbon showed that potential carbon was the primary factor in determining generation potential. Comparing the data of dry distillation experiment and solid-state 13C NMR indicated that the carbon of toal organic carbon transformed to oil in the experiment was related to potential carbon. Theoretical analysis of tansformation of organic carbon into oil agreed with dry distillation experiment.

The research status and development tendency of hydrogenation desulfurization (HDS) catalyst support was outlined regarding the issue of high sulfur content in oil products. The development of HDS catalysts was reviewed in four aspects：single-component support，mixed oxide support，molecular sieve and modified support. Single component support，which laid emphasis on Al2O3，TiO2 and carbon support，was introduced in HDS reaction. Besides，mixed oxide support，which mainly includes aluminum-based，titanium-based binary mixed oxide support and ternary mixed oxide support，was summarized. Furthermore，molecular sieve was discussed，including MCM-41，SBA-15 and KIT. Ultimately，modified support，which contains modified MCM-41，modified SBA-15，modified carbon and other modified molecular sieve，was reported emphatically. In the future，modified supports，especially modified molecular sieves，will be paid increasing attention in the field of catalyst supports for HDS.

Recent advances in catalysts for the hydrodeoxygenation of vegetable oil were reviewed in this paper，including the hydrodeoxygenation mechanism of vegetable oil，the selection of active components，the selection and modification of the support for the supported catalysts，the preparation of unsupported catalysts and the stability of hydrodeoxygenation catalysts. It is pointed out that the main problems at present are the low catalytic activity and poor vaporous-thermal stability，so the study on novel hydrodeoxygenation catalysts with suitable acidity and pore structure，high activity，good vaporous-thermal stability becomes important in future.

Polymeric graphitic carbon nitride，g-C3N4，is a new organic photocatalyst with semiconductor property and proper band gap of 2.7eV，which possesses high thermal and chemical stability. In this paper，the structure，physicochemical properties and preparation methods of g-C3N4 are reviewed. As the photocatalytic activity of g-C3N4 is generally low，the methods to make it an effective photocatalyst are summarized，including texture modification，elements doping and constructing heterojunction with other materials，copolymerization and sulfur-mediated function. In addition，the applications of g-C3N4 for photocatalytic water splitting and degradation of organic water pollutants under visible light are discussed. At the end，it can be concluded that the developing tendency of g-C3N4 as a photocatalyst is exploring and further optimizing the preparation and modification methods to improve its photocatalytic activity.

In past decades，more intensive researches have been focused on the development of non-noble-metal catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in fuel cells in order to replace the Pt-based catalyst with high cost and scarcity，as fuel cells were recognized as one of the most promising power sources due to their high efficiency and low emissions. In present work，a natural polymer，chitosan (CS)，was reacted with salicylaldehyde to produce chitosan salicylaldehyde schiff-base (CS-Sal)，which then chelated with iron salt to obtain Fe complexes of chitosan salicylaldehyde schiff-base (Fe-CS-Sal). Subsequently，Fe-CS-Sal was mixed with high pure graphite and fully grinded with pestle in a mortar for homogeneous mixing to obtain carbon supported iron complex Fe-CS-Sal/C. Then，the resulting Fe-CS-Sal/C was heat-treated at different temperatures under N2 atmosphere getting a series of Fe-N-C-t (t= 200℃，400℃，600℃，800℃，1000℃) catalysts. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and chronocoulometry (CC) in electrochemical workstation were used to study electrocatalytic performance of the Fe-N-C-t catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). FT-IR and XRD were used to characterize the structure of Fe-N-C-t catalyst with different electrocatalytic activity to ORR. The ORR reaction kinetic parameters were further calculated according to cyclic voltammetry and the possible ORR mechanism occurring with the Fe-N-C-t catalysts was proposed in this paper.

Diethylene glycol dibenzoate was synthesized by the reaction of benzoic acid (BA) with diethylene glycol (DEG) using Ti(OBu)4/AC as catalyst. The optimal reaction condition was found as：the molar ratio of benzoic acid to diethylene glycol was 2∶1，the mass ratio of catalyst to benzoic acid was 1.25%，the mass ratio of butyl ether to benzoic acid was 20%，reaction temperature was 200℃，and reaction time was 7h. The optimal esterification rate was up to 98.1%. After three times of repeated use，the esterification yield still maintained above 97%. The apparent kinetics model of esterification was established，and the equation of reaction rate was：rA=6. 28× 109exp CACB.

H6P2W18O62/kaolin was fabricated by dipping Kaolin in the mixing solution of phosphotungstic acid with Dawson structure，and characterized by FT-IR，XRD，SEM and EDS. The catalytic synthesis of acetylsalicylic was carried out as a probe reaction to study the acid catalytic performance of the catalyst，under the optimal condition，i.e. the supported quantity of 40%，w (catalyst）= 7.2% (relative to the dosage of salicylic acid)，reaction temperature of 90℃，and reaction time of 40min. The average yield of acetylsalicylic acid reaches 90.2%. The catalyst shows good reusability. After its five time usage，the yield of acetylsalicylic acid was still above 85.1%. The catalyst is attractive for esterification by its low cost，high activity，simple post-treatment，no corrosion to the equipment and no pollution.

The characteristics and applications of nanofiltration membranes are briefly introduced. Common organic polymer nanofiltration membrane materials are reviewed，including cellulose acetate and aromatic polyamide，novel nanofiltration membrane materials covering natural polymer and polyelectrolyte，inorganic nanofiltration materials and inorganic-organic hybrid composite nanofiltration membrane materials. For these membrane materials，structural characteristics，chemical properties，membrane fabrication processes and applications are contrastingly analyzed and summarized from different perspectives，including high flux，resistance to pollution，organic solvent resistance and chlorine resistance. Then development trends and application prospects of nanofiltration membrane materials are predicted. And in the immediate future，two issues will become hot topics of research. One is the development and structure control of high-performance nanofiltration membrane materials；the other is the design of structure and function with different nanofiltration membrane materials matrixes.

With the advantages of the well developed pore structures and the abundant functional groups，carbon-based materials are widely used in dry desulfurization process. According to various reactions in desulfurization process，sorbents from carbon-based materials are mainly classified into two types. One is used to adsorb H2S directly as a sorbent. The other is used as the support for loading active components，by which H2S is removed by the interaction between metal active components and sulphur. The research progress in dry desulfurization was reviewed in detail in this article. In order to illustrate the process concretely，the effects of temperature and atmosphere on desulfurization behaviors have been analyzed. The relationship of its desulfurization capacity with the modified activation methods and the preparation conditions of carbon-based materials sorbent were also investigated. Compared with wet desulfurization，the carbon-based materials in dry desulfurization method is attractive by its cheap price，availability，high-desulfurization rate，and no heat transfer process needed. Thus the method has more merits and broad research prospect than the traditional desulfurization.

In the last twenty years，owing to the excellent properties，the novel carbon material (including fullerene，carbon nanotube，graphene，etc.) has opened up a number of applications in many areas. This paper summarizes composites of carbon nanotube and graphene with polyolefin. The composites are made by physical blending and polymerization in situ，which improves mechanical properties，crystallization and melting，thermal stability，and conductivity. Furthermore，breakthroughs have been made in the following aspects：field emission display device，hydrogen storage materials，battery，ultra-intense and super tough composite，microscopic probe，super-capacitor，electron gun，nano-electronic components，and sensors.

The ratio and kind of template agent were investigated for the preparation of ZSM-5 zeolite membranes using the two-steps hydrothermal synthesis method. The membranes were characterized with X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Desulfurization experiments were conducted in model gasoline. With increasing ratio of TPAOH，membrane particle shape gradually became regular，but an overly high ratio of TPAOH could make membrane particles irregular. Membrane structure was the most regular and thiophene removal was the best when ZSM-5 zeolite membrane was prepared with TPAOH ratio of 30. Membranes prepared by double template agent of “TPAOH+absolute ethylalcohol” could achieve the highest removal of sulfides. The membrane was used to remove bicomponent model gasoline，and removal of bicomponent sulfides was better than removal of sulfides in single component model gasoline.

Maleic anhydride (MAH) was bonded onto the surface of membrane by ultraviolet (UV)-initiated graft to improve the anti-fouling property of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) ultrafiltration membrane. The effect of UV radiation power，irradiation time, initiator and monomer concentrations on the reaction yield were investigated. Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR/FT-IR)，scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and water contact angle measurement were employed to characterize the structure and the properties of the membranes. The results revealed that MAH monomer had been bonded onto membrane surface successfully and the hydrophilicity of modified membrane was increased. The static protein pollution of membranes and ultrafiltration results were used to evaluate the anti-fouling property of the membranes. The results demonstrated that the water flux did not change obviously after MAH bonding. However, the anti-fouling property of the modified membranes was enhanced obviously. Furthermore，PAN membrane surface was functionalized by anhydride groups in MAH monomer which endowed the membranes with high reactivity.

A kind of shape-stabilized phase change materials(SPCMs) was prepared by soaking absorbing technology with octadecane as phase change materials(PCMs) and expanded perlite as supportive material. The PCMs and SPCMs were characterized by DSC，FT-IR and ESEM. The surface of the SPCMs were packaged tentatively by the technology of wet-wrapping cement dry powder in order to reduce the possibility of melting leakage of PCMs in the cement matrix. The holding ratio of the octadecane absorbed in expanded perlite increased from 75 percent to above 97 percent after surface packaging SPCMs which were baked under 60℃ for continuous 20 hours. The heat-insulating property experiment results show that the lower surface time delay and the maximum temperature difference are 230 s，4.2℃ and 500s，6.2℃ respectively for 10mm thickness and 15mm thickness mortar board with 40 percent by weight of sand in the reference mortar mixture replaced by packaged SPCMs，compared to those of same thickness reference mortar board the form—stable phase change materials wrapped by cement，baked for 20 hours under 60℃，and absorption rate changes from 75% to 97% after packing. The lower surface time delay and the maximum temperature difference of 15mm thickness phase change mortar board still have 360s and 4.3℃ after experiencing 25 thermocycling.

In this paper，the calcination processes of oyster shell is studied through the temperature-programmed pyrolysis technology. The changes of physical and chemical properties of oyster shell before and after calcination were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD)，scanning electron microscopy (SEM)，Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)，energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS)，and thermogravimetry (TG). At the peak temperature of 756.2℃，oyster shell thermal maximum weight loss rate was 5.24% min?1. It was caused by calcium carbonate decomposition calcite type. After calcination at 800℃，oyster shell was decomposed to CaO. Due to the complexity of oyster shells physical structure，CaO generated Ca(OH)2 by absorbing water. The calcined process of oyster shell at high temperature has the obvious enrichment effect on Si.

Magnetically assisted bioreactors directly control the motion of magnetic bio-supports by assisting magnetic field，which improves mass transfer and relative motion between catalyst particles and can be combined with the advantages of fixed-bed，slurry-bed，moving-bed and fluidized-bed reactors. In this paper，magnetic bio-supports are characterized from three aspects，including magnetic material，carrier material and construction method；basic principles for construction of axial/transverse electromagnetic field and permanent magnetic field are summarized；configurations of magnetically assisted stirred reactor，magnetically assisted fixed-bed，magnetically assisted fluidized-bed and magnetically stabilized fluidized-bed reactor as well as their applications in biological and chemical processing are presented. Finally，research of magnetically assisted bioreactor is still in the laboratory，and further development asks for novel bio-compatible magnetic supports，controllable homogeneous large-scale assisted magnetic field and more creative reactor design.

Abietic acid is a product isolated from natural renewable resource rosin. Because rosin is a mixture containing thirteen kinds of resin acid and most of these resin acids are isomers，which results in a similarity of their physical properties，it makes the isolation of abietic acid from rosin a difficult problem. In most cases，abietic acid is used as a mixture form in many industrial fields，and the applications are restricted to some extent. Several major isolation methods of abietic acid are introduced，and the advantages and disadvantages of each method are analyzed. Organic amine salt crystallization is the most feasible method for isolation of abietic acid. Furthermore，the application of abietic acid in synthesizing bioactive substances and the usage of abietic acid in medicine，pesticide and fine chemicals are introduced. Isolating every resin acid from rosin and using them as raw materials to synthesize a series substances and drugs with bioactivity are the emphasis of comprehensive development and utilization of abietic acid in the future.

Terpene compounds have great economical values，but their production is complex and productivity is low. Mevalonate pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae provides precursors for terpenes，which is the natural advantage to produce terpenes heterologously. The metabolism pathway，key enzymes and global regulatory mechanisms in this pathway were elaborated. And the advances in this pathway in synthesis of monoterpenes，semiterpenes，diterpene，and triterpene are summarized from establishment and optimization of special metabolism pathway，adaption between modules and chassis cells，methods of module construction and assembly. To obtain efficiently engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae，terpene biosynthic pathway and mevalonate pathway of Saccharomyces cerevisiae should be known clearly，and the advance in synthesis biology will be the application foundation.

Poly-L-arginine/calcium alginate microcapsules were prepared by emulsification-gelation. The influences of different concentrations of sodium alginate and calcium chloride as well as different molecular weights of poly-L-arginine on drug loading and controlled-release of bovine haemoglobin in microcapsules were investigated. The microcapsules with medium molecular weight of poly-L-arginine had higher drug-loading amount and better controlled release behavior. The drug-loading amount of microcapsules decreased with the increase of sodium alginate concentration. As the concentration of calcium chloride increased，the drug-loading amount firstly increased and then decreased slightly，however，the release properties were not obviously affected.

The reduction of carboxylic acid ester is an important reaction in organic chemistry and has extensive application in organic synthesis. The reduction systems used include borane，LiAlH4，diisobutyl aluminium hydride，sodium dihydro-bis-(2-methoxyethoxy)aluminate，and metal borohydrides reagent systems，wherein the reducing abilities of these systems are different. This paper introduces the progress of reduction systems mentioned above，and reviews reaction mechanism for each ester reaction. Comparison and examples of different reduction systems provide some ideas and methods for the study on reduction of carboxylic acid ester. The result of the reaction can be influenced by reactant ratio，addition sequence，and compatibility with different additives to achieve reaction yield up to 90% and moderate reaction. New agents，new methods with better selectivity，wider application，more moderate reaction conditions will contribute to new development of carboxylic ester reduction.

According to the characteristics of oily sludge in the Daqing oilfield，the hot washing method was used for its processing. In order to enhance oil removal，an organic cationic flocculant was added for conditioning. The organic cationic flocculant was synthesized by aqueous solution polymerization of epichlorohydrin and triethanolamine with triethylenetetramine as modifying agent，and the influence of molar ratio of epichlorohydrin to triethanolamine，amount of triethylenetetramine，polymerization temperature，and reaction time on oil removal for oil sludge was investigated. The optimum synthesis conditions of the flocculant were determined，and the best conditions of hot washing in the treatment of oily sludge were also determined. The flocculant dosage was 160mg/L，pH was 7，when it was added simultaneously with field demulsifier，oily sludge removal rate was up to 82.34%，higher than the combined use of other flocculants and demulsifier. SEM analysis showed that after adding the flocculant，sludge flocs arranged closely，which was favorable for sludge flocculation and oil removal.

Porous starch was prepared by crosslinking from soluble starch through water-in-oil emulsion，with cyclohexane as the oil phase. The amount of cyclohexane was optimized by experiment. A large number of micropores could be seen with scanning electron microscopy. FTIR scanning showed that crosslinking reaction was successful，and a large number of hydroxyl groups still remained. XRD analysis showed that crystallinity was reduced greatly. The specific surface area of the porous starch was 3.456m2/g，oil absorption rate was up to 162%，and the maximum saturated adsorption capacity for methylene blue was 145mg/g. Compared with the porous starch prepared by the enzymatic hydrolysis method，the specific surface area of the porous starch increased 1.6 times，oil absorption rate increased 0.7 times，and maximum saturation adsorption capacity for methylene blue increased nearly 4 times. Through hydrogen bonding，the porous starch adsorbed methylene blue and fuchsin，as a rapid equilibrium process.

The synthesis of a novel tailed porphyrin(p-BrTMOPP) is studied. The p-HTMOPP was prepared from pyrrole，p-hydroxybenzaldehyde and p-methoxybenzaldehyde in propionic acid solution，and then p-HTMOPP and 1,4-dibromobutane were mixed in DMF solution to synthetize p-BrTMOPP by using microwave-assisted synthesis technology. The target compound, p-BrTMOPP, was characterized by using UV-vis, IR，and ESI-MS spectra. The p-BrTMOPP was prepared from p-HTMOPP and 1,4-dibromobutane in DMF solution at 90℃for 30 min under microwave-assisted with a yield of 89.2%. A tailed porphyrin was synthesized under microwave-assisted，and with less time and higher efficiency compared with the conventional method.

This review described the mechanism of N-acyl homoserine lactone (AHL) style quorum sensing (QS) signal molecules for microorganisms to biofilm formation on the surface of membrane in membrane bioreactors (MBRs). Through the cell-cell communication between microorganisms，the QS determines biofilm formation and secretion of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). The article summarized studies on the inhibition or disruption of AHL-QS signaling molecules by AHL-acylase or quorum quenching and effectively controlled membrane biofouling. The signaling molecules reduction would weaken biofilm formation ability but enhance membrane filterability. Moreover，the paper reviewed new immobilized methods about the AHL-acylase or quorum quenching，such as immobilized magnetic carriers，membrane surface，microbial-vessel and cell entrapping beads. The QS control strategies offered a promising control alternative but more investigations on the application to real MBRs were needed. Future studies should specifically address the relationship between the QS and microbial metabolism，as well as signaling molecules recognition in real MBR system.

This review paper summarized the source，classification and characteristic of rare earths hydrometallurgy wastewater，and discussed current progresses of the source control，resource recovery and treatment of ammonia nitrogen，fluoride，hydrochloric acid，sulfuric acid and oxalic acid. The findings in this review paper are highlighted as below：a) using fluorine to produce cryolite is an effective method for the fluoride pollution control and resource recovery in the rare earth hydrometallurgy；b) unsaponification process is the trend of the rare earth hydrometallurgy and the recovery of ammonium chloride by the mechanical vapor recompression (MVR) is the optimal process for the treatment of high concentration ammonia ammonium wastewater from the ammonia saponification process；c) the resource recovery of hydrochloric acid and oxalic acid from the oxalic acid precipitation mother liquor by azeotropic distillation has a promising application；d) the process of membrane processing plus MVR evaporation has been shown to be effective in the treatment of low concentrated ammonia nitrogen and other organic pollutants. Possible approaches for the environmental treatment of the rare earths hydrometallurgy wastewater have been also concluded：①improving resources utilization and optimizing process；②separation，recovery，reuse and treatment of wastewater；③developing the process for the advanced treatment and reuse of wastewater.

Light transmittance of base oil from different waste oil was investigated using molecular distillation with adjusted parameters. Experimental results showed that transmittance of first stage base oil decreased and transmittance of second stage base oil increased with increasing temperature. Optimal temperature for waste machine oil was 225℃，210℃ for waste hydraulic fluid，and 215℃ for waste mixed oil. Transmittance of first stage base oil increased and transmittance of second stage base oil decreased with increasing vacuum. Optimal pressure for waste machine oil was 12Pa，18Pa for waste hydraulic fluid and 16Pa for waste mixed oil. When flow increased，transmittance of first stage and second stage base oil decreased accordingly.

With FeSO4?7H2O as a reducing agent，manganese and zinc in ferromanganese smelting dust ash were leached in the form of Mn2+，Zn2+ by sulfuric acid. The optimal leaching condition was as follows：the concentration of H2SO4 was 20%，reaction time was 4 hours，reaction temperature was 90℃，liquid-solid ratio was 5∶1，dosage of FeSO4?7H2O was 75g，and stirring rate was 300 r/min. The highest leaching rate of manganese reached 96.76% and that of zinc was 84.88%.

Porous Titanium oxide was synthesized by a ligand assisted template method using docecylamine as the template and titanium isopropoxide as the precursor. The as-synthesized titanium dioxide was characterized by nitrogen adsorption. The adsorption behavior of Congo Red by the porous TiO2 was studied by static adsorption experiment. The effects of adsorption time，temperature，stirring speed，adsorbent dosage and initial concentration of Congo Red on the adsorption performance were investigated. Results showed that when the adsorption time reached 30 min，the removal rate can be more than 98%；when the adsorption temperature was 45℃，the removal rate can reach 98%；when the stirring speed was 160 r/min，the removal rate was the maximum；when the catalyst dosage was 0.10 g，the removal rate can reach 98%，which met the requirements of application；the Congo Red adsorption capacity by porous titanium dioxide was found to be proportional to the initial concentration of Conge Red solution.

The desulfurization of simulated flue gas was investigated in a co-current rotating packed bed with sodium phosphate buffer solution as the absorbent. The effects of process parameters，such as liquid to gas ratio (L/G)，high gravity factor (β)，phosphate concentration (CL) and initial pH value of the absorbent，mass concentration of SO2 in inlet simulated flue gas (Cin) on sulfur dioxide removal efficiency (η) and gas-phase overall volumetric mass transfer coefficients (KGa) were investigated in this study，and significant analysis on the process parameters were also investigated using Matlab software. The results indicated that the η and KGa?increased with the increasing of L/G，CL，β and pH value，the L/G and CL had the most significant influence on the η and KGa，but the CL had the least influence. The η can exceed 99% and concentration of SO2 in outlet gas was lower than 100mg/m3 when L/G，β，CL，pH value，and Cin were at (2.3—3) L/m3，80—110，1.5mol/L，5.5—6，(0.8-—12)g/m3，respectively. The process can realize the emission standards and showed a potential industrial application because of the advantages of higher desulfurization efficiency，lower liquid-gas ratio，lower energy consumption，smaller volume of the equipment and wide application range.

The experiment research on the influences of water conditions on CaSO4 fouling characteristics. The study investigated the influences of NO3? and Cl? on CaSO4 fouling characteristics such as flow velocity，inlet temperature，working fluid concentrations，chemical equations and anion concentrations. The results showed that anions increased the formation of CaSO4 fouling in a certain range，and the increase of fouling formation was affected by flow velocity，had no obvious relationship with inlet temperature and working fluid concentrations. The results of scanning electron microscopy showed that the fouling in the test tube where working fluid contained large amounts of NO3? was dense and thick，and working fluid precipitated in the form of calcium sulfate crystals，which clustered together. In the circular tube where，CaSO4 solution contained large amounts of Cl?，the fouling turned out to be loose and uniform，and working fluid solution precipitated in the form of calcium sulfate crystals，which did not cluster.

This research investigated the regeneration energy consumption of carbon capture after combustion on a 600 MW supercritical coal-fired unit. Advanced solar thermal system of coal-fired unit based on carbon capture，the working principle and absorption mechanism of the carbon capture system were discussed. The evaluation index of economic for the integrated system was also set up. The economic effects of the carbon capture rate on the integrated system were calculated using the method of sensitivity analysis. The results showed that when the concentration of cholamine was 30%，carbon capture rate was 85%，meanwhile the local sunlight reached the best radiation intensity of 500 W/m2，thermal efficiency of the solar system was 43.604% and the generating cost of solar coal-fired units was 0.5606￥/(kW?h)，with 0.5557￥/(kgCO2) of the mitigation costs.

Because high energy consumption for separation of small temperature difference system such as ethanol and isopropanol has been always a problem in the separation process of ethanol and isopropanol，this paper investigated two kinds of mechanical vapor recompression (MVR) heat-pump distillation processes， tower top vapor recompressed heat-pump distillation and tower bottom liquid flash recompressed heat-pump distillation. Based on the minimum energy consumption for separating ethanol and isopropanol，the simulations for the two schemes were performed by Aspen Plus with the Radfrac. module Compr. module and Wilson-RK equation. The suitable operating parameters and device parameters were obtained under different operating pressure conditions. The research showed that the two MVR heat-pump distillation processes can save energy by 93.2% and 93.4% respectively compared with the conventional distillation process. The average annual total cost(ATC) for the two MVR heat-pump distillation processes was estimated based on the simulation results，and the overall analysis of economic benefits was evaluated. The results showed that the ATC for the two MVR heat-pump distillation processes were similar，indicating both schemes would be suitable for the separation of ethanol and isopropanol.

The treatment of concentrated nitric acid facility discharging has always been the focus of industries. This article focused on the problem that the concentrated nitric acid facility are not being able to meet discharging standard during start-up，and researched on the treatment of concentrated nitric acid facility discharging by discussing the fundamental principles and the practice of the concentrated nitric acid production. Process optimization of the concentrated nitric acid facility start-up solved the bottleneck in production，making direct process start-up of the concentrated nitric acid possible. The concentrations of nitrogen oxides were reduced from 10000mg/m3 to 100mg/m3，which meets the discharge standard.