Abstract: This review paper summarized the source，classification and characteristic of rare earths hydrometallurgy wastewater，and discussed current progresses of the source control，resource recovery and treatment of ammonia nitrogen，fluoride，hydrochloric acid，sulfuric acid and oxalic acid. The findings in this review paper are highlighted as below：a) using fluorine to produce cryolite is an effective method for the fluoride pollution control and resource recovery in the rare earth hydrometallurgy；b) unsaponification process is the trend of the rare earth hydrometallurgy and the recovery of ammonium chloride by the mechanical vapor recompression (MVR) is the optimal process for the treatment of high concentration ammonia ammonium wastewater from the ammonia saponification process；c) the resource recovery of hydrochloric acid and oxalic acid from the oxalic acid precipitation mother liquor by azeotropic distillation has a promising application；d) the process of membrane processing plus MVR evaporation has been shown to be effective in the treatment of low concentrated ammonia nitrogen and other organic pollutants. Possible approaches for the environmental treatment of the rare earths hydrometallurgy wastewater have been also concluded：①improving resources utilization and optimizing process；②separation，recovery，reuse and treatment of wastewater；③developing the process for the advanced treatment and reuse of wastewater.

Key words: rare earths, hydrometallurgy, wastewater treatment, resource recovery, ammonia nitrogen

摘要： 简述了稀土湿法冶炼废水的来源、分类及污染物特性，重点分析了稀土湿法冶炼废水中氨氮、氟化物、盐酸、硫酸及草酸污染物的源头控制、资源综合利用与环保治理技术现状。结果表明，利用氟生产冰晶石是稀土湿法冶炼过程中氟污染治理和资源回收的有效方法；非皂化工艺是稀土分离工艺的发展方向，采用MVR蒸发工艺回收氯化铵是目前稀土氨皂化废水中高浓度氨氮污染治理的最优工艺；草酸沉淀母液的共沸蒸馏回收盐酸和草酸资源化处理工艺具有工业应用前景；“膜处理+MVR蒸发”工艺在解决稀土冶炼废水中低浓度氨氮和有机污染物治理难题上具有一定的技术优势。提出了改进生产工艺、提高资源综合利用率，实行废水的分类收集、分级回用与分质处理，开发废水的深度处理与回用工艺是实现稀土湿法冶炼废水污染物综合治理的有效途径。

关键词: 稀土, 湿法冶金, 废水处理, 资源回收, 氨氮