The article introduces the general process of Shenhua Baotou coal to light olefins demonstration project，which is composed of coal gasification，CO shift and purification，methanol synthesis，methanol to olefin，light olefin recovery，and PE/PP production units. During the construction and operation of the project，technologies like the coal to light olefins integration，engineering，commissioning and operation，C4 processing，waste water treatment，etc. have been developed and mastered. The project commercial operation and results during the past 3 years are also summarized with a conclusion that the coal to light olefins demonstration project has established safe and stable operation and generated good economic returns. Finally，the successful operation of the coal to olefin demonstration project makes China the first country in the world which has developed this commercialized technology. It is also of great importance to China’s efforts to lower the import dependence of oil and basic chemical raw materials.

Rare earths are important non-renewable strategic resources. They play an irreplaceable part in high-tech materials. Mixer-settler is one of the most widely used extraction facilities in the rare earth industry with the advantages such as stable operation，high stage-efficiency，simple structure and easy scale-up. In this paper，numerical models used in the simulation of mixer-settler are summarized and analyzed. Eulerian-Eulerian multiphase model，k-?? turbulent model and multiple reference frame model are widely used by researchers because of convenience，reliable accuracy and low performance requirements for computers. Pumping capacity，mixing performance，and clarifying characteristics of mixer-settler are considered，and the main factors influencing these performance parameters are summarized. Analyses show that researches on pumping capacity and mixing time are mature，but numerical studies on droplet coalescence and breakup，as well as clarifying method and improvements，are relatively weak. Creating high precision grids，adopting large eddy simulation method to provide a more detailed time-space information and introducing population balance model will be the next important research direction of mixer settler.

The action mechanisms of physical fields including magnetic field，electric field，electromagnetic field，ultrasonic field and high gravity are briefly introduced，respectively. Research progress of enhancement of gas-liquid mass transfer in evaporation，distillation and gas absorption by these physical fields is reviewed. The progress of thermodynamic study involved is also introduced. The enhancement by physical fields should have a wide application prospect in chemical industry，environmental protection，energy-saving and emission reduction. However，most of current studies are still in the experimental stage，and the researches on the influence of various factors on the enhancement and the mechanism involved are not deep enough. Exploring the enhancement mechanism，expanding the application areas，solving the bottleneck problem and comparing the enhancement effects of different physical fields by experiment and thermodynamic analysis to determine the applicability of each physical field should be the focus of future research.

This review provides a summary of research progress of non-phosgene synthesis of N-substituted carbamates using various carbonyl reagents，such as CO，dimethyl carbonate，CO2 and alkyl carbamates. The advantages and disadvantages of various synthetic methods are analyzed. Low toxicity，high activity and simple preparation make alkyl carbamates the most industrialized carbonyl reagent for N-substituted carabamates synthesis and the N-substituted carbamates synthesized from CO2 is a research focus on green chemistry，which provides a new route for chemical utilization of CO2.

The evaporation process of a single urea-aqueous-solution (UAS) droplet was observed by the hanging drop method in a quartz tube reactor. Also，the evaporation characteristics of droplets were compared under various ambient temperatures and initial droplet diameters. The results showed that UAS droplet revealed different evaporation behavior at 100—1300 ℃. At higher temperatures，it showed quite complicated behavior，such as bubble formation，distortion，and micro-explosion. However，with decreasing temperature，these phenomena became weak and finally disappeared. At the same time，the relationship between steady-state evaporation coefficient and temperature，initial droplet diameter was quantitatively analyzed. Under the condition of initial droplet diameter of 2.5 mm and temperature in the range of 100—600 ℃，the steady-state evaporation coefficient increased by about 10 times，from 0.02075 mm2/s to 0.23953 mm2/s. In addition，the evaporation characteristics of droplets were also investigated in the case of airflow velocity within 0.25—1.25 m/s. When there existed forced airflow，heat transfer between droplet and gas changed from heat conduction into heat convection，so as to enhance the capacity of the heat and mass transfer on the surface of the droplet，then the evaporation process would be promoted.

A distributed parameter mathematical model was established for a finned tube condenser under steady state，and the actual flow condition was taken into consideration inside the condenser in this model，such as pressure drop and flow patterns. Simulation program of the finned tube condenser was written with the Visual Basic language. Comparisons were conducted between simulation results and data from experiment in the literature. The results showed that good consistency of the model. Based on this model，the characteristics of the flow and heat transfers of low GWP （Global Warming Potential） working fluids，R290，HFO1234yf and HFO1234ze in the finned tube condenser were simulated. When the head-on wind speed，mass flow rate and pipe diameter size were altered，the changes of refrigerating capacity and pressure drop were analyzed and the performance comparisons between the above low GWP refrigerants and R410A now widely used were carried out. The results showed that R290 had the biggest heat exchange capacity and HFO1234yf had the smallest under steady wind speed. HFO1234yf and HFO1234ze reached super-cooled state most easily in the same case. When pressure drops were the same，mass flow rate of R410A was the maximum and that of R290 was the minimum. When heat exchange capacity was the same，mass flow rate of HFO1234yf was more than the others and R290 was smaller than the others. The model could provide theoretical basis for the optimization design and system matching of low GWP refrigerant finned tube condenser and the refrigerant alternatives.

In order to study fouling of magnesium oxide nano-particles in alternating elliptical axis tube，magnesium oxide nano-particles were used to prepare colloidal solution as the study object. According to particulate size，particle concentration，liquid velocity and temperature，several groups of experiments were perfomed in the alternating elliptical axis tube. Scanning electron microscope was used to observe the fouling surface of the heat exchanger. The results show that particulate fouling of the alternating elliptical axis tube had no apparent induction period. Under the same conditions，the smaller the particulate size，the greater the fouling rate and asymptotic value of fouling resistance. The fouling rate and asymptotic value of fouling resistance increased with increasing particle concentration and decreased with increasing flow rate. The higher the inlet temperature，the smaller the asymptotic value of fouling resistance.

Simulation and experimental research were performed to study the mass transfer process of rotating packed bed in closed-cycle diesel engine. A 3-D physical model was set up. Euler-Lagrange model was used to solve the gas-liquid phase flow field in the model. Based on Higbie’s percolation theory，gas phase source term was set up to simulate the process of water dissolving CO2. Experiments were conducted to determine the effect of different operation parameters on absorption ability. The result showed that the mass transfer process was more intense around the distributor and mesh wire. The performance was better with higher absorption factor and faster rotational speed，also with lower inlet CO2 concentration. The number of transfer unit obtained from simulation was similar with that obtained from experiments，and the averaged relative error was around 10% and the maximum error was 20.6% so the source term could simulate the actual absorption process and the actual CO2 absorption process could be simulated.

With seasonal changes in demands，supplies and operating conditions of a chemical process，the heat exchanged also varies. Due to the different needs of heat exchange in different periods，multi- period heat exchanger network design has been widely studied. Firstly，this paper describes the use of simultaneous optimization method to establish mathematical programming model in each period separately. We can obtain the single period optimal heat exchanger network design by using GAMS software to solve the models. Secondly，in order to reduce the cost of equipment investment after integrating the heat exchanger networks in different periods，we can use a time-sharing mechanism to design all heat exchange matches which participate in the network，but this practice will increase pipeline cost. Finally，To overcome the drawback of the increased pipeline cost bringing from the time-sharing mechanism，this paper proposes an optimization model of pipeline length. Building and solving the model shows that it not only minimizes pipeline cost，but also gives the location of the heat exchanger，and optimizes the network structure ultimately.

To overcome the slow convergence speed and easy trapping in local optimum of the Teaching-Learning-Based Optimization (TLBO) algorithm，an improved algorithm was proposed. First，adaptive adjustment of teaching factor TF was proposed to make the TF decrease with iterative algorithm，so the algorithm used the global search in the early search stage to make the search space rapid convergence to near optimal solution to increase search speed. In the later stage，fine local search was used to obtain the higher accuracy solution. After that，trust weight was proposed to take a partial trust strategy in the already acquired knowledge by students，avoiding too much trust in the acquired knowledge and increasing the information share between students and teachers and among the students，so that the algorithm jumped out of the local optimal. The simulation results showed that the improved algorithm had faster convergence speed and the ability to jump out of local optimal. Finally the improved algorithm was used to optimize the benefits of ethylene cracking furnace，the benefits was promoted observably.

Departing from the perspective that it is the inherent need of large energy enterprises to develop modern coal chemical industry，it is asserted that modern coal chemical industry could become a new economic growth point for energy enterprises. The development of modern coal chemical industry is in compliance with the national energy strategy and conducive to the alleviation of environmental pressures on enterprises，to the improvement of energy conversion effectiveness and to the decrease of CO2 emission reduction cost. Meanwhile，the following issues must be seriously addressed when entering into the modern coal chemical industry，that is，chemical production experience，national industrial policies，project investment risks，excess production capacity，etc.，and corresponding suggestions are also proposed. For instance，capable domestic large energy enterprises should seize this unique opportunity of development but must study seriously and plan prudently during the process of implementation. It is recommended to strengthen the building and training of coal chemical talent pool，to increase the study of green house gas emission reduction，to identify clearly the investment risks and act accordingly on the basis of capability. And last but not least，the project decision-making must be based upon the evaluation of product slate and market segmentation.

Electro-osmotic drag of proton exchange membrane is important in fuel cells because it directly affects water management and the complexity of fuel cell system. The electro-osmotic drag coefficient is the number of water molecules transported per proton. Measurement methods of electro-osmosis drag coefficient of proton exchange membranes are reviewed and their advantages and disadvantages are pointed out in this paper. The electro-osmotic drag coefficient of membrane contacting liquid water could be measured by electro-osmotic drag cell，hydrogen pump and electrophoretic nuclear magnetic resonance，while the electro-osmotic drag coefficient of membrane contacting gaseous water could be measured by the activity gradient method and electrophoretic nuclear magnetic resonance. With the development of composite proton exchange membrane，universal methods are urgently needed to acquire the electro-osmotic drag coefficient of compsite membrane with the purpose of providing parameters for the accurate description of the proton exchange membrane in fuel cells models.

The technology of coal liquefaction provides advantages of good solubility, hydrogen transfer and stability. Effects of solvents with different compositions and properties on coal-heavy hydrocarbons co-processing were reviewed. A mixture of coal, solvent and hydrogen is normally not ideal. The solvent with suitable H/C molar ratio and polarity accompanied by high conversion of coal and selectivity of light oil could have better synergistic effects. It indicated that the level of synergistic effect depended on adjustability of composition and properties between coal and solvents. For the co-processing, heavy hydrocarbons promoted hydrogenation of coal because of the synergistic effects between favorable solubility and hydrogen transfer. Meanwhile, strong adsorption characteristics of coal residue of direct coal liquefaction contributed to modification of heavy hydrocarbons so that conversion of co-processing was improved and selectivity of light oil was increased. Thus, the synergistic effects made comprehensive utilization of coal and intermediate/heavy hydrocarbons possible.

Levoglucosenone is an important chiral synthon. Catalyzed pyrolysis of biomass for preparing levoglucosenone has the benefit in economy and environmental protection. It is a new platform for the development and utilization of biomass resources. In this article，the present situation of catalyst for levoglucosenone was introduced. The effect of inorganic acid，solid acid，solid super acid，chloride and other catalytic on levoglucosenone and other products was highlighted. The advantages and limitations of catalytic pyrolysis were presented. The inorganic acid catalyst has the advantages of low cost，high catalytic efficiency. However，its pretreatment process is complex，suffers equipment corrosion and is hard for recycling. For solid acid catalyst，it has the advantage of low corrosion，easy recycling，but its catalytic efficiency is low. The catalytic effect of solid super acid is good with simple recovery process except the complicated manufacturing process. Chloride catalyst is cheap and easily available，but the catalytic effect is not good as expected. The hot spot and the difficult spot in this sphere are to develop safe，effective，environment-friendly and recyclable catalysts.

Environmental pollution and the utilization of unrenewable fossil energy source encourage people to explore new energy source. Recently，more attentions have been paid to microalgae-based carbohydrates for biofuel production due to the fast growth，the efficient carbon dioxide fixation and the high carbohydrate accumulating potential of microalgae. Utilization of microalgal-based carbohydrates feedstock for biofuel production has the great potential，but culture scale-up becomes development bottleneck. In this paper，the composition and metabolism of microalgal-based carbohydrates are summarized. The methods of the pretreatment of microalgal-based carbohydrates are introduced，such as hydrolyzation，chemical，ultrasound and so on. In addition，the characteristics of enzymatic and chemical saccharification are comparatively analyzed. Recycling advantages of traditional anaerobic digestions and activated sludge fermentation methods with microalgae carbohydrates for biofuel production are resumed. Moreover，research progress in microalgal-based carbohydrates in producing liquid，gaseous biofuels，economy and industrialization foregrounds are reviewed. Finally，the paper makes a primary summary that more economical，efficient saccharification and fermentation technology shall be the future focus of research and development in microalgal-based carbohydrates for biofuel production.

A complex chemical composition and recalcitrant heterogenic architecture of lignocellulosic biomass feedstock makes analysis and detection difficult. Meanwhile the situation is aggravated due to substrate diversity from different species pretreated by different methods. According to extensive literatures，modern analysis technique characterizing the composition-structure of native plant cell wall and its change after pretreatment，as well as conformation of substrate to enzyme has become an increasingly important tool for elucidating mechanisms of lignocellulose-to-sugar conversion. In this paper，several common analytic techniques（SEM，FT-IR，XRD，NMR） characterizing changes of various lignocellulosic cell wall architectures modified by different pretreatments were reviewed. Then recent emerging techniques in this field （AFM，in-suit AFM，multi-scale visualization，correlative imagining in real time） were discussed. Then conclusions based on the present progress of characterization technique applied in dissecting lignocellulosic cell wall architectures were made. Future work in improving lignocellulose-to-sugar conversion was suggested，which gave a new insight to enhance the efficiency and reduce the cost of pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis for lignocellulosic biorefinery.

The nitrogen isothermal adsorption-desorption method and scanning electron microscope were conducted to investigate the variation of the semi-coke surface characteristics in the course of the Indonesian oil sand pyrolysis in this research，and the fractal dimension was used to quantitatively describe the complexity of the semi-coke surface morphology. The results showed that the trends of the char BET surface area and the pore volume towards the final retorting temperature were similar，firstly increasing and then decreasing. The fractal feature of the semi-coke particles internal porosity could be well illustrated by the fractal dimension obtained by the regression of the FHH equation. The tendency of the fractal dimension varied in different temperature ranges，due to the alternating impact of multiple effects，including the devolatilization，the plastic deformation，the escape of gas products and the recondensation of oils. The semi-coke surface pore structure characteristics can be directly observed through the SEM，and the trends of the box-counting fractal dimension by the application of Matlab programming to the SEM picture and the FHH fractal dimension were proximately consistent.

A low sulfur and high silicon biochar was prepared by microwave pyrolysis of rice husk after extracting acetic acid and furfural. The biochar of trace elements and residual sugars are separated by water extraction，and then concentrated by crystallization，which were analyzed by ICP-AES、GC-MS. The content of P，K，Glucose and Mannose was high. The solid residues obtained after the extraction are mixed with clays and other additives，then compressed into briquettes of biomass to determine the optimum molding ratio (solid residues∶clays=10∶4)，the unit of mass of biomass honeycomb briquette’s Calorific value covered 70% mineral honeycomb briquette. It gave a reference for renewable solid fuel.

The power operation of the solid oxide fuel cell needs stack cell as well as many other auxiliary components in order to obtain the maximum efficiency of system output. To make the SOFC stack have better applicability for the fuels other than the pure hydrogen，two important auxiliary components are added - the fuel direct internal reforming device and combustion chamber. The nonlinear model predictive control strategy is based on system modeling. This can make the output of gas composition，temperature，pressure，concentration and flow rate more effective and satisfy the needs of the normal operation of fuel cell stack. It discusses the effectiveness and applicability of two kinds of different control scheme of the LMPC and NMPC，respectively.

Low-temperature NH3-SCR is an efficient technology to transform NOx into N2. It has favorable economic value and broad application prospect. While low-temperature NH3-SCR catalysts suffer deactivation when SO2 and H2O exist in reactant gases. This drawback restricts practical application of the low-temperature NH3-SCR technology. In this paper，the mechanism of SO2 and H2O poisoning on NH3-SCR catalysts has been expounded. The review focuses on the low-temperature NH3-SCR catalysts that contain active components of V，Mn，Ce，Fe and noble metals. The relationships between the doping components，supporter properties，preparation methods and SCR reaction mechanism，etc and SO2 and H2O poisoning resistance analyzed. Based on the problems existing in the current study，the emphasis of future research is proposed，including intensive study on the sulfate species formed with catalyst poisoning and suggestion on the corresponding controlling measure.

As a kind of commonly used organic additives，researchers pay close attention to chelating agents because of their promoting effect on catalytic performance. The effect of chelating agents on hydrogenation performance and sulfidation behavior of catalysts are reviewed. The effect of chelating agent on impregnation solution and catalytic activity are introduced，based on the different ways of impregnation，and the mechanisms of chelating agents are discussed. Overall，the addition of chelating agents could delay sulfidation of promoter Ni(Co) and decrease Mo(W) sulfidation temperature，so as to improve the sulfidation degree of Mo(W)，weaken the interaction between metals and supports and improve the dispersion of active components. All of above aspects result in increased hydrodesulfurization activity. Finally，research on the mechanisms and industrial catalysis of chelating agents modification are also prospected.

Low-temperature denitration catalyst Mn-Fe-Ce/TiO2 was prepared by impregnation，coprecipitation and sol-gel methods. The effects of preparation methods on denitrification performance were studied and the preparation conditions were optimized. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) were used to determine the characteristics of the catalyst. The effect of SO2 concentration on its performance was also studied. The catalyst pepared by the sol-gel method (load capacity 30%，catalyst molar ratio of Mn/Fe/Ce 4∶1∶0.1，calcination temperature 500 ℃) showed higher denitrification rate and its activity reached more than 96%. The crystal of the catalyst carrier was anatase TiO2，but FeOx，CeOx remained amorphous structure. The poisoned catalyst self-repaired when the concentration of SO2 was less than 70 mg/m3 after stopping addition of SO2 into flue gas，and it was poisoned permanently when the SO2 was greater than 70 mg/m3.

The poisoning effects of As on traditional SCR catalysts based on V2O5-TiO2 used in a coal fired power plant were studied under the laboratory conditions. The catalysts were characterized by means of H2-TPR，XPS and NH3 adsorption FT-IR. The activity of the catalyst decreased after As poisoning，and the higher the concentration of As，the more significant the decrease of catalytic activity. The chemical forms of W and Ti on the surface were not influenced by As，but V presented various states. Arsenic reduced the number of Bronsted acid on the surface，but did not change the acidity and pathway of catalytic reaction significantly.

Perovskite catalysts La1-xSrxMn0.95Ni0.05O3 were prepared by the citric acid complexing method and used for selective catalytic reduction of NO by NH3 (NH3 -SCR). The sample was characterized by XRD，BET and NH3-TPD. Since NO conversion was found to depend strongly on the degree of strontium substitution，catalytic activities were computed for La1-xSrxMn0.95Ni0.05O3 series and when x=0.6，the SCR catalyst achieved the maximum NO conversion of 95%. In addition，double substitution of two ions Sr2+and Ce4+ at A-site was found to exhibit better low-temperature catalytic activities and water-sulfur dioxide resistance.

In order to improve the quality of domestic industrial titanium tungsten powder (WO3/TiO2)，V2O5-WO3/TiO2 DeNOx selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalysts were prepared by the impregnation method under different conditions using domestic and imported industrial titanium tungsten powder as raw materials. DeNOx performance was tested. And the structure and composition of the as-prepared catalysts were characterized by low-temperature N2 adsorption，X ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy with Energy-Dispersive X-Ray (SEM/EDX) analyzing system，respectively. The experiment results demonstrated that the DeNOx performance of catalysts prepared by domestic titanium tungsten powder was slightly worse than the imported ones under the same preparation conditions. Besides the composition of domestic titanium tungsten powder，the smaller the pore volume，a small amount of rutile existed in the domestic titanium tungsten power，the lower loading amount of active component V2O5.，smaller grain size and greater sintering degree of the catalysts prepared by domestic titanium tungsten powder，were responsible for their poorer DeNOx performance. To increase domestic titanium tungsten powder quality，not only its appropriate composition (such as higher amount of WO3)，but also its pore volume and anatase phase should be considered.

Cu/ZnO catalysts were prepared by the co-precipitation method for synthesis of pyrrole from 1,4-butanediol and were characterized by XRD, TPR and N2O adsorption-decomposition techniques to analyze the roles of Cu0 and ZnO. The product was identified by GC-MC, IR. The study suggested that Cu0 was the active site and ZnO played a role of dispersing and stablizing copper particles. It was due to the formation of two kinds of precursors CuZn(OH)2CO3 and (CuZn)5(OH)6(CO3)2 during the catalyst preparation process. Although Cu0 is the active site, the catalytic activity of Cu/ZnO catalyst was not linear with Cu0 surface area. The result indicated that the synthesis of pyrrole could be a structure-sensitive reaction over Cu/ZnO catalysts. When the molar ratio of Cu/Zn was 1∶1, the suitable reaction conditions were determined as follows: atmospheric pressure, reaction temperature of 280 ℃, 1,4-butanol weight space velocity of 0.46 h?1 and molar ratio of ammonia to 1,4-butanol of 1.1∶1. Conversion of 1,4-butanediol was100% and selectivity of pyrrole was 58% under such conditions.

Super-oleophobic surface has broad application prospects in solving the problems of oil adhered on pipeline surface and marine oil pollution. This article introduces several special biological surface structure and wettability，classical wettability theoretical models and new progress of wettability theories，and research progress of super-oleophobic surface according to different preparation methods. The advantages and disadvantages of each method are pointed out. Establishing a perfect wetting theory model better representing the reality is required to prepare super-oleophobic surface with low cost，short cycle，simple method，stable durability，wear resistance，strong binding with pipe surface is one of the important development direction according to the deficiencies of existing preparation methods.

Sodium alginate/nanomaterial composites are blends of sodium alginate and nanomaterial fabricated by certain technology. Recently，more interest has been attracted to those composites. It is mainly due to their excellent physicochemical properties，functional features，good biocompatibility and special nanometer effect. In this paper，the physicochemical properties and functional features of sodium alginate/nanomaterial composites were introduced，and their application in pharmaceutical，food and industry were summarized，including the research and progress in drug delivery，tissue engineering scaffold，antibacterial material，wound dressing，food packaging，industrial production and sewage treatment. The application of sodium alginate/nanomaterial composites would be promising，but in order to facilitate the commercial adoption，certain problems also need to be solved，such as the optimization of preparation technology，and the evaluation of their safety.

Silk fibroin has excellent biocompatibility，biodegradability，and remarkable mechanical properties，which have made silk fibroin widely applied in tissue engineering (TE). However，it is still a challenge to fabricate the architecture of tissue engineering scaffolds with the purpose of promoting cellular migration，attachment，formation of new extracellular matrix and tissue ingrowth and fostering the transport of nutrients and metabolic wastes. In this work，the microcosmic architectures of TE silk fibroin scaffolds，mainly including porous，fibrous，porous-fibrous and hydrogel architectures，are discussed and summarized by comparing different scaffold structures and their effects on cells referring to our works. Furthermore，we consider that it is necessary to pay further attention on the molecular and atomic structures of the nature tissues to mimic them precisely in vitro.

Shiff bases and derivates of O-quaternized-N-furan methylene chitosan were synthesized by water-soluble O-quaternized chitosan and furfural. The products were characterized by FTIR、1H NMR、EA(elemental analysis)，TG(thermogravimetric analysis) respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration and the bacteriostasis rate of the obtained chitosan derivatives were tested，and compared with those of the O-quaternized-N-benzylidene chitosan shiff base. The results showed that the antibacterial effect of series products against gram positive bacteria S. aureus was stronger than that against gram negative bacteria E. coli. The antibacterial effect the under condition at pH=5.5 was stronger than that at pH=7.2. The order of antibacterial effect was as following：O-quaternized-N- furan methylene chitosan>O-quaternized-N-furan methylene chitosan shiff base>O-quaternized-N-benzylidene chitosan shiff base> O-quaternized chitosan. The results indicated that the antibacterial activity of chitosan derivatives with furan heterocyclic groups was obviously better than that without heterocyclic groups.

With N-isopropyl acrylamide (NIPAM) as temperature sensitive monomer，using the poly (methylacrylic acid - beta hydroxy ethyl ester) (PHEMA) or ethylenediamine aminated poly (methylacrylic acid - beta hydroxy ethyl ester) (PAEMA) as linear polymer，the thermosensitive porous semi-IPN hydrogels were prepared and then modified with maleic anhydride to get two new enzyme immobilization carriersⅠandⅡ，It was found that the pore sizes of the gels were more than 10 microns. With carrierⅠandⅡ，based on the thiol-based click reaction，the immobilization of lipase/ glucoamylase was studied. The results showed that the recovery of immobilized enzymes activity was up to 6.03%，5 times as glutaraldehyde immobilization with high stability.

The regular petal shaped Ce2(CO3)3 particles were prepared in the liquid phase system by using poly allylamine hydrochloride(PAH) as template. The role of PAH in the above process was investigated by changing the feeding mode，PAH concentration，and reaction temperature. In the process of preparation of Ce2(CO3)3 particle，PAH and Ce3+ formed π-allyl and complex to induce the formation of he petal shaped crystal nucleus of Ce2(CO3)3 and control the morphology and size of Ce2(CO3)3 particle.

Imidazole acid ionic liquid was prepared and used in synthesis of tributyl citrate. By microwave heating，reaction time could be shortened from 4 h to 0.5 h. Experiments showed that the optimum conditions using [HSO3-pmim]+[HSO4]? as catalyst by microwave heating were as follows：mole ratio of butanol to citric acid was 6∶1，the dosage of catalyst was 15% based on citric acid，microwave irradiation power was 650W，reaction time was 0.5 h，and carboxyl conversion rate was 99%. The catalyst could be reused 7 times without treatment，and carboxyl conversion rate was still more than 96%. Plasticizing performance tests showed that with addition of 15% TBC，tensile strength decreased to 35.19 MPa，compression strength decreased to 57.35 MPa，bending strength decreased to 70.61 MPa，and shear strength increased to 11.94 MPa. So tributyl citrate would take better replacement of DOP.

Two spiroorthocarbonate expanding monomers 3,9-diethyl-3,9-bis(allyloxymethyl)-1,5,7,11- tetraoxaspiro[5.5]undecane (BAOM) and 3,9-diethyl-3,9-dihydroxymethyl-1,5,7,11-tetraoxaspiro[5.5] undecane (DHOM) were synthesized and characterized by 1H NMR and IR. Then the expanding monomers were mixed with epoxy 3,4-epoxycyclohexylmethyl-3,4-epoxycyclohexanecarboxylate (EE) and bisphenol A glycerolatedimethacrylate (Bis-GMA) to compose a ternary hybrid system，respectively and copolymerized via visible light initiation. The polymerization shrinkage，double bond conversion and hardness of the modified resin matrix were investigated. The results showed that two expanding monomers both greatly decreased the polymerization shrinkage of hybrid resin system. Moreover，modification with the expanding monomers also resulted in an obvious increase in polymerization degree but a slightly decrease in hardness.

Fusion tags were effective tools for large-scale production of soluble proteins. Application of fusion tags in soluble expression has become a priority of research. This paper mainly introduced the most frequently used fusion tags，as well as the possible mechanism of their ability to enhance solubility. Five models have been employed to explain the role of fusion tags in protein folding from different aspects. Most powerful fusion tags，such as MBP and NusA，act as a general molecular chaperone to assist passenger protein folding into native conformation. Furthermore，it also provides strategies to remove fusion tags and the efficiency of proteases. At last，it elaborates their prospects and challenges faced in large-scale production of protein. This review serves as an excellent reference for those working on protein fusion tags. In view of the limitation of existing tags，our laboratory is developing a novel multifunctional fusion tag. Present study has showed that it can greatly improve soluble expression level，and further study is conducted on the purification methods and mechanism of it.

Ammonium chloride is mainly used as a nitrogen fertilizer in China，low value-added，which has seriously compromised the economic benefits of alkali enterprises. There are many problems associated，such as the waste of chlorine resources，soil compaction easily led by long-term application and other issues. This paper analyzes the unreasonable application situation of ammonium chloride application in our country，and introduces the application processes at home and abroad. Processes of using ammonium chloride as raw material for preparing ammonia，hydrogen chloride，chlorine，chlorinated hydrocarbons and other chemical products are compared. It shows that although there is a certain application processes using ammonium chloride as raw material for preparing hydrogen chloride or chlorine in specific areas，they are not able to solve all problems in a huge number of ammonium chloride enterprises in our country. At the end of this article，we propose the vinyl chloride synthesis process route with ammonium chloride participation in the hydrochlorination of acetylene and the oxychlorination of ethylene，which can fully transform the chlorine resources of ammonium chloride into high value-added output of vinyl chloride. It provides an important reference and guidance on solving the irrational use of ammonium chloride in our country.

The decrystal chitosan was achieved by treating the chitosan raw material in alkaline solution. Its structure was confirmed by the Fourier transform infrared spectra (FT-IR). The N-maleoyl chitosan (CTM) was synthesized in N,N-dimethyl formamide (DMF) and anhydrous ethanol (EtOH) solution through acylation reaction between the maleic anhydride and decrystal chitosan by the mole ratio of 1∶1 for 18 hours at room temperature. The substitution degree of obtained N-maleoyl chitosan was 63%. The FT-IR spectrum shows that the maleic anhydride is successfully grafted onto the —NH2 of chitosan. The N-maleoyl chitosan further reacted with copper chloride and zinc chloride for 6 hours at room temperature to provide the metal complexes CTMCu and CTMZn，respectively. The structures of N-maleoyl chitosan and its complexes were investigated by FT-IR and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra. The results show that the N-maleoyl chitosan can react with Cu(Ⅱ) and Zn(Ⅱ) ions in mild condition. And the carboxylate and amino groups chelate the metal center.

Interest in the use of catalytic ozonation has been steadily increasing as an effective process for total mineralization of organic contaminants and lower usage of ozone when compared with ozonation alone. Unfortunately，the mechanisms are always disputed due to the intricacy of crucial parameters and complexity of catalytic reactions during oxidation of organic molecules in aqueous solution. This paper presents a review of recent advances in catalytic ozonation to propose general ideas about mechanisms governing homogeneous and heterogeneous catalytic ozonation reactions. Heterogeneous catalyst compositions，factors affecting catalytic activity are summarized and advances in heterogeneous catalytic ozonation for degradation of model compounds and treatment of typical industrial wastewater are highlighted. The future work could focus on the relationship among catalyst，mechanism and degradation pathway of organic pollutants.

Supercritical water oxidation has unique advantages，such as high removal efficiency，fast reaction and no secondary pollutants in handling high concentration and bio-refractory organic wastewaters. However，salt deposition can result in reactor plugging. The research status concerning salt deposition in supercritical water oxidation is reviewed. The research methods of salt deposition，and the solubility，deposition and separation properties of some inorganic salts are summarized. Salt deposition theories and essential control approaches are presented，and the techniques of avoiding reactor plugging induced by salt deposition are introduced. Solving salt deposition requires further investigating salt formation and deposition mechanisms，establishing phase diagrams of different salt mixtures，study of salt deposition dynamics and phase behavior of multi-component salt systems，and examining the interaction mechanism of multi-component salts. This information is helpful for researchers to acquaint with basic knowledge and subsequent research contents related to the salt deposition problem in supercritical water oxidation. It is also valuable in guiding reactor configuration design and operation parameter optimizations in real application.

Considering the duality (waste and resource) of used cooking oil (UCO)，studies on utilization technologies of used cooking oil can effectively address many social issues，such as food safety，waste oil pollution，etc. The different chemical compositions and recovery status of UCO are presented，and various added value chemicals like first- and second-generation biodiesel，surfactants，detergents，fatty acids，synthesis gas，and other chemical products from used cooking oil are also summarized. Due to the complicated compositions of UCO provided，the industrialization of chemicals preparation from UCO is limited by harsh process condition and small-scale production，while the biodiesel from UCO shows significant advantages. The fuel properties of first- and second-generation biodiesel fuel from used cooking oil are also reviewed and compared with each other. The first-generation biodiesel has a low cetane number and oxidation stability，while the second-generation biodiesel fuels prepared by advanced technological methods like hydrocracking，catalytic cracking，and polarizing the carboxyl group of fatty acid salt with microwave radiation have better quality and economic advantage. After reviewing some major UCO processes and their advantages/disadvantages，the development prospect of UCO is discussed.

Pyrolysis characteristics of inside SIM from mobile phone with different heating rates were investigated using a thermogravimetric analyzer (TG) coupled with a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer in N2 atmosphere. The effect of heating rate on pyrolysis characteristics，products composition was discussed. The distributed activation energy model (DAEM) was used to study pyrolysis kinetics of inside SIM. The influence of heating rate on activation energy was analyzed. The results showed that：the pyrolysis of inside SIM exhibited one-stage pyrolysis in a temperature range from 350℃ to 500℃；the maximum pyrolysis rate was up to -62.57%/min；the total thermogravimetric loss was more than 90%. With heating rate rising，pyrolysis initial and final temperatures，the temperature at the maximum pyrolysis rate increased. As a function of conversion rate，the pyrolysis activation energies were between 170—204 kJ/mol. At the 0.2 of conversion rate，the activation energy was up to the maximum and decreased gradully with the reaction process. The main pyrolysis products were benzene and alka(e)ne. But a little nitrogen and chloride was found. Also，there was no significant effect of heating rate on products distribution.

The adsorption tests of quinoline in dodecane solution on HY and USY moleclar sieves were conducted in a batch micro-reactor. The influences of adsorption temperature and iuuratio of adsorbent to oil on denitrification were investigated. Morever，experimental study of adsorption thermodynamics and kinetics was performed. The best adsorption temperature was 100 ℃ and 140 ℃ for HY and USY moleclar sieves respectively，and the best ratio of adsorbent was 1∶30 for these two molecular sieves. Adsorption thermodynamics showed that two isotherms absorption curves of molecular sieves were H chemisorption curves. The correlation coefficients of Langmuir equation were more than 0.999. The newly established chemisorption equation could simulate isotherms absorption curves well. Adsorption enthalpy ?H>0，free energy ?G0，which showed that it was an endothermic and spontaneous chemisorption of basic nitrides on these two types of molecular sieves. Three kinetic models were used to fit adsorption behavior，and the best kinetic equation to describe the adsorption process was pseudo-second order model with correlation coefficient more than 0.999.

In order to improve the preparation of RDX through nitrolysis of hexamethylenetetramine by concentrated nitric acid，the byproducts in wastewater after nitrolysis were studied. The byproducts were first absorbed through reticular macroporous resin GDX-102，and then eluted by a mixture of methyl chloride and acetonitrile with a （molar or volume） ratio of 90：10. Last，the byproducts were concentrated and separated in thin layer chromatography （TLC），the developing solvent of which was acetone/methylene chloride/petroleum ether with a （molar or volume） ratio of 1∶3∶6. IR，NMR，MS，and elemental analysis were used to characterize the products obtained，which were recognized as 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazapentane and 1,5-dinitro-acyloxy-2,4-dinitro-2,4-azapentane. The nitrolysis reaction of hexamethylenetetramine by concentrated nitric acid was extremely complicated and so many byproducts were produced in this process. The results indicated that nitric acid first transformed hexamethylenetetramine into its dinitrate. The intermediate products of DPT and the precursor of RDX was then formed by rapid nitration of dinitrate，and the main product RDX and little HMX were generated gradually. With the proceeding of reaction and increasing system oxidability，ring compounds were destroyed and broke into straight-chain compounds，such as 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazapentane and 1,5-dinitro-acyloxy-2,4-dinitro-2,4- azapentane .

In this paper，a mixture of hydrogen sulfide，carbon dioxide and air was used as the simulated coke oven gas，and desulfurization experiments by wet oxidation were performed in a rotating packed bed. The influences of high gravity factor，liquid-gas ratio，reaction time and hydrogen sulfide content in feed gas on desulfurization effect were studied. The removal efficiency of hydrogen sulfide increased with increasing high gravity factor，liquid-gas ratio，reaction time and hydrogen sulfide content in feed gas. The removal efficiency of hydrogen sulfide could reach more than 98% and that of CO2 maintained about 1.0% under appropriate operating conditions in which reaction time was 0.15s. Hydrogen sulfide removal in a rotating packed bed by wet oxidation was efficient and rapid. An industrial unit of hydrogen sulfide removal from coke oven gas in a rotating packed bed was built at plant site and gas flow rate could reach 10000 m3/h. The results showed that the technology of hydrogen sulfide removal from coke oven gas in a rotating packed bed had advantages of high desulfurization efficiency，short gas-liquid reaction time，operating flexibility and small unit size. The desulfurization efficiency of H2S could be stabilized at above 90%，showing bright prospect of the technology.

This paper analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of several common methods dealing with indoor CO2. The traditional method of absorption is complex and requires a high degree of sealing device. Membrane separation technology has good selectivity，but at room temperature pressure drop is 5～30kPa and stability is poor. Based on the advantage of running stability and wet bed pressure drop of only 150Pa of high-gravity technology，this paper presents a method of using high-gravity technology to process indoor low concentration excessive CO2. By investigating high-gravity factor，gas-liquid ratio and gas concentration on removal effect，the the appropriate removal experiment condition is as follows：high-gravity factor is 131 and gas-liquid ratio is 60. Under the appropriate removal experiment condition，single cycle absorption rate for indoor different concentrations of CO2 reaches more than 26%，reaction time is less than 0.1s，CO2 concentration decreases from 13750 mg/m3 to less than 800 mg/m3 after 8 cycles and removal rate is up to 90%. Therefore，the high-gravity method to deal with indoor excessive CO2 is feasible in technology.

The majority of nitric acid oxidation of alcohol reactions are strong exothermic reaction and thermal runaway is easy to occur. Therefore，inherently safer design is demanded to eliminate or reduce the reaction hazards. This work demonstrated the performance of three inherently safer designs in nitric acid oxidation of 2-octyl alcohols process combined with inherent safety guidewords and the thermal safety analysis theories. Three inherently safer designs were the increase of reaction temperature advisably （Design Ⅰ），lower the liquid immiscibility （Design Ⅱ） and temperature - charging interlock （Design Ⅲ）. The assessment model of inherent safety level was built based on the inherent safety evaluation indicators and their assignment modes，and the rationality of three designs was validated by the assessment model. The results showed that the inherent safety degree of the process was improved by the three inherently safer designs by about 11.7%，12.8% and 10.7%，respectively. Meanwhile，three designs were based on “minimize” and “moderation” principles in improving the inherent safety degree of process.

There is high complexity and risk in caprolactam plant，so it is necessary to develop an online safety operation guidance system with fault diagnosis as core，which can help operator’s operation. In this paper，a fault detection and diagnosis model for the entire caprolactam plant was built based on qualitative and quantitative fault diagnosis methods，such as signed directed graph (SDG)，fuzzy logic，principal component analysis (PCA)，Artificial Neural Network(ANN) and expert system. Based on the characteristics of process and failure mode of caprolactam plant，the expert knowledge database with root reason，propagation path and treatment measures of the fault was built by combining Hazard and Operability Analysis results with expert experience. At last，a Caprolactam Plant Safety Operation Guidance System was established and used in the caprolactam plant with good performance.