The development of conventional ethylene recovery technology is briefly discussed. Little advancement has been made in the Front-end Demethanizer Technology since binary and ternary refrigeration are commercialized. As the advanced recovery technology and low energy consumption technology are utilized，the Front-end Depropanizer Technology has made great progress. Nearly no progress in the process of the Front-end Deethanizer technology is reported. The domestic development of ethylene recovery technologies in China is also presented. New technologies，such as 800 kt/a ethylene plant based on the Front-end Depropanizer Technology and 1000 kt/a ethylene plant based on both senquencing separation and progressive separation are successfully developed after 30 years of hard work and research. The general performance of such technologies is reviewed and analyzed. Domestic manufacture and scale-up of major pieces of equipment，such as three compressors and cold box are realized. These pieces of heavy equipment are now running smoothly in 1000 kt/a ethylene plants and reach the advanced standards of imported equipment.

The market demand of para-diethylbenzene，production technology and its latest research situation were introduced. The key industrialized production methods，adsorption method of separation-isomerization were compared，including ethylbenzene-ethylene alkylation method，ethylbenzene-ethanol alkylation method，disproportionation of ethylbenzene method and adsorption method of separation. The results showed that the adsorption separation-isomerization process，with the lowest cost and no byproduct，is the most economic and effective method for para-diethylbenzene production.

This paper reviewed recent developments and industrial applications of air pre-purification. Currently pressure equalization and multi-bed cycle are mostly commonly adopted in technological process，but the system has problems of large dimensions and complex process. Single adsorbent，mixed adsorbent or composite adsorbent are mainly used in gas purification，but the desired effect has not been obtained. Vertical-axial flow absorber，horizontal-vertical flow absorber and vertical-radical flow absorber are mostly used as absorber structures. The adsorption efficiency can be enhanced by improving air distributor，molecular sieve layout and packing etc，but it is impaired by some factors such as space and energy consumption. Air pre-purification technology will be further studied with improvement of process and a new module process system，modification of the original adsorbent and searching for new adsorbent，improvement of the structure of absorber and finding new structure.

Efficient numerical simulations and optimizations of pressure swing adsorption (PSA) can replace many expensive and time-consuming laboratory studies and allow the rapid evaluation of innovative and creative PSA designs. This paper summarized the partial differential and algebraic equations involved in the numerical simulation and optimization of PSA process，and compared the applications of 1D，2D and 3D models in the description of PSA process. The numerical methods adopted to simulate PSA process were briefly introduced，and the switching modes of boundary conditions between adjacent steps as well as the forms and methods used to discretize the partial differential equations were further reviewed. Recent developments of optimizing PSA process were discussed，and cyclic steady state definition and optimization algorithms were compared and analyzed. Some research examples demonstrated the applications of PSA simulation and optimization in oxygen generation，hydrogen generation，and carbon dioxide capture etc. Commercial software in PSA process optimization were also discussed. The existing problems and the future prospect of the numerical simulation and optimization of PSA process were pointed out.

One of the most common oil-water flow patterns in a pipeline is dispersion flow formed by one phase dispersed into another in the form of droplets. The flow characteristics of oil-water dispersion are affected by the sizes and distribution of the droplets，thus the study on droplet formation is the basis in oil-water dispersion flow research. This paper studied oil-water dispersion flows formed by two different mineral oils and tap water in a 25.4mm nominal bore stainless pipeline. The droplet pictures were obtained using a high speed video recording technique in an isokinetic sampling system. The results showed that the breaking up and coalescence of droplets occurred at the same time until a dynamic balance was obtained with the dispersed flow parameters achieving a stable state. The time and characteristics of droplets breaking up，coalescence and forming a stable state were obtained，as well as the influence of pump on the time of stable flow formation. The results showed that pump had a strong influence on the characteristics of oil-water dispersion flows.

This paper presented numerical simulation of Fe2O3-water and Al2O3-water nanofluids flow in a constant density of heat flow rate inner grooved copper tube by computational fluid dynamics，and analysis effect of particle concentrations on convective heat transfer coefficient in different Reynolds numbers，various radial and axial locations of tubes. The comparison between the simulated and experimental results showed that the simulation agreed well with the eperimental results. Simulation demonstrated that when Re number was in the range of 1000 to 2000，the heat transfer effects of Fe2O3-water nanofluids were better than that of an equal mass fraction of Al2O3-water nanofluids on the inner grooved copper radial and axial direction. When the mass fraction of Al2O3-water nanofluid was 0.4%，convective heat transfer coefficient increased to 38.8% on the axial direction. The mass fraction of Fe2O3-water nanofluids increased by 0.3%，convective heat transfer coefficient increased up to 26.5%. Re number had stronger influence on convective heat transfer coefficient (up to 78%). The best mass percentage for the convective heat transfer of Fe2O3-water and Al2O3-water nanofluids was around 4%.

RFCC diesel oil are refined to remove acidic components by solvent extraction technology. Furfural，DMF，DMSO，methanol and polyethylene glycol are selected to be used as single solvent. By comparison，the composite solvents are composed of furfural and DMF. And the best condition is determined as furfural/DMF ratio of 2 g/g，the solvent/waste oil ratio of 1 g/g under the contact time of 10 min，contact temperature of 35 ℃. The quality of RFCC diesel oil，refined by the composite solvents，meets the standards of diesel GB 252—2011 and its yield is 89.8%. Extraction by composite solvents，better than single solvent，can solve emulsification problem caused by alkaline washing diesel，greatly reduce the dosage of solvents，and reduce the costs with the recycle of composite solvents.

The thermodynamic property of acetylene hydrochlorination chloride reaction system，both main and side reactions，was calculated. The Gibbs reactor modules of Aspen 11.1，combined with the Sensitivity tool，was used to calculated the equilibrium yield rate in the three cases of single product，regardless of the polymerization reaction and with the consideration of the polymerization in 90— 420 ℃. The results show that，from the thermodynamics point of view，all the reactions are strong exothermic reaction and can occur spontaneously in the standard condition. For each independent reaction，the acetylene conversion rate can closely reach 100% below 210 ℃，and with the temperature growing the acetylene equilibrium conversion rate decreases，especially for the non-polymerization reaction. When considered with the non-polymerization side reactions，the yield rate of vinyl chloride can also reach more than 97%. However，the yield rate of vinyl chloride is only 0.6% when the polymerization reaction is counted in，while the yield rate of chloroprene reaches the highest. It is demonstrated that the vinyl chloride product can easily react with acetylene. Therefore，in the actual reactions，the vinyl chloride product shall be promptly removed and excessive acetylene should be avoided. The carbon catalyst deactivation factors should be considered and carbon deactivation should also be reduced.

The integration and optimization of hydrogen distribution network is of great significance for rational allocation of hydrogen and reduction of production costs for refineries. For the hydrogen distribution network with intermediate levels，a stepwise optimization model is proposed，in which the states of intermediate levels are determined first，and then a centralized purifier is installed. The installation strategy of the centralized purifier in the hydrogen distribution network with intermediate levels is analyzed. A case study is employed to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. The results show that the proposed method can not only make the network structure scalable，but also can reduce the consumption of hydrogen utilities and save the hydrogen cost in refineries.

Thermodynamics of phenol alkylation with tert-butyl alcohol (TBA) was studied. The result showed that phenol alkylation with TBA was spontaneous exothermic reaction. The heat effect and equilibrium constant decreased with the increase of temperature. Compared with the ether reaction on the hydroxyl group of phenol at the same temperature，the alkylation reaction on the carbon of phenol occurred more spontaneously，and the reaction equilibrium constant was higher. In the alkylation reactions on the carbons of phenol，the tribasic reaction occurred most spontaneously and the reaction equilibrium constant was the maximum，the dibasic one was in the middle and the monobasic got the lowest. Compared with the gas-phase reaction，the output of alkylation heat in liquid phase was higher than that in gas phase，and the reaction occurred more spontaneously and owned the greater reaction equilibrium constant. Therefore，the reaction was favored in liquid phase.

The CFB-FGD process is a semi-dry flue gas desulfurization technology used at the end of the boiler. Considering multiple complex chemical reactions in the desulfurization tower，the mixing level of the gas-liquid-solid in the desulfurization tower would be one of the dominant factors of the reactions. Considering the high cost to build the desulfurization test bench，this paper presented a numerical simulation for flow field of desulfurization reactor using a pseudo-homogeneous fluid model in order to improve the flow field in the circulating fluidized bed desulfurization reactor with nonuniformity generated by its nozzle angle. The influencing mechanism of nozzle angle (?30°，0° and 30°) on the gas-liquid-solid flow field in the desulfurization tower was discussed. The results showed that at nozzle angle of ?30°，the nonuniformity of the flow field was reduced in the circulating fluidized bed the volume fraction distribution of the desulfurizer particles had better uniformity and the mixing of the gas-liquid-solid three phase was better，resulting in a better efficiency of desulphurization.

The traditional method of phosgene recovery for 3-chloro-4-methyl phenyl isocyanate (CMPI) equipments has following disadvantages：The phosgene cannot be recovered completely. Once the phosgene goes to the off-gas，there would be some bad consequence such as：the security of system is decrease；the security of system，the cost of production，the consumption of sodium hydroxide and the discharge of waste water are increase. The research in references which studied the phosgene recovery for producing toluene diisocyanate cannot be used in CMPI system for the difference of reactive conditions. An equipment of 2000 t/a for producing CMPI was taken for example，the phosgene recovery system was simulated and optimally designed：Under the condition of meeting the technological requirements，the number of theoretical plates was identified as 12 and the optimal feeding rate was defined as 780 kg/h. We as compared the phosgene recovery systems of normal pressure reactive system and that of high pressure. The results showed that under normal pressure system，the phosgene recovery system needed more absorbent than that of under high pressure，but no intercooler in the absorber was needed and the theoretical explanation for the phenomenon was provided. Considered the generility for various kinds of isocyanate production processes，the conclusion of this study can be applied in other similar isocyanate equipments.

Pressure losses produced in streams flow through heat exchangers network is an important influencing factor of the heat exchangers network synthesis，and it also contributes to steady-state operation of the heat exchanger network. So the capital & operating costs of pumps should be considered together with the costs of heat exchangers equipment and utilities. Based on the model of non-isothermal mixing of splits stage-wise heat exchangers network superstructure，this paper presented MINLP model for simultaneous synthesis of heat exchangers network，and the heat-transfer coefficients were considered as the function of the velocity of streams instead of as constants. The total annual cost of the heat exchangers network was chosen as the objective function，and the capital & operating costs of pumps were also taken into consideration. The improved GA/SA was used to solve this mathematical model and optimal values of pressure drop and heat-transfer coefficients of streams were obtained. Finally，the validity and reliability of the proposed method were verified with an example，the objective to simplify the heat exchangers network and reduce the total annual cost of the heat exchangers network were achieved.

Wastewater regeneration reuse is an effective way to reduce freshwater consumption of industrial water systems. The post-regeneration (Cr) is a critical factor to reduce freshwater consumption and operating cost. The quality of regenerated water improves continuously with the increase of the depth of treatment. However，the increase in the cost of wastewater treatment and decrease of the regeneration ratio (Ψ) will leads to the reduction of the quantity of regenerated water. In this paper，the post-regeneration (Cr) was related with the operating cost and regeneration ratio (Ψ). An optimal method of regeneration recycling water networks with double outlets regeneration unit was proposed with a case study，using an improved problem table method. Taking freshwater consumption and operating cost into account，the post-regeneration (Cr) was determined with the consideration of freshwater consumption and operating cost. Next，an optimal water network was constructed. Furthermore，a rain drainage regeneration recycling project of a petrochemical enterprise was analyzed via the proposed approach and the comparison between two available schemes was made.

Reciprocating pump is widely used in petroleum and petrochemical industry，it often transports liquid of high density，high viscosity and high sand content under high-pressure. Pump valve is one of the parts that are damaged most easily in the reciprocating pump hydraulic end. Its operation state will directly influence pump volumetric efficiency and working reliability. This paper discusses three breakdowns of BW-250 reciprocating pump hydraulic end，including spring break，valve disc wear and piston wear. Acceleration and displacement sensors were installed in the pump valve for real-time monitoring its state. Valve internal and external vibration signal characteristics were quantitatively analyzed and extracted by blind source separation. The result showed that aggravation of piston wear caused instability of pump suction and discharge pressure，which led to intensified valve disc and spring failure. Initiation and evolution of key component damage of BW-250 reciprocating pump hydraulic end was revealed，which could promote further research on failure mechanism and increase service life of pump valve.

The experimental study of stratified two-phase liquid was conducted for optimizing the stirring effect of diesel spray mixed with nitrogen into top blowing molten bath in slag cleaning furnace for ISA smelting system. The results showed that when the depth of the blowing nozzle in the slag layer was of slag layer 2/3 thickness and was greater than 1/2 of the matte layer thickness，the motion of bubbles was in accordance with the bubble movement law in a single viscous liquid. When the bubbles formed in the interface of slag and matte layer or in the matte layer，rising bubble will brought the matte into the slag layer by viscous force. If the nozzle was located in the matte layer，bubbles going through the interface were in spherical shape，and the amount of matte brought into the slag by bubbles was proportionate to the degree of bubble deformation.

In order to prepare high octane gasoline blending component from light oil of coal tar，benzene，unsaturated hydrocarbons and sulfur components were removed by rectification，pre-hydrogenation on NiMo/γ-Al2O3 and hydrodesulfurization on CoMo/γ-Al2O3 respectively. The effects of two processes (rectification-hydrogenation and hydrogenation-rectification) on benzene，sulfur content and octane number in intermediates and product were compared，and the results indicated that the former was better and more effective. On this basis，the influences of process parameters on hydrodesulfurization were investigated，and the optimal technological conditions were as follows：temperature 300 ℃；pressure 3.0 MPa；H2/oil ratio 900∶1 and liquid hourly space velocity 0.4 h?1. Under the optimal conditions，desulfurization rate reached 98.73%，benzene content (0.96%) and sulfur content (36 mg/kg) completely met the requirements of motor gasoline national standard IV. Furthermore，the light oil of coal tar treated by the optimal process could be used as high-aromatic and high octane gasoline component，whose nitrogen content was 87 mg/kg，bromine number was 0.45 and octane number was up to 112.1.

Taking anaerobic bacteria from domestic waste water as biocatalyst，glucose as fuel，a double-chamber microbial fuel cell (MFC) was constructed. The battery was operated for 5 cycles intermittently.The effect of temperature on its producing electricity characteristics was investigated by electrochemical test methods，including cyclic voltammogram，alternating current impedance and polarization test. In a specific temperature range，electrochemical activity of the microbe improved with increasing temperature，power density and exchange current density were enhanced，while charge transfer impedance decreased. At 32 ℃ the battery showed the best performance. Power density and exchange current density reached 156.2 mW/m2 and 8.02×10?5 mA/m2 at 32 ℃，respectively. However，it was not beneficial to bacterial activity at a too low or too high temperature. When the temperature of the battery was at 18 ℃，25 ℃，32 ℃，39 ℃ and 46 ℃，the percentages of load transfer resistance in anode resistance were 97.99%，84.02%，47.36%，91.30% and 99.61%，respectively. It demonstrated that charge transfer impedance occupied the overwhelming share of total resistance at the anode. MFC was an electrochemical system under the control of charge transfer process.

Using citric acid as catalyst，straw cellulose was hydrolyzed by ultrasonic-microwave assisted technique. The influence of acid concentration，ultrasonic treatment time and microwave heating time was discussed with reducing sugar yield as index. On the basis of single factor test，the results were analyzed through orthogonal test of three factors with three levels. The highest yield of reducing sugar obtained was up to 64.46%，when citric acid concentration was 20%，ultrasonic treatment time and microwave heating time were 120min and 30min，and microwave power was 500W. IR characterization showed that hydrolysis residue still existed in the form of cellulose and could be re-hydrolyzed to increase the utilization rate of raw materials.

It is easier for the decarboxylation reaction of unsaturated fatty acid salt. The Chinese tallow seed oil was saponified by lithium hydroxide，sodium hydroxide，potassium hydroxide. Different saponificated Chinese tallow seed oils were used as model compounds to study the decarboxylation leading to hydrocarbon formation via microwave-assisted pyrolysis technology，the pyrolysis products were analyzed by GC-MS and FT-IR. Microwave energy was able to selectively heat the carboxyl terminal of saponificated Chinese tallow seed oil. During decarboxylation，the double bond in the long hydrocarbon chain formed a P-? conjugated system with the carbanion intermediate. The resulting P-? conjugated system was more stable and beneficial to the pyrolysis reaction (decarboxylation，terminal allylation，isomerization，and aromatization). The saponificated oil has a stronger polarity，the heating rate is higher，liquid hydrocarbon yield is bigger. The viscosity(2.10―2.55 mm2/s) and density(0.825―0.865 g/cm3) of the pyrolysis liquid obtained from this experiment were similar to those of diesel. It was proved feasible to derive renewable hydrocarbon fuel from saponificated Chinese tallow seed oil by microwave-assisted pyrolysis.

Rice husk was torrefied at the condition of 250 ℃/30 min，then blended it with anthracite，bituminous coal and lignite at different ratios，which had different coalification degrees. The mixtures were analyzed by Thermal Gravimetric Analyzer (TGA) and co-pyrolysis experiments. The results showed that torrefied rice husk had the advantage of raising conversion of the anthracite and bituminous coal by analyzing the TG curves，the increased rates were no more than 5%，but the torrefied rice husk had a negative effect on the conversion of lignite. In the experiments of co-pyrolysis，with the increase of torrefied rice husk in anthracite and bituminous coal，the solid products of the mixtures were lowered and the the gaseous products were increased，but the torrefied rice husk had an inhibitive effect on lignite. The addition of torrefied rice husk in the blends had the effect of accruing the content of H2 and reducing the content of CO2. So changing the percentage of torrefied rice husk in the mixtures had the effect of regulating the component of syngas.

Potassium and calcium have an important effect on gasification reactivity of coal char. There are rich potassium and calcium in straw ash. The effect of straw ash on the gasification reactivity of Shenmu coal char was studied with thermal analyzer STA409PC，and specific surface area and pore structure of coal char were analyzed by measuring iodine adsorption value of coal char. The gasification reactivity of coal char from co-coking with coal and corn straw was superior to coal char alone，which was associated with the adding proportion of corn straw. The gasification reactivity of coal char from co-coking with coal and de-ashed corn straw was similar to pure coal char. When straw ash equivalent to corn straw ash was added to coal char，the gasification reactivity was superior to that of coal char from co-coking with coal and corn straw The iodine adsorption value determination of coal char showed that the iodine adsorption value of coal char from co-coking with coal and de-ashed corn straw was the maximum，and the iodine adsorption value of pure coal char was the minimum，which showed that corn straw and straw ash had an important influence on specific surface area and pore structure of coal char，basically identical with the gasification reactivity evaluation results.

This review summarized advances in the field of hydrocarbon molecule diffusion in zeolites，including the relationship between structure and diffusion，measurement methods and theories. The influence factors，such as pore structures，adsorption amounts，acid sites and coexisting component，were also summarized in this review. In the current research，diffusion coefficients obtained from different measurement techniques were quite different，and it is difficult to study diffusion behavior in catalytic conditions. Therefore，the establishment of a unified standard for diffusion measurements，and the study of diffusion behavior in the catalytic conditions shall be emphasized in the future.

BiOX(X= Cl，Br，I），as a new visible-light-driven photocatalyst due to its unique layered structure and a suitable band gap，has attracted more and more interest in recent years. In this review，recent developments in the area of BiOX photocatalysis research，in terms of new materials preparation，have been summarized from a structural perspective. Bismuth oxyhalides structural design is directly related to its specific surface area，absorption capacity，adsorption and charge carrier mobility，and thus affects its performance and function. Also，modification methods，such as doping，loading and construct heterojunction，which further improve the photocatalytic properties of bismuth oxyhalide，are discussed. The immobilization of BiOX photocatalysts is briefly described. The development of photocatalysts shall be aimed to achieve the regulation of preparation-structure- properties of the catalyst，through deep studies of preparation methods，band structure and catalytic mechanism，and then to expand its application fields.

Nickel-based catalyst is one of the most promising catalysts in biomass gasification and tar reforming，but it deactivates fast due to carbon deposition，compromising its economic efficiency. Promoter addition can improve both its resistance to carbon deposition and stability. Potassium can be used as a catalyst for biomass gasification and tar reforming，and it significantly suppresses the coke deposition on catalyst. The present review is focused on the influence of potassium promoter on the performance of nickel-based catalyst，including its resistance to carbon deposition，catalytic activity， coke formation and gasification mechanism. The addition of potassium promoter can significantly suppress coke formation and catalyst sintering，and improve its thermal stability. Investigations on various species of potassium promoter and different addition methods are suggested for future research，in order to obtain essential mechanism and performance details，and to produce a novel nickel-based catalyst with high activity，high resistance to carbon deposition and long lifetime for biomass gasification.

Ni/ZrO2-Al2O3 catalysts were prepared by multi-step wet impregnation method and characterized by N2 physisorption，X-ray diffraction (XRD)，temperature-programmed reduction (TPR)，temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) and temperature-programmed oxidation (TPO) techniques. The influence of zirconia loading on the reactivity of alumina supported nickel catalysts for CO methanation with low H2/CO ratio has been investigated. The results revealed that the addition of an intermediate content of ZrO2 improved the reducibility and dispersion of Ni species by weakening the interaction between nickel and support，which is responsible for the enhanced catalytic performances. Furthermore，it was shown that the addition of ZrO2 in Ni/Al2O3 catalysts effectively inhibited the formation of low active C species，resulting in a better coking resistance and higher catalytic stability.

A series of titania/graphene oxide (TiO2/GO) composite photocatalysts with different mass fractions of graphene oxide were prepared in an aqueous system by hydrothermal method，using tetrabutyl titanate and graphene oxide as starting raw materials. FE-SEM results show that the TBOT is adsorbed on graphene oxide surface in multimolecular layer，and finally transformed into anatase TiO2 during hydrothermal process. When the mass fraction of graphene oxide is below 3%，the product photocatalyst consists of pure TiO2 and TiO2/GO composite. As the graphene oxide content exceeds 5%，the product consists of only TiO2/GO composite. The results of electrochemical measurement indicate that the carrier transport efficiency in TiO2 electrode increases after TiO2 is combined with GO. As the mass fraction of graphene oxide reaches 10%，the composite photocatalyst shows the highest photocatalytic activity for methylene. The photocatalytic activity can be further greatly enhanced after the bound graphene oxide is reduced to graphene.

Dawson-type phosphotungstic acid (H6P2W18O62) supported on activated carbon (H6P2W18O62/C) solid acid catalyst was prepared by impregnation method and characterized by FT-IR and SEM. The catalytic performance was studied in the catalytic synthesis of cyclohexene from cyclohexanol. It was found that H6P2W18O62/C had good catalytic properties for the dehydration of cyclohexanol to cyclohexene. Under the optimal condition，i.e. w (catalyst) = 6.2%（relative to the dosage of cyclohexanol），reaction temperature of 180℃ and reaction time of 40 min，the yield of cyclohexene reached 89.1%. The activity of H6P2W18O62/C catalyst remained basically unchanged after five runs and the yield of cyclohexene was still above 80.3%.

Conducting polymer is a kind of important supercapacitor electrode materials. In this paper，we illustrate working principle，advantages and disadvantages for conducting polymer-based electrode materials. On this basis，we introduced the current research works to overcome the lack of performance and recalled research status for such materials. Finally，we proposed that future research should be focused on improving the morphology of conductive polymer，building three-dimensional conductive polymer-based composite materials and the optimization of preparation.

Tissue engineering scaffold is one of the key factors in tissue engineering research. However，conventional preparation methods suffer various limitations，such as complicated operating conditions or high organic solvent residues. Based on the advantages of phase inversion using supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2)，such as mild operating conditions，combining phase separation and drying process in one step，and effectively removing organic solvent，this paper presents the materials for tissue engineering scaffolds in the first place，and then reviews the research progress of tissue engineering scaffolds with dense，porous and three-dimension nanofibrous structures by phase inversion using SC-CO2. The possible solutions for the existing drawbacks，such as lack of theoretical research of the processes，and difficulties in mass transfer，loading of growth factors and cell adhesion for resulting scaffolds，are also proposed. Finally，preparation of tissue engineering scaffold with similar structure and function to extracellular matrix，interconnected pores and nanofibers-structured rough surface by phase inversion using SC-CO2 is prospected.

Hydroxamic acid compounds，which contain the functional groups of hydroxyl oximido with high coordination activity，can chelate with metal ions to form a stable ring and have extensive applied values. It is a very reactive chelating agent. The structure characteristics and chemical properties of hydroxamic acid compounds were introduced. The synthesis methods of hydroxamic acid and hydroxamic acid polymer were reviewed，with emphasis on hydroxylamine method. The updated progresses of their application were also reviewed in the fields of medicine，flotation and metallurgy and the function mechanism of hydroxamic acid on mineral surface to flotation is recommended In order to broaden the scope of its application in less new product，high production costs and low toxicity in the process of preparation should be paid more attention. New product，high efficiency，green industry should be the direction of preparation of hydroxamic acid.

ZnO nanoparticles were obtained by calcination of precursor，which was synthesized by solid-state reaction using Zn(CH3COO)2?2H2O and H2C2O4?2H2O as raw materials，with muffle furnace and microwave furnace. Thermogravimetry/differential thermal(TG/DTA)，Transmission electron microscope(TEM)，Fourier transform-infrared spectra (FT-IR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to characterize the structure of precursor and the ZnO nanoparticles. The influences of calcination temperature and time on the grain size of ZnO nanoparticles were investigated. The results indicate that the precursor is ZnC2O4?2H2O，the grain size of ZnO nanoparticles calcined by microwave furnace is larger than that treated with muffle furnace under the same conditions. The average grain growth exponents of ZnO prepared by microwave heating and conventional calcination are 6.114 and 6.858，respectively. Their average grain growth activation energies are 70.67 kJ/mol and 52.13 kJ/mol，respectively.

A precursor of high purity magnesite was prepared from bischofite (MgCl2?6H2O) as raw material，Na2CO3 as precipitant，dropping into the reactor at the same time through peristaltic pumps at 35 ℃. The main composition of the precursor was MgCO3?2H2O by XRD. MgCO3?2H2O was calcined at 800 ℃ for 2 h in order to obtain high purity active MgO powders with good particle size distribution. Then coconut shell activated carbon，nut shell activated carbon and tar activated carbon were added as the second phase in the process of vacuum sintering. Coconut shell activated carbon was proved to be the best choice under the same conditions. Subsequently，0.03%～0.05% of coconut shell activated carbon distinctly improved the sintering performance of magnesia. Consequently，sintered magnesia was prepared by sintering at 1600 ℃ for 5 h under vacuum sintering ，whose bulk density was higher than 3.4 g /cm3，purity was higher than 98.5%.

A facile route for the synthesis of nano cerium oxide powder (CeO2) is provided by the oxidation of cerium nitrate [Ce(NO3)3] with hydrogen peroxide and precipitation with ammonia. Factors influencing the size and morphology of the particle are analyzed. And the product is observed with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Exhaust degradation test device is designed to study the photocatalytic properties of nano-CeO2 in the degradation of harmful gases within the automobile exhaust (HC and NOx). The results indicate that the ammonia concentration is 1.0 mol/L，with ethanol and ethylene glycol as dispersant，when the Ce(NO3)3 concentration is 2.0 mol/L，and the as-prepared nano-CeO2 is sphere-like nanoparticle aggregates with diameters around 50 nm and of good dispersibility，with which the degradation of HC and NOx amounts of 11% and 90% respectively，showing a good photocatalytic performance.

High-concentration mash fermentation has such characteristics as high cell density，high product concentration and high production rates. So it is the future aim of ethanol industry. High-concentration mash ethanol fermentation techniques have the advantages of saving process water，improving equipment utilization，and reducing energy consumption. So high-concentration mash ethanol fermentation techniques are an important way of improving ethanol production efficiency. Research on high-concentration mash ethanol fermentation techniques is very important in practical application. This paper reviews research progress of high-concentration mash ethanol fermentation techniques. The definition，advantages and influencing factors of high-concentration mash ethanol fermentation are introduced. Lowering the viscosity of fermentation mash，screening high-tolerance ethanol yeast，changing fermentation process model and adding appropriate enzymes and nutrients are important methods of achieving high-concentration mash ethanol fermentation. Among them，screening high-tolerance ethanol yeast is the key to high-concentration mash fermentation.

In this study，experiments were performed to determine the permeability characteristics of kidney epidermis cells at various temperatures and different osmotic pressures using microscopy image analysis，including osmotically inactive volume，membrane permeability of water，and membrane permeability of CPA. The mean volume at isotonic solution was Viso=2472.58 μm3；the history of cell volume change conformed to Boyle van’t Hoff relationship. The experimental data then were fitted to a straight line by the linear least square method and extrapolated by linear regression to determine osmotically inactive volume Vb=0.22Viso. Permeability response to hypertonic CPA solution was observed. Membrane permeability of water (Lp) and membrane permeability of CPA (Ps) and its activation energy(Ea) in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)，ethylene glycol(EG) and glycerinum (GLY) solution were determined by using two-parameter transport model；Based on the survival rate data generated in ice-temperature and normal temperature storage，the optimal preservation temperature for kidney epidermis cells was obtained. Ice-temperature storage has bright application prospect in cryo-preservation.

Three anaerobic electrogenic bacteria named as Z1，Z2 and Z3 were isolated from a microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) by the method of Hungate roll tube. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rDNA gene sequence indicated that strain Z1 belonged to Citrobacter，while both strain Z2 and Z3 belonged to Clostridium. The physiological and biochemical characteristics showed that Z1 was facultative anaerobe，while Z2 and Z3 were strict anaerobes. Z1，Z2 and Z3 could tolerate acidic pH conditions，and the optimum pH level was 5 to 7.5. The optimum temperature of Z1 was 35 ℃，while the optimum temperature of Z2 and Z3 was 30 ℃. The optimum NaCl concentration range of three strains was 0.1% to 2.0%. Sucrose，starch，sodium propionate，sodium acetate could be used as their carbon sources. The study of electrocatalytic activity showed that these strains all had a reduction peak at voltage of ?0.29 V and they were applicable for the cathode of microbial fuel cell (MFC). The adding of a mixture of three kinds of strains might significantly shorten the time of start-up stage of MFC and enhance electricity production efficiency by 18.1%.

A novel compound，methyl 2-hydroxyl-4-(5,6-dinitro-1H-benzo[2,3-d]imidazole-2- yl)benzoate（MHDIB），was designed and synthesized from 4,5-dinitro-1,2-benzenediamine and methyl 2-hydroxy-4-carboxybenzoate.The one-pot synthesis method was adopted in synthesis of MHDIB . With 50mL diethylene glycol dimethyl ether as vehicle，methyl 2 - hydroxy-4-(chlorocarbonyl)benzoate was synthesized from 1.5 g methyl 2-hydroxy-4-carboxybenzoate and 2.5 g SOCl2 at 80 ℃，reaction time was 2 hours. At room temperature，1.56 g 4,5-Dinitro-o-phenylenediamine was added rapidly into the reaction system and 2 hours reaction time at 85 ℃. 3.52 g polyphosphoric acid was added and MHDIB was synthesized at reflux temperature for 1h。The preciptate formed was recrystallized with ethanol and yellow needles were obtained. Product yield was 17.82% and purity was 93.67%.The product was qualitatively exact and the structure was characterized by IR，ESI-MS，1H NMR. It was used to prepare a new AB-type monomer of high-performance polymer modified by orderly hydroxy ，poly 2-hydroxy-1,4-phenylene-2,6-benzo[2,3-d：5',6'-d'] diimidazole(H-PBI).

Synthesis and running performance of a ternary polymer scale inhibitor is introduced. With duration of 6 h，temperature of 70 ℃ and initiator dose of 1.2%，the scale inhibitor was produced with mass ratio of acryl amide (AM)∶acroleic acid (AA)∶monomer PMA of 75∶10∶15. Inhibition rate decreased with increasing environment temperature. Inhibition rate stayed at least 70%，when environment temperature was below 65 ℃. Inhibition rate stayed above 65%，when pH was from 6 to 10. Application in WEN15-1A seal line showed satisfying performance.

An adhesive in mica tape was prepared from epoxy resin E-44，using methyl-5- norbornene-2,3-dicarboxylic anhydride (MNA) and Tungma anhydride as curing agents. The effects of mix proportion on the mechanical，dielectric and heat resistance performance of the mica tape were investigated in the present work. The mica tape showed best performance，when molar ratio of MNA and Tungma anhydride reacted respectively with E-44 (MNA∶Tungma) was 5.5∶4.5. In this case，vertical flexural strength of mica tape was 332.79 MPa，lateral flexural strength was 319.06 MPa，lateral impact strength was 64.25 MJ/m2，vertical impact strength was 47.5 MJ/m2，dielectric strength was 64.62 MV/m and volume resistivity was 2.02×1013 Ω?m. Thermogravimetric (TG) analysis indicated excellent heat resistance of the MNA- Tungma -epoxy resin system.

New functional materials crosslinking β-cyclodextrin（MDI-β-CD) can be used for better treatment of wastewater containing phenol because of the special structure. Modified crosslinking β-cyclodextrins has the ability to absorb phenol pollutants because of the porous structure. In order to improve treatment effects，the treatment abilities of MDI-β-CD and the suitable working conditions of the phenol wastewater were studied using ultrasonic. The dosage of MDI-β-CD，the pH and concentration of wastewater，ultra sound intensity and frequency were investigated. The suitable technological conditions of adsorption were determined as the following：pH 6.0，initial concentration 100 mg/L，wastewater volume 100 mL，new type crosslinking β-cyclodextrins 40 g/L，absorption temperature 40 ℃，absorption time 120 min. The ultrasound parameters were 0.2 W/cm2 of ultrasonic intensities and 20 kHz ultrasonic frequency. The absorption efficiency was up to 94.1%.

According to the lime-iron salt method commonly used in recent non-ferrous metallurgy industry，the modified sequential extraction procedure proposed by BCR (Community Bureau of Reference of the European Commission，now the Standards，Measuring and Testing Programme) was used and leaching toxicity test was performed to investigate sludge (neutralization sludge and iron-arsenic sludge) in a copper metallurgy plant for the first time. It was found that recovery of heavy metals in the BCR process was high. As，Zn，Pb and Cd were the main heavy metals in those two sludges，following the weight content order of As > Zn > Pb > Cd. The weight contents of neutralization sludge and iron-arsenic sludge were high up to 58 566 mg/kg (5.85%) and 12 582 mg/kg (1.26%)，respectively. There was a big difference of As chemical speciation in the chemical speciation of heavy metals for two sludges. The stability of heavy metals in iron-arsenic sludge was higher than that of neutralization sludge，especially for As. For neutralization sludge，As acid-soluble fraction (68.01%)，Zn，Pb and Cd mostly existed as residual fraction. For iron-arsenic sludge，As，Zn，Pb and Cd mostly existed as residual fraction，and the residual fraction of As was 59.21%. Leaching toxicity test results showed that leaching toxicity of As for both sludges was much higher than that of GB 5085.3—2007. Therefore，the sludge in the copper metallurgy plant belonged to hazardous waste containing high arsenic. It was also found that neutralization sludge with higher acid-soluble fraction of As had higher leaching toxicity while iron-arsenic sludge with lower acid-soluble fraction of As had lower leaching toxicity.

Phosphogypsum is a by-product in the production process of wet-process phosphoric acid. The impurities in phosphogypsum limit the usage of it. Sulfuric acid leaching processing can be used to improve the quality of phosphogypsum. In order to clarify the changes of dissolution performances and crystalline morphologies of phosphogypsum in the acid leaching process，this paper investigated the solubility size，crystal morphology，phase composition and the changes of crystal water contents of the phosphogypsum in the sulfuric acid solution at 0—80 ℃ and 0—30% of sulfuric acid concentration. The results showed that the solubility of phosphogypsum in sulfuric acid solution increased with the increasing temperature and the maximum solubility was at 80 ℃. As for the changes of concentration，the solubility increased at first and then decreased and the highest solubility occurred at the sulfuric acid concentration of 10%. When the sulfuric acid concentration was lower than 10%，the dihydrate calcium sulfate in the phosphogypsum dissolved with no new phase formation，and the morphology of phosphogypsum did not change much. When the sulfuric acid concentration was greater than 10%，the dihydrate calcium sulfate dissolved and recrystallized into the anhydrous calcium sulfate，eventually leading to the changes of phosphogypsum morphology，phase state and the increase in solubilty.

CCS technology is the key to develop low-carbon power. This paper took a 600 MW power unit as example to study energy flux and mass flux of the carbon capture system. The coupling way of carbon capture and coal-fired units was proposed. The thermal economy of the conventional power plant and power plant with carbon capture system was calculated. The optimized model of power plant with carbon capture system was established. PSO was used as the solving algorithm of the optimized model. The optimal solution was obtained. Based on the cost of investment of equipment，the models of power generation cost and CO2 emission reduction cost were established. The technical economy of the power plant with carbon capture system was analyzed. The effects of carbon tax and carbon price on the power generation cost and CO2 emission reduction cost was evaluated by using the sensitivity analysis method. The results showed that the thermal efficiency of the power plant with optimized carbon capture system increased by 1.1 percent compared to the conventional system. The economy of the power plant with carbon capture systemwas better than that of the conventional power plant when tax of 1 kg of CO2 was higher than 0.33 yuan.

The ammonia content has a significant effect on consumption of energy in production of ethanolamine (EA). Heat integration is needed to reduce energy consumption in the process of ammonia and water removal. At the same time，operating temperature limitation should be considered because EA is a heat sensitive material. This paper studied variation of color numbers of the EA mixtures with or without water with the changing temperature and residence time. It was determined that 160 ℃ was the upper limit of operating temperature limitation in the process of ammonia and water removal. For different ammonia contents，the non-integrated energy consumptions and column operating conditions of process were compared. The results showed the temperature of de-ammonia column was 160.2 ℃ slightly over the temperature limitation. Therefore，the operation of ammonia removal would need to be adjusted. Three types of heat integration schemes were studied under different ammonia contents. The results showed that，the integration solutions of ammonia and water removal were different for different ammonia contents due to the operating temperature limitation.