Ammonia alcohol cogeneration is one of the pillar categories in chemical industry，the value of flow calculations and analysis has important practical significance for the improvement of existing production processes and environment protection. This article adopts Japanese LIME evaluation system to convert the environmental damage caused by ammonia waste (SO2，CO2，NH3，etc.) to the monetary damage value. At first，the loss was identified by the calculation of value stream to make the hidden losses apparent. According to resource flow consumption and the principle of technical and economic feasibility，by the comprehensive utilization of dualistic evaluation composed of internal cost loss based on accounting principles and the cost of environmental damage based on the assessed monetary value of damage by pollutants，different improvement programs were proposed. Then “economic- environmental” cost-effectiveness comparative assessment was implemented. As indicators of circular economy performance evaluation and basis for improving production processes，resource value flow accounting system can provide a set of analysis，diagnosis and evaluation methods for circular economy of the ammonia industrial development.

Aiming at the synthesis methods of methylal，this paper reviews advances of acetalization，direct oxidation of methanol，and oxidation of dimethy ether，with respect to the types of catalysts. The existing problems are commented，such as low feed conversion，low product purity，etc. Development of synthesis methods should aim at simplification of process，environmentally friendly catalysts，improving conversion and product purity. On the other hand，the research progress of the kinetics of synthesizing methylal is summarized. The kinetics research is getting closer to the actual situation of industrial production from establishing models to choice of device，which is more valuable for industrial production.

Citric acid is an important organic acid and one of the largest amounts of fermentation products in the world. In the paper，it is comprehensively synopsized for the principles，advantages and disadvantages about the liquid-liquid extraction and liquid membrane extraction. The current development of two systems and problems need to be solved now are discussed in detail. They have little pollution，high extraction efficiency and low cost，but they are all easy to emulsify due to emulsifiers，proteins，polysaccharides contained in fermentation broth，meanwhile liquid membrane extraction method is complicated. Based on these shortages，ionic liquid applied to the citric acid extraction system is proposed. And the idea ensures the extraction keep its advantages，but also overcome its emulsification，while ion liquid can be recycled，which will increase its energy-efficiency，and reduce the cost of separation.

Membrane distillation is a new thermally-driven separation process，in which vapor molecules driven by partial pressure gradient across the membrane are able to transfer through the pores and condense outside the membrane. In this paper，the heat and mass transport mechanisms and four mainly used membrane configurations，i.e.，direct contact membrane distillation，air gap membrane distillation，sweeping gas membrane distillation and vacuum membrane distillation are described. New research progress is reviewed，including influence of membrane operation and characteristic parameters，preparation of membrane with high performance，improvement in process and operation parameters aiming at membrane fouling，enhancement of membrane distillation process by optimizing energy utilization and modules. In addition，applications in desalination and water purification，juice concentrate and alcohol fermentation，separation of chemical volatile organic compounds as well as toxic waste water treatment are summarized. Finally，the obstacles faced by membrane distillation：combined influence of pertinent parameters，commercialization of membrane materials，membrane module design and thermal efficiency of the process are presented. To achieve its further application，it is necessary to strengthen energy studies，to develop more commercialized membrane materials，to focus more on other membrane distillation configurations，and to analyze and optimize the process systematically.

Coarse cohesive particles have been widely used in petroleum，chemical and food industries，but the particle bond behavior would influence production efficiency. The granular flow and fluidization behavior of coarse cohesive particles were summarized，along with the measures to improve the fluidization characteristics. The bonding mechanism，in which the main inter-particle forces were liquid bridge forces and solid bridge forces，was reviewed. According to experimental and numerical studies，amount of moisture，liquid viscosity and temperature could influence the dynamic properties of coarse cohesive particles，and consequently industrial production. Besides，improvement measures of the fluidization characteristics，such as higher gas velocity，equipment modification，were commented. The analysis showed that liquid bridge forces have been researched more systematically and comprehensively，while the bonding mechanism of coarse cohesive particles with solid bridge forces as the main inter-particle forces should be further studied. As with the advance of high performance computing technology，combining the discrete element method with new models of inter-particle forces will be the main and important method to study the granular flow and fluidization behavior of coarse cohesive particles.

The GE-EOS model is a new idea to calculate and predict the phase equilibria with respect to the traditional methods of equation of states and activity coefficient models. The GE-EOS models are classified based on different reference states. This paper gives a summary of advantages and disadvantages of the classical models. The Huron-Vidal mixing rule，which is the first GE-EOS model，needs to refit the parameters of activity coefficient models. The Wong?Sandler mixing rule introduces the second virial coefficient，and has a good theoretical basis. The MHV1 and MHV2 mixing rules can use existing parameters of activity coefficient models directly. The LCVM type mixing rules eliminate the difference of combinatorial terms between the equation of state and activity coefficient model，so that they have excellent performance to predict phase equilibria of asymmetric system. There are three methods to improve the GE-EOS models，which are improving the equation of states，amending the activity coefficient models and expanding the paremeter tables. In order to meet the needs of application，GE-EOS models for asymmetric system will be an important direction.

Decanter centrifuges have been widely used for the separation of solid-liquid mixtures with high solid concentration. The real-time monitoring of the flow field inside the centrifuge is believed to be difficult because of its complexity in structure and closed operation at high speed of rotation. RNG k-ε turbulent model and MRF method based on the FLUENT software of computational fluid dynamic technology were used in this research to simulate the pressure field in the centrifuge. Results showed that the differences between simulated and theoretical hydraulic pressure caused by the lag of liquid rotation increased with increase in rotational speed. The static pressure and dynamical pressure increased with radius，and the gradient of static pressure was greater than that of dynamical pressure. The static pressure increased along the drum axis from the inlet to liquid discharge port，while the dynamical pressure decreased gradually. It could be used as guidance for researching the performance of decanter centrifuges.

By using the unreacted-core shrinking model，a kinetic model of gas-solid reaction in GE gasifier was developed. The mass and heat balances in the gasifier based on the “small compartment model” were established. The modeling results were compared with literature values，and the error of main gas mole fraction of gasification outlet was less than 2%，showing that modeling results were in agreement with reported values. The effects of oxygen to coal ratio and coal slurry concentration on syngas content，temperature and cold gas efficiency were analyzed. CO concentration increased and H2 concentration decreased with increasing oxygen to coal ratio，meanwhile CO2 concentration stayed constant. Cold gas efficiency increased firstly，and then declined in the range of 74%－79%. CO concentration increased，and H2，CO2 concentration decreased with increasing coal slurry concentration，but cold gas efficiency changed little. The profiles of syngas concentration and temperature distribution were studied at oxygen to coal ratio of 0.95 and coal slurry concentration of 55%. When gasifier height was less than 0.5m，the reaction between C and O2 occured rapidly，and when O2 was consumed completely，temperature decreasesd.

In order to study boiling transfer enhancement mechanism，with water as working medium，the boiling bubble behavior under the influence of electric field was investigated. High-speed video camera was used to observe the growth process of bubble produced by direct heating with different heat flow densities and electric field intensities and the shape of escaping bubble，cycle and ratio of length to diameter of bubble were analyzed. The experimental result and related qualitative analysis were used to explain EHD enhancement of boiling heat transfer mechanism. Electric field had a significant effect on the behavior of bubble. The bubble was stretched along the direction of electric field intensity. The ratio of length to diameter of bubble increased with increasing heat flow density and electric field intensity. The cycle of bubble decreased with increasing heat flow density and electric field intensity. Synergy of electric field and thermal field synergy helped to reduce bubble residence time and consequently the thermal resistance between heat source and fluid，indicating the effect of boiling heat transfer enhancement.

Air exhaust from separator is useful for increasing separation efficiency，but less used in industries. Experimental research and numerical simulation on uniflow type multicyclones were performed with air exhaust from side seam. Air extraction could increase multicyclones efficiency in some low concentration area and higher air extraction flow rate resulted in higher efficiency. But air extraction decreased efficiency when concentration was high，and higher air extraction flow rate led to lower efficiency. Calculation results showed that air exhaust decreased axal velocity in the separation space，increased tangential velocity of free vortex and decreased radial velocity near the wall. All the calculation results could well explain the experimental results. High concentration of water led to more active water film，which reduced separation efficiency.

The influences of two sides horizontal jet on the fluidization characteristics of three different-sized particles were studied by using a two-dimensional conical fluidized bed with the size of 160 mm × 300(20) mm× 30 mm (height × width × thickness) and cone angle of 60°. The critical fluidization curve showed that pressure drop increased rapidly with increasing flow rate and decreased slightly after reaching a maximum. On the other hand，the hypothesis of “boiling core” was proposed based on experimental observations，and the change of flow rate with variation of bed height when the particles reached an incipient fluidization state was deducted. Based on the hypothesis，the calculation equation of maximum voltage drop was deducted according to the Ergun equation，and the calculation results showed that the calculated values were slightly higher than the experimental values. In addition，the minimum fluidization velocity of the two-dimensional conical fluidized bed increased with increasing particle size，but increased slightly with increasing filler volume.

Effects of dissolution time，dissolution temperature，the concentration of sodium citrate and the addition amount of citric acid on dissolution behaviors of PbSO4 and PbO in sodium citrate solution were investigated. The results showed that PbO dissolution rate reached 51.16% after dissolving for 0.5 h，and with the increase of dissolution time，PbSO4 dissolution rate first increased and then decreased. PbSO4 dissolution rate increased and PbO dissolution rate decreased 37.98% with the increase of dissolution temperature，however，both of them increased when increasing the concentration of citric sodium. With the increase of citric acid addition，PbSO4 dissolution rate decreased to 6.39%，by contrast，PbO dissolution rate obviously increased，reached 97.32%. The results have provided basic data and theoretical support for new technology of recovering lead from used lead-acid battery with citric acid - sodium citrate solution.

Sub/supercritical water has unique physical and chemical properties，such as higher solubility，rapid diffusion and efficiency of C—C cleavage，making its use an effective way of liquefaction of organics to produce fuel. In this work SCW liquefaction of several typical organics，such as cellulose，lignin，algae，coal，and polymer was analyzed and the products from those processes were summarized. Additionally，the mechanisms of SCW liquefaction were clarified and key reactions（hydrolysis，prolapse heteroatom and polycondensation）were presented. For further understanding of fuel product upgrading，deoxygenating and hydrogenating technologies，the mechanisms and features of homogeneous catalyst，such as H3PO4，K2CO3，KOH and heterogeneous catalysts，such as Ni，Mo，Pt were also analyzed and summarized. Finally，the shortcomings，such low quality and presence of hetero elements of the current SCW liquefaction technology and the means for upgrading were presented. The bottlenecks and strategies of scale-up were proposed，providing a basis for future application.

Biomass are known for its disadvantages，including high water content，low energy density，difficulty in comminuting into small particles and expensive transportation. However，pretreatment is one of the most effective ways to improve the quality of biomass pyrolysis products. The purpose of biomass pretreatment is to optimize certain features of biomass，such as hardness，particle size，density，composition，and chemical properties，to obtain more and higher quality of bio-oil in its pyrolysis liquefaction process. To improve the pretreatment technology with higher economic efficiency，the study onbiomass pretreatment technologies are reviewed in this paper. Many methods for high quality bio-oil have been discussed. In this review，the pretreatment technology，such as drying methods，acid hydrolysis，torrefaction，hydrothermal and biological methods，are analyzed in focus. Among them，drying methods and torrefaction have the potential in comparison. But the current study are still insufficient，we need to seek new pretreatment technology with lower cost，higher yield and less pollution. Suggestions on the development of pretreatment technology are also included. At present，the single biomass pretreatment methods have their defects，the combination of different pretreatment methods is the important direction in future research，in which the structural characteristics and composition of raw material properties are properly combined.

This paper reviews the development of coal-based chemical industry in China，and introduces problems arising from the lack of standards in the construction of coal-based chemical engineering. By comparing the standard with published national and industry standards，this paper describes the chain of coal-based chemical industry and its standard system，and studies the standard system and criteria that can be based on in the construction of coal chemical industry. The results show that it is high time to work out the coal-based chemical engineering standard based on the existing national standards system.

Coal char samples，partly burnt with CO2 under different temperatures，were prepared using a Thermogravimetric Analysis(TG). The physic-chemical property was analyzed with Scanning Electron Microscope(SEM) and Fourier Transform Infrared Analysis(FTIR). The release regularity and the forming characteristic of the gas were investigated in the TG coupled with a FTIR spectrometer. It was observed that the pore structure of char increased with the precipitation of volatile until the collapse deformation. The cracking and reforming of functional group of char mainly take place at 320— 850 ℃. The lignite has been completely gasified at 850 ℃. Alkane gas is mainly released out in the stage of pyrolysis. It was mainly generated by the cracking and reforming of C—H functional groups of methyl，methylene，methoxy. CO was mainly generated by the cracking and reforming of C—O—(C) of oxygen functional groups，such as carboxylic，and CO2 participated in the gasification of char.

Co-pyrolysis characteristics of low rank mixed with Fe2O3/CaO in different proportions was studied in a dry distillation equipment. Gas yield of low rank coal pyrolysis increased by 3% with addition of Fe2O3/CaO. The contents of CH4 and H2 increased obviously in coal gas，up to 35.69% and 17.73% respectively. The yield of tar slightly decreased，But straight-chain alkanes and some high value-added chemical compounds increased. Char yield increased about 3%，with cracks on uneven char surface，so the reactivity of char increased. The synergistic reaction may exist between the Fe3O3 and CaO.

As a kind of microporous molecular sieve，SSZ-13 has a broad application prospect owing to its unique physical and chemical properties and has become a hot research topic. In order to decrease the dosage of N,N,N-trimethyl-1-adamanthyl ammonium (TMADa+) or use inexpensive templates，the progress of its synthesis with different templates is reviewed，and the advantages and disadvantages of these methods are discussed. The progress of application of SSZ-13 is also presented. Although SSZ-13 shows superior performance in NOx abatement，methanol to olefin (MTO) and adsorption and separation of gas，there are still problems which need to be resolved. Therefore，bimetallic SSZ-13 catalyst，reduction of acid site strength and mechanism research will be the focus in the future.

There are mainly three kinds of catalysts used for producing N-phosphonomethyl glycine by air (oxygen) catalytic oxidation：activated carbon，noble metal and transition metal catalysts. The research progress of these catalysts and their relative merits for applications in N-phosphonomethyl glycine synthesis are summarized and analyzed in this paper. Activated carbon catalysts are low cost and can be simply prepared，but they possess short working life and leave too much formaldehyde as by-product. Noble metal catalysts have long operation life and the obtained product is high yield with good quality，but the catalysts are high cost and difficult to be prepared and regenerated. Transition metal catalysts belong to homogeneous catalysts and can be easily separated from products but with low yield. Hence，to address the domestic problems faced by glyphosate enterprises，catalysts，which are low cost，environmental friendly and easily prepared and regenerated，with high activities are urgently required.

The new methods of preparation of copper-based catalyst by coprecipitation in recent years are presented. The use of non-thermal effect of microwave radiation，ultrasonic cavitation effect and micromixing effect under high-gravity environment can effectively control the size of catalyst grain and improve its dispersion. Also microwave radiation and ultrasonic radiation promote the substitution of Cu and Zn，accelerate precursor phase transition，and strengthen the interaction of Cu-ZnO. Coprecipitation- ammonia evaporation eliminates the negative impact of precipitant with cations. Coprecipitation deposition on various carriers has different unique performances. Liquid-phase preparation significantly improves the stability of the catalyst in slurry reactor. Gel-network-coprecipitation realizes the modulation of catalyst grain size. Through the application of new technology，the preparation of copper-based catalyst with larger surface area，more active species，medium size and high dispersion，stronger interaction and good stability is the development trend in this field.

Preparation of linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) by tandem action of an oligomerization catalyst and a copolymerization catalyst is one of the most popular areas in polyolefin catalyst research. Advance in the tandem catalysis system is reviewed. Five kinds of tandem catalysis systems are discussed，namely，low selectivity system，high selectivity system，long branched system，supported metallocene catalyst system，and dual functional system considering the selectivity of oligomerization catalyst and difference in the copolymerization catalysts used. The selectivity of oligomerization catalysts and compatibility of copolymerization catalysts with different abilities played an important role in the polymerization with respect to polymer structure and properties under various reaction conditions. The features of different systems are also discussed.

Bismuth (Ⅲ) acetate [Bi(OAc)3] was used as catalyst for the ring-opening polymerization of glycolide. The effects of catalyst content，polymerization temperature，polymerization time were investigated. The optimal condition was obtained as follows：Bismuth (Ⅲ) acetate 300 ?g/g，polymerization temperature 200 ℃，polymerization time 2h. The intrinsic viscosity of PGA could reach 0.884dL/g and average molecular weight could reach 1.12×105. The catalytic properties of Bi(OAc)3 and Sn(Oct)2 were compared. The catalytic activity of Bi(OAc)3 was slightly higher than Sn(Oct)2. The toxicity of PGA synthesized by Bi(OAc)3 and Sn(Oct)2 as the catalyst respectively was compared，and the former was lower than the latter obviously. The properties of PGA were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD)，differential scanning calormetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA).

P2O5-MoO3/Al2O3 catalyst was prepared by the incipient-wetness impregnation method to catalyze the synthesis reaction of sec-butyl mercaptan from 1-butene and H2S. After eliminating the influence of internal and external diffusion，the intrinsic reaction kinetics of 1-butene and H2S on P2O5-MoO3/Al2O3 catalyst was studied. The effects of reaction temperature，1-butene partial pressure and H2S partial pressure on reaction rate were investigated under the conditions of 120—180 ℃ and 0.2 MPa. The catalytic mechanism of reaction of 1-butene and H2S on the P2O5-MoO3/Al2O3 catalyst was discussed. The intrinsic reaction mechanism of 1-butene and H2S on P2O5-MoO3/Al2O3 catalyst was dual site mechanism. 1-butene and H2S were co-adsorbed on the catalyst surface to react and form sec-butyl mercaptan and the surface reaction step was the rate-limiting step. According to the dual site mechanism the rate of reaction was derived： Pre-exponential factor k0=3.3×109，activation energy Ea=60.78 kJ/mol.

Focusing on the damage of oil spill and the development of technology of adsorption treatment，the classification，oil adsorption mechanism，and advantages and disadvantages of oil spill adsorption materials are summarized in this review. The modified natural organic fibers materials are important directions for adsorption of oil spill. Furthermore，the structure，oil spill adsorption performance and modification methods of natural organic adsorption materials are summarized and analyzed. Steam explosion followed by esterification or etherification other than acidic or alkali pretreatment of natural organic fibers materials is a feasible route of natural organic adsorption materials modification，and it has great potential in economic feasibility and environmental sustained development.

TiO2 nanomaterials are widely used in dye sensitized solar cells (DSSC) because of its appropriate bandgap width of 3.2eV，good photoelectrochemical stability；low cost and firm dye adsorbing. TiO2 photoanode is one of the most important parts of the DSSC，and its morphology is closely related to the photoelectric performances of the DSSC. Different morphologies of TiO2 photoanode applied in DSSC were introduced in this paper. The general TiO2 photoanode morphologies，including nanoparticles，nanorods，nanowires and nanotubes，were emphatically discussed. The novel and composite TiO2 photoanode morphologies were also introduced. The effect of preparation methods and morphologies of TiO2 photoanode on DSSC photovoltaic performance were discussed. The future research direction of TiO2 photoanode is proposed，which includes the use of composite or mixed doped of different photoanode morphologies to improve electron transport rate，the optimization of TiO2 film thickness，the crystal structure controlling of TiO2 thin films with depressing of charge recombination，and the improvement of the charge transferring efficiency.

With the development of modern agricultural production technology，the special effect of environmental factors in the plateau region requires high performance of greenhouse film，so the weather resistant greenhouse films have emerged. Based on the performance of several common polyolefin film base materials，this review summarized the plateau weathering performance of greenhouse films produced by Yunnan Plastics Factory. Tensile strength of weathering greenhouse film ≥21 MPa；elongation at break ≥ 600%；rectangular tear strength ≥ 70 KN/m；artificial accelerated aging after longitudinal elongation ≥ 400%，all better than the national standards，fully met the UV barrier effect in the plateau region，and service life was up to 4 years. Finally，polyolefin functional agricultural film development will be the future focus，more functional greenhouse films will also be gradually implemented and constantly improved.

N-methyl-N,N-didodecyl chitosan (TMC) was synthesized. The obtained chitosan derivative was characterized by FTIR，EA and solubility method. N-methyl-N,N-didodecyl chitosan self-assembled vesicles were prepared by the ethanol injection method. Zeta potential of the vesicles ranged from 39.5 mV to 49.5 mV，particle diameter ranged from 50 nm to 100 nm，diameter distribution ranged from 0.17 to 0.26，and the vesicles were very stable for a period of 30 days. The Langmuir behavior of TMC indicated that the lower the pH，the easier the self-assembly. Different pH values of preparation medium had a large effect on the particle size and drug release behavior of the vesicles. However，different pH values of release medium had little effect on the drug release behavior.

Glycolide (GA) with high yield and purity was prepared via the method of solvent depolymerization with glycolic acid oligomer as raw material，polyethylene glycol (PEG) as solvent and zinc oxide as catalyst. The structure and properties of GA were analyzed by IR，1H NMR and DSC. The solvent method could reduce the degree of coking of the reaction system，and the yield of glycolide was improved. The optimal synthesis conditions were found through orthogonal test as follows：amount of glycolic acid oligomer was 100 g，amount of PEG1000 was 20 mL，amount of zinc oxide was 0.75 g，reaction temperature was 250 ℃，reaction time was 2 h，average yield was 87.4%.

Waterborne polyurethane is widely used in many fields，such as coating，medicine and adhesive，and chain extender is one of the key raw materials for the synthesis of polyurethane. Groups introduced on the chain extender with certain characteristics will affect the performance of polyurethane，hydrophilic chain extender can provide waterborne polyurethane good dispersion and emulsification. Currently carboxylic acid and sulfonic acid hydrophilic chain extenders are commonly used materials of anionic chain extenders. In this paper，the definition and function of the chain extender，the kinds of hydrophilic chain extenders were briefly described. The research progress in carboxylic acid and sulfonic acid hydrophilic chain extenders were summarized，the differences in the performance of carboxylic acid and sulfonic acid of waterborne polyurethanes were analyzed in detail. The high water resistance，high flexibility，high solid content and other properties of sulfonic acid type waterborne polyurethane are analyzed in detail，and compared to carboxylic acid type waterborne polyurethane in the performance advantages of all aspects. The research progress in nonionic hydrophilic and amphoteric hydrophilic chain extenders were briefly described，and the development trend of hydrophilic chain extender in the cost，the synthetic route and environmental aspects was also discussed.

A novel perfluoroalkyl-containing quaternary ammonium salt was synthesized from N-methyl diethanolamine (MDEA) and perfluorinated hexyl ethyl iodide. The effects of solvent，reaction temperature，reactant molar ratio，solvent volume and reaction time on reaction on conversion rate were studied. The optimal process parameters for synthesizing product were obtained by orthogonal experiment，which are 8 mL n-butyl alcohol，90℃ reaction temperature，42 h reaction time，2.5∶1 molar ratio of perfluorinated hexyl ethyl iodide and MDEA. The conversion rate of MDEA was 93.75%. The structure of product was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy，mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum. The surface properties of the surfactant were studied by measuring the surface tension of the product aqueous solution. The results showed that the critical micellar concentration (CMC) of the above perfluoroalkyl-containing quaternary ammonium salt was 1.518 mmol/L，the γCMC was 9.3 mN/m. The single molecule saturated adsorption，single molecule average areas on the saturated adsorption layer，and the micellization standard free energy were 0.354×10?10 mol/cm2，4.69 nm2，and ?26.03 kJ/mol，respectively. Compared with similar products，the product exhibited excellent surface properties.

In this paper，using Octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane(D4) and Glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (KH-560) as raw material，KOH as catalyst，epoxy modified silicone oil was synthesized by emulsion polymerization，then polyether amine D-400 was introduced to make amino polyether modified silicone oil by the reaction of epoxy groups and amino，and the product structure was characterized by IR spectrum. The orthogonal experiments were conducted to investigate how different reaction conditions affect the ammonia value，viscosity and solid content of the product. The results showed that the optimum process parameters are as follows：the molar ratio of D4 and KH-560 is 4∶1，the quantity of catalyst is equal to 0.2% of feedstocks，emulsifier dosage is 30%，the complex formulation ratio of AEO-3 to AEO-9 is 1∶1，the reaction temperature is 90 ℃，and the reaction time is 4h. The results of the characterization measurement indicated that the stability of products is good，amino value is 0.89 mmol/g，viscosity is 73 mPa?s，and solid content is 30%.

Using non-crystal starch (N-NS) as raw material，sodium trimetaphosphate (STMP) and Octenyl Succinic Anhydride (OSA) as modification agents，non-crystal cross-linked octenyl succinic anhydride starch ester (N-1-COSAS) was synthesized by one-step process. The properties of N-1-COSAS，such as degree of substitution，combined phosphorus，intrinsic viscosity，transparency，apparent viscosity and blue value，were comparatively studied by the product synthesized by three-step process (N-3-COSAS) to analyze their similarities and differences. The functional groups，morphology，crystal structure and thermostability of the products were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR)，scanning electron microscopy (SEM)，X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results showed that the degree of substitution，combined phosphorus and intrinsic viscosity for N-1-COSAS were greater than those by N-3-COSAS. The new absorption peak at 1600 cm–1 appeared in the FT-IR spectrum of the two starch esters demonstrated that the esterification reaction were occurred in both processes. The results of XRD indicated that the dispersion degrees of the peaks in N-1-COSAS and N-3-COSAS were similar to those of N-NS but the crystallinities of N-1-COSAS and N-3-COSAS were lower than that of NS. The particle surfaces of N-1-COSAS and N-3-COSAS were rougher than that of N-NS. Moreover，thermostabilities of N-1-COSAS and N-3-COSAS were better than that of N-NS.

Using high activity polyisobutylene and two kinds of organic silicon compound，polyisobutylene polysiloxane and polyisobutylene trisiloxane were synthesized by hydrosilylation. Contrastive analysis was then conducted on them. The results suggested that the apparent viscosity of polyisobutylene polysiloxane was higher than that of polyisobutylene trisiloxane. When 0.6% of product was added，the viscosity of Daqing crude oil decreased 34.6% by polyisobutylene polysiloxane，and 64.8% by polyisobutylene trisiloxane. Thermal property of polyisobutylene polysiloxane was better than that of polyisobutylene trisiloxane.

In order to determine the optimal preparation condition of chitosan composite sponge，the factors and their levels were established first by single factor experiment，and then response surface method was used on the basis of single factor experiment via design concept of the Box-Benhnken center combination experiment. The result shows that，the optimal preparation condition of chitosan composite sponge is that the stirring speed is 541 r/min，the mass percent of sodium hyaluronate is 14%，the ratio of chitosan and sodium alginate is 3.71∶1，the theoretical tensile strength is 0.1652 MPa，and the actual tensile strength is 0.1709 MPa. The preparation technology of chitosan composite sponge has been optimized by response surface method. The sponge material has a good performance on water absorption and water retention. The vesicular structure of the sponge is uniform and multi-level.

A kind of blocked isocyanate adduct was synthesized by using methylparaben as blocking agent and N,N'-dimethylformamide (DMF) as solvent. The effects of molar ratio of blocking agent and toluene-2,4-diisocyanate (TDI)，mass percent of catalyst，reaction temperature and reaction time on the blocking reaction were investigated. A high conversion of 99.81% for —NCO group was obtained，when molar ratio of blocking agent and TDI was 3.0∶1，reaction temperature was 80 ℃，reaction time was 3 h and mass percent of catalyst was 0.5% (based on total mass of blocking agent and TDI). Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) were used to determine the structure of the adduct. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results showed that the adduct began to deblock at 80 ℃ while deblocking peak temperature was 124.7 ℃ and throughout deblocking temperature was 130 ℃.

Separation of cinnamaldehyde and cinnamyl acetate by thin-film evaporation/molecular distillation coupled technology was studied. Based on the experimental results of separating cinnamaldehyde and cinnamyl acetate by molecular distillation，a novel separation method by thin-film evaporation/molecular distillation was investigated. For separation of cinnamaldehyde and cinnamyl acetate with the coupled method，the effect of reflux ratio was discussed firstly. Then，the mixtures with different mass fractions of cinnamaldehyde were separated at various evaporator temperatures under the optimum reflux ratio of 2∶1. The content of cinnamaldehyde in distillate obtained by thin-film evaporation/molecular distillation was generally higher than that obtained by molecular distillation only for the same mixtures，which indicated higher separation efficiency of thin-film evaporation/molecular distillation coupled technology than molecular distillation in the case of separating materials with similar volatilities.

The organic silicone quaternary ammonium salt with multi-heads was synthesized using hexamethylenetetramine and γ-chloropropyltrimethoxysilane as raw materials. The target product was characterized by FTIR and NMR. Furthermore，process optimization experiments was carried out. Reaction rate and yield were improved by microwave technology and reaction yield was up to 95.6% within 8 hours. In addition，the major performance of the target product was investigated，such as fusion point，surface tension，critical micelle concentration and bactericidal property. The product contained three quaternary ammonium groups per molecule on average. Fusion point of the above organosilicon quaternary ammonium salt ranged from 86.2 ℃ to 88.6 ℃. γCMC of the product was 46.30 mN/m. CMC was 0.19 g/L，and the bacteriostatic zone diameter for escherichia coli could be up to 27.4 cm.

CHF3 is a potent greenhouse gas with global warming potential of 14 800 times higher than that of CO2. Therefore，it plays a very important and critical role in the reduction of greenhouse gas emission. As CHF3 is produced with relatively high purity，it is very beneficial to realize resource utilization rather than high-temperature incineration which is currently used by industry. This review summarizes the research on the resource utilization of waste CHF3 gas. Via high-temperature pyrolysis (>700℃)，CHF3 can be converted to C2F4 (TFE，tetrafluoroethylene) and C3F6 (HFP，hexafluoropropylene) selectively. The presence of a suitable catalyst can significantly improve the conversion of CHF3 and the yields of C2F4 and C3F6. Reaction of CHF3 with CH4 leads to the formation of CH2=CF2 (VDF，vinylidene fluoride)，making it an alternative route for the resource utilization of CHF3. The major shortcoming of this route is its various by-products. CF3I can be synthesized via reaction of CHF3 with I2 which is another attractive process. As a fire-extinguishing agent and refrigerant，the cost of CF3I is relatively high compared with other substitutes. In addition，CF3I is widely used as trifluoromethyl reagent. It is reported that CHF3 can be directly used as trifluoromethyl reagent in the presence of complicated catalysts under harsh conditions and with high cost. This route is still under preliminary exploration in the laboratory and has a long way to commercial application.

With the development of biological technology in recent years，it is possible that concentrated wastewater can be treated with biological process as a result of successfully cultivating，domesticating salt-tolerant bacteria. However，it is very difficult for a large amount of concentrated wastewater to be effectively treated by biological process due to the limitation of environmental adaptability of salt-tolerant bacteria. The decrease of COD and separation of inorganic salts from concentrated wastewater are ultimate goals. Only under this condition，a much larger amount of water be recovered. Different sources and formation mechanisms of concentrated wastewater were introduced. At the same time, the formation of high-salt wastewater during the treatment of chemical wastewater was analyzed. High-salt wastewater was generated after concentrated wastewater was treated by multi-effect evaporation or membrane distillation. The incineration and cooling crystallization processes can be used for treating high-salt wastewater. Because the crystallization of some soluble salts in high-salt wastewater is insensitive to the decrease of temperature，an evaporation-thermal crystallization process is advised for highly efficient separation of soluble salts from high-salt wastewater instead of the traditional evaporation-cooling crystallization process.

In this paper the pollution situation of diethylhexyl phthalate(DEHP) in water environments，such as surface water，drinking water，waste water and ground water，is introduced. DEHP is present widely in water environment，and the pollution level in some places of China，especially the industrial and densely populated areas，highly exceeds the average conditions overseas. The main pathways of DEHP pollution in soil，water and air include direct discharge of DEHP from manufacturers and release from daily use. Then the methods for removing DEHP from water are summarized，including adsorption，oxidation，and biodegradation. The mechanisms of above- mentioned methods are also summarized，and the biodegradation pathways of DEHP are analyzed. Finally extended studies on DEHP pollutions in various water environments are recommended. Further investigation of the mechanisms of DEHP transformation，degradation and its toxicology and the development of low-cost and efficient treatment methods are proposed.

Methods to enhance the oxidation of ammonium sulfite are introduced in this paper. Hydrogen peroxide as an efficient and environment friendly oxidant was used to promote ammonium sulfite oxidation. In the experiment，the bubbling oxidation reactor was used to oxidize ammonium sulfite solution through air aeration or ozone aeration，and the oxidation rate of ammonium sulfite was measured with time. Compared with oxidation through air or ozone aeration，feeding hydrogen peroxide could remarkably increase ammonium sulfite oxidation rate，for example，through air aeration，when oxidation efficiency of 0.1mol/L ammonium sulfite solution reached 60%，reaction time was reduced by 50min and for 0.5mol/L ammonium sulfite solution under the condition of ozone aeration，reaction time was reduced by 30min. However the consumption of hydrogen peroxide was also quite high，resulting in rapid depletion of hydrogen peroxide. In addition，during the ammonium sulfite oxidation process fed by hydrogen peroxide，not all of hydrogen peroxide took part in the oxidation reaction，and the amount of hydrogen peroxide effectively utilized for oxidation became larger under the condition of ozone oxidation than air oxidation. For example，through ozone aeration，the mass fraction of hydrogen peroxide was 15% larger than that through air aeration in 0.5mol/L ammonium sulfite solution. There might be some synergistic effect between ozone and hydrogen peroxide in the ammonium sulfite oxidation process.

The training of petrochemical employees uses the model of classroom and book teaching with stereotyped content and single pattern. This training form has many deficiencies，such as loss of interest and puny abilities. With the aim of resolving the problems，a new scheme based on interactive environment was proposed. The system built the enterprise three-dimensional scene model，used inverse kinematics algorithm to resolve the data glove of interaction in scene，and a three-dimensional rendering acceleration method based on the idea of graphic processing unit was introduced. The three-dimension training system was developed based on virtual reality engine. The training made use of multimedia computer system to provide cognition cultivation，used human-computer interaction to enhance operation level，and evaluated performance by assessment modules. Finally，experimental results demonstrated that the system could help users master the operation and emergency treatment much better than traditional training and was approved by the enterprise.