The development history，direction and current status of steam cracking technology are reviewed. The major progress of steam cracking technology in recent years include the technology related to the radiant coil，energy saving and environmental protection，single furnace capacity increase，revamp of cracking furnace，advanced control and optimization in operation. Some technologies have good effect in operation，and some technologies have problems or need to make improvement. The development history of Sinopec CBL steam cracking technology is reviewed，and the following aspects are included：process technology，major equipment domestic fabrication，engineering design and large-scale of cracking furnace capacity. The application of CBL cracking technology in furnace revamp，Tianjing and Zhenhai 1000 kt/a ethylene unit is introduced. The application of 150 kt/a CBL-Ⅶ cracking furnace and the development of 200 kt/a CBL cracking furnace are also introduced. The bottleneck of steam cracking technology is pointed out to be the anti-coke technology，and the problems solved in the different stages during 30 years developing course are summarized，and then CBL technology finally entered the international market. Also the technical features are introduced，and the advantages of CBL cracking furnace are also introduced.

The recent development of flow and heat transfer research of CO2 hydrate slurry was reviewed as a secondary refrigerant. In the aspect of flow research, five flow patterns(Newtonian flow, Pseudo-plastic flow, Dilatant flow, Bingham plastic flow and Herschel-Bulkley flow) were introduced. It shows that CO2 hydrate slurry is a kind of non-Newtonian liquid with small apparent viscosity indicating excellent flow properties. With regard to heat transfer aspect, the calculation method of hydrate slurry overall heat transfer coefficient in the plate heat exchanger was presented, and CO2 hydrate slurry has excellent heat transfer properties with a convective heat transfer coefficient of 3658W/(m2?K). Moreover, heat transfer properties can be affected by crystal diameter and distribution, flow velocity, solid content and tube dimensions. In conclusion, CO2 hydrate slurry has good prospects in air conditioning application with good flow and heat transfer properties. Finally, the future research priorities on CO2 hydrate slurry were discussed and summarized.

Vinylidene fluoride is one of the most important monomers in fluorine industry，which is mainly prepared by the pyrolysis of 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane (HCFC-142b) at high temperature. This research progress in the pyrolysis mechanism of HCFC-142b to vinylidene fluoride was introduced. The technologies and the development trend of catalytic pyrolysis of HCFC-142b were reviewed together with the improvements in the structure of cracking tube. In addition，study on the rectification of vinylidene fluoride was discussed. It is proposed that in-depth study on the mechanism of the pyrolysis of HCFC-142b and the effects of the material and structure of cracking tube should be conducted. Learning from the research progress in the pyrolysis of hydrocarbons，the difficulty of high energy consumption，catalyst loss，coking and other problems faced in the pyrolysis of HCFC-142b will be solved.

The research state of Nylon 66 polymerization technology，including melt polymerization，interfacial polymerization and solid state polymerization，was introduced. The relevant research methodology was reviewed. Aimed at industrial application，the advantage and disadvantage of the polymerization methods were summarized. Although the melt polymerization technology is mature，the single-line capacity is still limited. Solid phase polymerization and interfacial polymerization are energy efficient and environment-friendly，while the basic research on them is insufficient. Based on Chinese Nylon 66 research and production situation，the research thread of thought was proposed. On the basis of the existing technology，the research on process modeling and process intensification was introduced with the help of mathematical modeling and computer simulation. The model validated with industrial data can guide industrial production and technical research.

Rotating zigzag bed (RZB) is a new kind of contactor using HIGEE technology and is characterized by a rotor consisting of a stationary disc fixed with stationary baffles and a rotating disc fixed with rotating baffles. A conventional rotor (RotorⅠ) and a rotor equipped with shorter stationary baffle (RotorⅡ) of RZB were used in the experiments，and the mass transfer performance and hydraulics of the proposed device were studied using ethanol-water and air-water systems at atmospheric pressure. The effects of stationary baffle on the mass transfer，pressure drop，and power consumption in the RZB were investigated. The experimental results indicated that stationary baffle can significantly intensify the mass transfer process，and the theoretical plate number of Rotor Ⅱ was about 50% lower in comparison with RotorⅠ. The mass transfer efficiency of RotorⅠ increased as rotational speed increased，and it was enhanced by 40% when rotational speed increased from 400 r/min to 1200 r/min. The mass transfer efficiency of RotorⅡ was not significantly affected by increasing rotational speed. Stationary baffle made the rotor of RZB have a higher pressure drop，and power consumption. The pressure drop and shaft power in RotorⅡ was 20%—50%，60%—80% that of RotorⅠ，respectively.

Mechanical vapor recompression (MVR) evaporation system is a new energy efficient evaporation technology. It has several unit devices，the system stability and energy efficiency depend on each node control，such as feed temperature，evaporation pressure，the ratio of vapor compression and condensation temperature. If the operational conditions are not appropriate，the evaporation efficiency will be reduced，and the equipment and piping will be damaged. This paper established a MVR evaporation process flow that can fully use energy. Quality and energy of each operation node were calculated，and a system of simulation process was establish using the Aspen Plus software. This research investigated the mass flow of cyclic steam and the mass flow of added water under different feed temperatures，condensation temperatures，the ratio of vapor compression and evaporation pressure，by analyzing controlling unit operations. The results showed that raw materials reached the optimal conditions in saturated liquids，temperature of the condensate to the evaporation temperature at 5—8℃ was most effective for the system，and the vapor compression ratio of compressor in the 1.8—2.2 was more reasonable. The heat from condensate and the concentrate can be used to preheat the raw material，and the added water can be drawn directly from the condensate.

Based on the Euler model for multiphase flow，the flow field in a decanter centrifuge was simulated and analyzed with a computational fluid dynamics software，Fluent，using RNG k-ε turbulence model in a multiple coordinate reference system. Results showed that the tangential velocity increased quickly after the liquid flowed into the drum and reached a stable flow state along a relatively short distance，and the tangential velocity varied slightly along the drum axis. In addition，the axial velocity gradient along the radial was small in the cylindrical section of the drum，and large in the conical section. In the area near the drum，the axial velocity in the conical section of the drum was higher than that in the cylindrical section. The radial velocity was found to be complicated with no obvious regularity，and it was greatly affected by geometric structure.

The cyclone separator has high separation efficiency and is not easy to be blocked，it has good effect on the natural gas dewaxing. Numerical simulation of the two-phase flow of the CYG-S natural gas dewaxing cyclone separator was studied by using CFD software Fluent，and get the internal pressure，tangent and axial velocity distributions. The simulation and calculated cut size x50 in different inlet velocity are contrasted，the results has a good degree of agreement，so the two-phase simulation are reliable. The results show that the mass concentration of paraffin droplet is higher at the bottom of the cone section. With the increasing of the inlet flow，the separation efficiency of cyclone separator was improved，under the 1000 m3/h inlet flow，the x50 can reach 5.3 μm. However，in the studied range of inlet flow，the increase rate of the drop less than 5μm is not obvious. The lengthened of column and taper section increases the length of cyclone separator，extents the residence time of the droplets in the cyclone separator，and improves the separation efficiency of the cyclone separator.

Glycerol，the main by-product of biodiesel production process，is increased rapidly with the development of biodiesel industry. Production of high quality hydrogen from the aqueous phase reforming (APR) of glycerol is one of the main techniques to increase the added value of glycerol and reduce the cost of biodiesel production. In this review，the production of biodiesel and its by-product，glycerol，was introduced briefly，the concept of hydrogen production by the APR of glycerol was elaborated，and the effect on the APR of glycerol reaction was explained in detail in terms of both thermodynamics and dynamics. Especially，three aspects of the catalyst，the influence of precious metal，non-precious metal and supports on the APR of glycerol were summarized. It is proposed that the bimetallic catalyst may become a potential catalyst with high activity and high stability in APR reaction.

With the advantages of low temperature，high-efficiency and zero-emission，the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) as a generator device，has been considered to solve the crucial issues in environment and energy. However，the unclear electrochemical and transfer mechanisms for PEMFC inhibit its developments significantly. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is regarded as an important tool to clarify the electrode dynamics and surface adsorption. To review the recent EIS application on PEMFC systems and key materials，this paper generally introduces the application mechanism of EIS and the measurement for PEMFC，and penetrates into its in situ polarizations，materials evaluations and the reaction mechanisms with typical impedance spectrum analysis to analyze the significance of impedance element parameters on the improvement of the battery and material. Further the prospect of EIS application to PEMFC is also presented. In order to analyze the data of impedance spectrum in detail，it is better to combine equivalent circuit fitting with mathematical model simulation.

High contents of nitrogen，oxygen and aromatics in anthracene oil are the new problems to hydrogenation technology. In order to solve the problems which hinder the production of clean fuel oil from anthracene oil，Fushun Research Institute of Petroleum and Petrochemicals，SINOPEC turned anthracene oil to smaller aromatics and naphthene by two stage hydrogenation with appropriate catalysts，and total liquid yield was more than 99%，with about 26.5% gasoline cut and 73.5% diesel cut. Anthracene oil was turned into clean fuel oil and the possibility of commercial production of light fuel oil from anthracene oil was established.

In this paper，the experimental process was designed based on orthogonal experiments to study the influence factors of acid treatment de-ashing of the oil shales from Yaojie，Gansu and Longkou，Shandong. At room temperature，the influences of particle size(A)，solid-liquid ratio(B)，HF density (C) and soaking time (D) were investigated. According to range analysis and variance analysis，the primary and secondary factors were the same for the two kinds of oil shales，A > C > D > B；the optimum conditions were also the same，particle size of 0—0.2mm，solid-liquid ratio of 1∶10 g/mL，HF density of 40% and soaking time of 5h. The two kinds of oil shales could get the best effect of acid treatment de-ashing and pyrolysis rate was remarkably improved with increased porosity under the optimum conditions.

Yaojie oil shale particles were taken as sample to determine water content and drying rate with electric heating box，electronic balance and infrared temperature measuring instrument. The drying mechanism in each section was discussed，and the effect of temperature，particle size on oil shale drying was analyzed. On the drying rate curve，an inflection point existed obviously，which suggested that the drying process was divided into two stages. When water content was higher than the one of the inflection point，the main process is the removal of free water and bound water in large pores accompanied with shrinkage. According to the Kelvin equation，this process was influenced by the capillary effect，which reduced the evaporation rate gradually. When water content was less than the one of the inflection point，water in the smaller pores was heated，water molecular escaped when its kinetic energy reached a certain level，causing the decrease of moisture content and thermal breakage during the later period of oil shale drying.

Various activated amine solutions are used in current nature gas pretreatment. Among them，the most commonly used are activated MDEA amine solutions. As single amine solution has its own disadvantage，five kinds of activated MDEA amine solutions (MDEA+MEA，MDEA+DEA，MDEA+TEA，MDEA+DETA and MDEA+TETA) were studied experimentally in order to analyze absorption performance comparatively，including absorption rate，and absorption loading. MDEA added with MEA and DEA had higher absorption loading and got better decarbonization efficiency. MDEA mixed with DETA and TETA could enhance reaction rate significantly，but its reaction was be retarded by high acid gas loading. MDEA mixed with TEA had the lowest reaction rate. This paper plays positive role on industrial application of mixed amine.

As a typical photocatalyst，TiO2 has been extensively investigated because of its fascinating high photosensitivity，chemical stability and environment-friendly character. However，nanoscale TiO2 particles are less efficient in photocatalysis due to its tendency of aggregation，leading to a limited adsorption capacity toward organic compounds. Different preparation methods of nanoTiO2/ZSM-5 and metal modified nanoTiO2/ZSM-5 particles，i.e. M-nanoTiO2/ZSM-5 and nanoTiO2/M-ZSM-5，are summarized regarding their objective composites. Recent advances of nanoTiO2/ZSM-5 catalyst in the photocatalytic degradation of organic substances are reviewed. There is a good research prospect for highly efficient photocatalysts in improving uniform dispersion of nano TiO2 on support，and loading appropriate metal ions，which prevent the combination of hole-electron pairs by enhancing the attraction for electron.

Ni/Al2O3，as a type of stable catalyst，is used extensively in industrial catalysis，such as catalytic hydrogenation and catalytic reformation. In these catalytic processes，the surface structure often plays a vitally important role for catalytic performance. In this paper，the surface structure of Ni/Al2O3 catalyst and its corresponding preparation technologies in the recent years are expatiated. A review is provided for the type of surface Ni species，the modification of additives for the Ni/Al2O3 catalysts’ surface structure，and the effects of the size and the structure of the surface Ni species on the catalytic performance. Moreover，the effects of preparation conditions on the type of surface Ni species，the structure of additives，and the size and structure of active components are also summarized. The important roles of the three surface Ni species，electronic and structural promoter，dispersion and crystalline phases of the particles in the catalytic process are analyzed. The future research on catalyst shall be focused on the increase of monatomic activity，the decrease of transfer resistance and catalyst electronic modification.

LaF3-Cr2O3 catalysts were prepared by a precipitation method，and their effects on the catalytic performance in vapor phase hydrofluorination of tetrachloroethylene were studied. With increasing La content，the tetrachloroethylene conversion over LaF3-Cr2O3 catalyst increases，while the total selectivity to effective products (HCFC-123 + HCFC-124 + HFC-125) first increases and then decreases. When the addition content of La is 1%，1LaF3-Cr2O3 catalyst exhibits the highest catalytic performance；the tetrachloroethylene conversion and the selectivity to effective products reach 92.8% and 90.1%，respectively. Results of NH3 temperature-programmed desorption indicate that the amount of weak acid sites of LaF3-Cr2O3 catalysts decreases with the increase of La content，while both the acid intensity and the amount of strong acid sites increase. It may be attributed to the increase in the content of LaF3 and amorphous CrF3 in the catalyst. Therefore，it could be concluded that the increase in the relative acid amount on the catalyst surface is unfavourable for the formation of effective products (HCFC-123 + HCFC-124 + HFC-125).

Catalytic dehydration of fructose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) was studied and improved by synthesizing series of solid acid catalyst WO3/ZrO2 with different mole ratio of W to Zr using co-precipitation with hot reflux method. The structure and properties of the catalysts thus synthesized were investigated by X-ray diffraction(XRD)，N2 sorption，temperature -programmed desorption of (NH3-TPD)，and then the influence of temperature，mass ration of fructose/catalyst and reaction time on the yield of 5-HMF from fructose were studied in dimethyl sulfoxide. These studies showed that specific surface area and acid strength of the catalysts were increased greatly by hot reflux method，and an optimized 5-HMF yield of 80.29% was obtained with 3 h at 130 ℃ in the presence of the sample WO3/ZrO2 with W-Zr mole ratio of 0.1∶1，which had a largest specific surface area and best catalytic activity.

Slide-ring gels are a new type of polymer gels，in which polymer networks are formed by topologically interlocking of polyrotaxane by figure-of-eight cross-links. Because these cross-links can pass along the polymer chains freely to equalize the tension of the threading polymer chains like pulleys，slide-ring gels reveal higher swellability，higher stretchability，and better mechanical strength than traditional chemical or physical gels. Hence，slide-ring gels have attracted considerable attention and become a very active research area. This review introduces the concept of slide-ring gel，and its topologically cross-linking method，superior performance and extensive application value. Proposition of a sliding-ring model and its achieving process by real molecules is also reviewed. Preparation methods，structure and physical properties of the slide-ring gels，as well as three main parameters that govern the pulley effect，moving phase，cross-linking density，and complexation degree between ring and main polymer chain，are discussed. However，the types of polyrotaxanes used to prepare the slide-ring gels are limited，and the corresponding application research is rarely reported.

Molecular imprinting technology has been developed rapidly in recent years and applied in various fields，including separation engineering，chemical sensors and analogy enzyme catalysis，due to its high selectivity，specific recognition and so on. However，a little attention has been paid to molecularly imprinted hydrogels. Temperature-sensitive molecularly imprinted hydrogels，obtained by combining molecular imprinting technique with temperature-sensitive hydrogels，provide both the specific identification properties and stimuli-responsiveness to the environment temperature changes，which means that the specific recognition of such hydrogels to the template molecules changes with temperature variation. This paper is aimed to not only review the specific identification principle and preparation approaches of temperature-sensitive molecularly imprinted hydrogels，but also to highlight the application of temperature-sensitive molecularly imprinted hydrogels in metal-ion，organic molecules and protein imprinting. In this review，the possible development of temperature-sensitive molecularly imprinted hydrogels is prospected，which will show enormous potential applications in many fields，such as material separation and drug controlled release system.

A new kind of photocatalytic materials based on bismuth oxychloride (BiOCl) has received much attention owing to its inherent layer structure and particular electronic characteristics，and BiOCl-based materials exhibit the excellent photocatalytic activities and potential practical prospects in energy utilization，environmental protection，chemical application，material fields，and so on. The crystal and electronic structures of BiOCl semiconductor were first investigated. Then recent research and development in the preparation methods，structure morphologies，visible-light response and immobilization of BiOCl-based materials have been comprehensively reviewed and analyzed; meanwhile the obtained correlative photocatalytic mechanisms for certain BiOCl-based catalysts based on first-principles calculations were also summarized. The promising research trends of BiOCl-based photocatalytic materials，such as the relative deposition on suitable substrate surface，the effect mechanism between catalysts and absorbable organics on the surface，photocatalytic reaction mechanism，have been prospected.

Research progress in self-healing polymer materials in recent years is summarized. According to the healing agents applied or not in the self-healing process，self-healing methods in polymer materials can be classified into extrinsic self-healing and intrinsic self-healing. Based on the latest research achievements，several typical extrinsic self-healing methods are summarized，including hollow-fiber self-healing，nanoparticle self-healing，microcapsule self-healing (dicyclopentadiene healing agent system，epoxy healing agent system)，microvessel self-healing and carbon nano-tube self-healing. Several extrinsic self-healing mechanisms，self-healing system characteristic and present research status are elaborated. Future research on self-healing materials is prospected，i.e.，optimizing and developing new healing agents system in order to improve the self-healing efficiency，and realizing the true biomimetic materials.

Fluorinated polysiloxane combines the unique properties of fluorine and silicone，such as high and low temperature resistance，chemical resistance，solvent resistance，low surface energy and low dielectric constant. It is widely used in automobile，aircraft，and electronic industries. This paper reviews the application progress of fluorinated polysiloxane，including fluorosilicone rubber，coating，release agent，lubricant and grease，pressure-sensitive adhesive，antifoam agent，texile finishing. Application research on liquid fluorosilicone rubber，coating，fluorinated polysiloxane with the long fluorine-containing side chain and fluorinated polysiloxane used in 3D printing is recommended.

This paper reviewed the toxicity，source and control methods of heavy metal ions，the progress of heavy metal chelator and composite materials were also introduced. The progress of heavy metal chelating composite materials from macromolecule resin，silicon particles，biomass materials，nanoparticles and mesoporous materials as matrics were analyzed and discussed. The future research directions were proposed as the following: the selection of matrix materials should focus on the sources，price and properties of materials，biomass materials，mesoporous materials and nano-porous materials should be selected with priority; new efficient chelating functional groups should be explored and developed; and the preparation and use of composite material must be pollution free and compatible with environment.

It is an effective method that the toughness of polymer-based glass fiber composites is improved by polyethylene glycol (PEG). However，the soft segments of PEG molecular structure have an influence on the thermal properties of composites. In this work，bismaleimide-triazine/glass fiber composites modified by PEG were prepared. The effects of molecular chain length and mounts of PEG on the thermal properties of composites were investigated. The results showed that adding PEG leads to decreases of glass-transition temperature，temperature for the total mass loss of 5%，and the char yield at 800 ℃. There is the highest value of thermal properties，when the molecular weight reaches 4000. Further，the thermal properties of the composites decreased with the increase of PEG amount. The micro-structure analysis showed that the enhanced interface bonding force among PEG，BT resin，and glass fiber are beneficial to the thermal properties，which relaxes the decreased tendency of thermal properties. These results provide a reference for improving the toughness of polymer-based glass fiber using PEG.

Er-doped barium ferrites，BaEr0.3Fe11.7O19，was synthesized through a sol-gel method. PANI/BaEr0.3Fe11.7O19 composite was prepared through an in-situ polymerization with as-synthesized ferrite and aniline as raw materials. The structure，morphology and electromagnetic property of composite were characterized by X-ray diffraction，scanning electron microscopy and vector network analyzer. The results showed that the composite material was spherical with particle size less than 100 nm. When matching thickness was 3mm，the absorption peak position and the reflectivity of PANI/BaEr0.3Fe11.7O19 were 12 GHz and ?42 dB，respectively. The bandwidth of ?10 dB was 10—15.5 GHz，and bandwidth was 5.5 GHz.

This article describes the research and application of ozone aging truck tire tread，and research and application are conducted by using different proportions of antioxidants，such as the commonly used antioxidant 4010NA，antioxidant 4020 and antioxidant RD，together with protective wax protection system. The results show that：①best ozone protection can be achieved with truck tires of the three antioxidant when the total amount of range is controlled at about 5.5 parts，including antioxidant 4010NA 3.0，antioxidant 4020 1.0，antioxidant RD1.5；②both chemical protection and physical protection should be considered. Microcrystalline wax gives better physical protection in dynamic case，where the number of copies is controlled at about 1.5 parts.

Calcium sulfate whiskers were prepared from commercial CaSO4?2H2O or phosphogypsum. The influence of Fe3+ on properties of calcium sulfate whiskers were studied. The methods including scanning electron microscopy，X-ray powder diffraction，TEM，SAED and EDX were used for characterizing the resultant crystals. The crystals grew along the c-axis and the aspect ratio of calcium sulfate whiskers increased obviously with Fe3+. When n(Ca)/n(Fe)=20，the aspect ratios of calcium sulfate whisker from commercial CaSO4?2H2O and phosphogypsum were up to 80 and 60 respectively. In the presence of Fe3+，well-developed whiskers were attained from phosphogypsum and whiteness of calcium sulfate whiskers was improved.

Aiming at the excess ammonia discharge caused by methods of solvent extraction and separation of rare earth elements using ammonia or sodium hydroxide as the saponification agent，this paper investigated the method of using ultrasonic unsaponifiable P204 to extract and separate the lanthanum and cerium elements. This paper examined the effects of the acidity of the feed liquid，the ultrasonic intensity，the ultrasonic intensity on the distribution ratio of lanthanum and cerium，the separation factor of lanthanum and cerium and the saturation extraction capacity respectively. The results showed that when the feed acidity was 5，ultrasonic intensity was at 20 W/cm2，ultrasonic frequency was at 30 kHz，the distribution ratio of lanthanum and cerium，the saturation extraction capacity of lanthanum and cerium and the separation factor between lanthanum and cerium reached the maximum. The saturation extraction capacity were 35 g/L and 19 g/L，and the maximum separation factor between the lanthanum and the cerium was 4.63. The results under infrared spectroscopy showed that ultrasound caused hydrogen bond break in P204 in the solvent extraction and separation of lanthanum and cerium，resulting in， more monomer P204 react with rare earth in the extraction process. Therefore，the saturation extraction capacity of lanthanum and cerium with ultrasonic was greater than that without ultrasonic.

Chitosan was grafted onto the surface of Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles fabricated by a chemical coprecipitation method by using (3-chloropropyl) trimethoxysilane as a coupling agent. The modified magnetic nanoparticles were characterized by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)，X-ray diffraction (XRD)，scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). The adsorption properties of the magnetic nano-adsorbent for BSA were investigated under different conditions，including adsorption time，pH and concentration of bovine serum albumin. The size of nanoparticles was about 20 nm，and chitosan made up 15.40% of the weight of the modified Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles. Compared with Fe3O4 nanoparticles，chitosan modified nanoparticles showed higher BSA adsorption capacity.

Montmorillonite was modified with mono-functional γ-aminopropyl dimethyl ethoxymsilane. Presence of chemical bond between montmorillonite and coupling agent was testified by infrared spectroscopy (IR) characterization. A yellow salicylaldimine Schiff’s base which absorbed visible light at 404nm was formed by reaction of salicylaldehyde with amino silane，therefore this specific chromogenic reaction could be used to evaluate reaction ratio of the silane coupling agent. Quantity of active silanols on montmorillonite was 29.6 mmol/(100g MMT)，and the best drying temperature of silylation reaction was 120 ℃ through the above method. X-ray wide angle diffraction (XRD) test showed that active silanols were distributed on the broken edge rather than on the interlayer of montmorillonite. Reaction of montmorillonite with mono-functional silane coupling agent included two basic steps：first，the alkoxy group of coupling agent was hydrolyzed and silanol was generated in aqueous alcohol solution，then dehydration occurred to form silylated-montmorillonite between the silanol mentioned above and silanol distributed on the edge of montmorillonite at a high drying temperature. Cation exchange capacity (CEC) of montmorillonites kept the same as original montmorillonite after modification by coupling agent. Dispersion results in different solvents showed that the dispersibility of MMT was decreased in water，but was improved in toluene and ethanol. Accordingly the dispersibility of MMT in organic solvent could be increased after silanization by coupling agent.

A melting method of titanium content determination in rare earth ferrosilicon alloy using spectrophotometry with diantipyrylmethane，which mixed anhydrous sodium carbonate and boric acid to flux melting sample quickly at a high temperature was studied. The optimum condition of melting sample was investigated. The sample could be melted completely，with stable result and error in an allowable range，meeting the requirement of analysis. The method can quickly decompose ore sample to obtain accurate result，with advantages of environmental protection，quick，and adaptable to the batch analysis as compared with dissolving sample by using nitric acid and hydrofluoric acid. The optimum condition of melting rare earth ferrosilicon alloy was ratio of sample and mixed alkali 6∶1，ratio of sodium carbonate and boric acid 2∶1，and melting at 1000 ℃ for 20 min. The decreasing order of importance was ratio of sample and mixed alkali，melt time，melt temperature，and ratio of sodium carbonate and boric acid.

The yeast is one of the most widely used industrial microorganisms in ethanol and brewing industry due to its higher ethanol yield and fermentation rate. During fermentation process，the accumulated ethanol plays a toxic role to yeast，which inhibits the growth of yeast and the increase of ethanol production. So research on the tolerance mechanism of yeast is very important in theoretical and practical application. The studies reviewed here not only deepened our knowledge on yeast ethanol tolerance，but also provided a basis for the breeding of yeast strain with improved ethanol tolerance. The research progress in the ethanol tolerance of yeast was addressed. The ethanol formation and tolerance mechanisms of yeast focusing on the methods for improving the ethanol tolerance were introduced. Future research in this area should be focused on the tolerance mechanism，and the connection between ethanol tolerance and other stress tolerance，to ultimately improve the conversion efficiency of ethanol.

Hydrofluoroolefin cis-1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene (Z-HFO-1336) has zero ozone depletion potential (ODP) and low global warming potential (GWP)，which replaces trichlorofluoromethane CFC-11，1,1-dichloro-1-fluoroethane HCFC-141b，and 1,1,1,3,3- pentafluoropropane HFC-245fa by good compatibility and chemical stability，is used as new generation foaming materials. Synthesis of the compound mainly includes three types：direct fluorination of C4 compounds，coupling of CFC-113 and HCFC-123，and telomerization of haloalkane with olefin to form chlorofluorobutane by Kharasch reaction. Direct method is too expensive for large scale production，coupling route brings up pollution problems，and complicated Kharasch reaction involves long steps. Two synthesis approaches are proposed：Coupling of HCFC-123 attracts theoretical study，which involves activation of C─Cl bond and single electron transfer process，and simple and practical way using ethylene or trifluoropropene as starting material could be an effective method for plant-scale production.

A novel polyphosphoester class trinity tea saponin based environmentally friendly intumescent flame retardant(TTS-IFR)was prepared by using the active natural product tea saponin containing multiple hydroxyl and carboxyl radicals as the raw material reacting with ammonium polyphosphate and pentaerythritol under specific conditions. Its structure characterization and thermal degradation properties were studied with FTIR spectrometer and simultaneous thermal analyzer. Tea saponin reacted with ammonium polyphosphate and pentaerythritol，and generated polyphosphoester class tea saponin-based trinity intumescent flame retardant with good thermal stability，small degradation heat release，large residual rate at high temperature，and final residual rate up to 30.77%. In addition，the tea saponin-based trinity intumescent flame retardant was used in flame retardant coatings，and the flame retardance and pyrolysis performance of flame retardant coatings was evaluated with oxygen index tester and cone calorimeter. Tea saponin based trinity intumescent flame retardant significantly improved the performance of flame-retardant coatings，and LOI value of the flame retardant coating was 34.2%，refractory time was 11.1 min. In cone calorimeter experiments，the flame retardant coatings sample had low mean heat release rate (m-HRR) for 36.18 kW/m2，total heat release (THR) for 5.25 kJ/m2 and mean effective heat of combustion (m-EHC) for only 5.11 kJ/kg，and the flame retardant performance was greatly improved compared with flame retardant coatings containing unreacted flame retardant. This flame retardant was free from halogen and consisted of three source to form an organic whole，so it had advantages of excellent flame retardance，good compatibility with polymer，high efficiency and environmental friendliness.

A new kind of efficient environmentally-friendly composite scale and corrosion inhibitor consisting of polyepoxysuccinic acid (PESA)，polyacrylic acid (PAA)，hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride (HPMA)，benzotriazole (BTA) was developed. The optimal concentrations of such components obtained from orthogonal experiments were PESA(1.0 mg/L)/PAA(1.0 mg/L)/HPMA (0.6 mg/L)/BTA(0.5 mg/L). Its scale inhibition and corrosion inhibition performance was studied with bubble method，electrochemical experiment and rotary weight loss/hanging-piece corrosion experiment. The scale inhibiting rate and corrosion inhibiting rates for A3 carbon steel，copper，stainless steel of the scale and corrosion inhibitor were 92% and 83%，97%，99%，respectively. Further dynamic simulated test also indicated that the scale and corrosion inhibitor meet the demand of circulating cooling water.

The importance of CO2 emission reduction is discussed，and the main methods of chemical utilization of CO2 is outlined. Three ways of ammonolysis reaction of carbon dioxide are reviewed. Ammonolysis reaction produces ammonium bicarbonate，urea and cyanuric acid. Production of cyanuric acid by ammonolysis of carbon dioxide is highlighted，and the thermodynamics is analyzed. The reaction characteristics are described，and ammonolysis of carbon dioxide to produce cyanuric acid and other solid products is a feasible way for chemicalutulization of carbon dioxide. Not only carbon dioxide can be sealed up，but also high added value products can be obtained. Combination of ammonolysis reaction and coal chemical industry will reduce emission of carbon dioxide effectively，and has a broad prospect.

Among the air pollution control methods，biological method is high efficient and low cost for removal of industrial waste gas. This paper reviewed the basic principles of biological treatment technologies，including mass transfer and degradation of the biofilm theories. Three treatment processes，biofilter，bioscrubber and biotrickling filter，were illustrated and compared. Some influencing factors，such as packing material，nutrient，microorganism and pressure drop，were compared. It also described the recent progresses of biological method for purifying waste gas. Biotrickling filter process started relatively recently but could have promising advantages，and it could be the future research focus. Meanwhile，microorganisms should be studied deeply to degrade multi-component pollutants.

The 2-aminopyridine was treated by three-phase electrocatalytic oxidation reactor in which CuO-ZnO/porous ceramic was used as particle electrodes. This paper investigated the effects of operating parameters included the initial pH，cell voltage，amount of electrolyte and aeration intensity values on 2-aminopyridine removal and current efficiency of the reaction. The degradation process of 2-aminopyridine was studied by analysis of some nitrogen-containing products. Acidic and alkaline conditions showed a higher efficiency than the neutral condition for 2-aminopyridine degradation. When the initial pH was at 8.4，the cell voltage was at 15 V，the amount of electrolyte was at 30 g/L and the aeration intensity was at 40L/h，the 2-aminopyridine and COD degradation rate reached 83.98% and 74.44% after 150min.The results also demonstrated that particle electrodes can significantly improve the current efficiency. The analysis results from the degradation process of 2-aminopyridine indicated that N2 and NO3?-N were the main mineralization product of nitrogen，and the destroying of pyridine ring and mineralization can be carried out simultaneously.

Reasonable selection of electromagnetic frequency is one of the necessary conditions for the best result of electromagnetic anti-scaling. This research designed a set of static electromagnetic experiment with electrical conductivity method, based on the analysis of the present and commonly used anti-scaling performance evaluations. Titration experiment was conducted according to the conductivity titration method. The characteristics of varying conductivity with time in the titration process under the given experimental conditions were compared. The effects of different frequency electromagnetic fields on the scale inhibition performance were investigated. The results showed that conductivity changed over time under the different electromagnetic frequencies. The regression model and the optimum frequency of electromagnetic anti-scaling were obtained. The method developed in this research is stable and repeatable and could effectively meet the needs of the accurate and rapid evaluation of electromagnetic anti-scaling performance.

Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are continuously discharged into the ocean，causing serious marine pollution problems，such as eutrophication and red tide. Much attention has been paid to removal N and P from contaminated seawater. Magnesium ammonium phosphate (MAP) precipitation method has the advantages of removal ammonia nitrogen and phosphate simultaneously，but it has not been used in low concentrated ammonia nitrogen wastewater treatment，especially in contaminated seawater treatment. In this research，MAP precipitation method was used to removal ammonia nitrogen in contaminated seawater. Mg2+ ion in seawater and Na2HPO4 were utilized as the precipitants. The influencing factors on ammonia nitrogen removal efficiency，such as pH，molar ratio of PO43?/NH4+ and reaction time were investigated. Combined with XRD and SEM analysis of the deposit crystals，the optimal reaction conditions of ammonia nitrogen removal in contaminated seawater by MAP precipitation method were determined as the following：pH value，9.5—10.5；PO43?/NH4+ molar ratio，1.1/1；reaction time，40 min. The experimental results showed that under the optimal reaction conditions，increase of initial ammonia nitrogen concentration reduced ammonia nitrogen removal rate. The ammonia nitrogen removal rate was 42.80% when initial ammonia nitrogen concentration was 12 mg/L.

Boron doped diamond films on porous Ti substrates were prepared by hot-filament chemical vapor deposition (HFCVD) and its main physical behaviors were studied. SEM analysis showed that diamond phase can grow well and distributed on the surface and the hole of the substrate. Ramen spectroscopy showed that the electrode had a pure and high quality diamond phase. The Alizarin Red electrochemical oxidation behavior had been studied with porous Ti/BDD electrode under acidic conditions by cyclic voltammetry. The effects of electrochemical oxidation degradation were investigated by change the anodic current density and the concentration of supporting electrolyte. The results showed that the anodic current density 40 mA/cm2，supporting electrolyte concentration was the ideal technological parameters and the general current efficiency was 30.2%. The results also showed that the porous Ti/BDD film electrode electrochemical oxidation Alizarin Red had a higher current efficiency compared with flat Ti/BDD film electrode in the same condition. The results of UV-visible spectroscopy detection confirmed that Alizarin Red can be degraded efficiently by electrochemical oxidation.

Currently there are no experiences and standards of seawater swimming pool circulation purification technology. Diatomite precoating filtration technology has been successfully applied in water purification and food industry and other industrial filter as a kind of high precision filtration. The technology of diatomite precoating filtration was utilized in advanced treating the swimming poor seawater. Bucher funnel experimental results indicated that the 1.0 kg/m2 diatomite aids CD08 was effective and economical in removal of turbidity，CODMn，urea and organisms，and the average removal efficiency was 98%，40%，32% and 70% respectively. Further study with a laboratory-scaled diatomite filtration device with CD08 indicated that the average removal efficiency of CODMn，urea and organisms was 30%，20% and 68% respectively at the effluent turbidity at 0.5 NTU approximately.

Preparation of levulinic acid from hydrolysis of Salix psammophila catalyzed by sulfuric acid as catalyst was studied in this paper. The effects of catalyst concentration，reaction time，reaction temperature，liquid-solid ratio on the yield of levulinic acid were investigated. By orthogonal tests，the optimum hydrolysis reaction conditions were as follows：reaction temperature 200℃，reaction time 90 min，catalyst concentration 9%，liquid-solid ratio(mL∶g) 15∶1，the highest yield of levulinic acid was 18.80%，the order of the factors was obtained according to the degree to which they could affect hydrolysis reaction as follows：reaction time > catalytic concentration > reaction temperature > liquid-solid ratio. 335 weak basic anion-exchange resin was used for separation and purification of hydrolysis mixed solution，under the static conditions of adsorption temperature 35 ℃，amount of resin 15 g，eluent concentration (HCl) 0.5 mol/L，recovery of levulinic acid was 95.35%.

The macroscopic property and mass transfer enhancement of extracting Lincomycin with composite extractant (n-octanol and kerosene) in packed extraction column was studied in this paper. The structure of extracted complex and reaction equilibrium constant were determined by the slope method，which could contribute to the improvement of equipment and mass transfer enhancement. In order to improve the extraction efficiency，factors such as pH of the solution，volume ratio of the water phase to the organic phase，packing type，and distribution plates were considered. The results showed that in the extraction process of Lincomycin with n-octanol，the reaction equilibrium constant was 0.072，the optimum content of n-octanol in composite extractant was 0.8 (volume fraction)，the optimum pH of the extraction solution ranged from 10 to 11，the optimum volume ratio of the water phase to the organic phase was 3. Limited extraction efficiency was found to present in both structured packing and bulk packing extraction column. Distribution plates could significantly enhance the mass transfer in packed extraction column，with a maximum unit volume treatment capacity of 12.8 times compared to the extraction tank，and the circulation volume of extractant could be greatly reduced. The results can be used for guiding practical application of packed extraction column in Lincomycin extraction.

50.0×104 t/a FCC gasoline hydrodesulfurization unit is a new-built unit for CNOOC Huizhou Refinery to meet the requirements of gasoline upgrading to national emissions standards No.4 and No.5. FCC full range gasoline selective hydrodesulfurization technology (CDOS-FRCN) is adopted in this unit，catalyst with proprietary technology is provided by Beijing Haishunde Titanium Catalyst Co. Ltd.. Unit calibration data show，FCC full range gasoline is converted to hydrogenated gasoline by CDOS-FRCN technology，the content of sulfur could reach 11 μg/g，the content of mercaptan could reach 10 μg/g，the loss of RON is less than 1.5. The inlet temperature of the second reactor R102 has a strong effect on the desulfurization effectiveness and RON loss，the higher R102 inlet temperature，the higher the desulfurization rate and the larger RON loss. CDOS-FRCN hydrodesulphurization technology could effectively decrease sulfur content in gasoline and octane number loss，could provide economical flexible technological options for producing clean gasoline with sulfur content less than 50 μg/g or 10 μg/g.