Chemical looping technology paves a new way for the clean utilization of fossil fuel. On the basis of the research status and feature of coal chemical looping combustion/gasification，a summary of oxygen carrier in the chemical looping conversion and the intensification of coal-oxygen carrier reaction and chemical looping reactor was conducted. The researchers should pay much attention to three key points in chemical looping process，including ①further investigation into oxygen transfer and the reaction mechanism of the oxygen carrier-coal-ash-gasifying medium system should be carried out；②We will focus on three kinds of oxygen carriers，oxygen carrier with multi-active component，oxygen carrier coupling with catalysis-oxygen carrying-C/S capture function，and oxygen carrier with oxygen storage；③intensification of reaction and reactor should be processed in the future.

Industrial revolution from late 19th to 20th century，accompanying with the rapid development of electricity，oil refinery and automobile industry，led to exponential increase of human energy demand and consumption. Coal，oil and gas exploration，production and other related activities led to depletion of natural resources，global warming，and threat to human health and living conditions. Protecting the environment，preserving the natural resources，developing new and unconventional energy have been essential for the world energy development. High energy efficiencies，low pollution emissions along with the reduce，reuse，recycle and sustainable concepts have been a trend and driving force for development of all areas of industries and technology. Filtration and separation technology has become one of the most important high-efficient，low-emission technologies in recent years. This paper introduces new filtration and separation products and technologies in US and Europe，with a focus on their applications in environment，water，coal，oil and gas industries. Advances in underlying theory and computational fluid dynamic（CFD）for filtration and separation process simulation and product design were also discussed.

Clean utilization of coal is an important component of China’s energy structure，and desulfurization of hot coal gas at a high temperature is the key technology to improve its utilization efficiency. This paper summarizes the research progress of removal of hydrogen sulfide from coal gas by the dry method with metal sorbents and complex metal sorbents. The characteristics of metal sorbents are analyzed，including desulfurization efficiency，test temperature and regeneration properties. The metal sorbents cannot meet the practical needs，so latest researches on the complex metal sorbents with the advantages of metal sorbents have become a significant field in recent years. Then，the research status of complex metal sorbents are illustrated，including principles of preparation，desulfurization efficiency and regeneration properties. The study on zinc ferrite sorbent，zinc titanate sorbent and other complex metal sorbents are introduced.

Ferrate is a recognized “green” chemical reagent，but high cost of potassium ferrate preparation greatly restricted its applications. Electrosynthesis method could become commercial technology of potassium ferrate preparation for its simple process and low consumption of raw materials. This paper reviewed the influencing factors of current efficiency and ferrate concentration from the view of electrolyzer structure，anode material composition，the component and concentration of electrolyte，current density，and the time of electrolysis. Small volume of anode chamber，appropriate increase of current density and electrolysis time can produce high concentration of ferrate. Anode materials containing carbon and silicon，and large surface area，such as cast iron，have higher activity than pure iron. Inert electrode developed in research may be worth of further investigation. Using sodium hydroxide as electrolyte at the concentration of 14mol/L，higher current efficiency can be obtained. Adding certain types of oxidants and corrosive ions in the electrolyte could help to alleviate the passivation and stable the ferrate. Employing alternating-current superimposed on direct-current can ease passivation of anode. Future research should focus on new electrolyzer structure and new process to reduce power consumption and electrolyte concentration，to achieve the final goal of continuous high concentration of potassium ferrate.

The hydrate-based solution separation is a novel separation technology. This paper summarized the basic principle of aqueous concentration by forming hydrate，the benefits and drawbacks of hydrate technology. This paper emphasized the progress of seawater desalination，wastewater treatment，juice concentration，and biochemical separation by forming clathrate hydrate. Although forming hydrate desalination has been industrialized，the high and energy consumption of hydrate formation pressure limited its applications. The research on waste water treatment was only limited to pulping waste water recovery. Juice concentration and biochemical separation by forming hydrate were proven to be effective in recovery products with high added-value. The problems of high pressure of hydrate formation and hydrate crystal entrained concentrated solution by forming clathrate hydrate were also discussed. Future research directions of aqueous solution concentration by forming hydrate were proposed.

Chemical structure of bitumen from oil sand was studied with 13C NMR. Through the analysis of the NMR spectra, 12 carbon skeleton parameters characterizing oil sand bitumen structure were obtained. As the result of the analysis，content of lipid carbon in oil sand bitumen was around 60%，showing predominant lipid carbon structure. The major component of aliphatic carbon，methylene carbon was mostly in the aliphatic chain. The average length of aliphatic chains was less than 8 carbon atoms，which belonged to medium length. Aromatic carbon content was less than 40%，and protonated aromatic carbons were greater than non-protonated aromatic carbons. Bridghead aromatic carbon was the most in the non-protonated aromatic carbons，inferring aromatic carbon in the polycyclic mode. Carbonyl carbon in oil sand bitumen accounted for only an extremely small amount. Although according to elemental composition，oil sand bitumen could be classified as Type Ⅰ kerogen，but there was difference in hydrocarbon generation potential and structure characteristics. The oil sand bitumen was not the degradation product of kerogen.

Biomass to oil （BTO） processes consist of units of biomass collection，biomass fast pyrolysis，bio-oil gasification，water gas shift，acid gas removal，CO2 capture and storage，Fischer-Tropsch （FT） synthesis，syncrude refining，and tail gas treatment. The combustion of process tail gas，natural gas，or other fuels in boilers and gas turbines is the source of steam and power generation to satisfy process heating，cooling，electricity，and shaft power demands in the utility system. The process tail gas including FT synthesis tail gas and syncruderefining tail gas，contains CO，H2，CH4，C2H6 and so on. The process tail gas can be used as utility system fuel for energy and power generation. It also can be recycled for process synthesis by reforming operation，and the utility system need to add fuels. In this paper，barley straw is taken as the biomass feed to make the transport fuel. Based on ASPEN simulation of BTO processes and utility systems，the influence of process operating parameters and tail gas treating methods on the process products and utility fuel selection are analyzed to obtain the optimal design of BTO processes and utility system with the maximum plant gross profit.

Flow field in the disc centrifuge is difficult to measure directly. Computational fluid dynamics（CFD）technology can be used to show the internal flow field characteristics of a disc centrifuge more intuitively. Based on the N-S equation and the standard two equation k-ε turbulent model，Fluent was used to simulate the flow in a DRS 230\4-00-99 disc centrifuge，including three-dimensional velocity and pressure. Results showed that the simulation of velocity distribution and pressure distribution agreed with the theory of internal basic law of disc centrifuge，rotation of liquid between the discs existed hysteresis，which was small because of small gap in disc. The disc centrifuge not only reduced the sedimentation distance of particles，but also improved the separation，and reduced rotation of liquid hysteresis. At the same time，the liquid flow rate and pressure drop were not evenly distributed in equidistance disc gap. Near the entrance position，the flow rate and pressure drop were greater，particularly in the first three layers. These findings could provide the reference for two-phase flow simulation of the disc centrifuge and have an important guidance for the centrifuge structure optimization design.

A new method for transforming calcium orthovanadate to vanadium oxide，through carbonization ammoniation/cooling crystallization was proposed for processing vanadium slag by KOH sub-molten salt method. According to the investigation of the equilibrium solubility data for ternary NH4HCO3-NH4VO3-H2O system at the temperatures of carbonization reaction（75℃）and vanadium crystallization（40℃），solubility data of NH4VO3 was finally achieved. At the temperature of 40℃，solubility data of NH4VO3 decreased with increasing NH4HCO3 concentration. And at the temperature of 75℃，the change of NH4VO3 solubility data followed the U type with concentration of NH4HCO3. Based on the different solubility curves，the design was proved and the theory of crystallization rate 92.71% was deduced. A flowchart of vanadium transformation process was optimized for processing vanadium slag with KOH sub-molten salt method.

In order to improve performance of pulp distribution of new distributor，three structures of mixing chamber were designed，namely single cavity mixing chamber （mixing chamberⅠ），multicavity mixing chamber with two sets of branch pipes as a unit （mixing chamberⅡ），multicavity mixing chamber with a set of branch pipe as a unit （mixing chamberⅢ），and computational fluid dynamics（CFD） was used to simulate flow characteristic in three mixing chambers. The results showed that in the mixing chamberⅠ，there was strong interference effect between two adjoining jet-flows in a row parallel pipes and jet-flows assembled to central section in mixing chamber. So the mass flow rate out of mixing chamber in center was obviously higher than two sides. In the mixing chamberⅡ，two sets of jet-flow in a mixing chamber could have a good mixture and avoided phenomenon of jet-flows aggregation. In the mixing chamber Ⅲ，there were only two jet-flows of corresponding branch pipe in every mixing chamber and complementary mixture was really realized. From the viewpoint of distribution of mass flow rate out of mixing chamber，the curve of mass flow rate of mixing chamberⅢ was much gentler than mixing chamberⅠ and mixing chamberⅡ. Maximum deviation of mass flow rate to expected value in mixing chamberⅢ was only 0.254%，obviously smaller than 0.538% in mixing chamberⅠand 0.294% in mixing chamberⅡ.

Using the software Fluent，numerical simulation was performed for heat transfer of double corrugated plates of heat exchanger developed for gas heat exchange. Numerical simulation was compared with the experimental results，and analyzed with the field synergy principle. Fluid flows turbulent because of double corrugates plates. The double corrugated plates thinned laminar boundary layer and improved synergy of the velocity and temperature field to enhance heat transfer. The efficiency of double corrugated plates was influenced by the size of entrance in hot side，and might reach a peak at a specific size. Increasing velocities of both cold and hot flows could enhance efficiency，but higher pressure drop might have a negative effect.

In this research，the nanofrigeration oil with good stability were prepared by adopting polyvinylpyrrolidone （PVP-K30）to modify molybdenum disulfide nanoparticles. Tests on the density and viscosity of 5 nanorefrigeration oil with different proportions（mass fraction of molybdenum disulfide is 0.25%，0.5%，0.75%，1%，1.25%，1.5%，respectively）were carried out using rotating viscometer and densimeter within the temperature range of 288K to 333K. Based on the experimental results，data-fitting was done correspondingly. The experimental results showed that：MoS2 nanoparticles had good dispersion stability in low concentration nanorefrigeration oil after modified by PVP. The nanorefrigeration oil presented the best dispersion performance when mass fraction proportion of MoS2 and PVP was 1∶1；with the increase of mass fraction of MoS2 and PVP，the viscosity of nanorefrigeration oil decreased and the reduction was more obvious in lower temperature conditions；the measured values of density of nanorefrigeration oil were basically consistent with the calculated values，and 90 percent of the values calculated from viscosity-density correlation agreed with the experimental data. The results of the research provided important data foundation for application of nanorefrigeration oil in fields of heat transfer，flow and friction.

This paper analyzes utilization of C4 in China，and introduces the manufactures of methyl tert-butyl ether synthesized from mixed C4 and methanol，methyl ethyl ketone prepared by n-butene through hydration reaction and dehydrogenation reaction，sec-butyl acetate from n-butene and acetic acid. Also，it briefly describes the investigations on reactions of mixed C4 after production of MTBE to prepare propylene and ethylene，isobutene by isomerization，sec-butyl acetate by reaction with acetic acid，and aromatization. Accordingly，it forecasts their market prospects respectively. Preparations of propylene and sec-butyl acetate from mixed C4 are proved to be the most promising ways. Through comparing the technologies of isobutane dehydrogenation，selective oxidation of isobutane，and reaction of n-butane to prepare maleic anhydride，utilization of iso-butane is thought to be future research focus.

The pyrolysis characteristic of biodiesel was investigated by the thermogravimetric coupled with the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy，where the composition of the released gas was also determined. Further，the model free approach of the Vyazovkin method and the Avrami theory were used to calculate the activation energy and the reaction order，respectively. The mass loss segment existed from 554K to 773K during the biodiesel pyrolysis process and the accompanied mass loss percentage was about 87.59%. During the pyrolysis，the gas released mainly included CO2、H2O、CH4 and other organic compounds. The main gases showed consistent regularity but with different density. Meanwhile，as temperature heating rate increased，the decomposition process was shifted to the higher temperature zone. Calculations of the kinetic parameters demonstrated the multistage and the complicated characteristics of the biodiesel pyrolysis，where the variation for the activation energy was from 100.48kJ/mol to 151.14kJ/mol and for the reaction order was from 1.21 to 1.24.

The alkaline sulfide-air fuel cell system was assembled using alkaline sulfide solution as anode fuel and activated carbon as anodic catalyst. The electrochemical behavior of alkaline sulfide was investigated in a three-electrode system and the effects of concentration of sulfide ion，operation temperature on open circuit potential（OCP）and discharge platform were studied. The OCP of anode was rather negative and stable. Through single fuel cell test，a maximum power density of 11mW/cm2 was obtained at 0.24V with current density of 46mA/cm2，demonstrating excellent electrochemical performance for energy conversion. The alkaline sulfide-air fuel cell exhibited promising perspective due to its research potential and application value.

As an important branch of porphyrin compounds，A3B-type meso-substituted unsymmetrical porphyrins have extraordinarily and remarkably diverse physical，chemical，photoelectrical and structural properties. The synthesis methods of A3B-type meso-substituted unsymmetrical porphyrins are discussed，involving the mixed aldehyde method，the “2＋2” route，the bilane route，the derivation of porphyrin route and the microwave radiation method. Accordingly，some applications of various A3B-type meso-substituted unsymmetrical porphyrins as biomimetic catalysts are elaborated. These porphyrins and their derivatives are designed，such as B-derived porphyrins which connect with other units of specific functions through the distinct meso-substituted chain，supported A3B-metalloporphyrins，A3B-metalloporphyrins dimer，Pacman bis-metalloporphyrin constructs and Hangman metalloporphyrin constructs. The future main objective of porphyrin biomimetic catalytic is to synthesize more excellent porphyrins and be used in large-scale industrial production，achieving higher enantioselectivity and larger turn-over number under mild conditions.

Recently how to control and reduce NOx emission became an important content of China’s air pollution treatment. This paper briefly analyzes the NOx control methods in coal combustion，and compares the advantages and disadvantages of NOx reduction technologies，which have been interesting by researchers now. The research progress of these NO catalytic oxidations catalysts are summarized in this paper. There is less research on molecular sieves and their supported catalysts because of their low activity at low temperature. Studies on activated carbons mainly focus on their modification and the preparation of new carbon materials. Noble metals have good catalytic activity，but their high costs have restricted their industrial application. Metal oxides have been widely studied due to their high catalytic activity and distinct advantage of price. In recent years more and more researchers apply new materials and wastes to NO oxidation．

Ordered mesoporous silica materials have been widely studied in the field of heterogeneous catalysis for their unique structures and properties，such as high surface area，large pore volume，uniform pore size distribution，diverse structure and morphology. The research progress of mesoporous silica in loading noble metals as heterogeneous catalyst is reviewed. Different loading methods are introduced，including direct-impregnation method，functional group modified method，atoms layer deposition method，and one-pot synthesis method. The advantages and disadvantages of such methods are compared. The limitations for mesoporous silica as support are presented and the development prospects are also given. Future development of mesoporous silica as catalyst support shall be focused on reducing the cost of mesoporous silica，improving the hydrothermal stability of the support，developing new structures and properties of mesoporous silica as well as exploring new catalyst loading process.

Porous materials supported Fenton catalysis is an effective approach to degrading organic pollutants developed in recent years. It has been a topic of interest for researchers，because it can resolve the problems of homogeneous Fenton system，such as being limited by pH，bringing about large amounts of sludge and slow rate of reducing Fe3+ to Fe2+. This paper presents an overview of phenols degradation with Fenton catalyst supported on clay，zeolite，mesoporous silica and porous carbon since 2000. More work needs to be done in improving reactivity under neutral condition and stability of catalyst，prolonging the lifetime of catalyst and developing new porous material as support.

Bismuth-containing photocatalysts can be used in many fields because of narrow band gap and ability of adsorbing visible light. In this paper，the latest research status and progress of bismuth-containing photocatalysts are reviewed. Bismuth oxide，halide bismuth oxide，bismuth titanate，bismuth tungstate，bismuth vanadate，bismuth molybdate and bismuth ferrite are introduced and the methods of improving photocatalytic performance are highlighted，including improvement of synthesis methods，photocatalysts doping and preparation of photocatalyst composites. Finally，the research directions of bismuth-containing photocatalysts are presented，aimed at improving overall performance and realizing industrial application of bismuth-containing photocatalysts，such as preparing multi-doped photocatalysts，multiple photocatalyst composites and supported catalysts.

Mercury-free catalysts for acetylene hydrochlorination have received wide attentions due to their considerable activity and environmental benefits. The research progress of mercury-free catalysts for acetylene hydrochlorination in recent years is reviewed. The main methods for improving the catalytic properties of non-noble metal catalysts and the effects of active component，support，and preparation process on catalytic activity are summarized. The relationship between catalytic activity and reaction mechanism of solid or liquid systems is presented. The conditions for the highly active，long life mercury-free catalysts of non-noble metal to be used in acetylene hydrochlorination are analyzed. Concerted catalysis of non-noble metals，various processing methods for supports，optimization of catalyst preparation，and application of ionic liquids will be the development trends of mercury-free catalysts for acetylene hydrochlorination.

Due to good alignment，excellent electrical and thermal conductivity，high surface area，and high carbon purity，vertically-aligned carbon nanotube （VACNT） forests have shown to be advantageous for numerous applications. This paper summarizes recent advances in several chemical vapor deposition （CVD） methods for synthesizing VACNT forests. It focuses on kinetics and termination mechanism of VACNT forest growth by the CVD technique，and catalyst morphology evolution was designated to be the main reason for termination of CNT forest growth. In addition，the progress in structure tailoring of VACNTs （including wall number，diameter and density） through condition control and catalyst designing are also introduced. And，massive growth of VACNT forests and precise control of their structure are regarded as important points to be further studied in the future.

Activated carbon was prepared from waste tea by activation with K2CO3 and ZnCl2. The effects of activation temperature，activation time and impregnating ratio on the pore structure of activated carbon were investigated. The activated carbon activated by K2CO3 and ZnCl2 was mainly micro-porous. Waste tea activated carbon obtained by K2CO3 activation had a high surface area of 1388 m2/g，and that obtained by ZnCl2 activation had a high surface area of 1596m2/g. Activation temperature had a significant effect on mesopores of the waste tea activated carbon. Mesopores were formed on the activated carbon by ZnCl2 activation at 350℃. When activation temperature increased from 500℃ to 700℃，mesopore volume decreased from 0.55cm3/g to 0.06cm3/g. Mesopores were formed on the activated carbon obtained by K2CO3 activation when activation temperature was 800℃. Mesopores began to form on the activated carbon activated by ZnCl2 activation at 0.5h. Micropore size of carbon activated by ZnCl2 activation expanded from 0.83nm to 0.87nm when activation time increased from 0.5h to 1.5h，and shrunk at 2h. Mesopores of waste tea carbon activated by K2CO3 began to appear when activation time was up to 2.5h. The largest micropore volume of waste tea activated carbon was obtained when ZnCl2 or K2CO3 impregnation ratio was 1∶1.

Using silk fibroin as raw material and 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol as solvent，the solution-enhanced dispersion by supercritical fluid (SEDS) process was used to prepare silk fibroin nanoparticles. The influences of pressure，solution concentration，solution velocity and CO2 velocity on particle size and particle size distribution of nanoparticles were investigated；the Zeta potential，Headspace gas chromatography (HS-GC)，Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)，X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were also used to characterize the resulting nanoparticles. The results of dynamic laser light scattering detection show that the particle size of silk fibroin nanoparticles increases with the increase of pressure，solution concentration and solution velocity；while the opposite phenomenon is observed for the CO2 velocity，and the minimum particles size is 298nm. The Zeta potential of silk nanoparticles is ?39mV. The results of HS-GC show the organic solvent residue of silk nanoparticles is 20μg/L. After SEDS process，the results of FTIR show that chemical structure and functional group of the silk fibroin do not change，however，the results of XRD and DSC indicate that the secondary structure shifts from random coil to β-sheet.

Adhesion between matrix and coatings is important which affects the performance of antibacterial products. In this study，Ag-PTFE composite antibacterial coatings were formed on the silicon rubber surface which was first modified by γ-ray irradiation followed by silane coupling agent （γ-APTS） grafting. The capture of antibacterial particles by the active substrates surface enhances the adhesion between substrates and coatings. Scanning electron microscopy （SEM） analysis was conducted to reveal the surface morphology；Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy （EDS） and mapping were applied to test the composition of coatings and distribution of elements. ASTM D-3359 was used to evaluate the adhesion between matrix and coatings. Inhibition halo test and shake flask test towards Escherichia Coli were employed to determine the antibacterial property. The results show that γ-ray irradiation activates the silicon rubber surface and therefore dramatically enhances the adhesion between matrix and coatings. The sample has excellent antibacterial performance.

Firstly，SiO2 shell precursor was prepared with the sol-gel method using tetraethoxysilane and methyltrimethoxysilane as silica source. Then the emulsion droplets were solidified through the self-templating method with a solidifying agent. After the outer surface of the emulsion droplets was solidified，they could serve as self-templates. Subsequently，the unreacted precursor within the emulsion droplets became solidified onto the templates as shell，producing hollow SiO2 microspheres. The effects of amount of deionized water and stirring rate on the morphology and particle size of hollow silica microspheres were investigated. The morphology，particle size distribution and surface properties were characterized with scanning electron microscopy (SEM)，transmission electron microscopy (TEM)，dynamic light scattering (DLS)，and nitrogen adsorption，respectively. Experiment results indicated that the resulting microspheres with an average particle size of 592 nm were perfectly spherical，and the surface exhibited microporous/mesoporous structure. In addition，the particle size of hollow silica microspheres decreased with increasing amount of deionized water and stirring rate.

Celecoxib is the first selective COX-2 inhibitor of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs，it mainly inhibit COX-2 enzyme protein which is necessary for prostaglandin biosynthesis process to achieve anti-inflammatory effects. Its side effects are much smaller than that of traditional anti-inflammatory drugs. Its analgesic anti-inflammatory activity is of great research value and broad application prospects. Since going public，Celebrex has been one of the world’s best selling drugs. In recent years，a growing domestic demand for celebrex and more attention has been paid to its good development prospect. The compound patent delay （reissue） expires in 2015. There are many reports on the synthesis of celecoxib at home and abroad. It is aimed at the synthesis progress of celecoxib by different reaction mechanism，such as dehydration，cyclization，cycloaddition，coupling，Michael addition，catalysis and arylation. We analyzed the traditional two-step preparation process of celecoxib by ester condensation and dehydration cyclization and its optimization process. It is concluded that the traditional method by dehydration cyclization is moderate and stable. It’s also suitable for industrialized production. The regional isomer impurity during the reaction can be removed by suitable recrystallization solvent. What’s more，the celecoxib we prepared can reach the national drug standards.

Resveratrol has extensive biological activities，especially its anti-tumor effect，so its pharmacological properties have been studied. At the same time，in order to improve the bioavailability，and obtain a higher antitumor activity，studies on their derivatives and analogues have been widely carried out. In this paper，the items of chemical structure，physical and chemical properties，antitumor mechanism，genetic toxicity，kinetics of resveratrol and the antitumor activity and mechanism of resveratrol derivatives and analogues were reviewed. There are still many needs to continue to study in this area. Its biological mechanism of action，relationship between structure and activity，bioavailability and efficacy，and pharmacokinetics studies need to be further investigated. As a new promising anticancer drug，a systematic study on its effect mechanism，toxicology，pharmacokinetics，animal experiment of resveratrol，its derivatives and analogues need to be carried out.

Response surface methodology was applied to optimize the medium composition for microorganism induced CaCO3 precipitation. The results show that the optimal medium formulation was glucose 30g/L，soybean peptone 10g/L，urea 50g/L，calcium nitrate concentration 0.5mol/L，Tween 80 concentration 0.05% and chlorination nickel 250μmol/L. The glucose concentration and urea concentration，glucose concentration and calcium nitrate concentration，glucose concentration and Tween concentration，calcium nitrate concentration and Tween concentration as well as urea concentration and chlorination nickel concentration had significantly two-factor effect on microorganism induced CaCO3 precipitation yield. Precipitated CaCO3 contained a small amount of organic matter，and the morphology and bulk density of CaCO3 on forming calcite or calcite-vaterite mixed crystal depended on precipitation conditions changes.

Batch acetone-butanol-ethanol （ABE） fermentations from various substrates were briefly introduced. Limiting factors，such as low fructose utilization and butanol production，were involved in batch ABE fermentation by Clostridium acetobutylicum using 55 g/L mixture of glucose and fructose （1∶4） as substrates to stimulate the hydrolysate of Jerusalem artichoke tubers. Then the effect of fructose and glucose with different portions （1∶4 to 1∶2，2∶3，3∶2 and 3∶1） on the performance of batch ABE fermentation was studied. The results showed that the fermentation time was shortened from 76 h to 48 h as the portion increased，and the cell growth with the max OD620 was enhanced from 2.1 to 4.3. The fermentation gave the best metabolic activity of fructose utilization with the glucose/fructose portion of 1∶2，correspondingly，9.7 g/L and 16.0 g/L production of butanol and ABE were produced with only 2.1 g/L residual sugars，resulting in improved fructose utilization efficiency as high as 95.03%.

Using sodium silicate and sulphuric acid as raw materials，the silica suitable for using in transparent toothpaste has been synthesized by precipitation process. Effects of the reaction conditions on the properties of silica have been investigated，such as the concentration of sodium silicate in the reactor，reaction temperature and aging time. It was found that optimal reaction condition was determined as sodium silicate in the reactor 0.13mol/L，65 degree C and ageing time 30 min. Under the condition，the light transmittance of silica was 89%. On this basis，it was focused on the influence of the concentration of Na2SO4 and NaCl adding in reaction liquid to improve light transmittance. It turned out that the light transmittance of silica synthesized at 65 degree C has negligible influence on the concentration of Na2SO4 or NaCl adding in the reaction liquid 0.04～0.12mol/L. But at 85 degree C，the light transmittance of silica synthesized under Na2SO4 0.08mol/L was 97% and the light transmittance of silica synthesized under NaCl 0.12mol/L was 96%. The possible reason for this phenomenon could be that the electrolytes participate in the polymerization of silicic acid more effectively at a relatively high temperature，improving the transmittance of SiO2. The properties of the synthesized substance have met the standard of QB/T 2346—2007.

Multi-component composite latex particles used in color toner were prepared by the mini-emulsion polymerization method. The multi-component composite latex particles were composed of organic pigment PY-17，polyethylene wax and coating material polystyrene. The particle size and distribution of composite latex particles were studied with particle size analyzer，the morphology of the latex particles was studied with transmission electron microscopy （TEM），and the thermal and optical properties of the composite latex particles were studied with thermal gravimetric analyzer and UV-visible spectrophotometry. The effects of types and contents of emulsifiers，contents of organic pigment and contents of polyethylene wax on particle size and morphology of the composite latex particles were studied，and the thermal and optical properties of the composite latex particles were characterized. Composite latex particles with small particle size，uniform size distribution and complete coating could be prepared by using compounded emulsifiers，less than 8% of organic pigments and less than 10% of polyethylene wax based on the content of monomer with change in the thermal and optical properties of the composite latex particles.

In order to prepare the composite salt of 2,3,5,6-tetraaminopyridine and 2-hydroxyterephthalic acid (TH salt) with high purity and yield，the 2,3,5,6-tetraaminopyridine hydrochloride(TAPH) was successfully reduced by catalytic hydrogenation from 3,5-dinitropyridine- 2,6-diamine(DADNP) as raw material. TAPH was obtained with the purity of 99.4% and the yield of 82.1% in hydrogen and 55～60℃ condition，the solvent is methanol and the catalyst is Pd/C. Under the protection of the nitrogencondition，the TAPH and 2-hydroxyterephthalic acid(HTA) sodiumsalt were taken as raw materials to make the composite salt of 2,3,5,6-tetraaminopyridine with 2-hydroxyterephthalic acid(TH salt). All chemical structures of the products were identified by 13C-NMR，MS and FT-IR，the result showed that the product was the aim product and its purity was up to 98%.

A mild water-based cleaning agent with strong detergency on heavy oil foulant was successfully developed by choosing cheap，easily accessible and biodegradable surfactants as basic ingredients and tap water as solvent. Its key ingredients and the corresponding percentages were determined by orthogonal experiments，the percentage of the main active substance and the concentration of the as-prepared cleaning agent are as follows：sodium diethylhexylsulfosuccinate 4.4%，sodium alcohol ether sulphate 4.4%，alkyl polyglucoside 6.4%，cocoamidopropylbetaine 7.5%，and its detergency rate can reach 98.2% at 25℃. It was concluded that the comprehensive cleaning performance of the as-prepared cleaning agent is better than that of the commercial brand detergent 1 and the commercial brand detergent 2. Moreover，its pH is only 6.5 showing very weak acidity which is different from the traditional cleaning agent showing basic，and thus provides a new idea for the development of novel water-based cleaning agent with strong detergency on heavy oil foulant.

To effectively saccharify the biogas residues of cassava dreg，a biomass pretreatment process was developed using acidized ionic liquid，1,3-dimethyl imidazole dimethyl phosphate ([Mmim]DMP) solution，scontaining dilute acid. An investigation was designed to evaluate the effects of different pretreatment conditions on the saccharification of biogas residues. Moreover，the micro-structure changes of cellulosic material before and after pretreatment were recorded by SEM and FT-IR. After the optimization，the appropriate pretreatment system was the mixture of hydrochloric acid，deionic water and [Mmim]DMP (1.5∶20∶78.5，mass ratio). The optimum pretreatment temperature and time were 130℃ and 30 min，respectively. After the saccharification for 96h，the yield of reducing sugars from 20g/L pretreated cellulosic materials was 70.9%. Significantly，the crystal structure and surface of the regenerated cellulosic material had obviously changed，and the degree of polymerization was reduced. As consequence，the fragmental and porous regenerated with amorphous structure could provide more surfaces for enzymes to attack on. Therefore，high saccharification for the biogas residues of cassava dreg could be achieved.

Antibacterial industry in China has grown into a new industry with annual output value of 70 billion yuan in just a few years. Although inorganic antibacterial agents added to the finished products more or less have some antibacterial effect，but the dispersion，adsorption and reinforcement are not satisfactory. Sulfuric acid and sodium silicate were used with silver ions loading in a double stream process to synthesize a green hydrated silica inorganic antibacterial agent. The synthesis process was simple，low cost，and the product was resistant to discoloration，highly reinforcing and highly dispersive. Antibacterial rate of E. coli，was 100%，especially for antibacterial plastic products. The influence of synthesis conditions on the appearance，performance and antibacterial effect was studied and prevention of oxidation discoloration of silver ions with additives was also investigated. The optimal loading condition was temperature 95 ℃，stirring rate 400r/min，pH 2，molar ratio of hydrated silicon slurry and silver ion loading 50∶1，mass ratio of additive in slurry 0.05%.

Extracellular polymeric substances（EPS） are a class of complex high-molecular-weight mixture of polymers，which have special form and structure，and are excreted by microorganisms. They are commonly found in microbial aggregates，and are critical substances for the formation and structural stability of bio-aggregates. They have serious impact on the sludge performance，and play an important role in the stable operation of biological wastewater treatment system. The composition，structural characteristics，biodegradability and absorption characteristics of EPS are reviewed in this paper. Especially，the influence of EPS’s composition with extracellular protein（PN），extracellular polysaccharide（PS），and structural characteristics with tightly bound EPS（TB-EPS） and loosely bound EPS（LB-EPS） are summarized for the microbial aggregates. It is concluded that appropriately raising the content of the PN and PS has contributed to the microbial aggregates flocculation，but excessive PS would be likely to have negative effects on the sludge sedimentation and dewatering. The article also analyzes the influence mechanism，i.e.，the reason why PN and PS can effectively promote the sludge flocculation could be due to the influence of surface electro-negativity，high hydrophobicity of the PN，the biological gel properties，and adsorption bridging by PS.

Developing technologies for mercury control is becoming one of the most important environmental protection issues. Removing mercury from flue gas involves two very important processes：adsorption and oxidation. In this work，the relevant theory of mercury adsorption on adsorbent surface and catalytic oxidation mechanisms of Hg0 were summarized. The adsorption mechanism of mercury was discussed according to the current state of adsorption characteristics of carbon-based and other sorbents. The catalytic oxidation performance of selective catalytic reduction catalysts，carbon-based materials，and metals and metal oxides was reviewed，and the possible reaction mechanisms of each kind of catalyst were discussed. The active sites on adsorbent surface were the key factor in determining absorption efficiency of adsorbents. Heterogeneous reaction was an important way of promoting the oxidation of elemental mercury. There was a close relationship between absorption and oxidation. The oxidation mechanisms varied with catalysts or atmosphere. Finally，future research directions were proposed，involving enhancing the adsorption efficiency of adsorbents by chloride modification，and developing economic and efficient methods of mercury removal with further research on heterogeneous mechanism of mercury.

Anaerobic ammonium oxidation（ANAMMOX） process is a promising biological nitrogen removal process without secondary pollution because it can remove ammonia and nitrite simultaneously with low operation cost. But the long doubling time of the bacteria（11days） and variety of influencing factors make it difficult to industrialization. The application of ANAMMOX process was reviewed in this paper. The advantages and disadvantages of one-stage system and two-stage system were discussed. Secondly，the analysis of the emission characteristic of the greenhouse gas （N2O） is proposed as well as the present emission data of N2O based on the one-stage system and two-stage system. Then the stability of ANAMMOX process and the limitations were discussed，such as heavy metals，antibiotics，phenols and other toxic substances. Finally，the prospect of ANAMMOX process for future research and dynamic application were analyzed，forecasting the possibility of the application of the process in low temperature situations and the removal of single ammonia nitrogen to multi pollutant in the future.

Oil sludge is mainly produced in the oil fields and refineries，causing environment pollution，and wasting some oil resources. Recent research on oil sludge cleaning was limited to oil sludge treatment，with little focus on oil shale sludge treatment. This paper presented thermo chemical method to treat oil shale sludge. Oil shale sludge from Wangqing Oil Refinery was used as the sample. Washing media for oil shale sludge treatment was pure water. The study investigated the influencing factors including temperature，agitate time，agitate rate，liquid-solid ratio on the washing efficiency，and the initial conditions were determined. After screening and remixing，AEO-9∶Na2SiO3=1∶2（the mass ratio）was regarded as the optimal ratio. Orthogonal experiments were conducted to determine optimal washing parameters. The results showed that residual oil rate was reduced to 3.03% from 45.26% in the sample after agitating for 30 min at 75℃ with agitation speed at 220 r/min，liquid-solid ratio at 8∶1，chemical reagent concentration at 4.0g/L. Chemical reagent solvents can be recycled，oil recovery can be used after treatment. After mixing，the residual oil sludge was treated with sulfur-fixing agent and shale dust，then the mixture was molded and dried. The final products can be sent to retort for low temperature retorting.

Considering the refractory features of antibiotic industrial wastewater，especially difficulty of biodegradation for the effluent of the mixed industrial wastewater after the secondary biochemical treatment ozone pretreatment + flocculation + BAF combined process was applied in this research. The results showed that the removal rate of COD treated by BAF process alone was 4.7% failing to meet the effluent standards. Ozonation can changes the structure and property of some organic components in wastewater，making further biodegradation possible. Ozone pretreatment can improve the biodegradability of effluent after secondary biochemical treatment and improve treatment efficiency of BOD. The optimal ozone concentration was 20mg/L. The average removal rate of COD，NH3-N and TP was 40.7%，34.4% and 79.1%，respectively. The concentration of COD，NH3-N，and TP in effluent achieved the first grade of Comprehensive Discharge Standard for Sewage （GB8978—1996）. This combined process provided a new way for the advanced treatment of effluent of refractory antibiotic industrial wastewater after secondary biochemical treatment.

Deficiencies of red mud dealkalization mainly exist in the high consumption of acid or alkali，high removal cost，low concentration of alkali in simple water washing. Therefore， the comprehensive utilization of red mud cannot be achieved. This research investigated influences of leaching rate and concentration，temperature，liquid-solid ratio，leaching speed and other factors on the alkali，the alkali leaching rate and concentration with temperature，liquid changes to solid ratio，extraction rate and other factors，with anionic polyacrylamide as flocculant，water as extractant，using five stage countercurrent leaching of alkali in red mud recycling. The optimum extraction conditions were determined as the follwing：temperature 70℃，liquid to solid ratio 3∶1，leaching rate of 15mL/min. Under the above conditions，alkali in red mud leaching rate reached 89.71%，concentration reached 20.44g/L.

A aminated resin was prepared using the waste printed circuit board powder，with brominated epoxy resin as the polymer matrix material，pretreated with acid and alkali，then modified using ethylenediamine. A novel chelating resin containing amino acetic acid group was synthetized with the reaction between the aminated resin and chloroacetic acid. It was characterized by FTIR and 13C NMR. The effects of the modified materials on Cu2+ adsorption for were investigated. The results showed that the modified chelate resin had good adsorption effect on Cu2+. The optimum parameters of preparing this chelating resin was determined by examining the different reaction temperature，reaction time and chloroacetic acid dosage’s effects on adsorption properties of Cu2+. The results also demonstrated that when the ratio between amine resin and chloroacetic acid dosage was 1∶1，and reaction at 60℃ for 8h，the chelating resin exhibited best adsorption of Cu2+，and its maximum adsorption capacity was up to 4.727 mg/g.

Aimed at the effects of carbon capture system on the coal-fired unit economy and with a 600 MW supercritical unit as study object，this paper analyzed the coupled manner between the carbon capture after combustion system and the coal-fired unit，established the evaluation heat economy index of the coupled system calculated and analyzed the effects of changing carbon capture rate and the density of monoetharolamine (MEA) on the heat economy，based on the System Sensitivity Analysis method. The research results showed that at a certain MEA density，when the carbon capture rate increased，the whole plant heat efficiency decreased，and the power production standard coal consumption and the whole plant heat consumption increased；and at a certain carbon capture rate，when the MEA density increased，the power production standard coal consumption and the whole plant heat consumption increased accordingly. At MEA density of 30% and a carbon capture rate of 85%，unit heat economy performance reached optimal value，and the whole plant heat efficiency was 36.34%，6.76% lower than the original 43.10%.

This paper presented two optimization plans aiming at the solution of high flue gas emissions based on the existing conditions of flue gas exhaust in a coal chemical plant. The purpose was ultimately to reduce emissions，improve energy efficiency，and save operation cost. The material balance and the economic benefits of the two proposed plans were analyzed and compared. The results showed that plan No.1（modify the existing fuel gas pipe network，send the fuel gas line full of olefins and methanol to the Power plant，expand the hydrogen recovery capacity of PSA，make the gas volume of recovering reach 23778.4m3/h） was better than plan No.2（maintain the currently running state of PSA unit，build a tail gas recovery device for recovering CO and H2 from methanol purge gas，then the fuel gas system can achieve material balance），in terms of feasibility，low investment，more convenient for operation and maintenance.

With expanding capacity of purified terephthalic acid （PTA） and short supply of domestic raw material of paraxylene（PX），paraxylene has a large space of market development. At the same time，profit of PX is relatively good. Domestic private investment in PX units is active，and so is investment in surrounding countries. There is strong competition in building PX units. Through introducing PX capacity and consumption in China and surrounding countries，the 2013 PX price is analyzed and the PX market trend is predicted. Starting from the Luoyang petrochemical PX unit，it is proposed first，to integrate upstream and downstream units to achieve maximum efficiency. Second，to increase investment in research and development of PX technology to improve the ability of independent innovation. Third，to realize PX large-scale production and reduce unit cost of production. Fourth，to combine oil refining and chemical units and adjust industrial layout.