Adiponitrile, as one of the main raw materials for producing polyamide (nylon 66), has been long monopolized by foreign companies. In recent years, the research on the high efficiency production methods of adiponitrile has gradually become a hot topic because the increasing demand of nylon 66 helped bring about the growing gap between adiponitrile supply and demand. The basic research, process characteristics and development direction of the preparation methods for adiponitrile were introduced in the article, such as butadiene method, acrylonitrile electrolytic dimerization method and adipic acid ammoniation method. In addition, the application feasibility of process intensification technology in acrylonitrile electrolytic dimerization method and adipic acid ammoniation method were discussed in depth from the view of reaction mechanism in the review. Finally, the kinetics and thermodynamics of adipic acid ammoniation were summarized. The application of the process intensification technology would be the key to promoting efficient and green production of adiponitrile, which was of great significance for the improvement and autonomy of adiponitrile production technology.

In the context of China’s “Dual Carbon Strategy” and the nationwide construction of the “Integrated National Oil and Gas Pipeline Network”, the transportation of oil and gas is evolving into a new pattern. Batch transportation of petroleum products faces increasingly diverse and complex operational conditions. Accurate tracking of crude oil interfaces and precise prediction of crude oil lengths significantly influence the determination of cut times for diverse petroleum products, calculation of mixed oil volumes, and formulation of mixed oil treatment schemes. These technical indicators are crucial for ensuring high-quality and high-standard batch transportation. This paper provided a comprehensive review of the current developments surrounding several key issues in the batch transportation of petroleum products. Firstly, it elucidated the primary factors influencing the mixed oil characteristics during batch transportation and analyzed their specific influencing patterns and mechanisms. Furthermore, it examined the current status of development in mixed oil interface tracking and monitoring technologies, highlighting existing technical deficiencies and future directions for improvement. The paper systematically outlined the development of mixed oil length calculation models. Presently, calculations of mixed oil length commonly utilized the Austin-Palfrey empirical formula, yet there remained a need for enhanced accuracy and applicability. There was a lack of comprehensive research outcomes focusing on innovative approaches and breakthroughs in both the form and content of mixed oil length calculation models that integrated pipeline parameters, flow parameters, and the thermo-hydraulic coupling process. Future efforts should center on innovative developments in petroleum tracking, monitoring technologies, and mixed oil length calculations amidst the complex challenges posed by China’s new era of sequential petroleum transportation. These advancements aimed to transcend current paradigms and contribute towards achieving safe, efficient, and low-carbon petroleum transport.

The centrifugal contactor (CC) is a kind of efficient solvent extraction equipment for phase separation of two-phase by centrifugal force. The CC has many advantages when it is used in the reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel, and therefore being recognized as the development direction of nuclear extraction equipment. An industrial-scale ϕ150mm CC with 150mm in the rotor inner diameter for nuclear industry has been developed to achieve the application of CCs in future nuclear fuel reprocessing plants in China. When the rotor speed is 3000r/min, its separation factor is 755. Experimental studies were systematically carried out to obtain performance of the single-stage and 5-stage cascade industrial-scale ϕ150mm CCs for nuclear industry using 30%TBP/kerosene-HNO₃ solution extraction system. It is shown that the maximum processing capacity and mass transfer efficiency of the ϕ150mm CC for nuclear industry can reach 1532L/h and 96% under certain experimental conditions, respectively, which shows that the ϕ150mm CC for nuclear industry has excellent hydraulic performance and mass-transfer efficiency. Meanwhile, the liquid hold-up volume of a stage is about 6.33—6.53L. All of these indicate that the industrial-scale ϕ150mm CC for nuclear industry meets the requirements of nuclear fuel reprocessing plants for extraction equipment, and thus has good application prospect.

Microscopic particles are not only the main cause of haze but also can carry toxic substances that can be adsorbed into the human lungs, posing a threat to human health. Heterogeneous condensation technology, considered as one of the most promising dust removal technologies, effectively enhances the efficiency of gas-solid separation by forming a liquid film on the particle surface. However, the collision and coalescence mechanisms of micrometer-level wet particles are not yet fully understood. Therefore, this study focused on micrometer-level condensable wet particles and established a model that integrates two-phase flow, continuous surface tension, and overlapping grids to investigate the dynamic changes of particles and liquid bridges during the collision process. By analyzing the effects of surface tension coefficient, liquid film thickness, and relative velocity before collision on particle collision behavior, the study summarized the laws of particle dynamics during collision and the energy dissipation situation, providing a theoretical basis for improving the aggregation effect of wet particles and enhancing dust removal performance. The results indicated that in normal collisions, wet particles followed a motion pattern of liquid film deformation, rebound, coalescence, or separation. Moreover, reducing the surface tension coefficient and liquid film thickness while increasing collision velocity led to an increase in the height of the liquid bridge. As for energy dissipation, pressure resistance and energy loss caused by surface tension were the dominant factors, while energy loss due to viscous resistance can be neglected.

The pulsating heat pipe is a high-efficiency heat transfer element that is applied in electronic components cooling, energy utilization, etc. Many factors affect its start-up and operation characteristics, such as structure, work material, liquid filling rate, etc. The purpose of this paper was to achieve the asymmetric and staggered structure of pulsating heat pipe by adjusting the length of the local pipeline in the structure of the pulsating heat pipe. At the same time, the pulsating heat pipe heat exchanger device with the corresponding asymmetric structure was designed. Through experiments at 60℃ heat source and different liquid filling rates, the pulsating heat pipe with asymmetric structure was researched. The results showed that the lowest start-up vibration heat source temperature of the pulsating heat pipe rose with the increase of the liquid filling rate. Under very low and high liquid filling rate, the pulsating heat pipe was not easy to start and sustain oscillation phenomenon, and oscillation flow frequency and energy intensity were lower. Under lower liquid filling rate, an effective workpiece movement could not form in the tube due to less workpiece. Under higher liquid filling rate, liquid mass was too much, mass running resistance was larger, and oscillation flow was not easy to circulate in the tube; the temperature difference between pulsating heat pipe evaporation section and condensing section was larger, being more than 15℃, and thermal resistance was larger, with lower equivalent coefficient of thermal conductivity and poor heat transfer performance. In 30% liquid filling rate and 50% liquid filling rate, the temperature difference between both ends of the pulsating heat pipe was smaller, being about 3℃, the thermal resistance was smaller, the equivalent thermal conductivity was higher, the pulsating heat pipe was more likely to achieve isothermal heat transfer, and the optimal liquid filling rate was about 50%.

The fine particles suspended in industrial wastewater are not only the main pollutants themselves, but also easily provide attachment sites for other forms of pollutants. For the removal of fine particles in industrial wastewater treatment, deep filtration based on microchannel separation meets the requirements of separation accuracy and has a high upper limit of pollutant accommodation. It has obvious advantages of high efficiency and stability, long operation cycle and low cost. However, the operating performance of the deep filtration process is often affected by many factors. Unreasonable bed structure design is likely to cause deterioration of effluent quality and high operating energy consumption. In this paper, a multi-layer structure bed was designed by using non-single medium, and the combination of micro-channels in each layer was used to form a micro-channel different from any single medium. At the same time, relevant equipment was built and batch tests were carried out. The results showed that the proposed multi-medium stratified bed control improvement scheme reduced the total bed height to 2/3 of the original height, the separation effect was not significantly reduced, and the total pressure drop was reduced to 33% before the improvement. Compared with the single medium bed, the filtration energy consumption was reduced by 25%, the bed at all levels was closer to the upper limit state, and the useless work loss in the backwashing process was reduced. The control method could significantly reduce the energy consumption of the equipment during the whole operation cycle. Therefore, the improvement scheme of using multi-medium to design layered bed to regulate the microchannel structure in the bed was helpful to improve the operation performance of deep filtration equipment and make it more economical and lightweight.

In order to investigate the flow of solid-liquid two-phase material, the force on the particle, and the mixing process of two-phase material in the meshing twin-screw extruder, smooth particle hydrodynamics (SPH) coupled with discrete element method (DEM) was used in this paper for simulation. Because of its meshless nature, SPH method could effectively overcome the difficulty of meshing on the special structure of meshing twin-screw by finite element method. Based on the established fluid cell model, fluid viscosity model, solid particle model and particle contact model, the flowing and mixing process of solid-liquid two-phase material inside the screw section and kneader block section of the meshing twin-screw was simulated, and the force behavior and interaction of solid-liquid two-phase material in the conveying section and mixing section of the extruder were analyzed, respectively. The simulation results showed that the flow mode of the mixture of fluid-coated solid particles in the extruder was to move slowly along the axial direction while rotating with the screw in the circumferential direction, and the mixture reached the exit after 12s of feeding. The force of mixture in the kneader block section was significantly larger than that in the screw section, and the maximum normal force, tangential force and fluid force on the particle all occurred in the region of the first kneader disk. The filling degree and mixing effect of solid-liquid two-phase material in the kneader block section were higher than that in the screw section, and the Lacey mixing index of mixed material was up to 0.9.

Using polyethyleneimine (PEI) as a morphological control agent, methanol as a dispersant, calcium hydroxide solution and CO₂ as raw materials, the preparation of spheroidal nano-calcium carbonate was investigated via a high gravity-microinterface method. The size of gas bubbles within the reactor was analyzed using a high-speed camera. The effects of reaction temperature, CO₂ flow rate, concentration of calcium hydroxide solution, volume fraction of methanol, and amount of PEI added on the morphology of the calcium carbonate product were investigated. An orthogonal experimental design was used to optimize the carbonation reaction conditions of calcium hydroxide. The morphology of the reaction products was characterized using SEM, XRD, and FTIR analytical methods. The results demonstrated that the high gravity-microinterface carbonation reactor effectively transformed CO₂ bubbles from millimeter scale to micrometer scale, enlarging the gas-liquid interfacial area and enhancing mass transfer between phases. The optimal conditions for the carbonation reaction of calcium hydroxide with CO₂ were found to be a calcium hydroxide concentration of 8%, a PEI addition of 4% by mass of calcium hydroxide, a methanol volume fraction of 20%, a CO₂ flow rate of 2.5L/min, and 12℃. Under these conditions, the prepared spheroidal nano-calcium carbonate particles ranged in size from 40nm to 60nm.

Through the combination of deceleration method and video observation, the variation law of gas-solid flow with rolling process, the variation characteristics of bed pressure drop and initial fluidization velocity in gas-solid rolling fluidized bed were studied, and compared with those of static vertical bed and inclined bed. The influence of swing on initial fluidization was analyzed, and the prediction model of initial fluidization velocity of rolling fluidized bed was established. The results showed that when the rolling bed was reduced to less than the initial fluidization velocity, and the bed surface was almost perpendicular to the wall surface and no longer tilts with the swing of the bed. The initial fluidization velocity decreased with the increase of rolling amplitude or the decrease of rolling period. Under the same initial loading height, the order of initial fluidization velocity was: vertical bed > inclined bed > rolling bed. The prediction model of the initial fluidization velocity of the rolling bed was established by force analysis, and the fitting degree was good.

Aiming at the reduction of fluidization quality due to the uneven distribution of gas and solid in the rolling fluidized bed, a new type of longitudinal internal member was designed, and the gas-solid flow law and the effect of the internal member in the swing fluidized bed with the addition of the longitudinal internal member (LIMRFB) were experimentally investigated and compared with that of the rolling fluidized bed without the addition of the longitudinal internal member (RFB). The results showed that the longitudinal internal member could inhibit the aggregation behavior of bubbles towards the side wall region to a certain extent compared with RFB, and thus achieved the purpose of improving the fluidization quality of the bed. In LIMRFB, when the gas content increased, the bubble size in the wall region decreased, and the rise velocity decreased. The distribution became more uniform, and the height difference between the two sides of the material level along the rolling direction decreased. In the region corresponding to the mounting height of the internal member (between Z₁ and Z₃ sections), the pressure drop (\mathrm{\Delta }{P}_{Z_{\mathrm{1}}-Z_{\mathrm{3}}}) decreased with the increase of swing amplitude, increased with the increase of apparent gas velocity, and the swing period had little effect. Except for the particle static pressure, the pressure drop between the fluid and the internal member was lower than that of the internal member (Z₁-Z₃). In addition to the static pressure of the particles, the friction between the fluid and the wall of the internal member, and the energy consumption of the cap holes on the bubble shearing and crushing action were other sources of the pressure drop of LIMRFB, and the friction energy consumption between the attached large bubbles and their upper particles and the bed wall was another major source of the pressure drop of RFB.

Based on the principle of directional transport on the gradient porous surface, a layer of axial triple-gradient micro-nano porous coating was prepared on the inner wall of a stainless-steel heat exchange tube by coupling sintering and electroplating. The flow boiling heat transfer experiment in the tube was carried out with R245fa as the working medium, and compared with a smooth tube. The two test tubes had the same inner diameters of 10mm and effective heat transfer lengths of 800mm. The saturation pressure was maintained at 0.6MPa, and the mass fluxes, inlet vapor qualities and heat fluxes were in ranges of 200—700kg/(m²·s), 0.01—0.9, and 5—75kW/m², respectively. Due to the directional transport and strong surface rewetting characteristics of the coating in the tube, the flow boiling heat transfer coefficient in the tubes was significantly improved, and the maximum heat transfer coefficient was 1.71 times higher compared with the smooth tube. At the same time, by controlling and adjusting the working parameters of the experimental section, such as heat fluxes, inlet vapor mass qualities and mass fluxes, a series of laws of the change of heat transfer coefficient with the working parameters were obtained, and the changing trend of the boiling heat transfer efficiency under different working conditions was revealed.

The coupling of renewable energy sources, especially hydrogen, and electricity can reduce carbon emissions and contribute to the energy transition of the power grid. Fuel cells and electrolysis cells are two key energy conversion devices in renewable energy generation. The equipment based on proton exchange membrane (PEM) technology has received widespread attention due to its excellent fluctuation adaptability and high current density during operation, but the high cost and poor durability are important factors limiting its further commercialization. In this paper, the composition and functions of key components in PEM fuel cells and PEM electrolysis cells, such as the exchange membrane, catalyst layer, gas diffusion layer (porous transport layer) and bipolar plate, are briefly clarified. Then, the performance degradation mechanism of each component is described, and it can be concluded that chemical degradation is the more common mechanism, followed by mechanical and thermal ones. In particular, the high potential, high temperature, acidic and oxidizing environment in which the anode of the electrolysis cell operates significantly reduces the durability of the carbon material, and the precious metal coating applied to metal materials raises the cost of using PEM electrolysis cells. Finally, the degradation mitigation measures for each component are summarized and the prospects for future direction of material adjustment and optimization of the fuel cells and electrolysis cells are provided.

Hydrogen energy is an important support for achieving the dual-carbon goal, and the technology based on liquid organic hydrogen carriers (LOHCs) is significant for developing hydrogen energy. Aromatic heterocyclic compounds as hydrogen storage carriers have attracted research interests from the field of research and industry. But, there is no enough and in-depth research efforts on low efficiency during the hydrogenation process. To complete the scientific design and process optimization of hydrogenation, the research on solubility and phase equilibrium concerning the hydrogen storage system is indispensable. The LOHCs hydrogenation involves a sequential process composed of physical dissolution and chemical reaction in the gas-liquid-solid three-phase system. The hydrogen for hydrogenation comes from the hydrogen dissolved in the liquid. However, due to the lack of fundamental data concerning solubility and phase equilibrium of hydrogen in the liquid phase, the current kinetic calculations for hydrogenation are not accurate and require correction of the solubilities of hydrogen in different LOHCs. This article describes the current research status regarding hydrogen solubility in LOHCs, involving the solubilities of pure hydrogen and some mixed gases in LOHCs. The types, advantages and disadvantages of the experimental methods used for hydrogen solubility are described in details. Experimental devices are built based on different experimental methods, and the correlation model and prediction model of the determined data are briefly discussed.

Blending inferior gas oil into hydrocracking feedstock not only achieves efficient utilization of inferior gas oil, but also expands the source of feedstock for hydrocracking units, while it is really a tremendous challenge to realize ultra-deep hydrodenitrogenation (HDN) for inferior gas oil. This paper made deep analysis of the basic properties, distributions and molecular structure of nitrogen compounds in three gas oil, including straight-run VGO (SR-VGO), ebullated-bed VGO (EB-VGO) and slurry-bed VGO (SB-VGO). The results showed that nitrogen content and aromatics content of SB-VGO, especially for three-ring and four-ring PAHs, were higher than SR-VGO and EB-VGO. But the distribution and molecule structure of nitrogen compounds were similar in those three gas oil. More specifically, basic nitrogen had DBE values between 9 and 16, while DBE values of non-basic nitrogen were concentrated in 9, 10, 12 and 13. The HDN difficulty decreased in this order: SB-VGO > EB-VGO > SR-VGO. And compared to non-basic nitrogen, basic nitrogen was facile to remove during the hydrotreating process. When total nitrogen was reduced to around 100μg/g, the remaining nitrogen species were mainly neutral with DBE values of 10—14 and carbon numbers of 19—29.

In order to achieve efficient emulsification and viscosity reduction of extra-heavy oil in the Tahe oilfield, it was screened and formulated eight types of surfactants (anionic, cationic, non-ionic, amphoteric), constructing an efficient extra-heavy oil viscosity reduction system. The rotational rheometer was used to analyze the physical properties of extra-heavy oil at the macroscopic scale, evaluating the viscosity reduction effects of single and composite surfactants and their influencing factors. Through polarizing optical microscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM) at the microscopic scale, the micro-morphology, particle size and cross-linking structure of the surfactants were characterized, obtaining the relationship between the emulsification performance and viscosity reduction performance of the composite system at macroscopic and microscopic scales. Experimental results showed that the composite system of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and octylphenol polyoxyethylene ether (OP-10) achieved the best viscosity reduction effect with a mass ratio of 1∶1, composite concentration of 1.0%, oil-to-water ratio of 3∶7 and dilution ratio of 0.5∶1, reaching a maximum viscosity reduction rate of 98.81%. The microcosmic cross-linking network structure of surfactants, microscale OP-10 polyoxyethylene long chains and SDS sulfate groups could fully combine with extra heavy oil molecules, promoting the formation of oil-water interface film, ultimately emulsifying and reducing the viscosity of extra heavy oil. The extra-heavy oil viscosity reduction system constructed in this paper provided technical support for efficient viscosity reduction in the Tahe oilfield.

To meet the demand for high specific capacity and low-cost electrochemical energy storage materials in new energy generation technology, this paper utilized techniques such as quantum mechanics, molecular dynamics calculations, and electrochemical analysis testing to investigate the adaptability of petroleum coke based sodium ion battery anodes which were developed in the author's laboratory to electrolytes. The petroleum coke based anode materials developed in the laboratory had significant amorphous carbon structural characteristics, which contributed to the insertion/extraction of Na⁺. The charge and discharge tests were completed within the range of 0.01—2.5V. In the first charge discharge cycle, the specific discharge capacities of ester and ether electrolytes were 406.00mAh/g and 381.91mAh/g, with coulombic efficiencies of 85.04% and 90.42%, respectively. In the range of (0.1—3)C, ether electrolytes had better battery magnification performance. Compared to ester electrolytes, ether electrolytes had a higher LUMO energy level and better reduction stability, therefore it was easier for ether to form a thin and stable SEI film on the electrode surface, which helped to reduce the migration impedance of Na⁺. In addition, in the bulk electrolyte, the migration rate of Na⁺ in ether electrolytes was about twice that of ester electrolytes. The infrared and Raman spectroscopy results of the electrolyte indicated that compared with ester electrolytes, PF₆^- in ether electrolytes was more likely to enter the solvated shell and form coordination with Na⁺, which was related to the weak solvation characteristics of ether solvents. The sodium storage behavior of petroleum coke based cathodes in typical electrolytes were analyzed systematically in this study, which helped to promote the application of petroleum coke based anodes and provided theoretical and experimental basis for the development of low-cost, high specific capacity sodium ion battery technology.

Downhole coaxial heat exchangers extract heat but do not consume water, solving the problems such as low reinjection rate, thermal and chemical pollution faced by the traditional pumping and reinjecting geothermal brine development method. The downhole coaxial heat exchangers are promising for geothermal wells converted from abandoned oil or gas wells. Geothermal brine seepage affects the reservoir temperature field which in turn affects the heat extraction characteristics of the downhole coaxial heat exchangers. A numerical model of a coaxial heat exchanger coupling heat transfer and seepage was constructed in this work. The temperature distribution of the geothermal reservoir under various seepage parameters was investigated by taking an abandoned well in Daqing oil field as an example. The influence of the reinjection parameters on the heat transfer characteristics of the coaxial heat exchanger was also discussed. The heat transfer process of the downhole heat exchanger was synergistically affected by the heat conduction in rock and seepage heat mass transfer. When the speed of seepage reached 10^-6m/s, the outlet temperature of the coaxial heat exchanger was increased by 1.1℃ and the heat extraction power was increased by 4.3% compared with that in the case of no seepage. When the speed of the seepage reached 10^-5m/s, the outlet temperature was further increased by 9.7℃ and the heat extraction power was increased by 65.2%. The thermal influence radius of heat extraction from the wellbore was greatest at a seepage speed of 10^-5m/s and a porosity of 28%, which was about 4.5 times greater than in the absence of seepage. At lower reinjection temperatures and higher flow rates, the response of the heat extraction power was amplified, and the heat extraction power of the heat exchanger was increased, but the outlet temperature was reduced.

Biomass tar, one of the main by-products generated in the biomass gasification process, seriously hindered the efficient utilization of the gasification gas. In this study, partial oxidation of biomass tar was carried out in a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma reactor with mixed toluene and benzene as model compounds. In order to understand the reaction characteristics and thus potential of the approach, the effects of O₂ addition, discharge power and composition of the mixture on performances were investigated. The results indicated that the mixture of toluene and benzene could be converted efficiently through partial oxidation induced by DBD plasma. At 300℃, the highest toluene conversion of 100.0% and benzene conversion of 98.2% with an energy efficiency of 34.2g/kWh were achieved without catalysts usage, together with a sum of CO and CO₂ selectivity of 74.8%. Higher O₂ addition amount and discharge power obtained better performances by promoting mixture destruction and gas product production. The variation in composition of the mixture showed little effect on toluene destruction and gas products production, while the decrease of benzene concentration in the mixture reduced the conversion of benzene. Phenyl and benzyl radicals, important intermediates in the conversion of toluene and benzene, combined with fragments to form liquid products and were oxidized by active species to generate gas products.

NH₃-selective catalytic reduction (NH₃-SCR) is currently a widely applied denitration technique, and the key is to develop high-performance and stable catalysts. Cu-SSZ-13 zeolite catalysts for denitration have garnered significant research interest due to their excellent N₂ selectivity and favorable catalytic activity. However, issues such as the poor sulfur resistance and hydrothermal stability have severely limited their industrial applications. To overcome the negative impact of sulfur oxides and hydrothermal aging on the denitration activity of Cu-SSZ-13 catalysts, modification can be applied by introducing various free metal ions into the catalyst. This review summarizes recent advances in the application of Cu-SSZ-13 catalysts modified with alkali (earth) metal ions, transition metal ions, and rare earth metal ions in NH₃-SCR reactions, and discusses their sulfur resistance mechanisms and the methods for enhancing hydrothermal stability. In the end, future research directions are proposed that include utilizing the synergistic effects among different metal ions to prepare novel Cu-SSZ-13 catalysts with excellent sulfur resistance and hydrothermal stability, elucidating the form and interaction mechanisms of metal ions inside the SSZ-13 zeolite and integrating experimental and computational approaches to develop efficient metal ion-modified Cu-SSZ-13 catalysts that meet industrial application requirements.

This paper provides an overview of the current state of the art of SSZ-39 zeolite synthesis technology, with a focus on the progress of modified sieves in NH₃ selective catalytic reduction(NH₃-SCR) for diesel vehicle exhaust treatment. The synthesis strategy, NH₃-SCR catalytic mechanism, hydrothermal stability of the catalyst, and anti-deactivation performance are discussed comprehensively from various perspectives. Various synthetic routes of SSZ-39 zeolite are examined in detail, including trans-crystallization, direct hydrothermal synthesis, solvent-free method, and crystal species-assisted synthesis. The advantages and disadvantages of these methods are objectively evaluated. Furthermore, this paper summarizes recent research progress on the active sites [Cu(OH)]⁺ and Cu²⁺ of Cu-SSZ-39 catalysts and analyzes in depth their intrinsic mechanisms of deactivation due to hydrothermal aging, phosphorus poisoning, alkaline earth metal poisoning etc., which reveals the close correlation between sieve structure and catalytic performance. In order to enhance the catalytic performance, precise regulation of active sites through specific metal doping and innovative preparation methods is proposed. However, current studies mainly focus on the effect of single toxic substance on the catalyst performance, therefore further investigation of the anti-poisoning deactivation strategies for coexisting toxic substances under real operating conditions is needed. Although some progress has been made in studying deactivation mechanisms, key issues such as improving sulfur resistance and alkali metal resistance have not yet been fully addressed effectively. Future research needs to manage breakthroughs in these areas to promote wider application of SSZ-39 zeolite in diesel vehicle exhaust treatment.

The gas-phase catalytic dehydrofluorination to synthesize C₂ fluoroalkenes is an economically efficient process that enables continuous large scale production. The key lies in the development of highly efficient and stable dehydrofluorination catalysts. The research progress of gas-phase dehydrofluorination catalysts for C₂ hydrofluoroolefin synthesis has been summarized. Firstly, this review introduces the E1 and E2 mechanisms of gas-phase dehydrofluorination reaction, followed by a discussion on the impacts of acidity, fluoride ion affinity, and synergy of multi-active sites on the catalyst activity and stability. Then, the applications of dehydrofluorination catalysts in the synthesis of important C₂ hydrofluoroolefins such as vinyl fluoride, vinylidene fluoride, 1,2-difluoroethylene, and trifluoroethylene have been summarized. Although research suggests that catalysts with appropriate Lewis acid site strength and multiple active sites can significantly enhance reaction efficiency and catalyst lifetime, challenges remain in overcoming issues such as high-temperature sintering and carbon deposition. Future efforts should focus on optimizing catalyst design under process conditions and improving catalyst regeneration capabilities, which thereby promote the sustainable production of fluorinated compounds.

The production of fuel from polyethylene (PE) by catalytic hydrogen hydrolysis is an important approach to realize green recycle of PE. In this work, the effect of crystal structure of Al₂O₃ on the performance of Ru-based catalyst for PE hydrogenolysis was investigated. Four kinds of Ru/Al₂O₃ catalysts were prepared by impregnation method, and characterized by TEM, H₂-TPR and XPS to reveal the interaction between active metal Ru and Al₂O₃ support. The experimental results of PE hydrolysis showed that the difference in Al₂O₃ crystal structure led to a significant effect on the catalytic performance. Under the same reaction conditions, the total yield of products by Ru/(δ+α)-Al₂O₃ catalyst was less than 10%, and the methane yield was less than 5%, while the total yield for the other three catalysts was all higher than 90%. Among them, Ru/(θ+α)-Al₂O₃ exhibited the highest methane yield and selectivity, with methane yield higher than 90% and methane selectivity over 95%. By adjusting the hydrogen pressure, it was found that the different coverage of *H led to different reaction behaviors. With the combination of H₂-TPD and CO-DRIFTS characterization methods, it was found that the excess adsorption of *H at the active site Ru⁰ of Ru/γ-Al₂O₃ could result in hydrogen poisoning. For Ru/(θ+α)-Al₂O₃, the adsorption of *H at the active site Ru⁰ and the C—C intermediate could reach adsorption equilibrium. On Ru/(δ+α)-Al₂O₃ catalyst, no *H adsorption on the active site Ru⁰ was detected, hence the total product yield for Ru/(δ+α)-Al₂O₃ was below 10%.

In water electrolysis to hydrogen, the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) on the anode has a high energy barrier, which reduces the efficiency of water electrolysis. Therefore, the development of efficient oxygen evolution catalysts is crucial to promote the industrialization of water electrolysis. A series of FeNi/CN catalysts with various Fe and Ni contents were prepared by high-temperature pyrolysis of polyaniline, ferric nitrate and nickel nitrate. The structure of the catalysts was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and their electrochemical OER performance in alkaline electrolyte was evaluated using linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) and chronoamperometry (CP). The results showed that the prepared catalysts containing FeNi₃ and Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles were well-dispersed on the polyaniline-derived carbon. With the gradual decrease in Fe content, the OER overpotential initially decreased and then increased. The Fe1Ni1/CN catalyst exhibited the lowest OER overpotential of only 339mV at 10mA/cm² and a Tafel slope of 87mV/dec, demonstrating an OER activity superior to most iron-based and nickel-based catalysts reported in the literature.

Facing the global challenges of energy shortage and increasing greenhouse effect, the development of gas separation technology based on molecular sieving principle is of great significance for reducing energy consumption and alleviating greenhouse effect. This sieving technology shows great potential for realizing CO₂ capture in flue gas and N₂ removal from natural gas, and it is challenging to realize effective molecular sieving of CO₂, N₂ and CH₄ molecules due to the similarity of physical properties among these gases. In this paper, based on the flexibility of zeolite frameworks (both rigid and flexible) and their sieving characteristics, molecular sieving was categorized into three separation mechanisms: size sieving mechanism (the most common sieving based on molecular size differences), molecular trapdoor mechanism and framework breathing-gated cation synergistic mechanism. The article comprehensively illustrated the constitutive relationships between zeolite framework types, framework rigidity (flexibility) and pore-blocking groups (including the type, number and position of equilibrium cations) with their performance in the sieve separation of CO₂, N₂, and CH₄ gases.

The bonding of underwater/wetted materials has always been a major challenge. Studying on the adhesion properties of marine organisms, specifically mussels, to the surface of underwater objects through the secretion of adhesion proteins by their byssal threads have revealed that the catechol in the adhesion proteins play a key role in the adhesion of wet surfaces. This paper reviewed the adhesion mechanism of catechol-based wet adhesives, focusing on wet surface adhesion and adhesive material cohesion curing, respectively, as well as the progress in developing adhesives for wet bonding based on this mechanism, including the structural design of wet adhesives and the synergistic effects of the catechol moiety with amine groups, cationic and metal ionic coordination, other chemical reactions and other factors. The key factors for the development of adhesives for underwater/wetted material bonding were analyzed. Removal of water molecules from wet surfaces, adhesion properties of adhesive materials to the surface and cured cohesion of adhesive materials should be noticed for the development of excellent performance wet bonding material, and the focus in the future should be towards green materials, biocompatibility and simple preparation processes.

The radioactive gaseous iodine is the main nuclide harmful to the environment in nuclear fission products. Solid adsorption is used in nuclear power plants to capture radioactive iodine in exhausted gas. As an industrial iodine adsorption material, the impregnated activated carbon has the advantages of high adsorption efficiency and low manufacturing cost, but there are some problems such as low adsorption capacity, easy aging and easy decomposition at high temperature. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs), as a new type of crystalline porous material connected by covalent bonds, show excellent iodine adsorption performance due to the high specific surface area, ordered structure, structure designability and physical and chemical stability. In this review, the adsorption mechanisms of different kinds of iodine in COFs were discussed. The iodine adsorption performances and their influencing factors of various COFs were summarized systematically. The construction principles of COFs with high iodine adsorption performance were proposed. Finally, the key challenges and development strategies of COFs for industrial applications were prospected. It pointed out the importance of developing universal low-cost preparation methods of COFs and strengthening research on adsorption performance under real industrial conditions.

Perovskite oxides represent promising catalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). However, achieving high catalytic activity through efficient doping of B-site elements within stable perovskite oxides remains a challenge. By introducing defects at the A-site, enhanced adsorption of Fe ions in the electrolyte was promoted, leading to efficient doping of the B-site metal and the construction of a stable structure on the perovskite surface under applied voltage. The synthesized La_1-x Ni_1-y Fe _y O_3‑δ featured a rough nanospherical morphology, offering an increased electrochemically active surface area. The optimized incorporation of an external Fe source (FeCl₃) characterized by a smaller ionic radius facilitated more efficient doping and structural stability. The introduction of A-site defects and Fe doping led to an increase in oxygen vacancies at the B-site, which benefited the OER activity. At a current density of 10mA/cm², the material required only an overpotential of 345mV and demonstrated long-term durability over 68h. The A-site defect optimized adsorption of key oxygen intermediates and the B-site Fe doping modulates stronger Ni-O covalency. This strategy of synergistic regulation through A-site defect engineering and B-site metal doping offered a new approach to designing highly efficient alkaline OER catalysts.

In the process of preparing high specific surface area and high porosity carbon nanotubes (CNTs) composite materials from coal pyrolysis, compared to Ba(OH)₂ and NaOH, KOH has stronger alkalinity which can release a large amount of carbon sources in coal and promote the growth and formation of open structures of CNTs. In order to reduce the disintegration of CNTs structure by strong alkalinity, urea co-doping is used to improve alkalinity and pore structure, so as to increase the microporosity and the adsorption sites of nitrogen and oxygen functional groups on the surface of CNTs. This article used bituminous coal as a carbon source and different alkaline metals as catalysts to prepare carbon nanotube composite materials. The influence of alkaline metals on the growth of CNTs and the synergistic effect of alkaline metals and urea on the removal of Rhodamine B were studied, and the kinetic model, isothermal adsorption model and thermodynamic model were discussed. The adsorption process conformed to the pseudo second-order kinetic model and the Freundlich isotherm adsorption model. The calculation based on the van Hough equation indicated that the adsorption was an endothermic, spontaneous and irreversible process. The results indicated that the optimal composite material NCNT-K could achieve a maximum adsorption capacity of 598.09mg/g at 323K.

Sugarcane trash (ST) is a renewable agricultural by-product and potentially important industrial raw material, and effective pretreatment is the key step of its high-value utilization. The chemical compositions and microstructure of ST and three kinds of dry pretreated ST (pST1, pST2 and pST3) were compared and analyzed. It was found that dry pretreatment could observably remove hemicellulose from ST and retain its cellulose. And the hemicellulose removal rate and cellulose retention rate of pST3 were optimal, with 89.51% and 90.58% respectively. Acetylation of pST3 and ST was carried out independently in acetic anhydride-sulfuric acid system. The difference of reaction efficiency was studied, and the acetylation products were characterized by SEM (scanning electron microscope), FTIR (Fourier infrared spectroscopy), XRD (X-ray diffraction), and TGA (thermogravimetric analysis). The results showed that dry pretreatment effectively increased the acetylation activity, and the yield of acetylated product from pST3 (Ace-pST3) was 2.07 times that of ST. In addition, Ace-pST3 was confirmed as cellulose acetate containing lignin, which had good thermal plasticity and could be used to prepare ultraviolet shielding film. Therefore, it is feasible to prepare thermoplastic cellulose acetate directly from sugarcane trash after dry pretreatment.

With the rapid development of industry and catering service industry, the discharge of oil bearing alkaline salt water is becoming more and more frequent, which poses a serious threat to ecological environment. In order to deal with oil pollution removal under complex water conditions, it is urgent to develop a cheap, degradable and efficient material for oily water treatment. By hydrothermal at low temperature and chemical liquid phase reduction technologies, hydrophobic copper/calcium carbonate (Cu/CaCO₃) layer was deposited on the surface of filter paper, and a modified filter paper with dual superlyophobic (hydrophobic under oil/oleophobic under water) property was obtained. The wettability, surface morphology and structure of the modified filter paper were analyzed by contact angle measuring instrument, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectricity spectroscopy (XPS). The water contact angle under oil and oil contact angle under water was 142° and 145°, respectively. After soaking in alkaline salt water for different time periods, there was no obvious change in the dual superlyophobic property of the modified filter paper. Through the wetting of oil or water, the filter paper could achieve effective separation of high density oil or low density oil in alkaline salt water only under gravity drive, and the separation efficiency was higher than 97.7%. After the separation for 20 times, the separation efficiency of the modified filter paper remained stable. The dual superlyophobic filter paper had the advantages of simple preparation process, low cost and degradability, and had potential application prospect in the separation of oil from alkaline high-salt wastewater.

The use of fluorescent materials for latent fingerprint imaging on the surface with background fluorescence has defects such as poor contrast, low sensitivity and poor visualization effect, while the long-lived luminescence properties of phosphorescent carbon nanomaterials can effectively eliminate interference of background fluorescence in development of latent fingerprints. Therefore, finding the phosphorescent carbon nanomaterials with convenient preparation and non-fluorescent interference development of latent fingerprints is of good importance. In this work, phosphorescent carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) powder was prepared through low-temperature pyrolysis procedure with boric acid matrix-assisted synthesis using diethylenetriamine and phosphoric acid as precursors. The as-prepared phosphorescent powder was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy (UV-vis) and photoluminescence spectra. The results indicated that prepared CNPs powder was graphite-like structure, sphere⁃like in shape with good dispersibility and rich in functional groups on the surface. The obtained CNPs powder emitted bright blue fluorescence under excitation with 365nm ultraviolet light, and then turning off the excitation source, the strong green phosphorescence of CNPs powder was observed for up to 10s. The synthesized CNPs powder was applied for developing latent fingerprints on substrates with background fluorescence. For single and complex overlapping latent fingerprints on strong fluorescent substrates, developed clear phosphorescent fingerprint patterns with coherent ridges, strong contrast and well-defined details could be observed by using CNPs powder. The method proposed based on phosphorescent CNPs powder could effectively eliminate interference from intense background fluorescence, achieving fluorescence-free visualization of latent fingerprints.

The surface modifications of commercial activated carbon with hydrogen peroxide, nitric acid, ammonia and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt were studied. The effects of pore structure and surface chemical properties of activated carbon on the purification performance of simulated waste lubricating oil were investigated. The purification performance of carbon-based oil filter prepared by activated carbon was further studied. The results showed that the modifications of ammonia (NH₃·H₂O) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt (EDTA-Na₂) significantly enhanced the purification performance of activated carbon for simulated waste lubricant, especially of 0.03mol/L EDTA-Na₂. The adsorption capacities of wear metal elements and organic pollutants increased by 28% and 97% compared with unmodified activated carbon. The purification performance of the modified activated carbon after secondary regeneration was still higher than that of unmodified activated carbon. The purification performance of activated carbon for simulated waste lubricating oil was related to its micropores, mesopores and surface nitrogen functional groups. The mesopores enhanced the removal of organic pollutants and wear metal elements, the micropores was beneficial to the removal of wear metal elements, and the surface doping of pyridine nitrogen increased the adsorption capacity. Carbon-based oil filter which prepared by combining activated carbon with polyurethane, showed the excellent adsorption property and has potential for waste oil regeneration and used as automotive engine filter.

Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) has excellent corrosion resistance, abrasion resistance and hydrophobicity, but it has poor processing fluidity and difficulty in melt fiberization. Polyethylene wax (PEW) was used as an additive and blended with LDPE to prepare high melt index spinning raw materials with excellent processing performance. In this paper, the fluidity and crystallization properties of LDPE/PEW blends under different raw material ratios were studied, LDPE/PEW nonwovens were prepared by melt-blown process, and the microscopic morphology, fiber diameter, waterproof and moisture permeability and filtration performance of the nonwovens were studied and analyzed. The results showed that with the increase of PEW content, the melt flow index of the blend continued to increase. The melt indicated good fluidity and spinnability, and the diameter of the melt-blown fiber was significantly refined. The average fiber diameter could reached as little as 5.7μm. When the mass fraction of PEW was 70%, the water contact angle of the melt-blown nonwovens was 144.8°, showing excellent hydrophobic characteristics. At the flow rate of 32L/min, the filtration performance of the nonwoven fabric was 80.67% and the filtration resistance was only 23.1Pa, indicating good high efficiency and low resistance characteristics.

Phosphorus-doped hard carbon/MnO _x composites were synthesized by hydrothermal treatment and one-step pyrolysis using coconut shell as a biomass carbon source, phosphoric acid as a phosphorus source and a pore-forming agent, and manganese sulphate as a manganese source, and were used in the field of supercapacitors. The effects of the additions of phosphoric acid and manganese sulfate on the structural and electrochemical properties of the composites were analyzed, and the mechanism of the enhancement of the electrochemical properties of phosphorus-doped hard carbon/MnO _x composites was investigated. The etching of phosphoric acid contributed to the formation of a multistage pore structure of microporous-mesoporous composite, which provided not only the composites with bilayer capacitance, but also space for the growth of MnO _x and reduced its agglomeration, thus exposing more pseudocapacitive active sites. Phosphorus doping not only increased the layer spacing of the hard carbon and improved the defects in its structure, but also introduced phosphorus-containing functional groups such as C—P\stackrel{}{̿}O, C—P—O and C/P—O—P, which synergistically interacted with MnO _x to further enhance its electrochemical performance. The specific capacitance of the composite was as high as 302F/g, and the capacitance retention was still 70.5% after 10000 cycles at 10A/g. When assembled into a symmetric supercapacitor, the power density was up to 400W/kg at the energy density of 156Wh/kg, which indicated that it had a great potential for application in the field of supercapacitors.

In order to solve the problems of corrosion and poor anti-wear and friction reduction of seawater hydraulic transmission media, nanomaterials were dispersed into seawater-based carrier fluid to improve its physicochemical properties. The seawater-based SiC, MoS₂ and MoS₂/SiC binary nanofluids were prepared using seawater as the base fluid and silane coupler (KH550) surface-modified SiC nanoparticles and MoS₂ nanosheets as the dispersed phases. The microstructure of the nanomaterials and modification were analyzed by field-emission scanning electron microscopy and infrared spectroscopy, the dispersion stability and corrosion rate were evaluated by the direct observation method and the weightlessness method, and the tribological properties were investigated from multiple angles. The dispersion stability and corrosion rate of the nanofluids were evaluated by direct observation and weight loss methods, the tribological properties of the nanofluids were investigated from multiple perspectives and the lubrication mechanism was also investigated. The results showed that after KH550 modification and carboxymethylcellulose sodium (CMC-Na) as the surfactant, the nanofluid with a MoS₂/SiC mass ratio of 1∶2 exhibited optimal dispersive stability. the incorporation of SiC and MoS₂ could form a protective film on the surface of the copper sheet and reduce the corrosion rate of seawater. The data of friction and wear experiments indicated that the nanofluid with a MoS₂/SiC mass ratio of 1∶2 had the best dispersive stability and the corrosion rate of the copper sheet. 1∶2 nanofluid with an optimal average friction coefficient of 0.119 and a smooth instantaneous friction coefficient, the diameter of the surface abrasion mark on the test steel ball was 1.88mm and the mass wear rate was 0.0223g/(N·cm²), which was reduced by 22.9% and 69.7% compared with the monolithic MoS₂ and SiC nanofluids, respectively. The analysis of the elemental chemical state on the surface of the abrasion mark and the wear mark surface by XPS showed that MoS₂ and SiC synergistically participated in the friction reaction on the wear mark surface and formed a composite lubrication film on the friction substrate, which had an efficient synergistic lubrication effect.

The effect of projectile diameter (9—12mm) on glass fiber orientation, residual wall thickness size and uniformity, and pressure resistance of water-projectile assisted co-injection molded (W-PACIM) fittings with short glass fiber reinforced polypropylene (SGFRP) as the outer layer and polypropylene (PP) as the inner layer was investigated by experimental means. The experimental results showed that the glass fibers in the outer layers presented various orientations in different layers, the glass fibers in the outer near-interface layer were highly oriented along the flow direction, and those in the middle layers were less oriented, while in the near-mold-wall layers, they were haphazardly distributed, mostly at an acute or perpendicular angle with the flow direction. With the increase of projectile diameter, the glass fibers in the near-mold-wall layers were severely fractured, and the orientation of glass fibers in each layer was getting worse. Besides, the total wall thickness of the W-PACIM fittings gradually decreased with the inner wall thickness, while the outer wall thickness decreased in a small range. The pressure resistance of W-PACIM fittings decreased progressively with increasing projectile diameter. The combined quality of the W-PACIM fittings was the best when the projectile diameter was 10mm.

Alcohol-soluble polyurethane adhesives (AS-PU) with hard segments containing different IPDI/HDI ratios were prepared using polytetrahydrofuran ether glycol (PTMEG), 1,4-butanediol (BDO), isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) and hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI). The effects of IPDI/HDI ratios on the structure, alcohol solubility, water resistance, thermal stability and adhesive properties of AS-PU were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV-vis absorption spectroscopy, water contact angle analysis, thermo-gravimetric analyzer (TGA) and electronic universal testing machine. The results showed that with the increase of HDI content in the hard segments, the intensity of hydrogen bonding between the AS-PU molecular chains increased, and the transmittance of the adhesive decreased from 94.1% to 77.3% at a wavelength of 390nm, which implied a decrease in alcohol solubility. With the introduction of HDI, the water contact angle of AS-PU was increased from 83.61° to 95.05°, the water absorption after 24h of immersion was reduced from 5.31% to 1.37%, and the T_initial was increased from 285℃ to 298—308℃, which indicated the improvement of the water resistance and thermal stability of the adhesive. AS-PU indicated excellent adhesive properties to different substrates, in which the maximum shear strength of overlap could reach 2.78MPa, 2.33MPa, 2.08MPa and 0.51MPa for wood, glass, iron and polypropylene, respectively.

The development of highly selective and sensitive sensors for Cu²⁺ ions is of paramount significance in the realms of chemistry, biology and environmental science. In this paper, a colorimetric and ratiometric fluorescent sensor for Cu²⁺ based on intra molecular charge transfer (ICT) mechanism was developed using naphthalimide-phenanthroimidazole (NP), and well characterized by ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR and HR-MS. NP showed the fluorescence color change from "bright yellow" to "blue" as well as naked-eye color alter from "bright yellow" to "colorless" after the Cu²⁺ adding. UV-vis and fluorescence spectroscopy results revealed that the sensor NP exhibited remarkable colorimetric and ratiometric fluorescence behavior towards Cu²⁺ with high selectivity and sensitivity, and the response time was short. Based on emission titration data, the binding constant between the NP and Cu²⁺ was 3.04×10⁴L/mol and the limit of detection (LOD) was 5.35×10^-8mol/L (53.5nmol/L). The response mechanism was revealed by Job plot analysis, ¹H NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry data. The results showed that the coordination of the sensor's N atoms of phenanthroimidazole and imide with Cu²⁺ ions, and the binding stoichiometry between NP and Cu²⁺ was 1∶1. DFT calculation results showed that the lower bandgap of the HOMO-LUMO after coordination indicated that the coordination between PZ and Cu²⁺ was stable. NP was successfully applied for the quantitative recognition of Cu²⁺ in real water samples. In addition, the sensor NP was loaded on filter paper to make test strips and combined with a smartphone to achieve rapid visual quantitative detection of Cu²⁺.

As the severity of global climate change escalates, reducing the concentration of carbon dioxide (CO₂) in the atmosphere has emerged as a pressing challenge. However, the widespread deployment of the most promising amine-based chemical absorption process is still hindered by its high energy consumption. Electrochemical carbon capture technology represented by the electrochemically mediated amine regeneration CO₂ capture technology avoids the application of high-temperature vapors, has the characteristics of flexibility and high efficiency, and marks a new direction for the development of low-energy carbon capture technologies. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the latest advancements in electrochemically mediated amine regeneration CO₂ capture technology in terms of reaction system selection, system simulation and calculation, and the design of efficient reactors. Additionally, it analyses the current state of research and identifies prospective avenues for development. Subsequently, the potential for broader cross-application of electrochemical systems with carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) technology is analyzed, and the integrated process flow of electrochemical CO₂ compressor and electrochemical carbon capture and reduction is proposed. This review offers new directions and strategies for advancing research and development in electricity-driven low-energy carbon capture technologies.

In recent years, traditional capacitive deionization (CDI) has rapidly developed as a new electrochemical technology with advantages such as energy efficiency and pollution-free operation. This technology primarily utilizes electrodes to adsorb ions from water, achieving purification through the application of voltage. However, traditional CDI faces issues such as the need for electrode reversal, poor adsorption efficiency and incomplete desorption. To address these problems, flow electrode capacitance deionization (FCDI) technology has emerged. Building on the foundation of traditional CDI, FCDI introduces flow electrodes and ion exchange membranes. The liquid electrodes operate continuously within the device, eliminating the need for desorption, and solving the control issues and incomplete desorption associated with electrode reversal. Additionally, the application of ion exchange membranes further enhances ion migration efficiency, significantly improving the performance of electro-adsorption. This paper introduced the working principles of traditional CDI and FCDI technologies, compared their technical characteristics and summarized the application prospects of FCDI technology in the field of water treatment. It also reviewed the latest research achievements in FCDI technology, providing valuable references for researchers in the water treatment industry.

Pyrolysis is one of the most promising technologies for the disposal of waste plastics. However, the polyvinyl chloride (PVC) in the mixed waste plastics is regarded as the bottleneck in the resource utilization of waste plastics for it can lead to serious excessive of chlorine in the product and equipment corrosion during pyrolysis. This paper first introduced the hazards of PVC in disposal, and comprehensively compared the advantages and disadvantages of the current PVC dechlorination technologies. Subsequently, the mechanism of PVC hydrothermal treatment for dechlorination and the process intensification of dechlorination by exogenous additives are revealed. Also, the reactors and scale-up strategies for PVC hydrothermal treatment are summarized, following by the introduction of application of products obtained by PVC hydrothermal. Finally, the existing problems in PVC hydrothermal dechlorination technology are pointed out, and the solutions and prospects are proposed, by which a guidance for the development of a harmless, resourceful and high-value utilization technologies of chlorine-containing mixed waste plastics can be obtained.

The problem of excessive concentrations of indoor gaseous pollutants such as formaldehyde and benzene, which pose a threat to human health, is becoming increasingly serious. To achieve efficient indoor air purification, it is necessary to first determine the characteristics of each pollutant. Current studies often use the strategy of a single standard method for the determination of a pollutant (e.g., sulfur dioxide using spectrophotometry) and improve the precision of the determination by adding sample pre-treatment and adjusting the composition of the absorbing solution. However, due to limitations in the principles of different measurement methods (e.g., spectrophotometry relying entirely on changes in absorbance of the sample) and the complexity and variability of indoor environments (e.g., the coexistence of multiple pollutants or special high-temperature and high humidity environments), it is usually difficult to accurately measure a wide range of concentrations by a single standard method. Furthermore, there is often a significant discrepancy between the results of the different methods, which makes it challenging to compare the results of different methods and to provide an accurate basis for air purification. This paper aimed to address this problem by summarizing five commonly used methods for measuring indoor gaseous pollutants and analyzing their corresponding advantages and disadvantages. ① The spectrophotometric method was simple and accurate. It had a wide range of applications, but its stability was poor. ② The chromatography method was efficient and sensitive. It had low interference but required high operational skills. ③ The sensor method was portable and easy to read, but its repeatability was poor. ④ The standardized methods such as chemiluminescence can achieve real-time detection with a wide linear range, but they had poor anti-interference ability. ⑤ The new measurement methods represented by electronic noses could achieve rapid detection, but its operation was complex and the cost was high. Meanwhile, this article summarized and analyzed various impact factors in the measurement process, and found that temperature and the measurement process were the main error sources. For example, the accelerated reaction between gaseous pollutants and reagents at high temperatures resulted to incomplete color rendering, and non-standard operation by testing personnel could lead to inaccurate test results. This article provided an overview of the determination methods applicable to indoor gaseous pollutants with different characteristics. It also outlined the advantages and disadvantages of each method, as well as the detection limits/quantification limits and applicable scenarios. Furthermore, specific influencing factors and corresponding improvement measures were provided at the operational level of determination, which could serve as valuable references for selecting appropriate determination methods and improving the accuracy of indoor gaseous pollutant measurement.

Nanomaterials are widely used in the removal of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) due to their high specific surface area, excellent photocatalytic and adsorption properties. Multicomponent composite nanomaterials with enhanced performance and increased functionality are synthesized through doping, element synergy, functional modification and multimaterial recombining, which are expected to provide strong support for green, economical and efficient removal of MC-LR. This paper summarized the latest research progress on the application of various composite nanomaterials in the removal of MC-LR, and systematically elaborated on the removal mechanisms and pathways. In addition, different influence factors in removal processes were discussed, and the optimized methods for the removal properties of MC-LR were also summarized. Through this review, the relationship between MC-LR removal strategies, mechanisms and performances was established, which provided a reference point for researchers to develop more efficient, cost-effective, environmentally friendly methods and materials. Finally, the research scopes of multicomponent composite nanomaterials were prospected, and their photocatalytic and adsorption performances were improved through various technologies so as to expand their practical application scenarios.

Polymer-containing oil sludge is a complex system consisting of a significant amount of crude oil, polymer, solid particles formed during the development of petroleum polymer flooding. It has high viscosity, high oil and water content and stable nature. As the continuous expansion of polymer flooding scale in oilfields, the production of polymer-containing oil sludge increases year by year. Therefore, its resourceful and harmless treatment has become one of the key issues of environmental protection in petroleum industry. Conventional incineration, pyrolysis, thermal washing and other methods for the treatment of polymer-containing oil sludge are difficult to achieve the desired effect. To minimize the impact of polymer and achieve effective treatment, "depolymerization and viscosity reduction" are crucial factors. This paper summarized the source, nature, characteristics and environmental hazards of polymer-containing oil sludge, discussed the difficulties in the treatment of polymer-containing oil sludge and its stability factors. Furthermore it provided an overview on current research status regarding technology for treating this type of sludge while looking forward to direction for its technological development.

As an important emerging organic pollutant in water environment, antibiotics have low biodegradability and potentially unknown toxicity. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) as a kind of chemical technology have attracted growing attention for the treatment of antibiotic wastewater due to the generation of reactive species (such as hydroxyl radicals, superoxide radicals and sulfate radicals). Based on the structural characteristics of antibiotics and density functional theory, this article reviewed key publications on the attack sites and degradation mechanisms of classical antibiotics for the first time. In addition, this article reviewed key publications on the electrocatalysis, photocatalysis, ozonation process and Fenton/Fenton-like reactions used to remove antibiotics from the aquatic environment. We further provided perspectives on the key opportunities and challenges associated with catalysts in AOPs, recommending further exploration for enhanced applications in future studies.

In response to the problem of low anaerobic conversion rate of protein substances in sludge, this study compared the degradation performance of protein substances in sludge and different nitrogen source substrates (straw, chicken manure, soybeans, beef) and the differences in the microecological structure of the systems. The results showed that the anaerobic degradation performance of easily accessible proteins (pr-A) was superior to that of difficult-to-access proteins (pr-B) in all systems. Among these, soybeans and beef, which did not contain pr-B, exhibited the best anaerobic digestion performance. The hydrolysis rates of non-free amino acids, the accumulation of volatile fatty acids (VFAs), and methane production in these systems were 1.44—1.56 times, 3.34—3.35 times, and 1.61—1.76 times higher, respectively, compared to those in the sludge system. The microbial community structures in the five anaerobic digestion systems also showed significant differences. Specifically, Firmicutes and Euryarchaeota had a notable abundance advantage in the soybean and beef anaerobic systems and contributed more significantly to certain amino acid metabolism modules (M00121, M00036, M00307). Correlation analysis between protein substances and dominant microbial genera in the anaerobic systems indicated that an increase in the proportion of pr-A could drive the proliferation of genera proficient in secreting hydrolytic enzymes and producing methane (e.g., Syntrophomonas, Methanobacterium, Clostridium, etc). In contrast, high levels of pr-B as a substrate were detrimental to the proliferation and metabolism of most microbial communities, promoting only the adaptation of a few highly tolerant genera to the suboptimal substrate environment and indirectly affecting the degradation of pr-A. Thus, pr-B represented a bottleneck in the anaerobic degradation of protein substances in sludge. Future research on enhanced degradation should focus on converting pr-B to pr-A to increase substrate bioavailability and support the development of a rich and active micro-ecosystem.

The harmless disposal and resource utilization of coal gasification slag are currently focal issues faced by the coal chemical industry. This study analyzed the combustion performance and ash characteristics of coal gasification slag. It utilized a step grate pre-burner and high-temperature tertiary air in cement kilns for the pre-combustion treatment of coal gasification slag and explored the potential for large-scale disposal of coal gasification slag as a novel alternative fuel in cement kilns. The results showed that the combustion performance of the slag samples decreased with an increase of heating rate, indicating that the combustion reaction required sufficient time. At a combustion temperature of 800℃, the residual carbon in the samples was completely burned off, and calcium carbonate also decomposed. The ash after combustion was primarily composed of silicate minerals and the stability of heavy metals was increased. The step grate pre-burner, by providing extra pre-combustion space and excess tertiary air, significantly improved the combustion performance of the gasification slag and reduced the impact of moisture on the thermal field of the decomposing furnace. The cement kiln's capacity and operational conditions were favorable, with an addition rate of 5t/h of gasification slag achieving a coal heat replacement rate of 8.5%, and temperature fluctuations at the kiln head and tail controlled within 2%. Furthermore, the co-processing of gasification slag in cement kilns played a positive role in controlling emissions of gaseous pollutants, with reductions of 23.2% in NO _x and 5.5% in SO₂ emissions. Additionally, an additional rate of 5t/h of gasification slag could also replace 3t/h of raw material addition, reducing the minimum clinkering temperature by 11℃ without affecting the mechanical properties of the cement clinker. This study provided an economically feasible large-scale treatment technology for the full utilization of coal gasification slag through pilot experiments.

Carbamazepine (CBZ) is a widely utilized neuropathic drug but is recalcitrant in the aquatic environment. This study systematically explored the removal efficiency of CBZ in the UV/chlorine process. The results demonstrated that the degradation process of CBZ in the UV/chlorine system adhered to the pseudo-first-order kinetic model. As the pH was increased from 5 to 11, there was a decrease in reaction rate constant from 0.8259min^-1 to 0.0343min^-1, which might be attributed to variations in free radical species and apparent quantum yield. Free radical capture experiments revealed Cl· and ·OH as the primary species responsible for CBZ degradation, with steady-state kinetic modeling confirming their highest individual contribution among all free radicals. However, under specific conditions, other active species might surpass Cl· or ·OH in terms of individual contribution. Investigation into the impact of actual water matrix on CBZ degradation rate indicated that natural organic matter (NOM) significantly inhibited CBZ degradation due to internal filtration effects and competitive effect, while HCO₃^- only slightly hindered CBZ degradation and Cl^- had minimal influence on CBZ degradation process. UPLC-MS/MS detection identified 14 different degradation products, enabling us to propose a comprehensive pathway for CBZ degradation within the UV/chlorine system involving hydroxylation, deamination, multi-component recombination, double bond addition and C—N bond breaking processes. In conclusion, it could be concluded that UV/chlorine process was an effective water treatment technology to solve the problem of pharmaceutical wastewater pollution.

Carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) technology is an effective solution to address excessive carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions. Cyanobacteria (CB) is a widely distributed, accessible, and nitrogen (N)-enriched biomass resource. In this work, nitrogen (N) self-doped activated carbons (AC-X) were prepared via pyrolysis of CB with the aid of zinc chloride (ZnCl₂). The effects of specific surface area, pore structure, N content, types of N-containing functional groups, and adsorption temperatures on the adsorption capacity of AC-X for CO₂ were investigated. The results showed that AC-7 possessed a large specific surface area (1112.28m²/g), the highest pore volume (0.82cm³/g) and micropore volume (0.52cm³/g) when the mass ratio of ZnCl₂/activated carbon was 1.5 and the activation temperature was 700℃. The optimal CO₂ sorption capacity of AC-7 at 0℃ was 140.45mg/g. At 25℃, the CO₂ sorption capacity of AC-6 was 95.74mg/g, superior to that of AC-7 (90.17mg/g), which was beneficial from the high content of pyrrole N and pyridine N in AC-6. The correlation study showed that the specific surface area, the micropore volume, and the content of pyrrole N and pyridine N collectively determined the CO₂ adsorption performance of AC-X. This study not only provided an effective method for the resource utilization of CB biomass but also provided N self-doped CB-based activated carbons which could efficiently capture CO₂.

For the distribution of cogeneration life cycle carbon footprint results, the distribution principle of four distribution methods based on the heat power ratio, based on heating ratio, based on fixed proportion and based on separate production efficiency, was introduced. Combined with the practical cases, carbon footprint assessment was conducted, and the effects of four distribution methods in the actual assessment of cogeneration carbon footprint were compared and analyzed. The results showed that the distribution method based on thermal power ratio was more biased to electric power in terms of carbon footprint results, while the distribution method based on fixed ratio was more biased to thermal power. The distribution methods based on the heating ratio and based on separate production efficiency had good distribution effect for thermoelectric distribution. The distribution method based on the heating ratio was legal method in China for organization carbon thermoelectric distribution, which had a good promotion basis, and although distribution effect of the method based on the separate production efficiency was good, but it still need to determine the localization of default value. Further analysis of the case showed when the heating ratio of the unit was 0.6—0.7, the comprehensive carbon footprint was lowest, and maintaining the heating ratio of the cogeneration unit in a certain range, which was near the minimum coal consumption index of the unit, could keep a low-carbon footprint.

The anaerobic fermentation of food waste to produce chiral lactic acid achieves the high-value resource utilization of food waste, which is also an important component of the circular economy. However, food waste fermentation is limited by unstable pH and nutrient deficiencies. Landfill leachate contains a large amount of ammonia nitrogen, which can act as a buffering system to maintain a stable pH, and it also contains numerous trace elements that can effectively promote the growth of fermentative microflora. The study investigated the efficiency and mechanisms of lactic acid production through the co-fermentation of food waste and landfill leachate at different thermal pretreatment temperatures, which were utilized to lift the limitation of fermentation substrate solubilization and hydrolysis efficiency, and to change the microbial community composition and its functional activity. The results indicated that, compared to the 35℃ pretreatment group [(36.37±2.66)g COD/L, 55.85%], the production and the optical activity of L-lactic acid in the 45℃ group reached (40.16±0.75)g COD/L and 93.17%, which increased 10% and 67%, respectively. At higher temperatures (65℃ and 75℃), the relatively low L-lactic acid yield was associated with the higher activity of NAD-independent lactate dehydrogenase (lactic acid consumption). Additionally, increasing the thermal pretreatment temperature inhibited the production of D-lactic acid. Mechanistic studies indicated that thermal pretreatment could accelerate the solubilization and hydrolysis processes, speeding up the utilization and metabolism of carbohydrates. The total relative abundance of lactic acid bacteria such as Enterococcus, Klebsiella, Streptococcus, and Bavariicoccus reached 86.35% and 80.19% in the 45℃ and 55℃ thermal pretreatment groups, respectively. Functional analysis revealed that thermal pretreatment significantly enhanced carbohydrate metabolic pathways associated with lactic acid production. Compared to the 35℃ thermal pretreatment group (15.9%), the relative abundance of carbohydrate metabolic pathways increased to 16.87% and 17.74% in the 45℃ and 55℃ thermal pretreatment groups, respectively. This study provided a new approach to the recycling of food waste and landfill leachate.

With the rapid development of coal gasification technology, the production of its by-product, coal gasification slag, is also increasing year by year. The environmental problems caused by coal gasification are becoming increasingly prominent. The main components of coal gasification slag are silica-aluminum minerals, and the complex silica-aluminum structure poses a challenge to its resource utilization. This thesis took the coal gasification coarse slag from Ningdong as the research object, and used the alkali fusion activation method and sub-molten salt activation method to activate the silica-aluminum minerals therein. By combining with the response surfaced method to design the experiments and made models to analyze, the influence of the optimal conditions and the interactions among the factors on the activation effect could be seen. The results showed that, under the effect of alkali fusion activation, the activation rate of Si, the activation rate of Al and the molar rate of Si/Al in the activation product leaching solution could reach 64.91%, 34.14% and 10, respectively; in sub-molten salt activation of the coarse slag, the activation rate of Si, the activation rate of Al and the molar rate of Si/Al in the activation product leaching solution were 63.14%, 24.78% and 23, respectively; both in the processes of activation of coarse slag by alkali fusion and sub-molten salt activation, the primary factor affecting the activation effect of the silica-aluminum species in the coarse slag was the ratio of alkali and slag, and the activation rates of Si and Al increased with increasing of the ratio of alkali and slag. The interactions between the factors had some influence on the activation effect. It was also found that there was a crystal transformation pathway of SOD → FAU → CHA in the sub-molten salt system of silica-aluminum minerals in the coarse slag. The aim of this study was to provide a scientific basis for the high value utilization of silica-aluminum species in coarse slag.

During the extraction process of ion-adsorption type rare earth ore, the concentration of H⁺ is one of the critical factors influencing the leaching rate. To investigate the influencing factors of H⁺ concentration in the leaching solution of ion-adsorption type rare earth ore, this article conducted column leaching experiments. We tested the solutions and ore soil for H⁺ mass before and after leaching and analyzed the impact of H⁺ concentration in the solution and on the ore soil on the H⁺ concentration in the leaching solution. The cation concentration and H⁺ concentration in the leaching solution was also tested and the changing patterns of cation concentration and H⁺ concentration was analyzed. Using the orthogonal experimental range method and variance method, the influence degree of acidic cations on the H⁺ concentration in the leaching solution was analyzed. Through hydrolysis theory, the H⁺ concentration produced by acidic cation hydrolysis was calculated, and the extent of the impact of acidic cations on the H⁺ concentration in the leaching solution was verified. Results showed that, after leaching, the mass of H⁺ in the solution increases by 10^-3.30g and the mass of H⁺ on the ore soil increases by 10^-3.40g, compared to those before leaching, which indicated that the H⁺ in the leaching solution did not originate from the desorption of H⁺ on the ore soil. From the range method and variance analysis, the main factor affecting the H⁺ concentration in the leaching solution was the hydrolysis of Al³⁺ (R=6.225, F=519.07), followed by the hydrolysis of NH₄⁺ (R=1.093, F=16.45) and Re³⁺ (R=1.020, F=14.14). The H⁺ in the leaching solution was produced by the hydrolysis of acidic cations on the ore soil, with Al³⁺ hydrolysis being the predominant factor. When the concentrations of Al³⁺, NH₄⁺ and Re³⁺ in the leaching solution were at their highest, the ratio of H⁺ concentrations produced by hydrolysis was 932∶20∶1, confirming that the main factor affecting the H⁺ concentration in the rare earth leaching solution was the hydrolysis of Al³⁺.

At present, bisphenol A (BPA) has been found to exist in a variety of water environments, seriously affecting the safety of drinking water. In order to solve this problem, a new technology for removing BPA from water by using potassium ferrate (K₂FeO₄) to strengthen iron manganese oxide film (MeO _x ) was proposed. The removal effect and influencing factors of BPA by K₂FeO₄ enhanced filtration were studied, the sustained stability of BPA removal effect in long-term operation experiments was explored, and the microscopic mechanism of BPA removal by K₂FeO₄ enhanced MeO _x filtration was analyzed. Adding 0.02mg/L K₂FeO₄ in the influent increased the removal efficiency of BPA from 20% to about 70% in a pilot-scale filter system. In the long-term removal experiment of BPA, after the activity of the oxidation film decreased, the dosage of 1.0mg/L Mn²⁺ in the influent was used to gradually restore the activity of the oxide film, thus maintaining the effective removal of BPA. The pH in the range of 6.54 to 8.52 had less effect on the removal of BPA. The increase in the concentration of NH{}_{\mathrm{4}}^{+} would lead to a decrease in the removal efficiency of BPA. The benzene ring in BPA decomposed to form 􀰶CH₂CH(OH)􀰹 _n and CH₃CH₂CHO during the removal process of BPA, and that K₂FeO₄ oxidized Mn and MnO in the oxide film to high-valent MnO₂ and Mn₂O₃, which helped to improve the activity of MeO _x . The study would provide a new idea for the effective removal of BPA from water.

With the accelerated development of China's new-type power system and the progressive improvement of green energy supply infrastructure, the restructuring of energy-intensive and carbon-intensive industries has increasingly focused on reforming driven by electrification. During this electricity-centric restructuring process, a critical challenge arises from the temporal-spatial and stability mismatches between hydrogen-intensive industries (inherently governed by chemical process dynamics) and renewable energy-dominant power systems (primarily photovoltaic and wind). To address this, a conceptual model of net-zero industrial parks was proposed. Innovatively, this study identified the core of green electricity restructuring was the conversion of electrical energy into synergistic energy flows, matter flows and information flows, and the pivotal scenario was the green energy gas hub of the net-zero industrial park. For decarbonizing four key industries (refining, steel, synthetic ammonia and cement), the core technologies were developed: direct steam cracker electrification technology, hydrogen metallurgy technology, electrochemical ammonia synthesis technology, dry reforming technology and electrothermal steady-state high-temperature heating technology. From an integrated source-grid-load-storage perspective, the pathway construction for net-zero industrial parks emphasized four paradigms supported by demonstration projects, thereby providing critical insights for industrial decarbonization.